New Intercom Grammar Class

New Intercom Grammar

Level Two
Prepared by: Sir Fardin “Safi”
New Intercom Grammar Class

Level Two Unit 1 Presentation 1

Text Information

Talking about past

Using regular verbs

It is also called weak verb.

It is a verb which takes d, ed, or ied while changing them form present
form to past form. The suffix “d” has three sounds.

1: /d/ 2: /t/ 3: /id/

/d/
1: Verbs ending in voiced consonant or vowel sound:
/b/ robbed,
massaged, moved
/g/ hugged
/dz/ judged,

/t/
Verbs having a voiceless consonant sound
New Intercom Grammar Class

/p/ helped
/k/ looked
/f/ loughed

/id/
Verbs having a /d/, /t/ consonant sounds/letters
/d/ added, decided, attended
/t/ wanted, reported

Extra Information
1: Rules for d: verbs ending in final “E” will take “d”.
Ex: dance = danced, like = liked, decide = decided, hate = hated, love = loved etc

2: Rule for ed: verbs not having the final “E or Y” will take “ed”.
Ex: look = looked, wash = washed, want = wanted, play = played, cook = cooked,
laugh = laughed etc

3: Rule for ied: verbs ending in consonant + Y, take “ied”.

Ex: busy = busied, study = studied, try = tried, fry = fried, dry = dried etc

Level Two Unit 1 presentation 2

Text Information

Making suggestion, refusing and

accepting Using why don’t we? and
how/ what about?

We use these both structure to make a suggestion for doing something.

Why we don’t: is followed by base form of verb.
New Intercom Grammar Class

Ex: Why don’t we go to the movies?

Ex: Why don’t we play cricket?
Ex: Why don’t we have dinner outside today?
Ex: Why don’t we meet Laila tonight?

We use a noun or gerund after how or what about?

Ex: How about going to the movies tonight?
Ex: What about dinner outside today?

Note: Why don’t we: is more formal then “how” or “what about”.

Extra information
There are four ways to make suggestions:
1: let’s + verb
Ex: Let’s go to the movies tonight.

2: Shall we + verb 1
Ex: Shall we go to the movies tonight?

Extra information
1: let’s + verb 1
Ex: Let’s go to the park today. Shall we?

2: Shall we + verb
It is in a serious way
Ex: Shall we have dinner outside tonight?

3: Why don’t we + verb 1

It is a formal way.
New Intercom Grammar Class

Ex: Why don’t we arrange a party on Sunday?

4: what/ how about + noun/gerund phrase?

It is a friendly way.
Ex: How about going fishing tomorrow.

Level Two Unit 2

Presentation 1
Text Information

Describing location
Using prepositional phrase

A phrase that starts with a preposition and ends with a noun is

called prepositionl phrase. Or: prepositional + noun = prepositional
phrase Ex: We live at the corner of Main Street.
Ex: KELC is behind Orakzai Plaza.
Ex: Ali is from Pakistan.
Ex: The book is on the table.
Ex: The teacher stands in front of all the students.
Note: A prepositional phrase shows location and answers the question word
“why”.
Extra information
A prepositional phrase can have two functions.
1: Adverb phrase
2: Adjectival phrase

Adverb phrases:
Ex: KELC is behind Orakzai Plaza.
New Intercom Grammar Class

Ex: We study al KELC.

Ex: Our house is located at the corner of Main Street.

Adjective phrases:
Ex: The girl next to me is form China.
Ex: The man on the phone is Ali’s dad.
Ex: The center behind Orakzai Plaza is KELC.
Ex: The center which is behind Orakzai plaza is KELC.

Note: We have the following kinds of prepositions.

1: Simple Preposition
Ex: in, on, at, from, up, to, behind, down, etc

2: Double Preposition
Ex: next to, near to, because of, due to, owing to etc
3: Participle Preposition
Ex: regarding, considering, concerning, following, including, excluding etc
4: Phase Preposition
Ex: in front of, at the corner of, by the grace of, in the name of, in the memory of
etc.

Level One Unit 2

Presentation 2 Text Information

Talking about location

Using “there”

It is an unreal pronoun or subject in grammar.

New Intercom Grammar Class

It is used to show the location of a person or thing in a

particular place. It starts the sentence and is directly
followed by a verb.
Structure:
There + is, are + sub + comp
Ex: There is a car in the garage.
Ex: There are many children in the park.

Note: The word “there” has no meaning in this structure.

Note: It is just used to beautify a sentence and to bring rhythm and fluency in
speaking.

Extra information
The word “there” can be used in the following ways:
1: As an adverb to show a far location.
Ex: Put all the books there.
Ex: Ali was standing over there.

2: To introduce a sentence
Ex: There are corrupt people in Pakistan.

3: To begin some children’s stories

Ex: There once lived a king who had three sons etc.

4: To give something to someone after a

request Ex: Could you please show me
your passport?
Sure! There you are.
New Intercom Grammar Class

5: To show surprise in present

tense Ex: Here comes Shahid
Afridi.
,
Note: The word “there” at the beginning of the sentence is called dummy, slot,
anticipating, unreal or pseudo subject.

Level Two Unit 3

Presentation 1
Text Information

Talking about past actions

Using “why and because”

Why: is a w h or information question word. It means “how come”

or “for what reason”. It is used to ask about the reason of an action.

Structure: W X S V (w h word + auxiliary + sub + verb)

Why + auxiliary (did) + sub + verb +
comp Ex: Why didn’t Ali come to
class yesterday?
Ex: Why did you call her?
Ex: Why did they leave the party?

Because: it is a subordinate conjunction in

grammar. It is used to give reason for an
action.

Structure:
Because + sub + verb 2 + comp
New Intercom Grammar Class

Ex: Why didn’t Ali come to class?

Ans: Because he was very sick.
Ex: Why did you call her?
Answer: Because I missed her a lot.
Ex: Why did they leave the party?
Answer: Because the party was very boring.

Extra Information:
The word “why” has the following functions.

1: As interrogative adverb:
Ex: Why are you crying?

2: As relative adverb in adjective clause

Ex: The reason why she left the class is unknown.

3: As marker of noun clause

Ex: I don’t know why she didn’t come.

Note: The question with “why” can be answered in two ways:

1: Because:
It gives or shows reason.
Ex: Why do you come to KELC?
Because I love to learn English
New Intercom Grammar Class

2: To + verb 1:
It gives or shows purpose.
Ex: Why do you come to KELC?
To learn English

Note: before “because” we have a clause which is called implied main clause but
we don’t use it because it is understood.
Ex: Why didn’t you come to class?
“I didn’t come to class” because I has some work.
Implied clause
New Intercom Grammar Class

Level Two Unit 4

Presentation 1
Text Information

Explaining problems
Using too + adjective

Too: is an adverb of degree in grammar.

It is used to give a negative result.
Or: it is used to introduce a problem.
It means very.
It is most often followed by a negative adjective.

Structure:
Sub + to be verb + too + negative
adjective Ex: The weather is too hot.
Ex: The test was too difficult.
Ex: His shirt is too loose.
Ex: I am too busy.

Extra information
In very formal English “too” can be followed by a positive adjective, but
infinitive ican never be used. Ex: She is too beautiful.
Ex: Kamal is too kind.
Ex: Najila is too pretty.

Ex: You are too intelligent to pass this exam. Wrong

New Intercom Grammar Class

Note: Whenever “too” is used with a positive adjective, infinitive

can never be used. Ex: Ali is too strong to left this box. Wrong

Deference between “too and very”

Too: Shows difficulty and impossibility.
It is used with negative and positive adjective.
It is used with negative adjective.
It can be followed by infinitive.
It introduces a problem,

Structure
1: Too + negative adjective
Ex: She is two sick.

2: Too + positive adjective

Ex: She is too kind.

3: Too + negative adjective + to +

verb 1 Ex: She is too sick to come to
class.

Very: it shows only difficulty.

It is used with positive or negative adjective.
It is never used with infinitive.
It introduces a positive result.

Structure Very +
positive adjective Ex: Ali
is very kind.
New Intercom Grammar Class

2: very + negative adjective

Ex: Ali is very sick.

3: very + negative adjective + to + verb 1 (wrong)

Ex: Ali is very sick to come to class. Wrong
New Intercom Grammar Class

Level Two Unit 4 Presentation 2 Text

Information

Identifying Alternative
Using A/ An + adjective + one
This structure is used to show an alternative or a
second choice. Ex: He had a white car. This time, he
wants to buy a black one.

Ex: I have many friends, but I don’t have an honest one.

Ex: you have many yellow shirts.
I will give you a red one.

Note: One is a pronoun. It is used to replace a noun which is already mentioned.

Extra Information

This structure is made of three words.

1: Central determiner
2: Descriptive adjective
3: The pronoun “one”
New Intercom Grammar Class

Level Two Unit 5

Presentation
Text Information

Using a noun to modify another noun

Noun + noun is called a compound noun.

In compound noun, the first noun functions as an adjective and modifies the
second noun that comes after it. The second noun should be changed to plural.
Ex: They are colleges teacher.
(Wrong) Ex: They are college
teachers. (Right) Ex: My father is
policeman.
Ex: The students should write the homework.

Extra information
We can form a compound noun by these ways:
1: Noun + noun: police station, keyboard, homework, class fellow, boyfriend etc.
2: Gerund + noun: washing machine, frying pan, wedding hall, shopping mall, etc.
3: Noun + gerund: window shopping, car parking, hand writing, body building, bird
watching etc.
4: Adjective + noun: black magic, yellow fever, white house, supper man, red bull
etc.
5: Noun + verb: temple run, candy crush, sun set, haircut, hand shake, etc.
6: Verb + noun: watchman, fight club, playground, love letter, etc.
7: Noun + prep + noun: father In law, editor in chief, commander in chief, maid of
honor, man of the match, etc.

Kinds of Compound Noun

There are three kinds of compound noun.
New Intercom Grammar Class

1: Open Compound Noun

They have space between them.
Ex: college teacher, red bull, washing machine etc.

2: Closed Compound Noun

They don’t have space between them.
Ex: homework, keyboard, shopkeeper, housewife etc.

3: Hyphenated Compound Noun

They have hyphens between them.
Ex: father – in – law, editor – in – chief, man – of the – match, commander – in –
chief etc.

Level Two Unit 5 Presentation 2 Text

Information

Talking about material

Using “made of and made in”

They are phrases in grammar.

We use “made of” to talk about the material of goods.
We use “made in” to talk about where the goods are made.

Structure
1: sub + to be verb + made of + name of
material Ex: The fan is made of iron.
New Intercom Grammar Class

2: sub + to be verb + made in + name of

country Ex: The fan is made in Pakistan.

Ex: My coat is made of leather.

It is made in Korea.

Extra information
“Made of and made in” are made of two words.
Ex: Shoes are made of leather.
Ex: They are made in USA.

Stative Adjective: are third forms of verb coming before a preposition.

Ex: I was born in 1993.
Ex: She is known to me.
Ex: The book is covered with plastic.
Ex: Ali is married to Laila.
Ex: I am vexed at your words.

Note: The above all sentences are called stative passive sentences.
It is a kind of passive voice.

Level One
Unit 6 Presentation 1
Text Information

Possessive Adjectives

It is a kind of adjective.
It is used to show relationship or ownership.
New Intercom Grammar Class

We have seven possessive adjectives.

I my
We our
You your
They their
She her
He his
It its

Note: They all should be followed by a noun.

Extra Information
Originally, possessive adjectives are called central
determiners. There are three ways to show possession
or relationship.

1: Possessive Adjectives
Ex: This is my car.

2: Possessive Pronouns
Ex: This car is mine.

3: Possessive Nouns ( ‘S or S’ )
Ex: This is Ali’s car.
New Intercom Grammar Class

Level Two Unit 6 Presentation 2

Text Information

Asking about measurement

Using how + adjective

How: is an information question word.

It is used to ask question about different kinds of measurement.

Structure:
How long: is used to ask about length of something. Ex: how long is Kabul River? It
is 800 miles long.
How high: asks about height of something. Ex: how high is Minar-e- Pakistan? It is
400 feet high.
How deep: asks about depth of something. Ex: how deep is the Grand
Canyon? It is 1000 feet deep. How wide: asks about width of something, ex:
how wide is our class? It is 5 meters wide.
How far: asks about distance. Ex: how far is it form to Peshawar to Torkham? It is
54 kilometers far.

Extra Information
We use “how” for these
purposes. 1: For informal
greetings Ex: How is it going?
Ex: How are things?
Ex: How is everything?
Ex: How do you do?

2: “how come” to mean “why”

Ex: How come are you late again?
New Intercom Grammar Class

Mean: Why are you late again?

3: For emphasis
Ex: I can’t tell you how happy I am.
Means: I am very much happy.

4: How: is used to show

surprise. Ex: How beautifully
she dances!

Level Two Unit 7

Presentation 1 Text Information

Talking about plans and intentions

Using “be going to”

It is an expression in grammar.
It means “will”.
It is used to show someone’s plans, intentions and predictions.
It is followed by base form of verb.
It is used to show future time.

Structure:
Positive: sub + be going to + verb 1 + comp
Negative: sub + be + not + going to + verb 1 + comp
Interrogative: be + sub + going to + verb 1 + comp

Ex: Ali is going to start a new business next year. Plan

Ex: I am not going to hurt you. Intention
New Intercom Grammar Class

Ex: There are dark clouds. Is it going to rain? Prediction

Extra Information
We use “be going to” for these purposes:

1: To show a prior plan or strong action.

Ex: You are going to take test A next Monday.

2: To show an action that will happen in very

near future. Ex: We are going to start unit 8.

3: To show an action that is out of human control.

Ex: It is going to rain.
Ex: Ali is going to die.

4: To replace “will and shall” for strong actions.

Ex: I shall go tomorrow.
Ex: I will go tomorrow. (I may or may not go.)
Ex: I am going to go tomorrow. (There are many chances of my going.)

5: It is informally changed to “ganna” especially in spoken English not in written.

Ex: She is going to come
tonight. Ex: She is ganna come
tonight.

Level Two Unit 7

Presentation 2 Text Information

Asking about repetition

Using how often
New Intercom Grammar Class

It is an interrogative phrase in grammar.

It means “how many times”.
It is used to ask about the repetition of an action.
It can be answered by adverbs of frequency such as once, twice, two times, thrice,
three times, four times, five times, daily, weekly, yearly
Always, usually, sometimes, often, rarely, hardly ever, seldom, and never etc.

Structure:
How often + do, does + sub + verb 1 +
comp Ex: How often do you smoke?
I never smoke.

Extra information
Question with “how often” can be answered in two ways.
1: Adverb of definite frequency
They show exact repetition of an action.
They are the followings
Once, twice, two times, thrice, three times, four times, five times, daily, weekly,
yearly etc.

Adverb of indefinite frequency

They don’t show exact repetition of an action.
They are the followings:
Always 100 % Usually 80-90% Sometimes 20-50% Often 60-70%
Seldom 5-10%
Rarely 5-10%
Hardly ever 5-10%
Never 0%
New Intercom Grammar Class

Level Two Unit 7

Presentation 3
Text Information

Expressing opinion
Using “I think + clause”

We use this structure when we are not certain or sure about something.
Ex: Where is Laila?
I think she is at home.

Ex: How old is your father?

I think he is 60 years old.
Ex: When does your class start?
I think it starts at 4:00 pm.
Ex: Who do you think will win the match?
I think Pakistan will win the match.

Extra Information
Ex: Ali seems sad. I think he has some problems.
Real sentence: Ali seems sad. I think that he has some problems.

Note: This structure is the combination of

two clauses. 1: Main Clause 2: zero that or
noun clause “That” is deleted informally in
here. Ex: She thinks that Ali is sick. Formal
She thinks Ali is sick.
New Intercom Grammar Class

Level Two Unit 8

Presentation 1
Text Information

Asking about “direct abject”

Using “who”

Generally, we use “who” to ask about the subject but sometimes, it can be used to
ask about abject informally too.

1: Who as subject: it has two structures.

1: Who + auxiliary + sub
Ex: Who is your teacher?
Ali is our teacher.

2: Who + verb + object

Ex: Who won the match?
Ex: Who was absent yesterday?

2: Who as object: it has also two

structures. 1: Who + auxiliary + sub +
verb Ex: Who did you study with?
I studied with Ali.

2: who + auxiliary + sub + verb +

preposition Ex: Who is Ali fighting
with?
Ali is fighting with Kamran.

Extra Information
New Intercom Grammar Class

Who: is informally used to ask about object and formally used to ask about
subject.

Who = sub = formally

Who = obj = informally
Whom = obj = formally
Whom = sub = never used

Note: A preposition can be used before whom but

not at the end Ex: To whom is Laila talking to?
She is talking to Ahmad.
Ex: Whom is Laila talking to?
Wrong Ex: Who is Laila talking to?
Ex: To who is Laila talking? Wrong

Level Two Unit 8 Presentation 2

Text information

Asking “permission and making request”

Using could: it is a model auxiliary verb in grammar.

It is followed by a base form of verb.
It is used with pronoun “I” in questions to ask permission for doing something.
Ex: Could I come in to the class?
Ex: Could I use your phone?
Ex: Could I check your passport?

It is used with “you” in questions to make a polite request.

Ex: Could you explain this topic once again?
New Intercom Grammar Class

Ex: Could you pass me the salt please?

Extra information
The word “could” is used for these purposes:
1: Past Ability: second form of “can”.
Ex: I could teach properly one year ago.

2: Permission: formal Ex:

Could I read your note?

3: Polite Request:
Ex: Could you drop these letters on your way?

4: Formal 50 % possibility: in the present and

future Ex: Ali could be in the library.

5: Suggestion:
Ex: Ali: which kind of car should I buy?
You could buy a small car.

6: Past Possibility: in the past

Ex: Ali could have failed the
test.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

nformation
Level Two Unit 8 Presentation 3
Text I

Text information
Talking about the past
Time expression + ago

Ago: is an adverb of time in grammar.

It is use only with simple past tense at the end of the sentence.
It is used to show how long before the present something happened in the past.
Ex: We started this class 10 days ago.
Ex: Ali died five months ago.
Ex: They lived here two years ago.
Ago means before

Extra Information
Ago: means before.
Ago: changes to before in indirect speech.
Ex: Ali said, “I finished the work 2 hours ago.”
Ali said that he had finished the work 2 hours before.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

nformation
Level Two Unit 9 Presentation 1
Text I

Talking about desire

Using would like to and like to

We use “would like to” to express a strong desire.

Ex: I would like to go.
Ex: She would like to get a new job.

Like: means want.

We use “like to” to explain our desire.
Ex: I like to travel and meet new people.
Ex: She likes to work with people.

Note: “would like” is more formal than “like”.

Extra Information
Contrasting “would like and like”
Would like:
It is only followed by infinitive.
Ex: I would like to go.
It talks about desire at the moment of speaking.
Its nature is in present.
It can be used to make request.
Ex: I would like a palate of rice please?
It can be used for invitation or suffering something.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

nformation
Ex: Would you like to have a drink?

Like:
It can be followed by infinitive and gerund.
Ex: She likes to go.
Ex: She likes going.
It talks about future desire.
Its nature is future.

Level Two Unit 9 Presentation 2

Text I

Talking about ability

Using know how to:
This structure means “can”.
It is used to talk about skills and abilities.
Or: It means that someone is able to do something because he or she has the
necessary knowledge.
It is followed by base form of verb.
Ex: My father knows how to speak several languages.
Ex: I know how to deal customers.

Extra Information:
The verb “know” can be used in four ways:

1: As stative verb Ex:

I know Ali.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

nformation
2: As durative verb
Ex: I have known Ali for two years/ since 2014.

3: As infinitive verb
Ex: She knows how to manage a class.

4: As a noun
Ex: Do you have computer know how?
Means: do you have necessary information about computer?

Level Two Unit 10 Presentation 1

Text I

Talking about duration

Form . . . . Until: is a double preposition in grammar.

It is used to show when an action or state starts and ends.

Structure
Form + starting time expression + until + ending time
expression Ex: We study from 4:00 until 6:00- pm.
Ex: She was here form January until December.
Ex: KELC serves the students from Monday until Saturday.

Note:
Difference between form . . . to and form until
We can use until alone without from but to is not used alone. Form bust be used
be used with to.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

nformation

Ex: We study from 4:00 to 6:00 pm.

Ex: We study from 4:00 until 6:00 pm.
Ex: We study to 6:00 pm.
Ex: We study until 6:00 pm.

Extra Information
Until means till
Till is more in speaking when in writing.

Until and till have tow functions:

1: As preposition of time
Until/ till + time
expression Ex: I studied
until 6:00 pm.
Ex: We waited till midnight.

2: As conjunction of time
Until / till + clause
Ex: Party was boring until Ali comes.
Ex: Wait here until your father comes.
Ex: Until your father comes, wait here.

Note: We use until to show that something will continue up to a specific time and
then it no longer continuous.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

nformation
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Tow Unit 10 Presentation 2

Text Information

Using “during”

It is a preposition in grammar.
It means at sometime between the beginning and
ending of a period. It is used to show a period of time
when something happens.

Structure:
During + noun of time
Ex: We work during the day and sleep during night.
Ex: We go to our village during summer vacations.

Extra Information
The word during is a simple preposition.
It also means “throughout”.
Ex: He was honest throughout his life.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 10 Presentation 3

Text Information
Reporting what someone said
Using direct and indirect speech

We use direct speech when we want to report the exact word of a speaker.
We use indirect speech when we want to report the main idea of the exact words
of the speaker.

Direct speech indirect speech

We use a comma and quotation marks. *We use no comma and
quotation marks We use simple present tense. *We use
simple past tense.
Ex: Ali said, “I need money.” Ex: Ali said that he needed
money.
“I and we” are used here. *I will change into “he and she” and
we into they.
“Is, am, and are” are used here. *is, am, and are changed into was and
were.
Ex: Ali said,” I like it.” *Ali said that he liked it.
Ex: Lisa said, “I cook rice.” *Lisa said that she cooked rice.
Students said, “We are busy.” *students said that they were
busy.

Extra information

Speech means narration.

Speech is the way act and power of speaking to convey messages.
Direct speech is also called quoted speech.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Indirect speech is also called reported speech.

Quotation marks are also called speech marks, double or inverted commas.
If the reporting verb is not in past tense, we will not change simple
present tense to past tense. Ex: Ali said, “I win the match.” Ali said that
he won the match.

Ex: Ali says, “I win the

match.” Ali says that he wins
the match.

Level Two Unit 11 Presentation 1

Text Information

Describing how someone does something.

Adverb of frequency:

Adverb is a word which modifies a verb, adjective and another adverb

in a sentence. Ex: Our teacher speaks clearly.
Verb adverb
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Ex: He is very smart.

Adverb adjective
Ex: She walks too slowly.
V ad ad

Adverb of manner:
It is an adverb that shows how someone does something.
It answers the question “how”.
It modifies the verb in a sentence.
It is formed by adding “ly, ily, ally” to an adjective.

1: using ly:
Most adjectives take “ly” to become adverbs.
Ex:
Quick quickly Nice
nicely
Smart smartly
Bad badly
Beautiful beautifully
Slow slowly
Great greatly
Clear clearly

2: Using ily:
We use “ily” when an adjective ends in
“y”. Ex:
Happy happily
Pretty prettily
Heavy heavily
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Busy busily
Crazy crazily

Steady steadily
Greedy greedily
Note: four adjectives never take “ly” to become adverb of manner.
Ex:
Fast fast
Hard hard
Late late
Well well

Note: They are sometimes adverb or adverbs of time.

Lately
Recently
Hardly
Scarcely
Barely Marely
Etc.

Extra information
Sometimes, we make adverb of manner form noun.
Structure:
Noun + y = adverb of noun
Mother motherly
Brother brotherly
Sister sisterly

Father fatherly
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

There are some adjectives that ends in “ly”.

They are not adverbs.
Friendly
Ugly
Lovely
Lively
Lonely
Deadly
Note: to change these sentences in to adverb of manner follow the following
structure.
in a/an + ly adjective + way/ manner.
Ex: Our teacher is friendly.
Ex: He teaches us in a friendly way.
Ex: He teaches us in a friendly manner.

Level Two Unit 11 Presentation 2

Text information

Showing degree
Using as . . . . . . as possible
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

We use this structure to refer to the last degree of

something. We use an adjective or adverb after the
first “as”.

Structure:
1: Sub + to be verb + as + adj + as possible
Ex: Guests are coming. You should be as polite as possible.

2: Sub + action verb + as + adverb + as possible

Ex: Guests are coming. You have to act as politely as possible.
Ex: Send these files ASAP. (As soon as possible)

Extra information
The word as has the following functions.
1: As an adverb:
It shows comparison or last degree or means “very”.
Ex: You should play as well as possible.
Ad ad ad adj
Ex: She is as beautiful as Lisa.
Ad adj prep

2: As a preposition
Followed by a noun
Means like
Ex: He works at KELC as a teacher.

3: As a conjunction 1:
while:
Ex: As I was coming, I met Lisa.
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2: because:
Ex: As I am busy, I can’t come.

Level Two Unit 12

Presentation 1
Text Information

Comparing people, places, and how they do something.

Structure:
As + adj/adv + as
We use this structure where we want to show equal comparison between people
and their actions.

Structure:
1: sub + to be verb + as + adj + as + noun/sub +
auxiliary verb Ex: You are as fit as Ali is.

2: sub + action verb + as + adv + as noun/sub +

auxiliary verb Ex: Kohli plays as greatly as Shahid
Afridi does.

Extra Information
In this structure the first “as” functions as an adv and the second “as” functions as
preposition/ conjunctions. Structure:
1: as + noun
2: as + sub preposition (formal)
3: as + abject preposition
4: as + sub + auxiliary
5: as + auxiliary + sub (formal)
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Ex: She is as clever as he.

Ex: She is as clever as him.
Ex: I can teach as well as Ali/he can.
Ex: I can teach as well as Ali.

Level Two Unit 12

Presentation 2
Text Information

Expressing desire
Using wish + could/simple past tense

We use this structure to express unreal desire in the present or future.

In this structure, simple past doesn’t have past meaning.
Ex: I wish he could teach our class today.
Means: he can’t teach our class.
Ex: We wish we didn’t have to go to class tomorrow.
Means: We have to go to class tomorrow.
Ex: She wishes he weren’t sick.
Means: She is sick.

Extra Information
The word “wish” is followed by a noun
clause. Ex: I wish (that) I had a car.
Wish noun clause
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

It is used to talk about present, future and past

unreal desire. Ex: We wish we could come
tomorrow.

Note: The above two examples show unreal present or future desire.

Ex: I wish I had passed the test.

Means: I didn’t pass the text.
Ex: I wish I could pass the text.
Means: I could not pass the test.

Note: The above two sentences show unreal past desire. They are called past
perfective tenses.

Level Two Unit 12

Presentation
Text Information

Making an inference (the best guess after thinking

Using must + be+ complement

We use this structure to express our best guess.

Or: We use this structure when we are 95 % to 99 % sure about that
we are saying is right. Ex: Where is Ali?
He must be at home.
He must be sick today.

Extra Information
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Must: is a model auxiliary verb which is followed by

base form of verb. It is used for these purposes:

1: Strong obligation
Ex: You must complete your notes before the test.

2: Prohibition (negative form) must

not/mustn’t Ex: You must not read my
dairy.

3: Present/future 99% possibility

Ex: He never eats meat. He must be a vegetarian.

4: Past 99% possibility

Ex: He had a broken leg.
He must have had an accident.

Note: The past form of “must” is “had to”.

Ex: He must come today.
Ex: He had to come yesterday.

Level Two Unit 13

Presentation 1
Text Information

Showing possession
Using “S ‘ ” S apostrophe
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We use (S’) apostrophe with plural regular nouns and to show possession or
relationship of two nouns.

Note: in most cases, we don’t have to use “S” with apostrophe. Just (‘) will be used
because “S” is already existed.
Ex: You can’t enter teachers’ room.

We use “S” with plural regular nouns.

Ex: They checked my classes’ records.
Ex: They checked my classes’s records.
Wrong Ex: We need babies’ dresses.
(Ownership) Ex: I am my parent’s only
son.

Extra Information
Plural possessive is also called plural genitive case.
Ex: We use “S” with names of the families too, to show possession.
Ex: That is the friends’ house.
Ex: They bought the Logan’s’ property.
Ex: Let’s set in Afridi’s Hujra.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

P
Level Two Unit 13
resentation 2
Text Information

Talking about problems

Using what’s the matter?

We use the question “what’s the matter?” to ask about someone’s health
problems, job problems, or general problems.
It means “what happened?” or “what is wrong?”.

Ex: She can’t come today.

What’s the matter with her?
What’s the problem with her?
What’s wrong with her?
Answer: She hurt her leg.

Ex: They are fighting.

What’s the problem? What’s the matter? What’s wrong with
them? Answer: They are just kidding.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two Unit 14

Presentation 1
Text Information

Expressing surprise
Using what + a/an

What: is an exclamatory adjective in grammar.

It is used to show surprise or sudden emotions.
It is used in the following situations:

1: What + an/a + singular

noun Ex: What a car!

2: What + a/an + adjective + singular

noun Ex: What a high mountains!

3: What + adj + noncount

noun Ex: What awful coffee!

4: What + adj + plural noun

Ex: What smart boys!

Extra information
We use “what” or “How” to show surprise.

1: how + adj
Ex: How sweet!
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Ex: How cute!

2: How + sub + verb Ex:

How you have grown.

3: What + (adj) + noun + sub +

verb Ex: What wonderful shorts he
is playing!

4: How + adv + sub + verb

Ex: How carefully he is playing his shorts!
Ex: How beautifully she talks!

Originally, “what” is a pre-determiner.

Unit 14 resentation 2
Text I

Talking about two persons or things

Using “both”
Both: is a pronoun or conjunction in grammar.
It shows that two persons or things are working together.

1: Both: as conjunction:
Both as conjunction is used before singular or plural noun.
Ex: Both teachers and students were present.
Ex: Both physics and math are boring.
Ex: Both Ali and Ahmad re my best friends.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Note: As a conjunction, we use “and” with

“both”. “Both . . . . . and” as paired or
correlative.

2: “Both” as pronoun: Is always used in three come structures.

1: Plural pronoun + both + main

verb Ex: They both come on time.
Ex: You both tell the truth.

2: Sub + to be verb/model auxiliary +

both Ex: They are both from Pakistan.
Ex: We should both come on time.
Ex: We can both learn Dari.

3: Sub + both + to be verb/auxiliary verb + main verb

(emphatic) Ex: They both are from Pakistan.
Ex: They both can do it.

Extra information
The word “both” has three functions in
grammar. 1: Adjective (pre determiner)
Ex: I like both teachers.
Ex: Both boys are smart. 2:
Pronoun
Ex: Both are my cousins.
Ex: We need both.
Ex: Both of them are sharp.
3: Conjunction:
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Ex: I like both burger and pizza. Ex: both physics and math are boring. Ex: she both
buys and sells car.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

nformation
Level Two Unit 14 Presentation 3
Text I

Talking about past

Using time expression
The + noun + before

Before: is a preposition of time in grammar which means “earlier than”

We use this structure to mean two days ago, two weeks ago, two months ago, two
years ago.
Ex: It is my third week in this school.
The week before last was my first week.
Ex: I saw Mahmood the day before yesterday.
Ex: It is 2016. We go married the year last.
We got married in 2014.

Extra information
The word before has three functions.

1: As conjunction of time:
Ex: Before Ali went to class, he wrote his homework.

2: As preposition of time:
Ex: She can’t come before 6:00 pm.

3: As adverb of time:
Ex: You came at 6:00 pm.
He came at 5:55 pm.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

He came before.

Note: if “before” is followed by noun, it is a preposition “before” as adverb will

never be used with noun.

Unit 14 resentation 4
Text I

Making comparison
Using comparative adjective or adverb

Ex: Ali is faster than Ahmad.

Ex: Ali runs faster than Ahmad.

An adjective has three degrees:

1: Simple degree or positive degree: in this degree, there is no comparison. We
only talk about the quality of a person, place, or thing.
Ex: Ali is a good boy.
Ex: This book is boring.
Ex: Peshawar is a warm city.

2: Comparative degree: in comparative degree, we compare one person, place, or

thing with another person, place, or thing.

To change simple degree to comparative degree, we use R, ER, and IER + “than”
with an adjective or adverb.

1: Using “R”: one syllable adjectives ending in “E” will take “R”.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Simple comparative
Nice nicer
Large larger
Cute cuter
White whiter
Wide wider
Late later
Fine finer

2: Using “ER”: one syllable adjectives not ending in “E”

will take “ER”. Here CVC formula is also applied.
Simple comparison
Fat fatter
Big bigger
Thin thinner
Long longer
Fast faster
Small smaller

3: Using IER: more than one syllable adjectives ending in “Y” will
take “IER”. Change “Y” into “I” add “ER” = IER.

Simple comparison
Happy happier
Heavy heavier
Busy busier
Crazy crazier
Funny funnier
Lazy lazier
Pretty prettier
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Noisy noisier

4: Some irregular one syllable adjectives never take R, ER, and IER.
Simple comparison
Good better
Bad worse
Far further (adv)
farther (adj)
Little less
More/many more

Than: it is used after comparative degree.

It can function as a preposition and as a conjunction.

1: As a preposition

1: Than + noun
Ex: Ali is younger than Ahmad.
2: Than + sub pronoun formal
Ex: She is younger than I.
3: Than + objective pronoun informal
Ex: She is younger than me.

2: As a conjunction 1: Than +
noun + auxiliary Ex: She plays
better than Ali does.
2: Than + auxiliary + noun
Ex: She plays better than does Ali. Formal
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3: Than + sub pronoun +

auxiliary Ex: She plays better
than he does.
Extra Information
1: Syllable: it is a word or a part of a word containing vowel sound.
Ex: fine, modern, beautiful, and intelligent
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level Two

Unit 15 Presentation 1
Text Information

If clause in present tense:

It is a subordinate conjunction in grammar.
It means “whenever”.
It is used with present tense to show habitual or
automatic result. It can be used at the beginning or
mid-sentence.
Structure:
1: if clause + , + result clause Simple present
simple present
Ex: If I have money, I call my friends for dinner.
Ex: Water freezes if temperature reaches to 0 degrees.

Note: If we use simple present tense in both clause. It is called zero conditional
clauses.

Extra Information
The word “if” has two main functions.

1: As marker of adv clause

“If” only if, even if, as if, as that,
Ex: Only if I study, con I pass the
test?

2: As marker of noun clause:

Ex: She asked if they were coming.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level T

Ex: Can you tell me if / whether Ali lives here.

wo Unit 15 Presentation 2
Text Information

Talking about continuing actions

Using still

It is an adverb of indefinite time in grammar.

It means “up to now” or “so far”.
It is used to show an action or situation which continuous to exist from past to
present without ay change.

Positions of still
It has three positions:

1: Before main verb:

Ex: We still live in Peshawar.

2: Before negative to verb/auxiliary verb.

Ex: She still isn’t feeling well.
Ex: We still aren’t done with the work.

3: After positive to be verb:

Ex: I am still at KELC.
Ex: It is still early. We can go.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level T

The word still has three functions:

1: As an adverb: to mean up to now.
Ex: We still wait for you.

2: As a verb: to mean to make quiet.

Ex: your child is crying. Why don’t you still him?

3: as an adjective: to mean quiet.

Ex: you should sit still when the teacher goes out.

Unit 15 Presentation 3
Text information
Co ordination
Using “So”

So: is an adverb in grammar.

It means in the same or similar way.
It is used to show agreement with a positive statement just stated.
It can be used in separate or combined way.
Ex: I passed the test. So did Ali.
Full form: I passed the test. Ali passed the test too.
Ex: I passed the test, and so did Ali.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level T

Full form: I passed the test. Ali also passed the test.
The auxiliary verb used after “so” must match with the auxiliary or verb tense of
the proceeding statement. (a sentence which come first is called proceeding
statement) Structure:
Positive sentence + (,) and so + auxiliary verb +
subject Ex: Ali can help us, and so did Usman.
Ex: She will come, and so will Ahmad.
Ex: We are watching a movie and so are they.
Ex: I wrote my homework and so did Laila.
Ex: She teaches English and so do we.

Extra Information:
The word “So” has three functions:
1: as a conjunction: it can be of two types.
1: Coordinate conjunction means “therefore”.
Ex: Our teacher was absent so we didn’t take my class.
2: Subordinate conjunction: means “in
order that”. Ex: I study hard so that I can
get first position. 2: As an adverb: it has
got several meanings 1: very:
Ex: The weather is so nice.
2: also:
Ex: I am too tired and so is Laila.
Note: “so” can also come at the beginning of a sentence to mean “then”.
Ex: So what have you decided about your exam.
3: As an adjective: means tidy or perfectly well and organized.
Ex: The educational inspector is coming tomorrow.
I want everyone to be just so.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level T

Or: I want everything to be exactly so.

New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level T

wo Unit 15 resentation 4
Text information
Contrasting come and go

They are movement verbs or words in grammar.

Come: means to reach a place.
Go: means to leave a place.

We use “come” when the movement is towards the directions of

listener or speaker.
We use “Go” when the movement is away from the speaker or listener.
Ex: He comes home at 6:00 pm.
Ex: He went to Lahore yesterday.
Ex: Has he come yet?

Extra Information
The verb “come” has the following meanings.

1: arrive
Ex: They came here at 4:00 pm.

2: exist
Ex: Does this shirt come in any other color?

3: happen
Ex: Her leaving came as quiet as shock.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level T

4: to start
Ex: I have come to like her.

The word “go” has the following functions

1: to become
Ex: You are going bald. Means you are becoming bald.

2: to happen
Ex: Life and death go together.

3: to operate
Ex: This machine won’t go.

4: to pass
Ex: Years go like months.
Level Three Unit 1 Presentation 1
Text information

Result clauses with “SO”

So: is a coordinate conjunction in grammar.

It means “therefore” or “as a result”.
It is used to combine two main clauses showing cause
and effect or result. Note: we use a comma (,) before
“so”.
New Intercom Grammar Class By Mr. Fardin Khan Safi

Level T

Structure:
Cause clause + , so + effect or
result clause Ex: She didn’t
study, so he failed.
Ex: She is sick, so she can’t come today.
Ex: He came late, so the teacher didn’t allow him to enter the class.
Ex: It is raining, so we have to take an umbrella.
Ex: Ali works hard, so he will succeed.
Ex: I asked her name, so she slept me.

Extra Information
So: is basically a kind of coordinate conjunction called cumulative or
copulative conjunction.

Coordinate Conjunction:
FANBOYS:
F: for : illative conjunction
A: and, so : cumulative or copulative
conjunction
N: nor, or : alternative conjunction
B: but, yet : adversative or disjunctive
conjunction