Far Eastern University

Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts

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LECTURE READING 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
• relate the principles of static of rigid bodies and strength of materials to serve as the foundation for the course
• develop familiarity with the behavior of different loadings and their effects oon different types of structures.
• Exemplify the theory from actual application.

TYPES OF STRUCTURES AND LOADS

Structure - a system of connected parts used to support a load.

Important examples: Important to account:

‣ Buildings ‣ Safety
‣ Bridges ‣ Aesthetics
‣ Towers ‣ Serviceability
‣ Economic constraints
‣ Environmental constraints

§ CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

Structural Elements

TIE RODS
- structural members subjected to tensile force
 Far Eastern University
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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BEAMS- it is a structural horizontal member subjected only to transverse loadings. A beam is completely analyzed
when the values of bending moment and shear are determined.

METHODS OF SUPPORTING BEAMS:

1. STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS

It is supported by a hinged reaction at one end and

a roller support at the other end but is not
otherwise restrained.

It is supported at one end only, with a suitable

restraint to prevent rotation of that end

It is supported by a hinge and a roller reaction, with

either or both ends extending beyond the
supports.
Overhanging Beam

2. STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS

Propped Beam

Such beams are statically indeterminate; the presence of excess supports requires the use of additional equations
obtained from considering the elastic deformation of the beam.
 Far Eastern University
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

PURPOSE OF BEAMS

It is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by steel of reinforced concrete. We use it in
structure to

• Resist loads
• Counter bending moment and shear forces
• Connect the structure together
• Provide a uniform distribution of loads

COLUMNS
- members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive loads (and bending)
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Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

TRUSS – It is composed of members connected by frictionless hinges or pins. The loads on a truss are assumed to
be concentrated at the joints. Each member of the truss is considered a two-force member subjected to axial
forces only

ROOF TRUSSES are often used as part of industrial building frame, such as the one shown.
 Far Eastern University
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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The main structural elements of a typical roof truss are shown.

Common Types of Roof Trusses

 Far Eastern University
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

BRIDGE TRUSSES

The main structural elements of a typical bridge truss are shown below.
 Far Eastern University
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

Common Types of Bridge Trusses

CABLES - structures that are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension. Unlike tension ties, however, the external
load is not applied along the axis of the cable, and consequently the cable takes a form that has a defined
sag.
 Far Eastern University
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

ARCHES - structures that achieve its strength in compression. Arches must be rigid, however, in order to maintain
their shape, and this results in secondary loadings involving shear and moment.

FRAMES- It is built of members connected by rigid joints capable of resisting moment. Members of a rigid frame are
subjected to shear, axial forces, and bending moment.
- often used in buildings and re composed of beams and columns that are either pin or fixed connected.
 Far Eastern University
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

SURFACE STRUCTURE - made from a material having very small thickness compared to its other dimensions.
 Far Eastern University
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

LOADS

Design Codes

National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015

Volume I – Buildings, Towers, and Other Vertical Structures

National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP)

Volume II – Bridges

DPWH Design Guidelines, Criteria, and Standards 2015

Volume 5 – Bridge Design
Volume 6 – Public Buildings and Other Related Structures

DEAD LOADS

Dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural members and the weight of any objects that are
permanently attached to the structure.
 Far Eastern University
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

LIVE LOADS
Live loads can vary both in their magnitude and location. They may be caused by the weight of objects
temporarily placed on a structure, moving vehicles, or natural forces.

Wind Loads
When structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is converted into potential energy of pressure,
which causes a wind loading.
 Far Eastern University
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

Earthquake Loads
Earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its interaction with the ground and its response
characteristics. These loadings result from the structure’s distortion caused by the ground’s motion and the
lateral resistance of the structure.
 Far Eastern University
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure

When structures are used to retain water, soil, or granular materials, the pressure developed by these loadings
becomes an important criterion for their designs.

Other Natural Loads

Several other types of live loads may also have to be considered in the design of a structure, depending on its location
or use. These include the effect of blast, temperature changes, and differential settlement of the foundation.

Load Combinations
Whenever a structure is designed, it is important to give consideration to both material and load uncertainties.
 Far Eastern University
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

CLASSIFICATION OF LOADS

TYPES OF LOADS ON BEAMS:

1. POINT LOAD OR CONCENTRATED LOAD

The point load is defined as a load applied on a single location of the whole span length

• It is also called a concentrated load

• Act over a small distance
• The load is denoted by 𝑷 and the arrow shows the load direction.

2. DISTRIBUTED LOAD

This load is divided into two main loads such as,

¨ UNIFORMLY DISTRIIBUTED LOAD (UDL)

The loading magnitude remains the same to the whole span called uniformly distributed load

§ It is denoted by 𝒘.

¨ UNIFORMLY VARYING LOAD (UVL)

Those magnitude is continuously varying throughout the span.

§ It is also called a non-uniformly distributed load.

§ It is also divided into two further types Triangular or Trapezoidal Load
 Far Eastern University
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________

3. COUPLE FORCES

This force acts on the same span having the same load and opposite forces

¨ In case of unequal load, the one force makes them to rotate.

¨ Expresses as kip-m, kg-m, N-m, lb.-ft, etc.

TYPES OF SUPPORTS
SUPPORTS FOR COPLANAR STRUCTURES
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Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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SUPPORTS FOR COPLANAR STRUCTURES

Far Eastern University
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
___________________________________________________________________________
 Far Eastern University
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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§ IDEALIZED STRUCTURES

Support Connections

IDEALIZED MODELS