RESOLUTION NO 2023-4

A RESOLUTION ADOPTING THE INTERNAL RULES OF PROCEDURE OF THE

SANGGUNIANG KABATAAN OF BARANGAY LIP-AC, SAN ENRIQUE, ILOILO,
PHILIPPINES.

WHEREAS, the Sangguniang Kabataan of Barangay Lip-ac is a government entity

mandated by law to promote and protect the physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social
well-being of the youths of Barangay Lip-ac, San Enrique, Iloilo and shall inculcates in them
patriotism, nationalism and other desirable values, and encourages their involvement in
public and civic affairs;

WHEREAS, pursuant to the provisions of Republic Act No. 10742, known as the
“SK Reform Act of 2015”, Sangguniang Kabataan have the inherent rights and obligations
of adopting its own rules of procedure for the proper discharge of its mandate and functions;

WHEREAS, in the maintenance of good order in the Sanggunian Kabataan

deliberations, it is necessary that specific rules should be adopted and enforced in the interest
of effective administration; and

WHEREAS, in order to regulate and adjust with the unexpected changes in the local
governance, the Sangguniang Kabataan of Barangay Lip-ac recognizes the need for the
adoption of its existing an Internal Rules of Procedure;

RESOLVED, as it is hereby resolved, to adopt the Internal Rules of Procedure for

the Sangguniang Kabataan of Barangay Lip-ac, San Enrique, Iloilo.

UNANIMOUSLY APPROVED this 27th day of November 2023 on this inaugural

session.
 RULE 1 – MEMBERSHIP

Section 1: Composition - The Sangguniang Kabataan of Lip-ac shall be composed of the SK

Chairperson as Presiding Officer, seven (7) SK Kagawads, elected by the registered voters of
the Katipunan ng mga Kabataan.

Section 2: Term of Office - The term of office by the members of the Sangguniang
Kabataan of Lip-ac shall be three (3) years, which shall commence on such date as may be
provided by law except for the appointed SK Secretary and Treasurer.

Section 3: Oath or Affirmation - All the members of the Sangguniang Kabataan of Lip-ac
shall upon assumption to office, take an oath or affirmation in the prescribed form, duly
subscribed before a person authorized to administer oath.

RULE II - POWERS, DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE SANGGUNIANG

BARANGAY

Section 1: Sangguniang Kabataan - The Sangguniang Kabataan shall:

(a) In consultation and with the concurrence of the Katipunan ng Kabataan, and within three
(3) months from assumption to office, formulate a three (3)-year rolling plan, which shall be
known as the Comprehensive Barangay Youth Development Plan, which shall serve as basis
in the preparation of the Annual Barangay Youth Investment Program. This plan shall be
aligned with the Philippine Youth Development Plan (PYDP) and other Local Youth
Development Plans in every level, municipal, city and provincial as is relevant;

(b) Approve the annual budget which is the annual slice of the Annual Barangay Youth
Investment Program before the start of the succeeding fiscal year and, if the Sangguniang
Kabataan funds allow, a supplemental budget. Any changes in the annual budget shall be in
accordance with existing applicable budget rules and procedures;

(c) Promulgate resolutions necessary to carry out the objectives of the youth in the barangay
in accordance with the Comprehensive Barangay Youth Development Plan and the applicable
provisions of this Act;

(d) Initiate and implement, in coordination with any national government agency and/or any
private or nongovernment institution, programs and projects designed to promote general
welfare, development and empowerment of the youth;

(e) Hold fund-raising activities which are in line with the Comprehensive Barangay Youth
Development Plan, the proceeds of which shall be tax-exempt and shall accrue to the general
fund of the Sangguniang Kabataan: Provided, however, That in the appropriation thereof, the
specific purpose for which such activity has been held shall be first satisfied: Provided,
further, That any appropriation thereof shall be in accordance with existing applicable
budget, accounting and auditing rules and regulations;

(f) Create regular and special committees and such other bodies whose chairpersons and
members of which shall come from among the members of the Sangguniang Kabataan or
from among the members of the Katipunan ng Kabataan, as it may deem necessary to
effectively carry out its programs and activities;
(g) Submit the annual and end-of-term program accomplishments and financial reports to the
Sangguniang Barangay and present the same during the Katipunan ng Kabataan assembly,
copy furnished the Office of the Local Government Operations Officer and Local Youth
Development Council (LYDC), all in accordance with the prescribed form by the DILG and
the Commission;

(h) Partner with the LYDC in planning and executing projects and programs of specific
advocacies like good governance, climate change adaptation, disaster risk reduction and
resiliency, youth employment and livelihood, health and anti-drug abuse, gender sensitivity,
and sports development;

(i) Adopt and implement a policy on full public disclosure of all its transactions and
documents involving public interest; and

(j) Exercise such other powers and perform such other functions as may be prescribed by law
or ordinance, or delegated by the Sangguniang Barangay or the Commission.

Section 2: SK Chairperson - The Sangguniang Kabataan chairperson shall exercise such

powers and discharge such duties as follows:

(a) Call and preside over all meetings of the Sangguniang Kabataan, and vote in case of a tie,
and assemblies of the Katipunan ng Kabataan except when one. (1) of the agenda to be
discussed in such assembly involves the disciplinary action against the Sangguniang
Kabataan chairperson, in which case, the highest ranking Sangguniang Kabataan member
shall preside;

(b) Take the lead in the formulation of the Comprehensive Barangay Youth Development
Plan and in the preparation and implementation of the Annual Barangay Youth Investment
Program;

(c) Ensure the implementation of policies, programs and projects as contained in the Annual
Barangay Youth Investment Programs, in coordination with the Sangguniang Barangay and
the Municipal or City Youth Development Council;

(d) Sign all required documents and warrants drawn from the Sangguniang Kabataan funds
for all expenditures in the implementation of the Comprehensive Barangay Youth
Development Plan and Annual Barangay Youth Investment Program;

(e) Exercise general supervision over the affairs and activities of the Sangguniang Kabataan
and the Katipunan ng Kabataan as well as the official conduct of its members;

(f) With the concurrence of the Sangguniang Kabataan, appoint from among the members of
the Katipunan ng Kabataan a secretary and a treasurer;

(g) Coordinate with the Sangguniang Barangay and other youth organizations within his or
her barangay on youth-related programs and projects that they wish to initiate and implement;
and

(h) Exercise such other powers and perform such other duties and functions as may be
prescribed by law or ordinance.
Section 3: Presiding Officer – The Chairperson shall be the Presiding Officer of every
meetings of the Sangguninag Kabataan. However, upon the incapacity of the Chairperson to
preside the meetings, the SK Kawagad who obtained the most votes shall preside such
session. Provided that, upon the absence of the former, the SK Kagawads, there being in
quorum, shall select from among themselves the interim presiding officer.
Section 4: Powers and Duties of the SK Chairperson as the Presiding Officer - The
Presiding Officer shall:

a) Preside over the sessions of the Sangguniang Barangay;

b) Preserve order and decorum during sessions and, in case of disturbance or disorderly
conduct in the session hall or within the premises, take measures as he/she may deem
advisable or the Sanggunian may direct;
c) Decide all questions of order, subject to appeal by any Sanggunian member in
accordance with these Rules;
d) Sign all acts, ordinances, resolutions, memorials, writs and warrants issued by; or upon
order of the Sangguniang Barangay; and
e) Exercise such other powers and perform such other functions as may be provided by
law, ordinance or resolution.
Section 5: Sangguniang Kabataan Kawagad – The Sangguniang Kabataan chairperson shall
exercise such powers and discharge such duties as follows:
a) Formulates and enacts youth policies in the form of resolutions;
b) Assists the SK Chairperson in the exercise of the powers, functions, and duties of SK;
c) The SK Chairperson and SK Kagawad are referred to as the SK Officials;
d) Serves as head of different SK committees;
e) Presides over committee meetings and SK and KK meetings, in the absence of the
SK Chairperson;
f) Performs other duties and functions in exercise of her/his role as SK official
and as prescribed by the SK Chairperson

RULE III - APPOINTIVE BARANGAY OFFICIALS

Section 1: SK Secretary – Pursuant to the implementing provisions in the RA 10742, the SK

Secretary shall exercise the following powers and duties:

(a) Keep all the records of the Katipunan ng Kabataan, including the list of its qualified
members, youth policies, studies, research and registry of youth and youth-serving
organizations in the barangay, if any;

(b) Prepare and keep all the minutes of all assemblies of the Katipunan ng Kabataan and of
all the meetings of the Sangguniang Kabataan;
(c) Cause the posting, in the barangay bulletin board and in at least three (3) conspicuous
places within the jurisdiction of the barangay, and if possible including the use of traditional
and nontraditional media, and make available for any person with legal purpose, all
resolutions approved by the Sangguniang Kabataan, the annual and end-of-term reports of the
programs and projects implemented by the Sangguniang Kabataan, the Comprehensive
Barangay Youth Development Plan and Annual Barangay Youth Investment Program and the
dissemination of the same to the concerned offices, institutions and individuals; and

(d) Perform such other duties and discharge such other functions as the Sangguniang
Kabataan chairperson may prescribe or direct

Section 2: SK Treasurer - Pursuant to the implementing provisions in the RA 10742, the SK

Treasuerer shall exercise the following powers and duties:

(a) Take custody of all Sangguniang Kabataan property and funds;

(b)Collect and receive contributions, monies, materials, and all other resources intended
for the Sangguniang Kabataan and the Katipunan ng Kabataan;
(c) Serve as cosignatory in all withdrawals from the Sangguniang Kabataan funds and
disburse funds in accordance with the approved annual budget and supplemental budget,
as the case may be, of the Sangguniang Kabataan,
(d) Certify to the availability of the Sangguniang Kabataan funds whenever necessary;
(e) Submit to the Sangguniang Kabataan and to the Sangguniang Barangay certified and
detailed statements of actual income and expenditures at the end of every quarter and the
posting of the same in the barangay bulletin board and in at least three (3) conspicuous
places within the jurisdiction of the barangay, and if possible including the use of
traditional and nontraditional media;
(f) Render report during the regular Katipunan ng Kabataan assembly on the financial
status of the Sangguniang Kabataan; and
(g)Perform such other duties and discharge such other functions as the Sangguniang
Kabataan chairperson may prescribe or direct.

RULE IV - SESSIONS

Section 1: Regular Sessions - The regular sessions of the Sangguniang Kabataan Lip-ac shall
be on the every second and fourth week of the month at 3:30 pm in the Brgy. Lip-ac Session
Hall, Brgy. Lip-ac, San Enrique, Iloilo.

Section 2: Special Sessions - As often as necessary, when public interest so demands,

special sessions may be called by the SK Chairperson or a majority of the members of the SK
Kagawad.

In “Special Sessions”, a written notice to the SK Kagawad, stating the date, time and purpose
of the session, shall be served personally or left with a member of the household of the
members of the Sangguniang Kabataan at their usual place of residence at least three (3)
working days before said special session.. Unless otherwise agreed upon by two-thirds (2/3)
votes of the members of the Sanggunian present, there being a quorum, no other matters may
be considered at a special session except that stated in the notice.

Section 3: Order of Business - The following is the sequence in an order of business:

a) Call to Order - Presiding officer raps the gavel once and announces, ―The meeting
 will come to order.
b) Opening Ceremonies
c) Roll Call
d) Reading and Approval of the Minutes
e) Reports of Officers and Committees
f) Standing Committees - are usually called upon in the order in which they are listed.
The Chair should know in advance who is prepared to report. If the Report is for
information only, no action is taken; if the report brings a recommendation, action may
be taken at this time or under New Business. Action on the report is moved by the
reporting member.
g) Special Committees - are usually called in the order in which they were appointed. If
the Report is given for information, no action is taken; if the Report brings a
recommendation, the reporting member may bring the recommendation for action at
this point or under New Business.
h) Unfinished Business - is business postponed or referred by motion or left unfinished
from the previous meeting as recorded in the minutes. (not referred to as ―old
business‖)
i) New Business - may be introduced by the Chair or by any member.
j) Program (If there is a planned program, the schedule should be optional.)
k) Announcements
l) Adjournment.

Section 4: Attendance in Session - Every member of the Sangguniang Kabataan shall be

present in all sessions, unless expressly excluded by it or necessarily prevented from doing so
by sickness or other unavoidable circumstances duly reported to the Barangay through the
SK Chairperson or SK Secretary.

Section 5: A late member or absentee will be paying a fine agreed by the majority (6 out of 7)
of the SK members of the SK Council. Money that will be collected will be directed to the
SK Treasurer and will be considered as a personal fund of the SK Council such that will be
used for urgent personal expenses of the council under the approval of the SK Chairperson.

a.) Late - PHP 50.00

b.) Absent - PHP 100.00

Section 6: Open Session – Sanggunian Kabataan sessions or meetings of any committee

thereof shall be open to the public unless a closed session is decided or ordered by
affirmative votes of the majority Sanggunian members present, there being a quorum, in the
public interest or for reasons affecting the dignity of the Sangguniang Kabataan or any of its
member, or when confidential matters are being considered.

On a motion to hold a closed session duly approved, the Presiding Officer shall direct the
session hall cleared and doors closed.

Only persons specifically authorized by the Sangguniang Kabataan shall be admitted to the
closed session. They shall preserve the secrecy of whatever may be read or said at the closed
session.

Section 6: Opening and Adjournment - The exact hour of opening and adjournment of any
session shall be entered in the Minutes.

RULE V - ROLL CALL AND DECORUM

Section 1: Quorum - A majority of all the members of the Sangguniang Kabataan, including
the SK Chairperson shall constitute a quorum to transact official business.

Should a question of quorum be raised during a session, the Presiding Officer shall
immediately direct the SK Secretary to call the roll of the members and thereafter announce
the results.

Section 2: Absence of Quorum - Where there is no quorum in a given session, the Presiding
Officer may declare a recess until such time a quorum is constituted, or a majority of the
members present may adjourn from day to day and may compel the immediate attendance of
any member absent.

If there is still no quorum, despite the foregoing, no business shall be transacted. The
Presiding Officer, upon motion duly approved by the members present, shall then declare the
session adjourned for lack of quorum.

Section 3: Motion to Adjourn vacates call - At any time after the roll call has been
completed, a motion to adjourn shall be in order, and if approved by a majority of those
present, all proceedings shall be vacated.

RULE VI – COMMITTEES

Section 1: Standing Committees - The SK Chairperson, in aid of legislation, shall appoint the
Chairman of the following committees, the general legislative functions of which shall be as
hereunder provided: The following mandatory committees under the IRR of RA 10742 shall
be created:

a) Committee on Education and Culture - Responsible for overseeing all SK matters,

that is, policy and programs or projects related to education and culture. Mainly, the
committee is tasked to ensure that education is a matter of priority and culture is kept
alive among the youth and community as a whole; e.g., folk dances.

b) Committee on Environmental Protection, Climate Change Adaptation (CCA), and

Disaster Risk Reduction and Resiliency (DRRR). Responsible for all SK matters
related to environment and disaster preparedness. The committee is tasked to ensure that
the youth are made aware of and capacitated regarding protection of the environment
and preparedness in times of calamities.
c) Committee on Youth Employment, and Livelihood. Responsible for all SK affairs
related to promoting employment and livelihood opportunities for the youth.

d) Committee on Health, Health Services, and Reproductive Health. Responsible for

all SK matters related to the health of youth.

e) Committee on Anti-Drug Abuse and Social Protection. To safeguard the welfare

of the youth, anti-drug and social protection committee should be created.
 f) Committee on Gender and Development. This committee manages all SK
matters concerned with gender and development (GAD).

g) Committee on Sports Development. This committee is in-charge of managing all

SK matters related to sports development among the youth and among community
members as a whole.

Section 2: Functions of Committee - Committees are created for the purpose of addressing
specific issues and concerns of the youth. The following are the functions of the committees:

a) Conduct deliberations and consultations and the holding of committee report

sessions related to the proposed resolutions;
b) Create policies addressing the issues and concerns of the committees;
c) Plan, facilitate, and implement programs and activities that SK provides such as:
educational workshops and skills trainings; revival of cultural or folk dances;
creation of youth task force on DRRR management; employment and livelihood
project; anti-drugs campaign; GAD training; and sports development aimed at
reviving and strengthening traditional games, to name a few;
d) Conduct consultations in relation to programs and other activities of SK;
e) Gather feedback from KK members and other individuals engaged. Feedback
will provide suggestions, opinions, and observations from members and other
individuals which serve as important bases in decision-making;
f) Make decisions concerning committee activities;
g) Promote the SK organization in the community;
h) Create and maintain communication lines to ensure that members are aware of
the organization‘s programs and activities; and
i) Raise funds if necessary.

Section 4: Special Committees - The Sangguniang Kabataan,through a resolution may

organize Special Committees and appoint its Chairman as it may deem necessary. Members
of the Special Committees shall be appointed by the Special Committees Chairman.

Section 5: Vacancy - Whenever a vacancy occurs or is declared to exist in any of the

committees, the same shall be filled-up by the SK Chairperson.

Section 6: Committee Meeting or Hearing - The committees shall determine the frequency
of their meetings or hearings, provided they meet at least once a month. A majority of all
members of the committee concerned shall constitute a quorum.

Section 7: Committee Membership – All committee may be headed by elected SK Kagawad

or any Katipunan ng Kabataan member. Provided, however, it shall possess a qualified and
competitive traits and qualifications.

RULE VII RESOLUTIONS

Section 1: Resolutions, Defined - Resolutions are used for executing propriety functions and
private concerns. Resolutions may also be used to express ideas, opinions or requests.

Section 2: Passing a Resolution – In passing a resolution, the following shall be followed

strictly:
 1) The SK member submits a copy of the proposed resolution for consideration
through the SK Secretary. The SK member who drafted the proposed resolution
is referred as the “sponsor”.
2) The SK Secretary records it for the next session’s “Reference of Business”.
3) During SK session: First Reading. Here, reading of the title of the proposed
resolution takes place.
4) After reading, the proposed resolution shall be referred to the appropriate
committee that shall conduct committee meeting and public hearing.
5) The committee holds meeting, public hearing, and deliberates on the proposed
resolution.
6) During next SK session, the committee reports the result of the meeting and
public hearing conducted.
7) Second Reading. The entire draft of the proposed resolution is read.
8) After reading, the sponsorship speech follows.
9) After the speech, the body deliberates for possible amendments.
10) Then, voting with quorum for approval or adoption takes place.

RULE IX - DECORUM AND DEBATE

Section 1: Addressing the Chair - When an SK Kagawad desires to speak, he/she shall rise
and respectfully address the Chair, “Mister/Madam Chairman” or “Mister/Madam Presiding
Officer”.

Section 2: Recognition of Member to Speak - When two or more members rise at the same
time, the Presiding Officer shall determine and recognize the member who is to speak first.

Section 3: Time Limits for Speeches - No SK Kagawad shall occupy more than fifteen (15)
minutes in debate on any question or speak more than once on any question without leave of
the Sangguniang Kabataan, except as hereinafter provided. The period of interpellation shall
not be counted against the time of the member speaking.

Section 4: Decorum to Open and Close Debate - In all cases, the member who has obtained
the floor shall confine himself to the question under debate, avoiding personalities. He/She
shall refrain from uttering words or performing acts which are inconsistent with decorum.

If it is requested that a member be called to order for words spoken in debate, the member
making such request shall indicate the words accepted to, and they shall be taken down in
writing by the SK Secretary and read aloud. The member who uttered such words shall not
be held to answer, nor be subject to censure by the Sangguniang Kabataan if further debate
or other business has intervened.

Section 5: Session Conducts - During any session, the SK Member shall be in proper attire
and observe proper decorum. SK Member who is under the influence of liquor shall not be
admitted in any regular or special session of the Sanggunian.

While the Presiding Officer is addressing the Sangguniang or putting a question, no member
shall walk out or cross the session hall.

Section 6: Discipline of Members - The Sangguniang Kabataan, upon the recommendation

of its Committee on Rules and Ethics and with the concurrence of two-thirds (2/3) of all
Sanggunian Kabataan Members, may punish any Sanggunian member for disorderly
behavior and suspend or exclude him/her from the session. If the penalty is suspension, this
shall not exceed sixty (60) calendar days without pay. Likewise, the Sangguniang Kabataan,
upon the recommendation of its Committee on Rules and Ethics and with the concurrence of
two-thirds (2/3) of all Sanggunian Kabataan Members, may automatically expel any of its
members from the Sanggunian who has been convicted with finality by any court and/or any
government agency for any major criminal offenses committed. The Sangguniang Kabataan,
upon the recommendation of its Committee on Rules and Ethics and with the concurrence of
two-thirds (2/3) of all Sanggunian Kabataan Members, may further automatically expel any
of its members from the Sanggunian who has been absent without official leave (AWOL) for
four (4) consecutive regular sessions of the Sanggunian.

RULE X - VOTING AND MOTIONS

Section 1: A Tie on an Appeal - A tie vote on an appeal from the ruling of the Chair
sustains the decision of the Chair.

Section 2: Who May Move? - When a motion, report or proposed measure is adopted or
lost, it shall be in order for a member who votes with the majority to move for the
reconsideration thereof on the same or succeeding session day. Such motion shall take
precedence over all other questions, except a motion to adjourn, to raise a question of
privilege and a call to order.

Section 3: Recording of Motions - Every motion shall be entered in the Minutes with the
name of the members making it, unless it is withdrawn on the same session day.

Section 4: Reading and Withdrawal of Motions - When a motion is made, the Presiding
Officer shall state it before being debated except as herein otherwise provided, a motion
may be withdrawn any time before its approval or amendment.

Section 5: Precedence of Motions - When a question is under debate, no motion shall be

entertained except to adjourn, raise a question of privilege, declare a recess, lay on the table, or
postpone to a certain day (which motions shall be decided without debate), refer, amend or
postpone indefinitely (which motions shall be decided subject to the Five-Minutes Rule). Said
motions shall have precedence in the foregoing order. No motion to postpone to any day
certain, refer or postpone indefinitely, having failed passage, shall again be allowed in the
same session day.
Section 6: Amendments - When a motion or proposition is under consideration, a motion to
amend and a motion to amend that amendment shall be in order. It shall not be voted upon
until the original motion or proposition is perfected. Any of said amendments may be
withdrawn before a decision is had thereon.

Section 7: Five-Minute Rule - A member who desires to speak for or against an

amendment shall have only five (5) minutes to do so.

Section 8: Rider Prohibited - No motion or proposition on a subject different from that under
consideration shall be allowed under color of amendment.

Section 9: One Motion – One Cover - No motion shall cover more than one (1) subject
matter.

Section 10: Amendments of Title - Amendments to the title of a proposed ordinance or

resolution shall not be in order until after the text thereof has been perfected. Amendments to
the title shall be decided without debate.

Section 11: Call To Order - A motion to read any part of the Rules is equivalent to Call to
Order and takes precedence over any motion other than to adjourn.

Section 12. Questions of Privilege - Questions of privilege are:

a) Those affecting the rights of the Sangguniang Kabataan; its safety, dignity and the
integrity of its members.

b) Those affecting the rights, reputation and conduct of the members, individually,
in their capacity as such members.

c) Subject to the “Five-Minutes Rule”, question of privilege shall have precedence over all
other questions, except a motion to adjourn.

Section 13. Privileged Questions - Privileged questions are those motions or subject matters,
which under the Rules; take precedence over other motions and subject matters.

RULE XI - SUSPENSION OF THE RULES

Section 1: Who Can Move? - Only the Chairman or Vice Chairman of the Committee on
Rules can move to suspend the rules for the Members, provided quorum is present.

Section 2: Interruption of Motion - When a motion to suspend the Rules is pending, one
motion to adjourn may be entertained. If it is lost, no similar motion shall be entertained until
the vote is taken on the motion to suspend.

Section 3. Effect of Suspension. - If the Sanggunian Kabataan members vote to suspend the
Rules, it shall forthwith proceed to consider the measure. A two-thirds (2/3) vote of the
members present shall be necessary for the passage of said measure, a quorum being present.
 RULE XII – AMENDMENTS

Section 1: Amendments - Any portion of these Rules may be amended by a two-thirds (2/3)
vote of the Sanggunian Kabataan members.

RULE XIII - REPEALING CLAUSE

Section 1: Repealing Clause - All Barangay Ordinances, SK Resolutions, Rules and

Regulations or parts thereof in conflict with the provisions of this Ordinance are hereby
expressly repealed.

RULE XIV - EFFECTIVITY

Section 1: Effectivity - This Ordinance shall take effect immediately upon its passage by the
Sangguniang Kabataan of Brgy. Lip-ac, San Enrique, Iloilo

ENACTED this 27th day of November, 2023, during the 2nd Regular Session of the
Sangguniang Kabataan of Barangay Lip-ac until the newly elected Sangguniang Kabataan
Officials term ends held at the Brgy. Lip-ac, San Enrique, Iloilo.