C5: 5C-5E DEFINITE

INTEGRATION
Maths SL
Learning Objectives
a) What is definite integration (DI)?
c) Why can we forget CUZ when finding DI?
d) TI-84 methods for finding definite integrals.
e) DI notation
f) Finding elementary area under a curve.
g) Super extension deriving forrmula for area
under a curve and be able to explain to the
class.
Special mission
Example:

So this question is asking :

what is the area between the y=2x
graph and the x axis from
x=0 and x=1
“Y=“ and enter
equation
Click “Graph”
Click “window” and
adjust settings to
view the curve better.
Click “ Graph”
“2nd” “Calc”
and then “7”
Prompts for a lower
limit in this case it’s
“0” then “enter”
Prompts for an upper
limit in this case it’s
“1” then “enter”
GDC shades the
area in question,
and gives the answer
1.
Alternative
Ti-84 method

“MATH”
“9” which is
fnInt.
Aka Finite Integration
 Enter the following
inside the bracket…
(function , x , lower limit, upper limit)

Most people forget this, tells GDC to integrate with

Respect to x, remember you can differentiate with
Respect to other variables.
“Enter” and calc
returns the answer 1.

i.e the same as before…

So how do we solve

manually?
First integrate

Square brackets are used here and limits

are still present.

Substitute in the upper and lower limits

And subtract the lower limit answer
from the upper.
 From last slide

=1+c-0-c Please note the constants of

Integration will always cancel
out, during definite integration.

=1 Same answer as calc methods


 Evaluate these definite Integrals:

Hopefully you are confident

a)
that the constants of integration
will always cancel. It is conventional
not to write +c at this stage.
We will adopt this from now .
Remember it’s ok to forget CUZ when using
definite integrals
Remember your surd rules
 Let’s sketch it, we know:

-the shape of y=x^2

-When x=1 y=1….so (1,1) is a point on the

curve

-When x=3 y=9….so (3,9) is a point on the

curve

Check your answer by finding the area under the

curve n your GDC.
Please note the answer will be approximate and not
Exact.
Ex 5C Q1-3

Extension, derive the equation below p156-157 and explain

fully every step to the class.
Importance of determining area
above and below the x-axes.

Let’s consider this quadratic.

Use your quadratic knowledge to find:

- The roots
- Equation of line of symmetry
- Y-intercept
- Nature of quadratic.

Hence sketch the Quadratic.

Learning Objectives
a) What is definite integration (DI)?
c) Why can we forget CUZ when finding DI?
d) TI-84 methods for finding definite integrals.
e) DI notation
f) Finding elementary area under a curve.
g) Super extension deriving formula for area
under a curve and be able to explain to the
class.
h) Importance area above and below x axes
i) Area between 2 curves
j) Is h) important when finding area between 2
curves?
Kevin’s time to shine 
 Case 1 Case 2

y y
y = ƒ(x) y = ƒ(x)

0 x =a x=b x 0 x =a x=b x

In both cases each is made narrower (i.e. more rectangles are used)
the approximation approaches a limiting value, namely A.
 Consider one such rectangle of width δx
Let δ A be the shaded area
The area of rectangle ABEF is yδ x
y = ƒ(x)
D C
The area of rectangle ABCD is ( y + δ y )δ x
δy
Therefore we have y δ x < δ A < ( y + dy ) δ x

F E Since δ x >, 0 we can divide throughout

δA
by δ x
, giving y< < y +δy
δx
Letting δ x → 0 (i.e. increasing the number
y δA
of rectangles) gives δ A → dA and δy → 0
δx dx
dA
Therefore =y
dx
Integrating each side with respect to x gives
A B
∫ ∫
δx dA
dx = y dx
dx

∴ A = ∫ y dx
 ∴ A = ∫ y dx

But why won’t this give you a finite answer for A?

Importance of determining area
above and below the x-axes.

Let’s consider this quadratic.

Use your quadratic knowledge to find:

- The roots
- Equation of line of symmetry
- Y-intercept
- Nature of quadratic.

Hence sketch the Quadratic.

b) let’s sketch the area which we’re interested in…
How can the graph on the
left have the same shaded
area value as the graph on
the right??
Right hand side is clearly
bigger.

This answers is correct but

doesn’t give you the shaded
area…let’s see what’s
happening.
 and

will explain the mystery……

Let total shaded area we’re interested in be

Hence:

From previously

=
 But if we’re calculating the area between
the curve and the x-axis.
We’re not interested in it’s sign………
just it’s magnitude.
=

= +

When finding area under graph it’s very important to sketch the graph and identify areas
which are above and below the x-axis. Modulus symbol is needed.
a) Factorise the above equation.
b) hence identify the x values where this
graph could have a sign change.
i.e where the graph could be below the
x axes or not.
c) Find the area between the curve and the x-axes
From x=0 to x=3.

Check on your GDC

Ex 5C Q4-13
 The area between a curve and a line
Suppose we want to find the area between a curve and a
line. For example:
Find the area bounded by the curve
y = x2 + 1 and the line y = 2x + 4.

Start by sketching the graph, and shading the required area.

Next, we have to find the

y
x-coordinates of the points where the curve and
y = x2 + 1 the line intersect.

Solving: x2 + 1 = 2x + 4

x2 – 2x –3 = 0
y = 2x + 4 –1 3 x
(x +1)(x – 3) = 0

∴ the curve and the line intersect when x = –1 and x = 3.

 The area between a curve and a line
The area under the line y = 2x + 4 between x = –1 and x = 3
is this area:
y
While the area under the curve
y = x2 + 1 between x = –1 and
y = x2 + 1 x = 3 is this area:

A So the area we require, A, can be found by

subtracting the area under the curve from the
area under the line.
y = 2x + 4 –1 3 x

This area is given by:

3 3
A = ∫ (2 x + 4)dx − ∫ ( x 2 +1)dx
−1 −1
 The area between a curve and a line
Since the limits are the same these two integrals can be
combined to give
( )
3
A = ∫ (2 x + 4) − ( x 2 +1) dx
−1

3
= ∫ ( − x 2 + 2 x + 3)dx
−1

3
=  − x + x + 3 x 
1
3
3 2
−1

= ( −9 + 9 + 9 ) − ( 31 +1 − 3 )
At the point of intersection
”2nd” “calc” “5”
 Is ‘on top’ in the
Desired domain so
comes first in the
equation.
Learning Objectives: Lesson 5
a) Importance area above and below x axes
b) Area between 2 curves
c) Is a) important when finding area between
2 curves?
d) Utilising volume of revolution formula
e) Extension: deriving volume of sphere of
radius r.
f) Volume of revolution: utilising area
between 2 curves
 What about area between 2 curves
and the desired area is part above x-
axes and part below?

When we graph the

Situation we can see
We are correct….
Solve by factorising
 There are 2 ways we can calculate the shaded area……
Method 1: taking account of negative areas

Is area of triangle
PQR

Total area between curves (A) shaded grey

above
To calculate

Which is good as we’re expecting a negative value for an area

Below the x-axes..
 5

5
Again, this is reassuring
As we’re expecting a positive
value for an area above the x
axes
From previously

N.B as a
Mixed number
Method 2: Not taking account of
areas above and below x axes….will
we get the correct answer?

A
 A

This gives exactly the same value as the previous method.

Which method is more efficient to use?

Suppose that two functions f(x) and g(x) are continuous on an interval a≤x≤b
and f ( x ) ≥ g ( x ) for a ≤ x ≤ b

y y
y = g (x) y = g (x)

y = f (x) y = f (x)

a b x a b x
y
The area between the two curves
y = g (x)
on the interval a ≤ x ≤ b

b b
y = f (x)
=
∫ a
f ( x ) dx −
∫a
g ( x ) dx
b
=
∫ a
f ( x ) − g ( x )  dx
a b x
Why does it work?
The result is the same whether the curves are below or the x-axis.

If we raise both functions by d units i.e transformation of graphs knowledge

y
+d

+d

y = g (x)

a b x
y = f (x)

b
=
∫
a
f ( x ) − g ( x )  dx
 Moral of the story:
When finding area between 2 curves always use this formula

No need to adjust
for areas above/below
the x-axes.
Ex 5D ALL
Evaluate each of these expressions

x3 x5 x7
If K is a constant generalise what you
noticed from the last slide
Let a function f(x) be both non-negative and continuous on [a, b], and let R be the
region bounded above by the graph of f(x), below by the x-axis, and on the sides by the
lines x = a and x = b. When this region is rotated it generates a solid having circular cross
sections. Since the cross section at x has radius f(x), the cross-sectional area is

A ( x ) = π f ( x ) 
2
Area of circle = πr 2

y y
y = f (x) y = f (x)

R f(x)

a b x a x b x
x

Therefore from finding the volume from slicing, the volume of the solid is
b 2
V=
∫ π f ( x ) dx
a

This is called the method of disks.

 From previous slide……………

As Is a constant we can express as

NOTICE THE SQUARE most errors are people forgetting this.

Think of similarity to volume of cylinder which this is based on
a b
Draw a sketch to see what’s happening.
Should know what x^2+2 looks like.
Now lets check this answer
using the calculator method
 So I will work out the answer to this first

Then click “Maths” “1”

And then multiply the answer by pi to get

An exact value

Hence
So
Find the volume of the solid that is obtained when the region under the curve y= x
over the interval [1, 4] is rotated about the x-axis.

y
y= x

1 4 x

4
4
 x2   1  15π
∫ π f ( x ) dx = ∫ π ( x ) dx
b 2 4 2
V=
a 1
=π
∫1
x dx = π  = 
 2 1
π 

8 −
2  =
 2
EXTENSION: Derive the formula for the volume of a sphere of radius r.
A sphere radius r can be obtained by rotating the upper part of the circle
x2 + y 2 = r 2 around the x-axis
b 2 r 2
y
∫ π f ( x=
) dx ∫ π r −x 2 2
V= dx
a −r

=
y 2
r −x 2
= 2π
∫
0
(r 2
)
− x 2 dx

r
 2 x3 
r = 2π r x − 
-r x  3 0

 3 r3 
= 2π  r − 
As the function is even i.e.  3
symmetrical about the y-axis
you can multiply the integral by  2r 3 
= 2π  
2 and change the lower limit to  3 
0. 4
= πr3
3
Learning objectives last lesson
Consider two functions f(x) and g(x) where g ( x ) ≤ f ( x ) for a ≤ x ≤ b
Let R be the region enclosed by the graphs of these functions and the lines x = a
and x = b. When this region is revolved about the x axis it generates washer
shaped cross-sections. The area is given by

2 2
( 2
A ( x ) =π f ( x )  − π g ( x )  =π f ( x )  − g ( x ) 
2
) Area of circle = πr 2

y f(x)
y = f (x) y g(x)

R
y = g (x)
b x a x x
a b x

Therefore from finding the volume from slicing, the volume of the solid is

This is called the method of washers.

 But remember we normally write as this………

Very useful when calculating the exact volume with TI-84

 Find the volume of the solid generated when the region between the graphs of
f ( x ) = x 2 + 1 and g ( x ) = x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 is rotated about the x-axis

y y

∫ ( )
b 2 2
V π f ( x )  − g ( x )  dx y x2 + 1
=
a
2
= π
∫ ( 0  )
 x 2 + 1 2 − x 2  dx

y=x
2
π
∫ (x 4
)
+ x 2 + 1 dx
0 2 x 2
0
0 x
2
 x5 x3 
= π + + x
5 3 0

166π
=
15
What do we not like about the labeling?
Check using GDC method…
Don’t simplify any further in case you make errors

SAME ANSWER AS BEFORE.

EX5E
 Find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed by
=y x , y 2 and
= = x 0 is resolved about the y-axis.

y
y
y =2 2
2
x = y2 x = y2

0 x 0 x x

d 2 2 2
π y5
∫ π u ( y ) dy = ∫ π ( y ) dy
2

∫
2
V= =π 4
y dy =
c 0 0 5
Time to shine

Volume of revolution:
Deriving the formula Sean and Heinz
Slides 65-70

Volume of revolution:
Example Hayun, Sabbi
Deriving volume of sphere formula
Integrating with respect to y

Slides
72-74: example 1 - hayun
75: Example 2 - sabi
76: deriving volume of sphere formula - hayun
85: integrating with respect to y - sabi