Number
System
Representation
DIGITAL ELCTRONICS
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Number System
Representation
Number system is a method of Counting.
General Representation
(N)b
Where, N = No. to be represented
b = base or radix
Range = (0 to b – 1) i.e. N can be b/w (0 to b – 1)
Commonly used Number system
Decimal No. System
Binary Number System
Octal Number System
Hexadecimal Number System
Decimal No. System
Base i.e. ‘b’ is 10
(N)10 for eg. (301)10
Range (0 – 9) i.e. N can contain digits b/w (0 – 9)
Value of digit depends upon its position
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*LSD is least Significant Bit.
Binary Number System
Base i.e. ‘b’ is 2
(N)2 i.e. (1011)2
Range (0 – 1) i.e. N can contain only (0, 1)
This 0, 1 in Binary system is known as bits
Group of 4 bits = 1 Nibble
Group of 8 bits = 1 byte
Follows positional value system i.e. Binary number can be converted to Decimal
equivalent by summary the weight of various position in binary number which
contain bit ‘1’
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Octal Number System
Base i.e. ‘b’ is 8
(N)8 i.e. (367)8
Range (0 – 7) i.e. N can contain digits b/w (0 – 7)
Octal Number is converted to Decimal equivalent by summery together the
positional weight of each octal digit.
Hexadecimal Number System
Base i.e. ‘b’ is 16
Also known as Alpha Numeric Number system
Range (0 – 15)
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Number System Conversion
Decimal to any Number system
Decimal Number
Integer part – Divide the integer part by ‘base’ {2, 16, 8} & write the
remainder until quotient obtained is zero.
Fractional part – Multiply the fraction part by ‘base’ {2, 16, 8} & write the
integer part till we get fraction equal to zero or we get the repeated pattern.
Decimal to Binary
(43.90625)10 → (101011 ⋅ 111010)2
Remainder
43 ÷ 2 → 1 (LSB)
21 ÷ 2 → 1 ↑
10 ÷ 2 → 0
5÷2 1
→
2÷2 0
→
1÷2 1 (MSB)
→
(43)10 → (101011)2
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‘Integer’
0.90625 × 2 = 1.8125 → 1 ↓
0.8125 × 2 = 1.625 → 1
0.625 × 2 = 1.25 → 1
0.25 × 2 = 0.5 0
→
0.5 × 2 = 1.0 1
→
0.0 × 2 = 0.0 0
→
Now fraction become ‘0’
(0.90625)10 → (0.111010)2
Decimal to octal
(43.30)10 → (53.23146)8
Reminder
(43)10 → (53)8
Any Number system to Decimal Number system
Binary to Decimal
(1101.01)2 ⇒ 13 + 0.25 = (13.25)10
Octal to Decimal
(46.2)8 ⇒ 38 + 0.25 = (38.25)10
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Hexadecimal to Decimal
= 231 + 0.125
= (231.125)10
Hexadecimal to Binary
Replace hexadecimal Number by its 4 bit binary equivalent.
(4AF)16 → (0100 1010 1111)2
Octal to Binary
→ Replace Octal Number by its 3 bit binary equivalent
(376)8 → (011 111 110)2
Binary to Octal
Group the binary bit stream in to pairs of ‘3’ by starting it from LSB.
Binary to Hexadecimal
Group the binary bit stream into pairs of ‘4’ by starting it from LSB
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Octal to Hexadecimal
→ Convert octal to Binary number
→ Perform Binary to Hexadecimal conversion
Hexadecimal to Octal
→ Convert Hexadecimal to Binary Number
→ Perform Binary to octal conversion
Signal Number Representation
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This is useful for the representation of negative Number
Mostly used are: -
→ Sign Magnitude Representation
→ 1’s complement representation
→ 2’s complement Representation
Signed Magnitude 1st Complement 2nd Complement
MSB is a sign bit -ve no. is +ve no. is represented in 2st
For -ve no., sign bit = 1 represented in 1st complement form.
For +ve no., sign bit = 0 complement form
Two pattern for ‘0’ Two pattern for ‘0’ Single pattern for ‘0’
Use different hardware for Use same hardware Use same hardware for addition and
addition and subtraction for addition and subtraction
subtraction
Weighted No. System Non weighted Weighted no. system
Do not assign weight to sign Assign weight to sign bit i.e.,
bit - -ve weight to sign bit
+ve weight to rest bits
Sign bit does not involve in Sign bit involve in Sign bit involve in computation.
computation computation
Testbook Trick
For signed number extension
Signed Magnitude 1st and 2nd complement
→ copy ‘sign bit’ b/w sign bit and
→ put ‘0’ b/w sign bit and successive bit
successive bit
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Codes
Codes
Non Binary Binary alphanumeric
Morse code → Gray code → ASCII code
→ Excess 3 code → EBCDIC code
→ BCD code
→ 8421 code
Weighted Codes
→ 8421
→ BCD
→ Binary, Hex, oct
Non weighted codes
→ excess 3
→ Gray code
Self-complementary codes
→ They are weighted code with sum of weight = 9 and They have property that 9’s
complement of decimal no. is obtained directly by complementing each bit in the
pattern.
Eg. 2421, excess 3, 8 4 -2 -1, 5211, 4311, 3321
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Testbook Trick
Excess 3 is the only Non-weighted code which is self-complementing.
BCD code (Binary code Decimal)
→ Each digit of decimal Number is represented by binary equivalent
→ Also known as 8421 code or 4 bit binary code.
→ during arithmetic operation of invalid BCD is present then add 0110 to get correct
result
Excess 3 code
→ BCD + 3 = Excess 3 code
For e.g.
Gray code
→ Also known as cyclic code, Minimum error code, Reflective code.
→ In this code, only one bit in the code group changes when going from one step to
next.
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Binary to Gray code
Gray code to Binary
Points to Remember
Gray codes are not suitable for arithmetic operations.
Excess 3 code arithmetic operation used to perform BCD subtraction
Largest no. that can be represented using N bits = (2N - 1)10
BCD code is used in counters, Digit clocks etc.
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