Obtain the single moment equation of the beam shown

P = 24kN

A 3m C 5m B simply supported beam subjected to

concentrated load

Ay 8m By

Steps in obtaining the single moment equation.

1. Solve the support reactions. Apply equations of static equilibrium

24(5)
= = 15
8
24(3)
= = 9
8

2. Selected reference point is at A.

3. The beam is subjected to concentrated load therefore, the load divides the beam into segments
AC and BC. P = 24kN

A 3m C 5m B

8m
Ay By
It simply means that the equation of curves of the bending moment diagram of segment AC will
break at point C as shown in the fig then segment BC will have a different equation of bending
moment diagram.
P = 24kN a
Moment diagram
A 3m C 5m
B

8m A C B
Ay By
x a

4. Pass cutting plane that will cut the segment of beam farthest from the reference point.
Since our reference is the left end of the beam, point A (as explained in step 2). The segment
farthest from the reference point (point A) is segment BC.

Prepared by : Engr. Dariel L. Verano / University Faculty – College of Engineering and Architecture
 5. Obtain the moment equation using the left part of cutting plane as FBD and apply the
corresponding sign convention. The primary reason why the moment equation should be obtain
using the left part of cutting plane as Free body diagram (FBD) is because reference point is
located on the left part of the beam. Note: we can obtain the moment equation in segment BC
using the right part of cutting plane as FBD but it is no longer a single moment equation
anymore because it cannot define the whole graph of bending moment diagram, but only a
portion of it.
We can adopt the equation we obtain in segment BC, to become valid for segment AC by
applying some consideration that will be explained later.

P = 24kN Applying summation of moment at the point

a where cutting plane was passed,

A C M(x) = 15x – 24(x-3)

Since moment is Force x Distance, Force in the first

3 (x-3) term of the equation is 15kn and distance is x, In
the second term of the equation Force is 24kN and
15kN the moment arm is (x-3).
x a

Sign Convention

The first term of the equation is positive since the 15kn reaction at A will concave the beam upward with
respect to location of the cutting plane and the second term of the equation is negative since the 24kN load
will concave the beam downward with respect to location of the cutting plane.
24kN
x

M(x) positive M(x) negative

(x-3)
15kN

Observe that the equation M(x) = 15x – 24(x-3) will be valid throughout the length of the beam if we
neglect the second term of the equation [ 24 (x-3) ] for x values less than 3m, We can clearly understand
this by putting our attention into the cutting plane and think that it is moving from left to the right,

Prepared by : Engr. Dariel L. Verano / University Faculty – College of Engineering and Architecture
 P = 24kN
a

A 3m C 5m B A C

8m 15kN
Ay By x a

it is clear that the 24kn concentrated load applied at C will NOT be included in the FBD for values of x
less than 3m considering the left part of cutting plane as FBD, thus, will not contribute moment in the
beam.

As a reminder of these restriction, our mentors in engineering adopt a notation in which the usual form
of parenthesis is replaced by pointed brackets, namely 〈 〉. With this change in notation, we obtain a
single moment equation that defines the curve of moment diagram throughout the length of the beam .
It should be noted that every time we perform the operation inside the pointed bracket and it will yield a
negative number, the value does not exist.

M(x) = 15x – 24〈 − 3〉 kN.m single moment equation

Now if we assume values of x with the increment of every 0.5m, and substitute into the equation, we
can find the points that if we connect together the graph of the bending moment diagram will be
constructed.

Say x = 0 M = 15(0) – 24 〈0 − 3〉 = 0 since 〈0 − 3〉 = −3 ′

Say x = 0.5 M = 15(0.5) – 24 〈0.5 − 3〉 = 7.5 kN.m since 〈0.5 − 3〉 = −2.5 ′

Say x = 1 M = 15(1) – 24 〈1 − 3〉 = 15 kN.m since 〈1 − 3〉 = −2 ′

Say x = 1.5 M = 15(1.5) – 24 〈1.5 − 3〉 = 22.5 kN.m since 〈1.5 − 3〉 = −1.5 ′

Say x = 2 M = 15(2) – 24 〈2 − 3〉 = 30 kN.m since 〈2 − 3〉 = −1 ′

Say x = 2.5 M = 15(2.5) – 24 〈2.5 − 3〉 = 37.5 kN.m since 〈2.5 − 3〉 = −0.5 ′

Say x = 3 M = 15(3) – 24 〈3 − 3〉 = 45 kN.m

Say x = 3.5 M = 15(3.5) – 24 〈3.5 − 3〉 = 40.5 kN.m since 〈3.5 − 3〉 0.5

Say x = 4 M = 15(4) – 24 〈4 − 3〉 = 36 kN.m since 〈4 − 3〉 1

Say x = 4.5 M = 15(4.5) – 24 〈4.5 − 3〉 = 31.5 kN.m since 〈4.5 − 3〉 1.5

Say x = 5 M = 15(5) – 24 〈5 − 3〉 = 27 kN.m since 〈5 − 3〉 2

Say x = 5.5 M = 15(5.5) – 24 〈5.5 − 3〉 = 22.5 kN.m since 〈5.5 − 3〉 2.5

Say x = 6 M = 15(6) – 24 〈6 − 3〉 = 18 kN.m since 〈6 − 3〉 3

Prepared by : Engr. Dariel L. Verano / University Faculty – College of Engineering and Architecture
Say x = 6.5 M = 15(6.5) – 24 〈6.5 − 3〉 = 13.5kN.m since 〈6.5 − 3〉 3.5

Say x = 7 M = 15(7) – 24 〈7 − 3〉 = 9 kN.m since 〈7 − 3〉 4

Say x = 7.5 M = 15(7.5) – 24 〈7.5 − 3〉 = 4.5 kN.m since 〈7.5 − 3〉 4.5

Say x = 8 M = 15(8) – 24 〈8 − 3〉 = 0 kN.m since 〈8 − 3〉 5

From the data above. We can now draw the graph of the bending moment diagram

P = 24kN

A C B
3m 5m

8m
Ay By

M(max) = 45kN.m

M(x) =15x – 24 〈 − 3〉
M(x) =15x – 24 〈 − 3〉

Graph of the bending moment diagram. The graph consists of first-degree curve or straight lines
because the highest exponent of x is one, in first term and 〈 − 3〉 second term of the single
moment equation M(x) = 15x – 24 〈 − 3〉 .

Prepared by : Engr. Dariel L. Verano / University Faculty – College of Engineering and Architecture
Ex2.Obtain the single moment equation of the beam shown

P1 = 24kN P2 = 16kN

A 3m 3m 2m simply supported beam subjected

B to series of concentrated load

C D

Ay 8m By

Steps in obtaining the single moment equation.

1. Solve the support reactions. Apply equations of static equilibrium

24(5) + 16 (2)
= = 19
8
24(3) + 16(6)
= = 21
8

2. Reference point is at A.
3. The beam is subjected to series of concentrated load therefore, the load divides the beam into
segments AC, CD and BD. P = 24kN P = 16kN

A 3m 3m 2m B

C D

8m By
Ay
It simply means that the equation of curves of the bending moment diagram of segment AC will
break at point C and CD at point D as shown in the fig. as a result all the segment will have a
unique equation of bending moment diagram.
P1 = 24kN P2 = 16kN
a
A 3m 3m B

C D

8m A C D B
Ay By
x a

4. Pass cutting plane that will cut the segment of beam farthest from the reference point.
Since our reference point is the left end of the beam, point A (see step 2). The segment farthest
from the reference point (point A) is segment BD.
 5. Obtain the moment equation using the left part of cutting plane as FBD and apply the
corresponding sign convention. The primary reason why the moment equation should be obtain
using the left part of cutting plane as Free body diagram (FBD) is because reference point is
located on the left part of the beam. Note: we can obtain the moment equation in segment BC
using the right part of cutting plane as FBD but it is no longer a single moment equation
anymore because it cannot define the whole graph of bending moment diagram, but only a
portion of it.
We can adopt the equation we obtain in segment BD, to become valid for segment AC and CD
by applying some consideration that will be explained later.

Applying summation of moment at the point

P = 24kN P = 16kN
where cutting plane was passed,
a
A C D M(x) = 19x – 24(x-3)-16(x-6)

(x-6) Since moment is Force x Distance, Force in the first

6 term of the equation is 19kn and distance is x, In
the second term of the equation Force is 24kN and
19kN 3 (x-3) the moment arm is (x-3), In the third of the
a
equation force is 16kN and distance is (x-6).
x

Sign Convention

The first term of the equation is positive since the 19kn reaction at A will concave the beam upward with
respect to location of the cutting plane, the second term of the equation is negative since the 24kN load will
concave the beam downward with respect to location of the cutting plane and the third term of the equation
is negative since the 16kN load will concave the beam downward with respect to location of the cutting plane.
24kN 16kN
x

M(x) positive M(x) negative M(x) negative

(x-3) (x-6)
19kN

Observe that the equation M(x) = 19x – 24(x-3)- 16(x-6) will be valid throughout the length of the beam
if we neglect the second term and third term of the equation [ 24 (x-3) and 16(x-6) ] for x values less
than 3m and 6m respectively, We can clearly understand this if we focus our attention to the cutting
plane and think that it is moving from left to the right,
 P = 24kN P = 16kN a P = 24kN
x

B A A 3m
A 3m 3m

C D C
8m a (x-3)
19kN 21kN 19kN 19kN

it is clear that the 24kn concentrated load applied at C will NOT be included in the FBD for values of x
less than 3m and the 16kn concentrated load applied at D will NOT be included in the FBD for values of x
less than 6m considering the left part of cutting plane as FBD, thus, will not contribute moment in the
beam.

As a reminder of these restriction, our mentors in engineering adopt a notation in which the usual form
of parenthesis is replaced by pointed brackets, namely 〈 〉. With this change in notation, we obtain a
single moment equation that defines the curve of moment diagram throughout the length of the beam.
It should be noted that every time we perform the operation inside the pointed bracket and it will yield a
negative number, the values does not exist.

M(x) = 19x – 24〈 − 3〉 − 16〈 − 6〉 kN.m single moment equation

Now if we assume values of x with the increment of every 0.5m, and substitute into the equation, we
can find the points that if we connect together the graph of the bending moment diagram will be
constructed.

Say x = 0 M = 19(0) – 24〈0 − 3〉 − 16〈0 − 6〉 = 0

Say x = 0.5 M = 19(0.5) – 24〈0.5 − 3〉 − 16〈0.5 − 6〉 = 9.5 kN.m

Say x = 1 M = 19(1) – 24〈1 − 3〉 − 16〈1 − 6〉 = 19 kN.m

Say x = 1.5 M = 19(1.5) – 24〈1.5 − 3〉 − 16〈1.5 − 6〉 = 28.5 kN.m

Say x = 2 M = 19(2) – 24〈2 − 3〉 − 16〈2 − 6〉 = 38 kN.m

Say x = 2.5 M = 19(2.5) – 24〈2.5 − 3〉 − 16〈2.5 − 6〉 = 47.5 kN.m

Say x = 3 M = 19(3) – 24〈3 − 3〉 − 16〈3 − 6〉 = 57kN.m

Say x = 3.5 M = 19(3.5) – 24〈3.5 − 3〉 − 16〈3.5 − 6〉 = 54.5 kN.m

Say x = 4 M = 19(4) – 24〈4 − 3〉 − 16〈4 − 6〉 = 52 kN.m

Say x = 4.5 M = 19(4.5) – 24〈4.5 − 3〉 − 16〈4.5 − 6〉 = 49.5 kN.m

Say x = 5 M = 19(5) – 24〈5 − 3〉 − 16〈5 − 6〉 = 47 kN.m

Say x = 5.5 M = 19(5.5) – 24〈5.5 − 3〉 − 16〈5.5 − 6〉 = 44.5 kN.m

Say x = 6 M = 19(6) – 24〈6 − 3〉 − 16〈6 − 6〉 = 42 kN.m

Say x = 6.5 M = 19(6.5) – 24〈6.5 − 3〉 − 16〈6.5 − 6〉 = 31.5 .m

Say x = 7 M = 19(7) – 24〈7 − 3〉 − 16〈7 − 6〉 = 21 kN.m

Say x = 7.5 M = 19(7.5) – 24〈7.5 − 3〉 − 16〈7.5 − 6〉 = 10.5 kN.m

Say x = 8 M = 19(8) – 24〈8 − 3〉 − 16〈8 − 6〉 = 0 kN.m

From the data above. We can now draw the graph of the bending moment diagram

P = 24kN P = 16kN

A 3m 2m B
3m

C D

8m
Ay By

M(max) = 57kN.m
M diagram
M(x) =19x – 24〈 − 3〉 − 16〈 − 6〉
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Graph of the bending moment diagram. The graph consists of first-degree curve or straight lines
because the highest exponent of x is one, in first term , 〈 − 3〉 second term and
, 〈 − 6〉 ℎ ℎ of the single moment equation M(x) = 19x – 24 〈 − 3〉 − 24 〈 − 6〉 .
Obtain the single moment equation of the beam shown
w = 30Kn/m

simply supported beam subjected to

A B uniformly varying load

6m
Ay By

Steps in obtaining the single moment equation

1. Solve the support reactions. Support reactions can be easily obtained by solving first the
resultant force (R) which is acting at the centroid (2L/3 and L/3 from point A and B of beam
respectively) of the triangular load. The resultant force is equal to the area of the uniformly
varying load which is in the form of a triangle, height of 30kN/m and length of 6m. Then, R =
( )
= 90 . Applying the equations of static equilibrium or
R = 90kN
From the previous technique that we learned; ( )
= 4m w = 30kN/m
90(2)
= = 30
6
90(4)
= = 60 A B
6
2m
2. Selected reference point is at A. 6m
3. Pass cutting plane that will cut the beam. Ay By
4. Obtain the moment equation using the left
part of cutting plane as FBD and apply the
corresponding sign convention.

R=
a
From similar triangle, We have
(2x/3)

Y =5x kN/m = ; Y = 5x kN/m

A
ℎ Resultant force (R) ,is equal to the area of the
O triangular load;
(x/3
( )
R= = = = , and acting at the centroid of
30kN Cutting plane
a the triangle, , .
x
 Sign Convention

The first term of the equation is positive since the 30kn reaction at A will concave the beam upward
with respect to location of the cutting plane and the second term of the equation is negative since the

kN load will concave the beam downward with respect to location of the cutting plane.

x Cutting plane R= kN Cutting plane

M(x) positive M(x) negative

(x/3
30kN )

Now if we assume values of x with the increment of every 0.5m and substitute into the equation, we can
find the points that if we connect together the graph of the bending moment diagram will be
constructed.
( )
Say x = 0 M = 30(0) – =0

( . )
Say x = 0.5 M = 30(0.5) – = 14.9 kN.m

( )
Say x = 1 M = 30(1) – = 29.2kN.m

( . )
Say x = 1.5 M = 30(1.5) – = 42.2 kN.m

( . )
Say x = 2 M = 30(2) – = 53.3 kN.m

( . )
Say x = 2.5 M = 30(2.5) – = 62.0kN.m

( )
Say x = 3 M = 30(3) – = 67.5 kN.m

( . )
Say x = 3.5 M = 30(3.5) – = 69.3 kN.m

( )
Say x = 4 M = 30(4) – = 66.7 kN.m

( . )
Say x = 4.5 M = 30(4.5) – =59.1 kN.m

( )
Say x = 5 M = 30(5 ) – = 45.8 kN.m

( . )
Say x = 5.5 M = 30(5.5) – = 26.4 kN.m

( )
Say x = 6 M = 30(6) – = 0 kN.m
From the data above. We can now draw the graph of the bending moment diagram, as stated earlier
that moment equation defines the curve of the bending moment diagram.
w = 30kN/m

A B

6m
Ay By
Chart
M(max) Title
= 69.3kN.m
80 M(x) =30x –
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Graph of the bending moment diagram. The graph consists of third-degree curve because the highest
exponent of x is 3, (x ) the second term of single moment equation M(x) = 30x – .
Obtain the single moment equation of the beam shown

w = 20kN/m
C
A B simply supported beam subjected to
partial uniformly distributed load
3m 5m (UDL). Case 1 partial load located at
Ay By the right end of beam.
8m

Steps in obtaining the single moment equation

1. Solve the support reactions.

Solve the resultant force (R) it is equal to the area of the uniformly distributed load (udl) which is
in the form of a rectangle, height of 20kN/m and length of 5m (2.5m from point B and C
respectively). Apply equation of static equilibrium.
R = 20(5)=100kN
5.5m
( . )
= = 31.25 w = 20kN/m
100(5.5) 3m C B
= = 68.75 A
8
2. Selected reference point is at A. 2.5m 2.5m
3. Check if the beam will be divided by the 8m
loads into several segment. The beam is Ay By
partially loaded, Therefore, the load divides the beam into segment AC and BC.

Cutting plane
a w = 20kN/m 2nd deg
C 1st deg
A B

8m
A C B
31.25kN a 68.75kN
x

It simply means that the equation of curve of the bending moment diagram of segment AC will
break at point C as shown in the fig., and segment BC will have a different graph of bending
moment diagram.
4. The beam was partially loaded; therefore, discontinuity of loading conditions was met but
because the load is located at the segment farthest from selected reference point where
moment equation will be obtaining later, there is no need to make the load continuous.
5. Pass cutting plane that will cut the segment of beam farthest from the reference point.
6. Obtain the moment equation using the left part of cutting plane as FBD and apply the
corresponding sign convention.
 (x-3)
Cutting plane
R= 20(x-3) a
w =20kN/m Resultant force is equal to the area of the
A 3m uniformly distributed load (udl) which is in the
form of a rectangle, height of 20kN/m and
length of (x-3) m and it is located at the center
(x − 3)
of rectangle, that is at the distance (x-3)/2 from
2 the cutting plane.
31.25kN a
x

Applying summation of moment at the point where cutting plane was passed,
(x−3) ( )
M(x) = 31.25x – 20(x−3) = 31.25x – = 31.25x – 10( − 3)
2

Since moment is Force x Distance, Force in the first term of the equation is 31.25kN and distance is x, In
Signsecond
the Convention
term of the equation Force is 20(x-3) kN and the moment arm is (x-3)/2.
The first term of the equation is positive since the 31.25kn reaction at A will concave the beam upward
with respect to location of the cutting plane and the second term of the equation is negative since the
20(x-3) kN load will concave the beam downward with respect to location of the cutting plane.

Cutting plane R =20(x-3) kN

A x
M(x) negative
M(x) positive
A (x-3)/2

31.25kN Cutting plane

Observe that the equation M(x) = 31.25x – 10( − 3) will be valid throughout the length of the beam
if we neglect the second term 10( − 3) for x values less than 3m, We can clearly understand this by
putting our attention into the cutting plane and think that it is moving from left to the right, it is clear
that the 20kN/m partial uniform load will NOT be included in the FBD for values of x less than 3m
considering the left part of cutting plane as FBD, thus, will not contribute moment in the beam.

Cutting plane
a w = 20kN/m a
C
A B A C

8m

31.25kN a 68.75kN
x 31.25kN
x a
As a reminder of these restriction, our mentors in engineering adopt a notation in which the usual form
of parenthesis is replaced by pointed brackets, namely 〈 〉. With this change in notation, we obtain a
single moment equation that defines the curve of moment diagram throughout the length of the beam .
It should be noted that again and again and again, every time we perform the operation inside the
pointed bracket and it will yield a negative number, the values do not exist.

M(x) = 31.25x – 10〈 − 3〉 single moment equation

Now if we assume values of x with the increment of every 0.5m and substitute into the equation, we can
find the points that if we connect together the graph of the bending moment diagram will be
constructed.

Say x = 0 M = 31.25(0) – 10〈0 − 3〉 = 0

Say x = 0.5 M = 31.25(0.5) – 10〈0.5 − 3〉 = 15.625 kN.m

Say x = 1 M = 31.25(1 ) – 10〈1 − 3〉 = 31.25kN.m

Say x = 1.5 M = 31.25(1.5) – 10〈1.5 − 3〉 = 46.875 kN.m

Say x = 2 M = 31.25(2) – 10〈2 − 3〉 = 62.5 kN.m

Say x = 2.5 M = 31.25(2.5) – 10〈2.5 − 3〉 = 78.125 kN.m

Say x = 3 M = 31.25(3) – 10〈3 − 3〉 = 93.75 kN.m

Say x = 3.5 M = 31.25(3.5) – 10〈3.5 − 3〉 = 106.875 kN.m

Say x = 4 M = 31.25(4) – 10〈4 − 3〉 = 115 kN.m

Say x = 4.5 M = 31.25(4.5) – 10〈4.5 − 3〉 =118.125 kN.m

Say x = 5 M = 31.25(0) – 10〈0 − 3〉 = 116.25 kN.m

Say x = 5.5 M = 31.25(5.5) – 10〈5.5 − 3〉 = 109.375 kN.m

Say x = 6 M = 31.25(6) – 10〈6 − 3〉 = 97.5 kN.m

Say x = 6.5 M = 31.25(6.5) – 10〈6.5 − 3〉 = 80.625kN.m

Say x = 7 M = 31.25(7) – 10〈7 − 3〉 = 58.75 kN.m

Say x = 7.5 M = 31.25(7.5) – 10〈7.5 − 3〉 = 31.875 kN.m

Say x = 8 M = 31.25(8) – 10〈8 − 3〉 = 0 kN.m

From the data above. We can now draw the graph of the bending moment diagram

w = 20kN/m
A B

C
3m
8m By
Ay

Chart=Title
M(max) 118.2kN.m
M(x) = 31.25x – 10〈 − 3〉
140 M(x) = 31.25x – 10〈 − 3〉
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Graph of the bending moment diagram. The graph consists of first-degree curve(or straight line) for
segment AC the result of being non-existence of the second term of the equation for values of x less
than 3m, we can observe that the highest exponent of x for the first term is 〈 〉 , and second-degree
curve for segment BC because the highest exponent of x is 2, 〈 − 3〉 the second term of single
moment equation M(x) = 31.25x – 10〈 − 3〉 .
Obtain the single moment equation of the beam shown

w = 20kN/m

A C B simply supported beam subjected to

partial uniformly distributed load
5m 3m (UDL). Case 2 partial load located at
Ay By the left end of beam.
8m

Steps in obtaining the single moment equation

1. Solve the support reactions.

Solve the resultant force (R) it is equal to the area of the uniformly distributed load (udl) which
is in the form of a rectangle, height of 20kN/m and length of 5m (2.5m from point A and C
respectively). Apply equation of static equilibrium. R = 20(5)=100kN
5.5m
=
100(5.5)
= 68.75 w = 20kN/m
8
100(2.5) A C 3m B
= = 31.25
8
2. Selected reference point is at A. 2.5m 2.5m
3. Check if the beam will be divided by the loads 8m
into several segment. The beam is partially Ay By
loaded, Therefore, the load divides the beam into segment AC and BC.

Cutting plane
a w = 20kN/m 2nd deg

A C 1st deg
B

8m
A C B
68.75kN a 31.25kN
x

It simply means that the equation of curve of the bending moment diagram of segment AC will
break at point C as shown in the fig., and segment BC will have a different graph of bending
moment diagram.
4. The beam is partially loaded, therefore, discontinuity of loading conditions was met, the
technique to have a single moment equation is to make the load continuous throughout the
beam length, to compensate the additional load, re-apply the load in reverse direction as shown
in the fig.

5. Pass cutting plane that will cut the segment of beam farthest from the reference point.
 6. Obtain the moment equation using the left part of cutting plane as FBD and apply the
corresponding sign convention.
Resultant(R1,the red ones) force is equal to the
x
area of the uniformly distributed load (udl) which
x/2 x/2 is in the form of a rectangle, height of 20kN/m
Cutting plane and length of (x) m and it is located at the center
R1= 20x kN
a of rectangle, that is at the distance (x)/2 from
w =20kN/m point A and from the cutting plane.

A C Resultant(R2, the green ones loaded upward)

force is equal to the area of the uniformly
(x − 5)
distributed load which is in the form of a
w =20kN/m 2 rectangle, height of 20kN/m and length of (x-5)m
68.75kN a and it is located at the center of rectangle, that is
R2= 20(x-5) kN
5m at the distance (x-5)/2 from point C and from the
(x-5)
cutting plane.

Applying summation of moment at the point where cutting plane was passed,
(x) (x−5)
M(x) = 68.75x – 20(x) + 20(x − 5) = 68.75x – 10 + 10( − 5)
2 2

Since moment is Force x Distance, Force in the first term of the equation is 68.75kN and distance is x m,
In the second term of the equation Force is 20x kN and the moment arm is x/2 m , and in the third term
of the equation 20(x-5)kN and the moment arm is (x-5)/2 m.

Sign Convention

The first term of the equation is positive since the 68.75kn reaction at A will concave the beam upward
with respect to location of the cutting plane and the second term of the equation is negative since the
20(x) kN load will concave the beam downward with respect to location of the cutting plane. The third
term of the equation is positive since the 20(x-5) kN load will concave the beam upward with respect to
location of the cutting plane.
a
a 20x kN a
Cutting plane Cutting plane (x-5)/2 Cutting plane
x

M(x) Positive M(x) negative M(x) Positive

x/2
68.75kN a
a a
20(x-5)kN

Observe that the equation M(x) = 68.75x – 10 + 10( − 5) will be valid throughout the length of
the beam if we neglect the second term ( − 5) for x values less than 5m, We can clearly understand
this by putting our attention into the cutting plane and think that it is moving from left to the right, it is
clear that the 20kN/m load applied upward will NOT be included in the FBD for values of x less than 5m
considering the left part of cutting plane as FBD, thus, will not contribute moment in the beam.

Cutting plane
a
a w = 20kN/m
A
A C B

8m
68.75kN 31.25kN 68.75kN
a x a
x

As a reminder of these restriction, our mentors in engineering adopt a notation in which the usual form
of parenthesis is replaced by pointed brackets, namely 〈 〉. With this change in notation, we obtain a
single moment equation that defines the curve of moment diagram throughout the length of the beam .
It should be noted that every time we perform the operation inside the pointed bracket and it will yield a
negative number, the values does not exist.

M(x) = 68.75x – 10 + 10〈 − 5〉 single moment equation

Now if we assume values of x with the increment of every 0.5m and substitute into the equation, we can
find the points that if we connect together the graph of the bending moment diagram will be
constructed.

Say x = 0 M = 68.75(0) – 10〈0〉 + 10〈0 − 5〉 = 0

Say x = 0.5 M = 68.75(0.5) – 10〈0.5〉 + 10〈0.5 − 5〉 = 31.875 kN.m

Say x = 1 M = 68.75(1) – 10〈1〉 + 10〈1 − 5〉 = 58.75 kN.m

Say x = 1.5 M = 68.75(1.5) – 10〈1.5〉 + 10〈1.5 − 5〉 = 80.625 kN.m

Say x = 2 M = 68.75(2) – 10〈 2〉 + 10〈 2 − 5〉 = 97.5 kN.m

Say x = 2.5 M = 68.75(2.5) – 10〈2.5〉 + 10〈2.5 − 5〉 = 109.375 kN.m

Say x = 3 M = 68.75(3) – 10〈 3〉 + 10〈 3 − 5〉 = 116.25 kN.m

Say x = 3.5 M = 68.75(3.5) – 10〈3.5〉 + 10〈3.5 − 5〉 = 118.125 kN.m

Say x = 4 M = 68.75(4) – 10〈4〉 + 10〈4 − 5〉 = 115 kN.m

Say x = 4.5 M = 68.75(4.5) – 10〈4.5〉 + 10〈4.5 − 5〉 =106.875 kN.m

Say x = 5 M = 68.75(5) – 10〈5〉 + 10〈5 − 5〉 = 93.75 kN.m

Say x = 5.5 M = 68.75(5.5) – 10〈5.5〉 + 10〈5.5 − 5〉 = 78.125 kN.m

 Say x = 6 M = 68.75(6) – 10〈6〉 + 10〈6 − 5〉 = 62.5 kN.m

Say x = 6.5 M = 68.75(6.5) – 10〈6.5〉 + 10〈6.5 − 5〉 = 46.857 kN.m

Say x = 7 M = 68.75(7) – 10〈7〉 + 10〈7 − 5〉 = 31.25 kN.m

Say x = 7.5 M = 68.75(7.5) – 10〈7.5〉 + 10〈7.5 − 5〉 = 15.625 kN.m

Say x = 8 M = 68.75(8) – 10〈8〉 + 10〈8 − 5〉 = 0 kN.m

From the data above. We can now draw the graph of the bending moment diagram

w = 20kN/m

B
A

5m C 3m

8m By
Ay

moment diagram
M(x)150
= 68.75x – 10 + 10〈 − 5〉 M(max) = 118.2kN.m
M(x) = 68.75x – 10 + 10〈 − 5〉
100

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Graph of the bending moment diagram. The graph consists of second-degree curve for segment AC , we
can observe that the highest exponent of x for the second term is , and first-degree curve (or
straight line) for segment BC because the highest exponent of x is 1 (as a result of existence of the third
term of the equation for values of x greater than 5m), 〈 〉 the first term of single moment equation
M(x) = 68.75x – 10 + 10〈 − 5〉 determined the degree of the curve.
Obtain the single moment equation of the beam shown

w = 20kN/m
C Cantilever beam subjected to partial
A B
uniformly distributed load (UDL).
2m 4m Case 1 partial load located at the right
6m end of beam.

Steps in obtaining the single moment equation

1. Solve the support reactions.

Solve the resultant force (R) it is equal to the area of the uniformly distributed load (udl) which is
in the form of a rectangle, height of 20kN/m and length of 4m ( the location is 2m from point B
and C respectively). Apply equation of static equilibrium.
R = 20(4)=80kN
4m
= ; − 80 = 0 ; = 80 w = 20kN/m
MA
2m C B
= ; 80(4) − MA = 0 ;MA = 320 .
A
2m 2m
2. Select a reference point where the location
Ay 6m
of cutting plane (distance x) is measured
from (using other refences, the left end of the beam was
selected the most). To avoid confusion, we will also select the left end of the beam
as our reference point (point A).
3. Check if the beam will be divided by the loads into several segment. The beam was partially
loaded, Therefore, the load divides the beam into segment AC and BC.

Cutting plane
320kN.m a w = 20kN/m
A C B
C B
A
2nd deg
6m
80kN a 1st deg
x

It simply means that the equation of curve of the bending moment diagram of segment AC will
break at point C as shown in the fig., and segment BC will have a different graph of bending
moment diagram.
4. Investigate the beam if there are discontinuity of loading conditions. The beam was partially
loaded, therefore, discontinuity of loading conditions was met but because the load is
located at the segment farthest from selected reference point where moment equation will
be obtain later, there is no need to make the load continuous.
 5. Pass cutting plane that will cut the segment of beam farthest from the reference point.
6. Obtain the moment equation using the left part of cutting plane as FBD and apply the
corresponding sign convention.
(x-2)
Cutting plane
R= 20(x-2) a Resultant force is equal to the area of the
320kN.m w =20kN/m uniformly distributed load (udl) which is in the
form of a rectangle, height of 20kN/m and
A 2m
length of (x-2) m and it is located at the center
of rectangle, that is at the distance (x-2)/2 from
C (x − 2) the cutting plane.
2
80kN a
x

Applying summation of moment at the point where cutting plane was passed,
(x−2) ( )
M(x) = 80x – 20(x−2)
2
− 320 = 80x – − 320 = 80x – 10( − 2) − 320

Since moment is Force x Distance, Force in the first term of the equation is 80kN and distance is x, In the
second term of the equation Force is 20(x-2) kN and the moment arm is (x-2)/2. Of course, 320kN.m
should not be multiplied by any distance or moment arm because it was already a moment.

Sign Convention

The first term of the equation is positive since the 80kN reaction at A will concave the beam upward with
respect to location of the cutting plane and the second term of the equation is negative since the 20(x-2)
kN load will concave the beam downward with respect to location of the cutting plane. In the same
manner the moment reaction of 320kN.m at A will concave the beam downward with respect to location
of the cutting plane, therefore, it is negative.
R =20(x-2) kN
Cutting plane
320 kN.m

A x
A
A (x-2)/2

80kN Cutting plane

Cutting plane
M(x) positive M(x) negative M(x) negative
Observe that the equation M(x) = 80x – 10( − 3) − 320 will be valid throughout the length of the
beam if we neglect the second term 10( − 2) for x values less than 2m, We can clearly understand
this by putting our attention into the cutting plane and think that it is moving from left to the right, it is
clear that the 20kN/m partial uniform load will NOT be included in the FBD for values of x less than 2m
considering the left part of cutting plane as FBD, thus, will not contribute moment in the beam.

Cutting plane a
320kN.m
a w = 20kN/m
320kN.m
C
B A
A
6m
80kN a
80kN a x
x
As a reminder of these restriction, our mentors in engineering adopt a notation in which the usual form
of parenthesis is replaced by pointed brackets, namely 〈 〉. With this change in notation, we obtain a
single moment equation that defines the curve of moment diagram throughout the length of the beam .
It should be noted that every time we perform the operation inside the pointed bracket and it will yield a
negative number, the values does not exist.

M(x) = 80x – 10〈 − 2〉 − 320 single moment equation

Now if we assume values of x with the increment of every 0.5m and substitute into the equation, we can
find the points that if we connect together the graph of the bending moment diagram will be
constructed.

Say x = 0 M = 80(0) – 10〈0 − 2〉 − 320 = −320 kN.m

Say x = 0.5 M = 80(0.5) – 10〈0.5 − 2〉 − 320 = -280 kN.m

Say x = 1 M = 80(1) – 10〈1 − 2〉 − 320 = -240 kN.m

Say x = 1.5 M = 80(1.5) – 10〈1.5 − 2〉 − 320 = -200 kN.m

Say x = 2 M = 80(2) – 10〈2 − 2〉 − 320 = -160 kN.m

Say x = 2.5 M = 80(2.5) – 10〈2.5 − 2〉 − 320 = -122.5 kN.m

Say x = 3 M = 80(3) – 10〈3 − 2〉 − 320 = -90kN.m

Say x = 3.5 M = 80(3.5) – 10〈3.5 − 2〉 − 320 = -62.5 kN.m

Say x = 4 M = 80(4) – 10〈4 − 2〉 − 320 = -40 kN.m

Say x = 4.5 M = 80(4.5) – 10〈4.5 − 2〉 − 320 = -22.5 kN.m

Say x = 5 M = 80(5) – 10〈5 − 2〉 − 320 = -10 kN.m

Say x = 5.5 M = 80(5.5) – 10〈5.5 − 2〉 − 320 = -2.5 kN.m

Say x = 6 M = 80(6) – 10〈6 − 2〉 − 320 = 0 kN.m

From the data above. We can now draw the graph of the bending moment diagram

w = 20kN/m
320kN.m

A
C B
2m

80kN 6m

Moment diagram
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-50

-100

-150 M(x) = 80x – 10〈 − 2〉 − 320

-200

-250

-300
M(x) = 80x – 10〈 − 2〉 − 320
-350

Graph of the bending moment diagram. The graph consists of first-degree curve(or straight line) for
segment AC the result of being non-existence of the second term of the equation for values of x less
than 2m, we can observe that the highest exponent of x for the first term is 〈 〉 , and second-degree
curve for segment BC because the highest exponent of x is 2, 〈 − 2〉 the second term of single
moment equation M(x) = 80x – 10〈 − 2〉 − 320.
Obtain the single moment equation of the beam shown

w = 20kN/m

A C Cantilever beam subjected to partial

B uniformly distributed load (UDL).
4m 2m Case 2 partial load located at the left
6m end of beam.

Steps in obtaining the single moment equation

1. Solve the support reactions.

Solve the resultant force (R) it is equal to the area of the uniformly distributed load (udl) which is
in the form of a rectangle, height of 20kN/m and length of 4m (2m from point A and C
respectively). Apply equation of static equilibrium.

= ; − 80 = 0 ; = 80
= ; 80(2) − MA = 0 ;MA = 160 . R = 20(4)=80kN
w = 20kN/m
2. Selected reference point is at A. MA
3. Check if the beam will be divided by the loads into A C 2m
B
several segment. The beam was partially
2m 2m
loaded, Therefore, the load divides the
6m
beam into segment AC and BC. Ay
Cutting plane
160kN.m w = 20kN/m a
C A C
A B B

6m
2nd deg
80kN a
x

It simply means that the equation of curve of the bending moment diagram of segment AC will
break at point C as shown in the fig., and segment BC will have a different graph of bending
moment diagram.
4. Investigate the beam if there are discontinuity of loading conditions. The beam was partially
loaded, therefore, discontinuity of loading conditions was met, the technique to have a single
moment equation is to make the load continuous throughout the beam length, to compensate
the additional load, re-apply the load in reverse direction as shown in the fig.

5. Pass cutting plane that will cut the segment of beam farthest from the reference point.
 6. Obtain the moment equation using the left part of cutting plane as FBD and apply the
corresponding sign convention.
Resultant(R1,the red ones) force is equal to the
x
area of the uniformly distributed load (udl) which
x/2 x/2 is in the form of a rectangle, height of 20kN/m
Cutting plane and length of (x) m and it is located at the center
R1= 20x kN
of rectangle, that is at the distance (x)/2 from
a point A and from the cutting plane.
160kN.m w =20kN/m
A C Resultant(R2, the green ones loaded upward)
force is equal to the area of the uniformly
(x − 4) distributed load which is in the form of a
w =20kN/m 2 rectangle, height of 20kN/m and length of (x-4)m
80kN R2= 20(x-4) kN and it is located at the center of rectangle, that is
a at the distance (x-4)/2 from point C and from the
4 x-4
cutting plane.

Applying summation of moment at the point where cutting plane was passed,
(x) (x−4)
M(x) = 80x – 20x
2
+ 20(x − 4)
2
− 160 = 80x – 10( ) + 10( − 4) -160

Since moment is Force x Distance, Force in the first term of the equation is 80kN and distance is x m, In
the second term of the equation Force is 20x kN and the moment arm is x/2 m , and in the third term of
the equation 20(x-4)kN and the moment arm is (x-4)/2 m. . Of course, 160kN.m should not be multiplied
by any distance or moment arm because it was already a moment.
Sign Convention

The first term of the equation is positive since the 80kn reaction at A will concave the beam upward with
respect to location of the cutting plane and the second term of the equation is negative since the 20(x)
kN load will concave the beam downward with respect to location of the cutting plane. The third term of
the equation is positive since the 20(x-4) kN load will concave the beam upward with respect to location
of the cutting plane. The fourth term of the equation is negative since the 160kN.m reaction moment at
A will concave the beam downward with respect to location of the cutting plane.

a a
Cutting plane Cutting plane Cutting plane
Cutting plane a (x-5)/2 a
20x kN
160kN.

x
80kN x/2
a 20(x-4)kN a
a M(x) negative a
M(x) Positive M(x) negative M(x) Positive
Observe that the equation M(x) = 80x – 10 + 10( − 4) -160 will be valid throughout the length of
the beam if we neglect the second term ( − 4) for x values less than 4m, We can clearly understand
this by putting our attention into the cutting plane and think that it is moving from left to the right, it is
clear that the 20kN/m load applied upward will NOT be included in the FBD for values of x less than 4m
considering the left part of cutting plane as FBD, thus, will not contribute moment in the beam.
Cutting plane
a
160kN.m a w = 20kN/m 160kN.m 20kN/m
A
A C
B

80kN 6m 80kN
x x a
a
As a reminder of these restriction, our mentors in engineering adopt a notation in which the usual form
of parenthesis is replaced by pointed brackets, namely 〈 〉. With this change in notation, we obtain a
single moment equation that defines the curve of moment diagram throughout the length of the beam .
It should be noted that every time we perform the operation inside the pointed bracket and it will yield a
negative number, the values does not exist.

M(x) = 80x – 10 + 10〈 − 4〉 − 160 single moment equation

Now if we assume values of x with the increment of every 0.5m and substitute into the equation, we can
find the points that if we connect together the graph of the bending moment diagram will be
constructed.

Say x = 0 M = 80(0) – 10〈0〉 + 10〈0 − 4〉 − 160 = −160 .

Say x = 0.5 M = 80(0.5) – 10〈0.5〉 + 10〈0.5 − 4〉 − 160 = −122.5kN.m

Say x = 1 M = 80(1) – 10〈1〉 + 10〈1 − 4〉 − 160 = -90 kN.m

Say x = 1.5 M = 80(1.5) – 10〈1.5〉 + 10〈1.5 − 4〉 − 160 = -62.5 kN.m

Say x = 2 M = 80(2) – 10〈 2〉 + 10〈 2 − 4〉 − 160 = -40 kN.m

Say x = 2.5 M = 80(2.5) – 10〈2.5〉 + 10〈2.5 − 4〉 − 160 = -22.5 kN.m

Say x = 3 M = 80(3) – 10〈 3〉 + 10〈 3 − 4〉 − 160 = -10 kN.m

Say x = 3.5 M = 80(3.5) – 10〈3.5〉 + 10〈3.5 − 4〉 −160 = -2.5 kN.m

Say x = 4 M = 80(4) – 10〈4〉 + 10〈4 − 4〉 −160 = 0 kN.m

Say x = 4.5 M = 80(4.5) – 10〈4.5〉 + 10〈4.5 − 4〉 −160= 0 kN.m

Say x = 5 M = 80(5) – 10〈5〉 + 10〈5 − 4〉 −160 = 0 kN.m

 Say x = 5.5 M = 80(5.5) – 10〈5.5〉 + 10〈5.5 − 4〉 −160 = 0 kN.m

Say x = 6 M = 80(6) – 10〈6〉 + 10〈6 − 4〉 −160 = 0 kN.m

From the data above. We can now draw the graph of the bending moment diagram

w = 20kN/m
160kN.m
B
A

4m C 2m

80kN 6m

Moment Diagram
20
0
-20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-40
-60 M(x) = 80x – 10 + 10〈 − 4〉 − 160
-80
-100
-120
-140 M(x) = 80x – 10 + 10〈 − 4〉 − 160
-160
-180
M(max) = -160kN.m

Graph of the bending moment diagram. The graph consists of second-degree curve for segment AC, we
can observe that the highest exponent of x for the second term is ℎ equation

M(x) = 80x – 10 + 10〈 − 4〉 − 160

Obtain the single moment equation of the beam shown

w = 20kN/m
simply supported beam with
A C B D overhang subjected to partial
2m 4m 2.5 uniformly distributed load (UDL).
Case 1 partial load located at the right
6m end of beam.

Steps in obtaining the single moment equation

1. Solve the support reactions.

Solve the resultant force (R) it is equal to the area of the uniformly distributed load (udl) which is
in the form of a rectangle, height of 20kN/m and length of 5m (3.25m from point C and D
respectively). Apply equation of static equilibrium. R = 20(6.5)=130kN 6.5/2 =3.25m
5.25m 0.75
( . )
= = 16.25 w = 20kN/m
130(5.25) A C B
= = 113.75
6 D
2. Select a reference point where the distance x 2m 4m 2.5m
is measured from (using other refences, Ay 6m By
the left end of the beam was
selected the most). To avoid confusion, we will also select the left end of the beam
as our reference point (point A).
3. Check if the beam will be divided by the loads into several segment. The beam is partially
loaded and simply supported with overhang. Therefore, the partial load and the reaction at B
divides the beam into segment AC, BC and BD.
Cutting plane a
1st deg
w = 20kN/m 2nd deg
A C
B
B
D D
6m A C

113.75kN 2nd deg

16.25kN
x a

4. Investigate the beam if there are discontinuity of loading conditions. The beam is partially
loaded, therefore, discontinuity of loading conditions was met but because the load is
located at the segment farthest from selected reference point where moment equation will
be obtain later, there is no need to make the load continuous.
5. Pass cutting plane that will cut the segment of beam farthest from the reference point.
6. Obtain the moment equation using the left part of cutting plane as FBD and apply the
corresponding sign convention.
 (x-2) Cutting plane
R= 20(x-2)
(x-2)/2 a
w =20kN/m Resultant force is equal to the area of the
A 2m B uniformly distributed load (udl) which is in the
form of a rectangle, height of 20kN/m and
(x-6) length of (x-2) m and it is located at the center
C
of rectangle, that is at the distance (x-2)/2 from
16.25kN 113.75kN the cutting plane.
x a

Applying summation of moment at the point where cutting plane was passed,
(x−2)
M(x) = 16.25x – 20(x−2) 2
+ 113.75( − 6) = 16.25x – 10( − 2) + 113.75( − 6)

Since moment is Force x Distance, Force in the first term of the equation is 16.25kN and distance is x, In
the second term of the equation Force is 20(x-2) kN and the moment arm is (x-2)/2, In the third term of
the equation Force is 113.75kN and the moment arm is (x-6).

Sign Convention

The first term of the equation is positive since the 20kN reaction at A will concave the beam upward with
respect to location of the cutting plane and the second term of the equation is negative since the 20(x-3)
kN load will concave the beam downward with respect to location of the cutting plane.

Cutting plane R =20(x-2) kN Cutting plane (x-6)

x A A
A (x-2)/2

Cutting plane 113.75kN

16.25kN
M(x) negative M(x) positive
M(x) positive

Observe that the equation M(x) = 16.25x – 10( − 2) + 113.75( − 6)will be valid throughout the
length of the beam if we neglect the second and third term [10( − 2) 113.75( − 6)] for x
values less than 2m and 6m, respectively. We can clearly understand this by putting our attention into
the cutting plane and think that it is moving from left to the right, it is clear that the 20kN/m partial
uniform load will NOT be included in the FBD for values of x less than 2m and the 113.75kN reactions at
B will NOT be included in the FBD for values of x less than 6m considering the left part of cutting plane
as FBD, thus, will not contribute moment in the beam.
Cutting plane
a W=20kN/m
w = 20kN/m
A A A C
C
D
B
6m 2.5m
16.25kN 113.75kN 16.25kN 16.25kN
x x x
a

As a reminder of these restriction, our mentors in engineering adopt a notation in which the usual form
of parenthesis is replaced by pointed brackets, namely 〈 〉. With this change in notation, we obtain a
single moment equation that defines the curve of moment diagram throughout the length of the beam .
It should be noted that again and again and again, every time we perform the operation inside the
pointed bracket and it will yield a negative number, the values does not exist.

M(x) = 16.25x – 10〈 − 2〉 + 113.75〈 − 6〉. single moment equation

Now if we assume values of x with the increment of every 0.5m and substitute into the equation, we can
find the points that if we connect together the graph of the bending moment diagram will be
constructed.

Say x = 0 M = 16.25(0) – 10〈0 − 2〉 + 113.75〈0 − 6〉 = 0

Say x = 0.5 M = 16.25(0.5) – 10〈0.5 − 2〉 + 113.75〈0.5 − 6〉 = 8.125 kN.m

Say x = 1 M = 16.25(1) – 10〈1 − 2〉 + 113.75〈1 − 6〉 = 16.25kN.m

Say x = 1.5 M = 16.25(1.5) – 10〈1.5 − 2〉 + 113.75〈1.5 − 6〉 = 24.375 kN.m

Say x = 2 M = 16.25(2) – 10〈2 − 2〉 + 113.75〈2 − 6〉 = 32.5 kN.m

Say x = 2.5 M = 16.25(2.5) – 10〈2.5 − 2〉 + 113.75〈2.5 − 6〉 = 38.125 kN.m

Say x = 3 M = 16.25(3) – 10〈3 − 2〉 + 113.75〈3 − 6〉 = 38.75 kN.m

Say x = 3.5 M = 16.25(3.5) – 10〈3.5 − 2〉 + 113.75〈3.5 − 6〉 = 34.375 kN.m

Say x = 4 M = 16.25(4) – 10〈4 − 2〉 + 113.75〈4 − 6〉 = 25 kN.m

Say x = 4.5 M = 16.25(4.5) – 10〈4.5 − 2〉 + 113.75〈4.5 − 6〉 =10.625 kN.m

Say x = 5 M = 16.25(5) – 10〈5 − 2〉 + 113.75〈5 − 6〉 = -8.75 kN.m

Say x = 5.5 M = 16.25(5.5) – 10〈5.5 − 2〉 + 113.75〈5.5 − 6〉 = -33.125 kN.m

Say x = 6 M = 16.25(6) – 10〈6 − 2〉 + 113.75〈6 − 6〉 = -62.5 kN.m

Say x = 6.5 M = 16.25(6.5) – 10〈6.5 − 2〉 + 113.75〈6.5 − 6〉 = -40kN.m

Say x = 7 M = 16.25(7) – 10〈7 − 2〉 + 113.75〈7 − 6〉 = -22.5kN.m

Say x = 7.5 M = 16.25(7.5) – 10〈7.5 − 2〉 + 113.75〈7.5 − 6〉 = -10 kN.m

 Say x = 8 M = 16.25(8) – 10〈8 − 2〉 + 113.75〈8 − 6〉 = -2.5 kN.m

Say x = 8.5 M = 16.25(8.5) – 10〈8.5 − 2〉 + 113.75〈8.5 − 6〉 = 0 kN.m

From the data above. We can now draw the graph of the bending moment diagram

w = 20kN/m
A
C
D
B
2m 4m 2.5m
6m By
Ay

M(max) = 50kN.m

M(x) =16.25x – 10〈 − 2〉 + 113.75〈 − 6〉 moment diagram

60
M(x) = 16.25x – 10〈 − 2〉 + 113.75〈 − 6〉
40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-20

-40

-60

-80 M(x) = 16.25x – 10〈 − 2〉 + 113.75〈 − 6〉

Graph of the bending moment diagram. The graph consists of first-degree curve(or straight line) for
segment AC the result of being non-existence of the second term of the equation for values of x less
than 3m, we can observe that the highest exponent of x for the first term is 〈 〉 , and second-degree
curve for segment BC and BD because the highest exponent of x is 2, 〈 − 2〉 the second term of
single moment equation M(x) = 16.25x – 10〈 − 2〉 + 113.75〈 − 6〉.