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Wireless Sensor Networks

 November 2008
 Computer 41(10):92 - 95

 DOI: 10.1109/MC.2008.441

 Source
 IEEE Xplore
 Abstract
 The confluence of inexpensive wireless communication, computation, and sensing has
created a new generation of smart devices. Using tens to thousands of these devices in
self-organizing networks has created a new technology referred to as wireless sensor
networks. This article gives an overview of the wireless sensor networks.

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Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks

 January 2015

 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2468-4_1

 In book: Wireless Sensor and Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks: Vehicular and Space Applications
 Chapter: 1
 Publisher: Springer
 Editors: D. Benhaddou, A. Al-Fuqaha

 Zill-E-Huma Kamal
 Mohammad Salahuddin
 Abstract
 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) enjoy great benefits due to their low-cost, small-
scale factor, smart sensor nodes. Not only can they be employed in cumbersome and
dangerous areas of interest, for monitoring or controlling the region, but they can also
be deployed to automate mundane tasks. Early sensory units were expensive and
lacked the computational and communicational capabilities of current smart sensor
nodes, which can now sense, process, store, and forward data, all being powered by a
battery. Myriad applications exist that leverage WSNs as low-cost solutions for
observing the habitat and environment, from military and civilian surveillance and
target detection and tracking applications, to precision farming and agriculture, patient
monitoring in health care, residential applications like energy management, for safety
 and efficiency in vehicular networks to outer space explorations. The diversity of the
applications of WSNs imposes varying design, implementation, and performance
requirements on the WSNs. Therefore, for a thorough understanding of the different
design and implementation techniques, we must understand the inherent
characteristics of WSNs and their smart sensor nodes. This intrinsic nature of the
application-specific WSNs makes classification and taxonomy delineation difficult
and cumbersome. In this chapter, we will delineate the inherent characteristics of the
WSNs and their smart sensor nodes. Then, we will discuss the data delivery models
and traffic patterns that instigate the design and development of novel network
architecture protocols for WSN and distinguish them from its peers in other
infrastructure-less computing paradigms. We compare WSN with its peers, with
respect to the problem space of WSN applications, followed by a brief overview of
the challenges in programming WSN motes. Then, we present an overview of
TinyOS, an operating system for WSN motes, and conclude with an overview of the
challenges and limitations of WSNs.

Table of
ContentsAbstract......................................................................................................................................................... 31.
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)................................................................................... 41.1 Wireless
Sensor Network Nodes and Their Characteristics ............................................................... 51.2 Characteristics of
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)......................................................................... 72.0 Communication Patterns and
Protocols in WSN .................................................................................. 102.1 Communication
Patterns................................................................................................................... 102.1.1 Data Delivery
Models ................................................................................................................ 112.2 Network Architecture of Wireless
Sensor Networks ........................................................................ 132.2.1 Transport layer
protocols ........................................................................................................... 142.2.2 Routing in Network
Layer ......................................................................................................... 152.2.3 Medium Access Control (MAC)
protocols at Data Link Layer................................................. 183.0 Wireless Sensor Network Applications and Problem
Space................................................................. 204.0 Programming
WSNs ............................................................................................................................. 224.1 TinyOS: An Operating
System for WSN Motes............................................................................... 235.0
Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 25References and
Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 27
Page 3

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ECE_COURSE%20MATERIAL_ODD%20SEMESTER/Dr.S.Omkumar_Wireless%20Sensor
%20Networks.pdf

SRI CHANDRASEKHARENDRA SARASWATHI VISWA MAHAVIDYALAYA

(University established under section 3of UGC Act 1956) (Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)
Enathur, Kanchipuram – 631 561
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Course Material for
Wireless Sensor Networks
FULL TIME B.E., IV YEAR / VII SEMESTER
Prepared By:Dr.S.Omkumar,ECE
Approved by: Prof.V.Swaminathan

PEC3 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS VII SEMESTER

PRE-REQUISITE:
Basic knowledge of Data Communication Networks
OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the basics of Wireless sensor Networks
 To learn the Architecture of WSN
 To understand the concept of Networking and Networking in WSN
UNIT I OVERVIEW OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (9 Hrs)
Single-Node Architecture - Hardware Components- Network Characteristics- unique constraints
and challenges, Enabling Technologies for Wireless Sensor Networks- Types of wireless sensor
networks.
UNIT II ARCHITECTURES (9 Hrs)
Network Architecture- Sensor Networks-Scenarios- Design Principle, Physical Layer and
Transceiver Design Considerations, Optimization Goals and Figures of Merit, Gateway
Concepts, Operating Systems and Execution Environments- Introduction to TinyOS and nesC-
Internet to WSN Communication
UNIT III NETWORKING SENSORS (10 Hrs)
MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks, Low Duty Cycle Protocols And Wakeup
Concepts - SMAC, - B-MAC Protocol, IEEE 802.15.4 standard and ZigBee, the Mediation
Device Protocol, Wakeup Radio Concepts, Address and Name Management, Assignment of
MAC Addresses, Routing Protocols Energy-Efficient Routing, Geographic Routing.
UNIT IV INFRASTRUCTURE ESTABLISHMENT (8 Hrs)
Topology Control, Clustering, Time Synchronization, Localization and Positioning, Sensor
Tasking and Control.
UNIT V SENSOR NETWORK PLATFORMS AND TOOLS (9 Hrs)
Sensor Node Hardware – Berkeley Motes, Programming Challenges, Node-level software
platforms, Node level Simulators, State-centric programming.
OUTCOMES: Total: 45 Hrs
Upon completion of the course, students will be able to:
 Understand challenges and technologies for wireless networks
 Understand architecture and sensors
 Establishing infrastructure and simulations
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Holger Karl & Andreas Willig, "Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor
Networks”, John Wiley, 2005.
2. Feng Zhao & Leonidas J.Guibas, “Wireless Sensor Networks-An Information Processing
Approach", Elsevier, 2007
3. Waltenegus Dargie , Christian Poellabauer, “Fundamentals Of Wireless Sensor Networks
- Theory And Practice”, By John Wiley & Sons Publications, 2011
REFERENCES:
1. KazemSohraby, Daniel Minoli, & TaiebZnati, “Wireless Sensor Networks-Technology,
Protocols, and Applications”, John Wiley, 2007.
2. Anna Hac, “Wireless Sensor Network Designs”, John Wiley, 2003

Syllabus / Unit - I
• Overview of WSN:
• Single-Node Architecture - Hardware
Components - Network Characteristics -
Unique
constraints and challenges - Enabling
Technologies for Wireless Sensor
Networks-
Types of wireless sensor networks.
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wireless-sensor-node-structure-and-operations/800929C96FB7172BB7402C020BA58B1E

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Book contents

Frontmatter

Dedication

Contents

Preface

1 Introduction to wireless sensor networks

2 Inside a wireless sensor node: structure and operations

3 Wireless sensor network applications: overview and case studies

 4 Medium access in wireless sensor networks

5 Routing in wireless sensor networks

6 Transport protocols for wireless sensor networks

7 Localization and tracking

8 Topology management and control

9 Performance evaluation of wireless sensor networks

10 Security issues in wireless sensor networks

11 Wireless mobile sensor networks

12 Wireless multimedia sensor networks

13 Underwater sensor networks

14 Wireless underground sensor networks

References

Subject index

References

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Preface xi
About the Authors xiii
1 Introduction and Overview of Wireless Sensor Networks 1
1.1 Introduction, 1
1.1.1 Background of Sensor Network Technology, 2
1.1.2 Applications of Sensor Networks, 10
1.1.3 Focus of This Book, 12
1.2 Basic Overview of the Technology, 13
1.2.1 Basic Sensor Network Architectural Elements, 15
1.2.2 Brief Historical Survey of Sensor Networks, 26
1.2.3 Challenges and Hurdles, 29
1.3 Conclusion, 31
References, 31
2 Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks 38
2.1 Introduction, 38
2.2 Background, 38
2.3 Range of Applications, 42
2.4 Examples of Category 2 WSN Applications, 50
2.4.1 Home Control, 51
2.4.2 Building Automation, 53
2.4.3 Industrial Automation, 56
2.4.4 Medical Applications, 57
v2.5 Examples of Category 1 WSN Applications, 59
2.5.1 Sensor and Robots, 60
2.5.2 Reconfigurable Sensor Networks, 62
2.5.3 Highway Monitoring, 63
2.5.4 Military Applications, 64
2.5.5 Civil and Environmental Engineering Applications, 67
2.5.6 Wildfire Instrumentation, 68
2.5.7 Habitat Monitoring, 68
2.5.8 Nanoscopic Sensor Applications, 69
2.6 Another Taxonomy of WSN Technology, 69
2.7 Conclusion, 71
References, 71
3 Basic Wireless Sensor Technology 75
3.1 Introduction, 75
3.2 Sensor Node Technology, 76
3.2.1 Overview, 76
3.2.2 Hardware and Software, 78
3.3 Sensor Taxonomy, 80
3.4 WN Operating Environment, 84
3.5 WN Trends, 87
3.6 Conclusion, 91
References, 91
4 Wireless Transmission Technology and Systems 93
4.1 Introduction, 93
4.2 Radio Technology Primer, 94
4.2.1 Propagation and Propagation Impairments, 94
4.2.2 Modulation, 101
4.3 Available Wireless Technologies, 103
4.3.1 Campus Applications, 105
4.3.2 MAN/WAN Applications, 120
4.4 Conclusion, 131
Appendix A: Modulation Basics, 131
References, 139
5 Medium Access Control Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks 142
5.1 Introduction, 142
5.2 Background, 143
5.3 Fundamentals of MAC Protocols, 144
5.3.1 Performance Requirements, 145
5.3.2 Common Protocols, 148
vi CONTENTS5.4 MAC Protocols for WSNs, 158
5.4.1 Schedule-Based Protocols, 161
5.4.2 Random Access-Based Protocols, 165
5.5 Sensor-MAC Case Study, 167
5.5.1 Protocol Overview, 167
5.5.2 Periodic Listen and Sleep Operations, 168
5.5.3 Schedule Selection and Coordination, 169
5.5.4 Schedule Synchronization, 170
5.5.5 Adaptive Listening, 171
5.5.6 Access Control and Data Exchange, 171
5.5.7 Message Passing, 172
5.6 IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPANs Standard Case Study, 173
5.6.1 PHY Layer, 176
5.6.2 MAC Layer, 178
5.7 Conclusion, 192
References, 193
6 Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks 197
6.1 Introduction, 197
6.2 Background, 198
6.3 Data Dissemination and Gathering, 199
6.4 Routing Challenges and Design Issues in Wireless
Sensor Networks, 200
6.4.1 Network Scale and Time-Varying Characteristics, 200
6.4.2 Resource Constraints, 201
6.4.3 Sensor Applications Data Models, 201
6.5 Routing Strategies in Wireless Sensor Networks, 202
6.5.1 WSN Routing Techniques, 203
6.5.2 Flooding and Its Variants, 203
6.5.3 Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation, 206
6.5.4 Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, 210
6.5.5 Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information
Systems, 213
6.5.6 Directed Diffusion, 215
6.5.7 Geographical Routing, 219
6.6 Conclusion, 225
References, 225
7 Transport Control Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks 229
7.1 Traditional Transport Control Protocols, 229
7.1.1 TCP (RFC 793), 231
7.1.2 UDP (RFC 768), 233
CONTENTS vii7.1.3 Mobile IP, 233
7.1.4 Feasibility of Using TCP or UDP for WSNs, 234
7.2 Transport Protocol Design Issues, 235
7.3 Examples of Existing Transport Control Protocols, 237
7.3.1 CODA (Congestion Detection and Avoidance), 237
7.3.2 ESRT (Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport), 237
7.3.3 RMST (Reliable Multisegment Transport), 239
7.3.4 PSFQ (Pump Slowly, Fetch Quickly), 239
7.3.5 GARUDA, 239
7.3.6 ATP (Ad Hoc Transport Protocol), 240
7.3.7 Problems with Transport Control Protocols, 240
7.4 Performance of Transport Control Protocols, 241
7.4.1 Congestion, 241
7.4.2 Packet Loss Recovery, 242
7.5 Conclusion, 244
References, 244
8 Middleware for Wireless Sensor Networks 246
8.1 Introduction, 246
8.2 WSN Middleware Principles, 247
8.3 Middleware Architecture, 248
8.3.1 Data-Related Functions, 249
8.3.2 Architectures, 252
8.4 Existing Middleware, 253
8.4.1 MiLAN (Middleware Linking Applications
and Networks), 253
8.4.2 IrisNet (Internet-Scale Resource-Intensive Sensor
Networks Services), 254
8.4.3 AMF (Adaptive Middleware Framework), 255
8.4.4 DSWare (Data Service Middleware), 255
8.4.5 CLMF (Cluster-Based Lightweight
Middleware Framework), 256
8.4.6 MSM (Middleware Service for Monitoring), 256
8.4.7 Em*, 256
8.4.8 Impala, 257
8.4.9 DFuse, 257
8.4.10 DDS (Device Database System), 258
8.4.11 SensorWare, 258
8.5 Conclusion, 259
References, 259
9 Network Management for Wireless Sensor Networks 262
9.1 Introduction, 262
9.2 Network Management Requirements, 262
viii CONTENTS9.3 Traditional Network Management Models, 263
9.3.1 Simple Network Management Protocol, 263
9.3.2 Telecom Operation Map, 264
9.4 Network Management Design Issues, 264
9.5 Example of Management Architecture: MANNA, 267
9.6 Other Issues Related to Network Management, 268
9.6.1 Naming, 269
9.6.2 Localization, 269
9.7 Conclusion, 270
References, 270
10 Operating Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks 273
10.1 Introduction, 273
10.2 Operating System Design Issues, 274
10.3 Examples of Operating Systems, 276
10.3.1 TinyOS, 276
10.3.2 Mate, 277
10.3.3 MagnetOS, 278
10.3.4 MANTIS, 278
10.3.5 OSPM, 279
10.3.6 EYES OS, 279
10.3.7 SenOS, 280
10.3.8 EMERALDS, 280
10.3.9 PicOS, 281
10.4 Conclusion, 281
References, 281
11 Performance and Traffic Management 283
11.1 Introduction, 283
11.2 Background, 283
11.3 WSN Design Issues, 286
11.3.1 MAC Protocols, 286
11.3.2 Routing Protocols, 286
11.3.3 Transport Protocols, 287
11.4 Performance Modeling of WSNs, 288
11.4.1 Performance Metrics, 288
11.4.2 Basic Models, 289
11.4.3 Network Models, 292
11.5 Case Study: Simple Computation of the System Life Span, 294
11.5.1 Analysis, 296
11.5.2 Discussion, 298
11.6 Conclusion, 300
References, 300
Index 303
CONTENTS ix

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