Window

A window is an opening in a wall,

door, roof, or vehicle that allows the
exchange of light and may also allow
the passage of sound and sometimes
air. Modern windows are usually
glazed or covered in some other
transparent or translucent material, a
sash set in a frame[1] in the opening;
the sash and frame are also referred to
as a window.[2] Many glazed windows
may be opened, to allow ventilation, or
closed to exclude inclement weather.
Windows may have a latch or similar
Various examples of windows
mechanism to lock the window shut or
to hold it open by various amounts.

Types include the eyebrow window, fixed windows, hexagonal windows, single-hung, and double-
hung sash windows, horizontal sliding sash windows, casement windows, awning windows, hopper
windows, tilt, and slide windows (often door-sized), tilt and turn windows, transom windows,
sidelight windows, jalousie or louvered windows, clerestory windows, lancet windows, skylights,
roof windows, roof lanterns, bay windows, oriel windows, thermal, or Diocletian, windows, picture
windows, rose windows, emergency exit windows, stained glass windows, French windows, panel
windows, double/triple-paned windows, and witch windows.

Etymology
The English language-word window originates from the Old Norse vindauga, from vindr 'wind'
and auga 'eye'.[3] In Norwegian, Nynorsk, and Icelandic, the Old Norse form has survived to this
day (in Icelandic only as a less used word for a type of small open "window", not strictly a synonym
for gluggi, the Icelandic word for 'window'[4]). In Swedish, the word vindöga remains as a term for
a hole through the roof of a hut, and in the Danish language vindue and Norwegian Bokmål vindu,
the direct link to eye is lost, just as for window. The Danish (but not the Bokmål) word is
pronounced fairly similarly to window.

Window is first recorded in the early 13th century, and originally referred to an unglazed hole in a
roof. Window replaced the Old English eagþyrl, which literally means 'eye-hole', and eagduru
'eye-door'. Many Germanic languages, however, adopted the Latin word fenestra to describe a
window with glass, such as standard Swedish fönster, or German Fenster. The use of window in
English is probably because of the Scandinavian influence on the English language by means of
loanwords during the Viking Age. In English, the word fenester was used as a parallel until the
mid-18th century. Fenestration is still used to describe the arrangement of windows within a
façade, as well as defenestration, meaning 'to throw out of a window'.

History
The Romans were the first known to use
glass for windows, a technology likely first
produced in Roman Egypt, in Alexandria
c. 100 AD. Presentations of windows can
be seen in ancient Egyptian wall art and
sculptures from Assyria. Paper windows
were economical and widely used in
ancient China, Korea, and Japan. In
England, glass became common in the
windows of ordinary homes only in the
early 17th century whereas windows made
Alabaster "mullion"-divided
decorative windows in up of panes of flattened animal horn were Alabaster window in the
Santa Maria La Major used as early as the 14th century. In the Valencia Cathedral. Note
church (Morella, Spain) 19th century American west, greased the asymmetrical, slanted
paper windows came to be used by left side of the wall-frame,
pioneering settlers. Modern-style floor- which lets sun rays reach
the chancel.
to-ceiling windows became possible only after the industrial plate
glass making processes were fully perfected.

Technologies
In the 13th century BC, the earliest windows were unglazed openings in a roof to admit light during
the day. Later, windows were covered with animal hide, cloth, or wood. Shutters that could be
opened and closed came next. Over time, windows were built that both protected the inhabitants
from the elements and transmitted light, using multiple small pieces of translucent material, such
as flattened pieces of translucent animal horn, paper sheets, thin slices of marble (such as fengite),
or pieces of glass, set in frameworks of wood, iron or lead. In the Far East, paper was used to fill
windows.[1] The Romans were the first known users of glass for windows, exploiting a technology
likely first developed in Roman Egypt. Specifically, in Alexandria c. 100 CE, cast-glass windows,
albeit with poor optical properties, began to appear, but these were small thick productions, little
more than blown-glass jars (cylindrical shapes) flattened out into sheets with circular striation
patterns throughout. It would be over a millennium before window glass became transparent
enough to see through clearly, as we expect now. In 1154, Al-Idrisi described glass windows as a
feature of the palace belonging to the king of the Ghana Empire.[5][6]

Over the centuries techniques were developed to shear through one side of a blown glass cylinder
and produce thinner rectangular window panes from the same amount of glass material. This gave
rise to tall narrow windows, usually separated by a vertical support called a mullion. Mullioned
glass windows were the windows of choice among the European well-to-do, whereas paper
windows were economical and widely used in ancient China, Korea, and Japan. In England, glass
became common in the windows of ordinary homes only in the early-17th century, whereas
windows made up of panes of flattened animal horn were used as early as the 14th century.[7]
Modern-style floor-to-ceiling windows became possible only after the industrial plate glass-making
processes were perfected in the late 19th century [8] Modern windows are usually filled using glass,
although transparent plastic is also used.[1]

Fashions and trends

The introduction of lancet windows into Western European church architecture from the 12th
century CE built on a tradition of arched windows [9] inserted between columns,[10] and led not
only to tracery and elaborate stained-glass windows but also to a long-standing motif of pointed or
rounded window-shapes in ecclesiastical buildings, still seen in many churches today.

Peter Smith discusses overall trends in early-modern rural Welsh window architecture:

Up to about 1680 windows tended to be horizontal in proportion, a shape suitable for

lighting the low-ceilinged rooms that had resulted from the insertion of the upper floor
into the hall-house. After that date vertically proportioned windows came into fashion,
partly at least as a response to the Renaissance taste for the high ceiling. Since 1914 the
wheel has come full circle and a horizontally proportioned window is again favoured.[11]

The spread of plate-glass technology made possible the introduction of picture windows (in
Levittown, Pennsylvania,[12] founded 1951–1952).

Many modern day windows may have a window screen or mesh, often made of aluminum or
fibreglass, to keep bugs out when the window is opened. Windows are primarily designed to
facilitate a vital connection with the outdoors, offering those within the confines of the building
visual access to the everchanging events occurring outside. The provision of this connection serves
as an integral safeguard for the health and well-being of those inhabiting buildings, lest they
experience the detrimental effects of enclosed buildings devoid of windows. Among the myriad
criteria for the design of windows, several pivotal criteria have emerged in daylight standards:
location, time, weather, nature, and people. Of these criteria, windows that are designed to provide
views of nature are considered to be the most important by people.[13]

Types

Cross
A cross-window is a rectangular window usually divided into four lights by a mullion and transom
that form a Latin cross.[14]

Eyebrow
The term eyebrow window is used in two ways: a curved top window in a wall or an eyebrow
dormer; and a row of small windows usually under the front eaves such as the James-Lorah House
in Pennsylvania.[15]

Fixed
A fixed window is a window that cannot be opened,[16] whose function is limited to allowing light
to enter (unlike an unfixed window, which can open and close). Clerestory windows in church
architecture are often fixed. Transom windows may be fixed or operable. This type of window is
used in situations where light or vision alone is needed as no ventilation is possible in such
windows without the use of trickle vents or overglass vents.

Single-hung sash
A single-hung sash window is a window that has one sash that is movable (usually the bottom one)
and the other fixed. This is the earlier form of sliding sash window and is also cheaper.[1]

Double-hung sash
A sash window is the traditional style of window in the United Kingdom, and many other places
that were formerly colonized by the UK, with two parts (sashes) that overlap slightly and slide up
and down inside the frame. The two parts are not necessarily the same size; where the upper sash
is smaller (shorter) it is termed a cottage window. Currently, most new double-hung sash windows
use spring balances to support the sashes, but traditionally, counterweights held in boxes on either
side of the window were used. These were and are attached to the sashes using pulleys of either
braided cord or, later, purpose-made chain. Three types of spring balances are called a tape or
clock spring balance; channel or block-and-tackle balance, and a spiral or tube balance.

Double-hung sash windows were traditionally often fitted with shutters. Sash windows can be
fitted with simplex hinges that let the window be locked into hinges on one side, while the rope on
the other side is detached—so the window can be opened for fire escape or cleaning.

Foldup
A foldup has two equal sashes similar to a standard double-hung but
folds upward allowing air to pass through nearly the full-frame
opening. The window is balanced using either springs or
counterbalances, similar to a double-hung. The sashes can be either
offset to simulate a double-hung, or in-line. The inline versions can be
made to fold inward or outward. The inward swinging foldup windows
can have fixed screens, while the outward swinging ones require
movable screens. The windows are typically used for screen rooms,
kitchen pass-throughs, or egress. Foldup window (inward
swinging), cross-section
side view
Horizontal sliding sash
A horizontal sliding sash window has two or more sashes that overlap
slightly but slide horizontally within the frame. In the UK, these are sometimes called Yorkshire
sash windows, presumably because of their traditional use in that county.

Casement
A casement window is a window with a hinged sash that swings in or out like a door comprising
either a side-hung, top-hung (also called "awning window"; see below), or occasionally bottom-
hung sash or a combination of these types, sometimes with fixed panels on one or more sides of the
sash.[2] In the US, these are usually opened using a crank, but
in parts of Europe, they tend to use projection friction stays
and espagnolette locking. Formerly, plain hinges were used
with a casement stay. Handing applies to casement windows to
determine direction of swing; a casement window may be left-
handed, right-handed, or double. The casement window is the
dominant type now found in modern buildings in the UK and
many other parts of Europe.
Casement window
Awning
An awning window is a casement window that is hung horizontally, hinged on
top, so that it swings outward like an awning. In addition to being used
independently, they can be stacked, several in one opening, or combined with
fixed glass. They are particularly useful for ventilation.[17]

Hopper
A hopper window is a bottom-pivoting casement window that opens by tilting
vertically, typically to the inside, resembling a hopper chute.[18]

Awning window
Pivot
A pivot window is a window hung on one hinge on each of two opposite sides which allows the
window to revolve when opened. The hinges may be mounted top and bottom (Vertically Pivoted)
or at each jamb (Horizontally Pivoted). The window will usually open initially to a restricted
position for ventilation and, once released, fully reverse and lock again for safe cleaning from
inside. Modern pivot hinges incorporate a friction device to hold the window open against its
weight and may have restriction and reversed locking built-in. In the UK, where this type of
window is most common, they were extensively installed in high-rise social housing.

Tilt and slide

A tilt and slide window is a window (more usually a door-sized window) where the sash tilts
inwards at the top similar to a hopper window and then slides horizontally behind the fixed pane.

Tilt and turn

A tilt and turn window can both tilt inwards at the top or open inwards from hinges at the side.
This is the most common type of window in Germany, its country of origin. It is also widespread in
many other European countries. In Europe, it is usual for these to be of the "turn first" type. i.e.
when the handle is turned to 90 degrees the window opens in the side hung mode. With the handle
turned to 180 degrees the window opens in bottom hung mode. Most usually in the UK the
windows will be "tilt first" i.e. bottom hung at 90 degrees for ventilation and side hung at 180
degrees for cleaning the outer face of the glass from inside the building.[19]

Transom
A transom window is a window above a door. In an exterior door the transom window is often
fixed, in an interior door, it can open either by hinges at top or bottom, or rotate on hinges. It
provided ventilation before forced air heating and cooling. A fan-shaped transom is known as a
fanlight, especially in the British Isles.

Side light
Windows beside a door or window are called side-, wing-, margen-lights, and flanking
windows.[20]

Jalousie window
Also known as a louvered window, the jalousie window consists
of parallel slats of glass or acrylic that open and close like a
Venetian blind, usually using a crank or a lever. They are used
extensively in tropical architecture. A jalousie door is a door
with a jalousie window.

Clerestory
Jalousie or louvered window
A clerestory window is a window set in a roof structure or high
in a wall, used for daylighting.

Skylight
A skylight is a window built into a roof structure.[21] This type of
window allows for natural daylight and moonlight.

Roof
A roof window is a sloped window used for daylighting, built into a
roof structure. It is one of the few windows that could be used as an
exit. Larger roof windows meet building codes for emergency
evacuation.
Clerestory windows in the
Roof lantern Notre-Dame (Paris)

A roof lantern is a multi-paned glass structure, resembling a small

building, built on a roof for day or moon light. Sometimes includes an additional clerestory. May
also be called a cupola.

Bay
A bay window is a multi-panel window, with at least three panels set at different angles to create a
protrusion from the wall line.[2]

Oriel
An oriel window is a form of bay window. This form most often
appears in Tudor-style houses and monasteries. It projects
from the wall and does not extend to the ground. Originally a
form of porch, they are often supported by brackets or corbels.

Thermal
Thermal, or Diocletian, windows are large semicircular
windows (or niches) which are usually divided into three lights
(window compartments) by two mullions. The central
Sidewalk skylight (also named
compartment is often wider than the two side lights on either 'pavement light') outside Burlington
side of it. House, London

Picture
A picture window is a large fixed window in a wall, typically
without glazing bars, or glazed with only perfunctory glazing
bars (muntins) near the edge of the window. Picture windows
provide an unimpeded view, as if framing a picture.[22]

Multi-lite
A multi-lite window is a window glazed with small panes of Hexagonal external cladding panels
glass separated by wooden or lead glazing bars, or muntins, of a roof in Eden Project Biomes
arranged in a decorative glazing pattern often dictated by the (Cornwall, England)

building's architectural style. Due to the historic unavailability

of large panes of glass, the multi-lit (or lattice window) was the
most common window style until the beginning of the 20th
century, and is still used in traditional architecture.

Emergency exit/egress
An emergency exit window is a window big enough and low
enough so that occupants can escape through the opening in an
emergency, such as a fire. In many countries, exact Bay windows in Kłodzko, Poland
specifications for emergency windows in bedrooms are given in
many building codes. Specifications for such windows may also
allow for the entrance of emergency rescuers. Vehicles, such as buses, aircraft, and trains
frequently have emergency exit windows as well.[23]

Stained glass
A stained glass window is a window composed of pieces of colored glass, transparent, translucent
or opaque, frequently portraying persons or scenes. Typically the glass in these windows is
separated by lead glazing bars. Stained glass windows were popular in Victorian houses and some
Wrightian houses, and are especially common in churches.[24]

French
 A French door[25] has two rows of upright rectangular glass
panes (lights) extending its full length; and two of these doors
on an exterior wall and without a mullion separating them, that
open outward with opposing hinges to a terrace or porch, are
referred to as a French window.[26] Sometimes these are set
in pairs or multiples thereof along the exterior wall of a very
large room, but often, one French window is placed centrally in
a typically sized room, perhaps among other fixed windows
flanking the feature. French windows are known as porte-
Sunlight shining through stained
fenêtre in France and portafinestra in Italy, and frequently are
glass, Nasir-ol-molk Mosque,
Shiraz, Iran used in modern houses.

A "French window" (two French doors on an exterior wall hinged to open outward together without a mullion
separating them) at the Embassy of France in Lisbon, early 20th century

Double-paned
Double-paned windows have two parallel panes (slabs of glass)
with a separation of typically about 1 cm; this space is
permanently sealed and filled at the time of manufacture with
dry air or other dry nonreactive gas. Such windows provide a
marked improvement in thermal insulation (and usually in
acoustic insulation as well) and are resistant to fogging and
frosting caused by temperature differential. They are widely
Double panel windows, also
used for residential and commercial construction in
sometimes called dual pane
intemperate climates. In the UK, double-paned and triple- windows, are windows that have two
paned are referred to as double-glazing and triple-glazing. panes of glass inset into the frame
Triple-paned windows are now a common type of glazing in of the window. The panes of glass
central to northern Europe. Quadruple glazing is now being are separated, creating an insulating
introduced in Scandinavia. air pocket that inhibits heat transfer
much better than single pane
windows.
Hexagonal window
A hexagonal window is a hexagon-shaped window, resembling a bee cell or crystal lattice of
graphite. The window can be vertically or horizontally oriented, openable or dead. It can also be
regular or elongately-shaped and can have a separator (mullion). Typically, the cellular window is
used for an attic or as a decorative feature, but it can also be a major architectural element to
provide the natural lighting inside buildings.

Guillotine window
A guillotine window is a window that opens vertically. Guillotine
windows have more than one sliding frame, and open from bottom to
top or top to bottom.

Terms
EN 12519 is the European standard that describes windows terms
officially used in EU Member States. The main terms are:
Hexagonal window
Light, or Lite, is the area between the outer parts of a window
(transom, sill and jambs), usually filled with a glass pane.
Multiple panes are divided by mullions when load-bearing,
muntins when not.[27]
Lattice light is a compound window pane madeup of small
pieces of glass held together in a lattice.
Fixed window is a unit of one non-moving lite. The terms
single-light, double-light, etc., refer to the number of these
glass panes in a window.
Sash unit is a window consisting of at least one sliding
glass component, typically composed of two lites (known as
a double-light).
Casement window, with latticed
Replacement window in the United States means a
lights
framed window designed to slip inside the original window
frame from the inside after the old sashes are removed. In
Europe, it usually means a complete window including a
replacement outer frame.
New construction window, in the US, means a window with a nailing fin that is inserted into a
rough opening from the outside before applying siding and inside trim. A nailing fin is a
projection on the outer frame of the window in the same plane as the glazing, which overlaps
the prepared opening, and can thus be 'nailed' into place. In the UK and mainland Europe,
windows in new-build houses are usually fixed with long screws into expanding plastic plugs in
the brickwork. A gap of up to 13 mm is left around all four sides, and filled with expanding
polyurethane foam. This makes the window fixing weatherproof but allows for expansion due to
heat.
Lintel is a beam over the top of a window, also known as a transom.
Window sill is the bottom piece in a window frame. Window sills slant outward to drain water
away from the inside of the building.
Secondary glazing is an additional frame applied to the inside of an existing frame, usually
used on protected or listed buildings to achieve higher levels of thermal and sound insulation
without compromising the look of the building
Decorative millwork is the moulding, cornices and lintels often decorating the surrounding
edges of the window.

Labeling
The United States NFRC Window Label lists the following terms:

Thermal transmittance (U-factor), best values are around U-0.15 (equal to 0.8 W/m2/K)
Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), ratio of solar heat (infrared) passing through the glass to
incident solar heat
Visible transmittance (VT), ratio of transmitted visible light divided by incident visible light
 Air leakage (AL), measured in cubic foot per minute per linear foot of crack between sash and
frame
Condensation resistance (CR), measured between 1 and 100 (the higher the number, the
higher the resistance of the formation of condensation)[28]
The European harmonised standard hEN 14351–1, which deals with doors and windows, defines
23 characteristics (divided into essential and non essential). Two other, preliminary European
Norms that are under development deal with internal pedestrian doors (prEN 14351–2), smoke
and fire resisting doors, and openable windows (prEN 16034).[29]

Construction
Windows can be a significant source of heat transfer.[30]
Therefore, insulated glazing units consist of two or more panes
to reduce the transfer of heat.

Grids or muntins
These are the pieces of framing that separate a larger window Examples of modern plastic and
into smaller panes. In older windows, large panes of glass were wooden window profiles with
quite expensive, so muntins let smaller panes fill a larger space. insulated glazing
In modern windows, light-colored muntins still provide a
useful function by reflecting some of the light going through
the window, making the window itself a source of diffuse light
(instead of just the surfaces and objects illuminated within the
room). By increasing the indirect illumination of surfaces near
the window, muntins tend to brighten the area immediately
around a window and reduce the contrast of shadows within
the room.

Modern wooden framed window

Frame and sash construction fitted in the 14th century Lyme Regis
Frames and sashes can be made of the following materials: watermill, UK

5-chamber plastic window

profile
 Thermal Recycled
Material Durability Maintenance Cost Comment
resistance content

a well-maintained wood
window built before 1950
Wood very good variable low average high can last 50–100
years[31][32]

uPVC very has a life span of 25–50

very good very low average very low
("vinyl") good[i] years in average[32]
typically mostly thermally broken by
Aluminum very good[ii] good very low low
> 95% a thermal insulation profile

Composites very good good very low high high used in modern buildings
typically welded at corner
Steel medium superior very low high > 98%
joints

very
Fiberglass very good very low high medium
good[i]

i. PVC and fiberglass frames perform well in accelerated weathering tests. Because PVC is not
as strong as other materials, some PVC frames are reinforced with metal or composite
materials to improve their structural strength.
ii. Modern aluminium window frames are typically separated by a thermal break made of a glass
fibre reinforced polyamide. With a 34 mm thermal insulation profile it is possible to reach Uf=
1.3 W/m2K for a metal window. This greatly increases thermal resistance, while retaining
virtually all of the structural strength.
Composites (also known as Hybrid Windows) are start since early 1998 and combine materials like
aluminium + pvc or wood to obtain aesthetics of one material with the functional benefits of
another.

A special class of PVC window frames, uPVC window frames,

became widespread since the late 20th century, particularly in
Europe: there were 83.5 million installed by 1998[33] with
numbers still growing as of 2012.[34]

Glazing and filling

Low-emissivity coated panes reduce heat transfer by radiation,
which, depending on which surface is coated, helps prevent
A typical installation of insulated
heat loss (in cold climates) or heat gains (in warm climates). glazing windows with uPVC window
frames
High thermal resistance can be obtained by evacuating or
filling the insulated glazing units with gases such as argon or
krypton, which reduces conductive heat transfer due to their low thermal conductivity.
Performance of such units depends on good window seals and meticulous frame construction to
prevent entry of air and loss of efficiency.

Modern double-pane and triple-pane windows often include one or more low-e coatings to reduce
the window's U-factor (its insulation value, specifically its rate of heat loss). In general, soft-coat
low-e coatings tend to result in a lower solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) than hard-coat low-e
coatings.
Modern windows are usually glazed with one large sheet of glass per sash, while windows in the
past were glazed with multiple panes separated by glazing bars, or muntins, due to the
unavailability of large sheets of glass. Today, glazing bars tend to be decorative, separating
windows into small panes of glass even though larger panes of glass are available, generally in a
pattern dictated by the architectural style at use. Glazing bars are typically wooden, but
occasionally lead glazing bars soldered in place are used for more intricate glazing patterns.

Other construction details

Many windows have movable window coverings such as blinds or curtains to keep out light,
provide additional insulation, or ensure privacy. Windows allow natural light to enter, but too
much can have negative effects such as glare and heat gain. Additionally, while windows let the
user see outside, there must be a way to maintain privacy on in the inside.[35] Window coverings
are practical accommodations for these issues.

Impact of the sun

Sun incidence angle

Historically, windows are designed with surfaces parallel to vertical building walls. Such a design
allows considerable solar light and heat penetration due to the most commonly occurring
incidence of sun angles. In passive solar building design, an extended eave is typically used to
control the amount of solar light and heat entering the window(s).

An alternative method is to calculate an optimum window mounting angle that accounts for
summer sun load minimization, with consideration of actual latitude of the building. This process
has been implemented, for example, in the Dakin Building in Brisbane, California—in which most
of the fenestration is designed to reflect summer heat load and help prevent summer interior over-
illumination and glare, by canting windows to nearly a 45 degree angle.

Solar window
Photovoltaic windows not only provide a clear view and illuminate rooms, but also convert sunlight
to electricity for the building.[36] In most cases, translucent photovoltaic cells are used.

Passive solar
Passive solar windows allow light and solar energy into a building while minimizing air leakage
and heat loss. Properly positioning these windows in relation to sun, wind, and landscape—while
properly shading them to limit excess heat gain in summer and shoulder seasons, and providing
thermal mass to absorb energy during the day and release it when temperatures cool at night—
increases comfort and energy efficiency. Properly designed in climates with adequate solar gain,
these can even be a building's primary heating system.

Coverings
A window covering is a shade or screen that provides multiple functions. Some coverings, such as
drapes and blinds provide occupants with privacy. Some window coverings control solar heat gain
and glare. There are external shading devices and internal shading devices.[37] Low-e window film
is a low-cost alternative to window replacement to transform existing poorly-insulating windows
into energy-efficient windows. For high-rise buildings, smart glass can provide an alternative.

Gallery
Various windows

Ancient Egyptian Fragment of a Roman window Indian window Chinese latticed

sandstone window grill glass plate dated to 1st to 4th of the window in Zhenze
from a palace of century CE. Note the obvious Kalleshvara (Jiangsu, China)
Ramesses III, now in the curvature; this is not a flat Temple (India)
Metropolitan Museum of pane
Art (New York City)

Islamic window of Part of a Romanesque

Byzantine window of the Little the Jameh stained glass window
Metropolis (Athens, Greece) Mosque of with Kings David and
Nishapur Solomon from
(Nishapur, Iran) Cathédrale Notre-Dame
de Strasbourg
(Strasbourg, France)
 North transept Flamboyant Russian Brâncovenesc Renaissance window
windows in Gothic window window of the window of the of the Hôtel
the Chartres of a stair tower Valday Iversky Stavropoleos d'Assézat (Toulouse,
Cathedral (Toulouse, Monastery Monastery France)
(Chartres, France) (Lake (Bucharest,
France) Valdayskoye, Romania)
Novgorod
Oblast, Russia)

Baroque Rococo windows of the Zwinger Louis XVI round window of the Petit
window of (Dresden, Germany) Trianon (Versailles, France), with a
the Palazzo festoon-derived ornament at the top
Sormani
(Milan, Italy)

Egyptian Revival windows of a Romanian Revival

Neoclassical Gothic Revival
building in Place du Caire (Paris) window of a house on
group of window of a house
Bulevardul Dacia
windows, on a on Strada Jean-
(Bucharest)
lateral side of Louis Calderon
the Romanian (Bucharest)
Athenaeum
(Bucharest)
 19th century Beaux-Arts Art Deco house Chicago windows of
Eclectic Classicist window of the with stained the Reliance
windows on Rue Stroescu glass windows Building (Chicago)
Molitor (Paris) House on on
Strada Dianei Stillemansstraat
(Bucharest) (Sint-Niklaas,
Belgium)

Art Nouveau windows of the Horta Window with shutters of the Lutheran wooden
Museum (Brussels) church in Born auf dem Darß (Germany)
 Serving window of a Mexican restaurant in the
city of Chico (California) Postmodern windows of the Cité de la musique
(Paris)

Contemporary windows of Cathedral Plaza Very high windows in the entrance to

Bucharest a residential building in Ystad

See also
Airflow window Insulated glazing
Architectural glass Plate glass
Crown glass Porthole
Demerara window Rose window
Display window Window tax
Fortochka Window treatment
Glass mullion system Witch window
Greased paper window

References
1. "Window" ([Link] Britannica. Retrieved
May 19, 2012.
2. "Window" ([Link] The Free Dictionary By Farlex.
Retrieved May 19, 2012.
3. "New Oxford American Dictionary" ([Link] 2010.
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External links
Roman Glass from Metropolitan Museum of Art ([Link]
 [Link])

Retrieved from "[Link]