Different types of heat exchangers

[14]
Edreis Edreis and A. Petrov, “Types of heat exchangers in industry, their advantages and
disadvantages, and the study of their parameters,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science
and Engineering, vol. 963, Art. no. 1, 2020, doi:
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/963/1/012027.

Plate

 High efficiency: due to the large area of the heat exchange

surface, the efficiency reaches 95%, which is much higher than
that of tubular apparatuses

Shell and tube

 High efficiency but less efficient compared with plate-and-frame

 • Efficiency. The coefficient is only 70%, which increases energy losses.

[15]
Nwabunwanne Nwokolo, P. Mukumba, and KeChrist Obileke, “Thermal Performance
Evaluation of a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Installed in a Biomass Gasification System,”
Journal of engineering, vol. 2020, pp. 1–8, Aug. 2020, doi:
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6762489.

 Double pipe

The study found that the maximum heat exchanger

effectiveness of 0.55

Their working principles

When they are used and why (the industries where they are
applied)

Effeciency range of each and why the differences

 Reasons for High Efficiency:

  Large Surface Area: The design allows for a substantial surface area for heat transfer,
promoting efficient exchange between fluids.
 Versatility: Shell and tube exchangers are versatile and can handle a wide range of
fluids, temperatures, and pressures.
2. Double Pipe Heat Exchangers:
 Efficiency Range:
 The efficiency of double pipe heat exchangers is moderate, usually ranging from 50% to
75%.
 Reasons for Moderate Efficiency:
 Simplified Design: The simplicity of the design, while making it cost-effective, may limit
the efficiency compared to more complex designs.
 Lower Surface Area: The surface area available for heat transfer is relatively smaller
compared to some other types.
3. Plate Heat Exchangers:
 Efficiency Range:
 Plate heat exchangers often have a high efficiency range, similar to or exceeding that of
shell and tube heat exchangers. They can achieve efficiencies above 80%.
 Reasons for High Efficiency:
 Compact Design: The compact arrangement of plates allows for a high surface area in a
relatively small space, promoting efficient heat transfer.
 Turbulent Flow: The corrugated plates induce turbulence in the fluid flow, enhancing
heat transfer efficiency.

[1]
R. K. Shah and D. P. Sekulić, Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design. Wiley, 2003. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470172605.

A heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer thermal energy (enthalpy) between two or
more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between solid particulates and a fluid, at
different temperatures and in thermal contact. In heat exchangers, there are usually no external
heat and work interactions. Typical applications involve heating or cooling of a fluid stream of
concern and evaporation or condensation of single- or multicomponent fluid streams. In other
applications, the objective may be to recover or reject heat, or sterilize, pasteurize, fractionate,
distill, concentrate, crystallize, or control a process fluid. In a few heat exchangers, the fluids
exchanging heat are in direct contact. In most heat exchangers, heat transfer between fluids takes
place through a separating wall or into and out of a wall in a transient manner. In many heat
exchangers, the fluids are separated by a heat transfer surface, and ideally, they do not mix or
leak. Such exchangers are referred to as direct transfer type, or simply recuperators. In contrast,
exchangers in which there is intermittent heat exchange between the hot and cold fluids—via
thermal energy storage and release through the exchanger surface or matrix—are referred to as
indirect transfer type, or simply regenerators. Such exchangers usually have fluid leakage from
one fluid stream to the other, due to pressure differences and matrix rotation/valve switching.
Common examples of heat exchangers are shell-and-tube exchangers, automobile radiators,
condensers, evaporators, air preheaters, and cooling towers. If no phase change occurs in any of
the fluids in the exchanger, it is sometimes referred to as a sensible heat exchanger. There could
be internal thermal energy sources in the exchangers, such as in electric heaters and nuclear fuel
elements. Combustion and chemical reaction may take place within the exchanger, such as in
boilers, fired heaters, and fluidized-bed exchangers. Mechanical devices may be used in some
exchangers such as in scraped surface exchangers, agitated vessels, and stirred tank reactors.
Heat transfer in the separating wall of a recuperator generally takes place by conduction.
However, in a heat pipe heat exchanger, the heat pipe not only acts as a separating wall, but also
facilitates the transfer of heat by condensation, evaporation, and conduction of the working fluid
inside the heat pipe. In general, if the fluids are immiscible, the separating wall may be
eliminated, and the interface between the fluids replaces a heat transfer surface, as in a direct-
contact heat exchanger.

Major design considerations include:

. Process and design specifications

. Thermal and hydraulic design
. Mechanical design
. Manufacturing considerations and cost
. Trade-off factors and system-based optimization

Heat exchanger design is a complex endeavor and involves not only a determination of one or more
feasible solution(s) but also the best possible or nearly optimal design solution. In the chapters that
follow, we address systematically the most important quantitative aspects of design methodology
outlined here.

Fluids need to be pumped through the heat exchanger in most applications. It is essential to determine
the fluid pumping power required as part of the system design and operating cost analysis. The fluid
pumping power is proportional to the fluid pressure drop, which is associated with fluid friction and
other pressure drop contributions along the fluid flow path.
 1) The fluid needs to be pumped through the exchanger, which means that fluid pumping power is
required. This pumping power is proportional to the exchanger pressure drop. (2) The heat transfer
rate can be influenced significantly by the saturation temperature change for a
condensing/evaporating fluid if there is a large pressure drop associated with the flow. This is because
saturation temperature changes with changes in saturation pressure and in turn affects the
temperature potential for heat transfer.

P for gas flow vs. liquid flow in a heat exchanger. P is proportional to p in a heat exchanger and is
given by

where V_ is the volumetric flow rate and p is the pump/fan efficiency. Now introduce the following
relationships:

Flow is steady and isothermal, and fluid properties are independent of time. Fluid density is dependent
on the local temperature only or is treated as a constant (inlet and exit densities are separately
constant).
The pressure at a point in the fluid is independent of direction. If a shear stress is present, the pressure
is defined as the average of normal stresses at the point. Body forces are caused only by gravity (i.e.,
magnetic, electrical, and other fields do not contribute to the body forces).
If the flow is not irrotational, the Bernoulli equation is valid only along a stream- line.
There are no energy sinks or sources along a streamline; flow stream mechanical energy dissipation is
idealized as zero.
The friction factor is considered as constant with passage flow length.

6.6.1 Pipe Losses

6.6.3 Bend Losses

he pressure drop or rise due to the elevation

FOULING

Fouling is very costly since it (1) increases capital costs due to the need to oversurface the heat
exchanger and for cleaning; (2) increases maintenance costs resulting from cleaning, chemical
additives, or troubleshooting; (3) results in loss of production due to shutdown or reduced capacity;
and (4) increases energy losses due to reduced heat transfer, increased pressure drop, and dumping
of dirty streams present.

(1) precipitation or crystallization fouling, (2) particulate fouling, (3) chemical reaction fouling, (4)
corrosion fouling, (5) biological fouling, and (6) freezing (solidification) fouling.

In precipitation or crystallization fouling, the dominant mechanism is the precipitation of dissolved

salts in the fluid on the heat transfer surface when the surface concentration exceeds the solubility
limit. this fouling is common with untreated water, seawater, and other solutions containing soluble
salts. The deposits can be hard (scaling) or porous (sludge) and are influenced by factors like
temperature and fluid composition.

Particulate fouling refers to the deposition of solids suspended in a fluid onto a heat transfer surface.
corrosion products, clay, mineral particles, soot, and more. Factors influencing this type of fouling
include metal corrosion, particle concentration, temperature conditions, and heat flux.

Chemical reaction fouling results from material deposition due to chemical reactions in the fluid,
leading to the formation of foulant deposits. This can occur at various temperatures and is
influenced by factors like chemical species, temperature, and chemical reactions. Examples
include coke deposition in petrochemical industries.

In corrosion fouling (in situ), the heat transfer surface itself reacts with the process fluid or chemicals
present in the process fluid. Its constituents or trace materials are carried by the fluid in the
exchanger, and it produces corrosion products that deposit on the surface. Hence, corrosion fouling
could be considered as chemical reaction fouling in which heat transfer fouling affects the exchanger
mechanical integrity, and the corro- sion products add thermal resistance to heat flow from the hot
fluid to the cold fluid. The choice of materials for the heat transfer surface can mitigate corrosion
fouling. Corrosion fouling is significant in applications where chemical reactions occur, and
protective oxide layers are not formed.

Biological fouling or biofouling results from the deposition, attachment, and growth of macro- or
microorganisms to the heat transfer surface; it is generally a problem in water streams. In general,
biological fouling can be divided into two main subtypes of fouling: microbial and macrobial. Microbial
fouling is accumulation of microorganisms such as algae, fungi, yeasts, bacteria, and molds, and
macrobial fouling represents accumulation of macroorganisms such as clams, barnacles, mussels, and
vegetation as found in sea- water or estuarine cooling water.

Freezing or solidification fouling is due to freezing of a liquid or some of its constitu- ents, or deposition
of solids on a subcooled heat transfer surface as a consequence of liquid–solid or vapor–solid phase
change in a gas stream. Formation of ice on a heat transfer surface during chilled water production or
cooling of moist air, deposits formed in phenol coolers, and deposits formed during cooling of mixtures
of substances such as paraffin are some examples of solidification fouling

[2]
A. P. Fraas, Heat exchanger design. Wiley, 1989. Available: https://books.google.com.eg/books?
id=rdtKXCZMTBwC

Coolers, radiators, boilers, condensers.

Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers

A host of units known as shell-and-tube heat exchangers are built of round tubes mounted in
cylindrical shells with their axes parallel to that of the shell. These are employed as heaters
or coolers for a variety of applications that include oil coolers in power plants and process
heat exchangers in the petroleum-refining and chemical industries.

the shell-and-tube type of construction is well suited to special applications in which the
heat exchanger must be made of glass to resist the attack of highly corrosive liquids, to
avoid affecting the flavor of food products, or the like.

A heat exchanger of this sort, for a process in which a highly corrosive liquid is heated and
cooled regeneratively, is shown in Fig. 1.13. In this case the header sheets and bafle plates
are made of a high- alumina ceramic. Units are more often made for use with a corrosive
liquid on the tube side only and ordinary steam or water for heating or cooling on the shell side.

Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers

Two concentric pipes with one fluid in the inner pipe and the other in the annulus between
them give a simple heat exchanger construction well suited to some applications. For small
laboratory heat exchangers such a unit can be made up of two lengths of copper tubing that
fit inside each other with a standard reducing Tee copper tube fitting at either end. A similar
construction is often used in large units. If a fluid with a poor heat transfer coefh- cient, such
as oil or air, is to be cooled by water, an axially finned tube can be placed inside of a larger pipe
to give the construction shown in Fig. 1.27. Units of this sort can be mounted in both series
and parallel to give any desired capacity and heating or cooling effectiveness, so that
special requirements can be met by assembling a bank of stock commercial units. This type
of construc- tion is particularly advantageous where one or both of the fluids is at high
pressure, which would cause the shell

Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers

Stringent hygiene requirements in the food and pharma- ceutical industries often mandate
frequent, thorough cleaning of components such as heat exchangers. To meet this
requirement a variation on the Platecoil config- uration of Fig. 1.25 has been developed.
Commonly

called the plate-and-frame heat exchanger, it utilizes stacks of sheet-metal plates that have
been pressed to give patterns of ridges and grooves that define the coolant flow passages
and provide turbulence-promoting surfaces. Figure 1.28 shows a heat exchanger of this type
and the patterns used in two typical plates, while Fig. 1.29 shows the flow paths for the hot
and cold fluid streams in the header region. The joints between plates around both the outer
edges and the fluid inlet and outlet manifolds are sealed with elastomer gaskets that fitinto
grooves pressed into the plate surface. The corrugations in the heat transfer surface region
serve not only as turbulators to enhance the heat transfer, but also as spacers between the
plates; over 60 different patterns are available from which to select that best suited to the

This type of heat exchanger issufficiently easy to clean that in some applications the units
are disassembled for a thorough cleaning at the end of each day, an operation to which
these units are uniquely suited. In recent years the excellent heat transfer performance,
compactness, and reasonable cost of this type of heat exchanger have led to its use in many
other applications where pressures are relatively low, that is,up to 2.5 MPa

[3]
R. Mukherjee, “Effectively design shell-and-tube heat exchangers,” Chemical Engineering
Progress, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 21–37, Feb. 1998.
Shell and tube design

Fixed tubesheet. A fixed-tubesheet heat exchanger (Figure 2) has straight tubes that are secured at both ends to
tubesheets welded to the shell. The con- struction may have removable channel covers (e.g., AEL), bonnet-type
channel covers (e.g., BEM), or integral tubesheets (e.g., NEN).

The principal advantage of the fixed- tubesheet construction is its low cost be- cause of its simple construction. In
fact, the fixed tubesheet is the least expensive construction type, as long as no expan- sion joint is required.

Other advantages are that the tubes can be cleaned mechanically after removal of the channel cover or bonnet, and
that leakage of the shellside fluid is mini- mized since there are no flanged joints.

A disadvantage of this design is that since the bundle is fixed to the shell and cannot be removed, the out- sides of
the tubes cannot be cleaned mechanically. Thus, its application is limited to clean services on the shell- side.
However, if a satisfactory chem- ical cleaning program can be em- ployed, fixed-tubesheet construction may be
selected for fouling services on the shellside.

In the event of a large differential temperature between the tubes and the shell, the tubesheets will be un- able to
absorb the differential stress, thereby making it necessary to incor- porate an expansion joint. This takes away the
advantage of low cost to a significant extent.

U-tube. As the name implies, the tubes of a U-tube heat exchanger (Figure 3) are bent in the shape of a U. There is
only one tubesheet in a U- tube heat exchanger. However, the lower cost for the single tubesheet is offset by the
additional costs incurred for the bending of the tubes and the somewhat larger shell diameter (due to the minimum
U-bend radius), mak- ing the cost of a U-tube heat ex- changer comparable to that of a fixed- tubesheet exchanger.

The advantage of a U-tube heat exchanger is that because one end is free, the bundle can expand or con- tract in
response to stress differen- tials. In addition, the outsides of the tubes can be cleaned, as the tube bun- dle can be
removed.

The disadvantage of the U-tube construction is that the insides of the tubes cannot be cleaned effectively, since the
U-bends would require flex- ible-end drill shafts for cleaning. Thus, U-tube heat exchangers should not be used for
services with a dirty fluid inside tubes.

Baffling

Type of baffles. Baffles are used to support tubes, enable a desirable ve- locity to be maintained for the shell- side
fluid, and prevent failure of tubes due to flow-induced vibration. There are two types of baffles: plate and rod. Plate
baffles may be single-segmental, double-segmental, or triple-segmen- tal, as shown in Figure 7.

Closer spacing will result in poor bundle penetration by the shellside fluid and difficulty in mechanically cleaning
the outsides of the tubes. Furthermore, a low baffle spacing results in a poor stream dis- tribution as will be
explained later,

[4]
S. Wang, J. Wen, and Y. Li, “An experimental investigation of heat transfer enhancement for a
shell-and-tube heat exchanger,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 29, Art. no. 11, 2009, doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.12.008.

Efficiency
For the purpose of heat transfer enhancement, the configuration of a shell-and-tube heat
exchanger was improved through the installation of
sealers in the shell-side. The gaps between the
baffle plates and shell is blocked by the sealers,
which effectively decreases the short-circuit flow in
the shell-side. The results of heat transfer
experiments show that the shell-side heat transfer
coefficient of the improved heat exchanger
increased by 18.2–25.5%, the overall coefficient of
heat transfer increased by 15.6–19.7%, and the
exergy efficiency increased by 12.9–14.1%

increase in thermal flux

Limitation: However, when you close doors or put up barriers, it can sometimes make it a bit
harder for things to move through. In this case, the barriers created by the sealers might be
causing a bit of resistance or "traffic jam" for the fluid inside the machine. As a result, it takes a
bit more force (pressure) to push the fluid through the machine, and that's why there is an
increase in pressure losses.

So, even though the sealers are doing a great job keeping the heat or cold where it should be,
they also create a bit more resistance, which means it takes a bit more effort to make everything
flow smoothly through the machine. This extra effort shows up as increased pressure losses.
One factor that the study did not consider for the sealers is the
potential for fouling or clogging of the sealers over prolonged use,
which could impede their effectiveness in reducing leakage flow.
Additionally, the use of sealers may introduce maintenance
challenges, such as the need for regular inspection and
replacement, to ensure continued efficiency of the improved heat
exchanger configuration.

Applications
petrochemical and energy industries for their relatively simple manufacture and adaptability to
different operating conditions. Although not the most compact solution, their robustness and
shape make them well suitable for high-pressure operations

[5]
A. Akbar and R. Moradi, “Shell and tube heat exchanger optimization using new baffle and tube
configuration,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 157, p. 113736, 2019, doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.113736.

Recent advancements

The

research paper explores the optimization of shell and tube

heat exchangers (STHE) using new baffle and tube
configurations to improve thermal performance. The study
focused on fluid flow and heat transfer using combined
baffle and longitudinal ribbed tube configurations. The
results show that the combined segmental-disk baffle
(CSDB) with triangular ribbed tubes (TR) exhibits
significantly higher shell-side heat transfer coefficients
compared to conventional segmental-disk baffle (DB) with
circular ribbed tubes (CR). The study also found that the
performance of DB-TR and CSDB-TR is significantly
better than DB-CR and CSDB-CR. Additionally, the
pressure drop was shown to decrease in the new
configurations, attributed to directional fluid movement
along the tube axis. The research contributes to enhancing the efficiency and performance of
shell and tube heat exchangers through innovative baffle and tube configurations.

the best configuration of tubes and baffles appears to be the

combination of a disk baffle and longitudinal triangular ribbed tube,
which showed a 39% improvement over conventional shell and tube
heat exchangers.

increased manufacturing complexity and potentially higher initial

costs.

[6]
U. Roy and Pranab Kanti Roy, “Chapter 7 - Advances in heat intensification techniques in shell
and tube heat exchanger,” Libor Pekař, Ed., Academic Press, 2020, pp. 197–207. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819422-5.00007-4.
Nanofluids are used to enhance the heat transfer rate in STHX [36]. That is, well-dispersed metal
nanoparticles in small amounts of fractions in liquids increase the thermal conductivity of the
mixture at base-fluid values.

Strengths:
The paper has several strengths, including: 1. It provides a comprehensive overview of the
various techniques to advance heat transfer in STHXs. 2. It discusses the importance of
optimizing various parameters, such as pressure drop, velocity, and heat transfer coefficient, to
achieve better heat transfer and store more thermal energy. 3. It covers traditional intensive
techniques, such as inner and outer tube fins and twisted-tape inserts, which are widely used in
process industries to improve performance and reduce pressure drops. 4. It mentions the use of
nanofluids to enhance the heat transfer rate. 5. It explains how optimizing various parameters can
lead to higher savings and the development of the country.
Weaknesses:

Double pipe

[7]
Mohamad Omidi, M. Farhadi, and M. Jafari, “A comprehensive review on double pipe heat
exchangers,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 110, pp. 1075–1090, 2017, doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.027.

Applications
his kind of heat exchan- ger is widely used in chemical, food, oil and gas industries. Upon having
a relatively small diameter, many precise researches have also hold firmly the belief that this
type of heat exchanger is used in high-pressure applications.

Many of small industries also use DPHEs due to their low cost of design and maintenance

Growing need to develop and improve the effectiveness of heat exchangers has led to a broad
range of investigations for increasing heat transfer rate along with decreasing the size and cost of
the industrial apparatus accordingly. One of these many apparatus which are used in different
industries is double pipe heat exchanger. This type of heat exchanger has drawn many attentions
due to simplicity and wide range of usages.

Efficiency
[8]
Paisarn Naphon, “Heat transfer and pressure drop in the horizontal double pipes with and
without twisted tape insert,” International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 33,
Art. no. 2, 2006, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2005.09.007.
Passive method In this method, no external force is used
for heat transfer enhancement. Surface or geometrical
modifications and various inserts play a central role in
the field
As it is known, twisted tapes insert is one of the most
efficient heat transfer enhancement methods which has a
wide range of usages due to simplicity, low cost, easy
installment and routine maintenance. Generally, twisted tape performs as a continuous swirl
generator which causes turbulence on flow. This leads to a better mixing of the fluid which
eventually results in a higher heat transfer rate. But it is stated in earlier investigations that
twisted tapes perform better in laminar flow regime . Subsequently, the studies regarding twisted
tape insert in DPHEs will be discussed.
This secondary flow induced by the centrifugal force improves heat
transfer efficiency within the tube.

Heat transfer rate at lower twist ratios is higher than that of higher ones across the range of
Reynolds number
Inlet hot water temperature strongly affects the heat
transfer rate

limitation
Investigation of the effect of twisted tape insert on heat transfer and
pressure drop in vertical or inclined double pipes, to understand the
impact of gravitational forces on the performance of the twisted
tape insert.
Comparative study of twisted tape inserts made from different
materials (other than aluminum)

[9]
Paisarn Naphon, “Effect of coil-wire insert on heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop of
the horizontal concentric tubes,” International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.
33, Art. no. 6, 2006, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2006.01.020.

Naphon [36] investigated the effect of wired coils

inserts on heat transfer and pressure drop of a
concentric DPHE with water as the working fluid. He
observed that using these wired coils leads to a
significant effect in heat transfer rate in laminar flow
regime. In other words, this effect will decrease with
increase in Reynolds number. It is reported here that other similar studies regarding wire coil
inserts in DPHEs have been done

Coil-wire insert is more significant in laminar flow Effect of coil-wire insert on the enhancement
of heat transfer tends to decrease as Reynolds number increases.

Limitation
Investigate the long-term performance and reliability of coil-wire
inserts in heat exchangers

[10]
B. Chun, H. U. Kang, and S. H. Kim, “Effect of alumina nanoparticles in the fluid on heat
transfer in doublepipe heat exchanger system,” Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol.
25, no. 5, pp. 966–971, 2008, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s1181400801565.

Recent advancements
This study was performed to investigate the convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids
made of several alumina nanoparticles and transformer oil which flow through a double pipe heat
exchanger system in the laminar flow regime. The nanofluids exhibited a considerable increase
of heat transfer coefficients. Although the thermal conductivity of alumina is not high, it is much
higher than that of the base fluids. The nanofluids tested displayed good thermal properties. One
of the possible reasons for the enhancement on heat transfer of nanofluids can be explained by
the high concentration of nanoparticles in the thermal boundary layer at the wall side through the
migration of nanoparticles
13% increase of heat transfer coefficient for AK nanofluid and 10% increase for AR nanofluid
AK: alumina particle with 43 nm size and a hydrophobic surface
AR: alumina particle with 27–43 nm size and a hydrophilic surface

Weakness:
The weaknesses and limitations of this study include the lack of
investigation into the surface structure and shape of nanoparticles,
nonuniform particle concentration, and movement of nanoparticles
in the flow, which are important factors affecting heat transfer in
nanofluids. Additionally, the study acknowledges the need for more
experimental data for fluids containing different kinds of nanosized
particles and more extensive research to effectively predict the heat
transfer properties of nanofluids.

Plate
[11]
Bengt Sundén and R. M. Manglik, Plate Heat Exchangers. WIT Press, 2007. Accessed: Nov. 16,
2023. [Online]. Available: https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/ecb127c0-7c36-4fe1-811e-
6a0c1da7e0f1
Design

in Fig. 1.5. The primary elements of a PHE include the heat transfer and flow sepa- ration plates, gaskets, the
supporting end frames (a fixed and a movable cover plate or frame) that house inlet/outlet fluid port nozzles,
horizontal plate carrying and guiding bars, the support column, and end-frame tightening bolts.

Applications

process, power, petroleum, transportation, air conditioning, refriger- ation, cryogenics, and biomedical industries

1880s : This process requires the heat transfer equipment to be thermally very efficient and, more importantly, be
easily cleaned (which had to be conducted daily). It was indeed difficult to meet these operational requirements in
most of the early heat transfer equipments that were used for pasteurization of milk, which in time led to the
development of PHEs.

A general categorization of the food processing industry includes dairy products (e.g. milk, yoghurt, cream, and ice
cream), brews and distilled products (e.g. wort, beer, wine, and alcohol), beverages (e.g. juice, carbonated drinks,
tea, and coffee), and processed fruits and vegetables (e.g. purees, pastes, sauces, and jams). Here, pasteurization is
perhaps one of the most important processes involved. Named after Louis Pasteur of France who discovered that
spoilage organisms could be inactivated in wine by applying heat at temperature below its boiling point, it has been
effectively applied to milk preservation, and it remains a cornerstone operation in the processing and mass
marketing of milk products.

[12]
J. Zhang, X. Zhu, M. E. Mondejar, and Fredrik Haglind, “A review of heat transfer enhancement
techniques in plate heat exchangers,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 101, pp.
305–328, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.017.
Efficiency and optimization

The efficiency of a plate heat exchanger can be improved either by optimizing its geo- metry or
using heat transfer enhancement techniques
PHE usually consists of a number of corrugated or embossed metal plates in mutual contact.
Each plate has four apertures serving as inlet and outlet ports, and seals designed to direct the
fluids in alternate flow passages.

The chevron angle is found to be the most influential geometrical

parameter affecting the thermal-hydraulic performance of chevron-
type plate heat exchangers, particularly in two-phase heat transfer.

3. The results suggested that the heat transfer coefficient of

nanofluids generally increases as the particle concentration
increases. It also demonstrated that the use of nanofluids is
advantageous under laminar conditions.
4. A comprehensive evaluation and comparison of the thermal-
hydraulic performances of plate heat exchangers with various
geometrical parameters and enhancement techniques was
provided.

5. The review indicated that the chevron angle is the most

influential geometrical parameter in single-phase heat transfer, with
increased chevron angles generally leading to better thermal-
hydraulic performance.

6. The study provided an overview of enhancement mechanisms by

using passive surface techniques, nanofluids, and other novel
enhancement techniques for single-phase flow in PHEs.

Limitations
1. Development of New Nanofluids: Given the inconsistencies and
challenges in predicting the thermophysical properties of
nanofluids, future research could focus on developing new
nanofluids with more stable and consistent properties. This
could involve exploring the use of different types of
nanoparticles, different base fluids, or variations in the
concentration and size of nanoparticles to identify the most
effective configurations for heat transfer applications.
2. 2. Investigation of Two-Phase Heat Transfer: The study of
nanofluid applications in two-phase heat transfer within plate
heat exchangers is an area that has received limited attention
in existing research. Future research could explore the impact
of nanofluids on two-phase heat transfer processes,
considering factors such as boiling and condensation
performance, heat transfer enhancement, and pressure drop
effects
3. 3. Optimizing Nanofluid Concentrations: Further investigations
could aim to optimize the concentration of nanoparticles in
nanofluids to identify the most effective concentrations for
enhancing heat transfer in plate heat exchangers, taking into
account the balance between heat transfer enhancement and
potential increases in pressure drop.
4. Explore enhancement techniques that can improve heat
transfer performance without significantly increasing pressure
 drop, especially at high Reynolds numbers and large flow
regions
5. Conduct fundamental research on two-phase heat transfer in
PHEs to improve the basic understanding of heat transfer
mechanisms, optimize design, and refine empirical models
The available studies using passive surface techniques in the PHEs for two-phase heat transfer are much less than
those of single-phase flow.

6. The chevron corrugation has been widely recognized as

one of the most successful designs for enhancing heat
transfer performance in plate heat exchangers

[13]
M. M. Abu-Khader, “Plate heat exchangers: Recent advances,” Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, vol. 16, Art. no. 4, 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.009.

Recent advancements
Fouling, corrosion, and welded plate heat exchangers are also
areas of significant research focus, as well as the use of
advanced techniques such as nano-fluids and acoustic
monitoring for fouling detection.

In the dairy industry, milk processing is considered a major problem causing fouling

Monitoring of fouling formation is another direction of research. The on-line monitoring

to verify assumptions regarding heat exchanger fouling, strainer design, and material
compatibility was considered by Nolan and Scott [171]. They used side stream monitor
(SSM) as a useful test platform for the selection and optimiza- tion of a chemical
treatment program for control of bio-fouling in raw water service. Also, the EAF
technology was developed for the purpose of mitigating scales in both plate-and-frame
and shell-and- tube heat exchangers by Cho and Choi [172]. Whereas, Rivero and
Napolitano [173] described a practical procedure based on artificial neural networks
(ANN) that allowed the prediction of the deposit thickness, the overall heat transfer
coefficient and the critical time for reducing the impact of fouling on Pasteurization
 processes. Recently, Merheb et al. [174] proposed a new acoustic technique to monitor
fouling inside PHE in real time.

Plates are normally manufactured in stainless steel as a stan- dard material which was experimentally studied for
the liquid-pase particulate fouling [175]. But titanium and aluminum brass are commonly used. As a result of the
technology, the surface improve- ment of aluminum alloy specimen was achieved without thermal degradation and
surface treatment to enhance the corrosion resis- tance

the main disadvantage of PHE is the limit of its operational range where the maximum
operating pressure is limited to 20.4 bar and the operating temperature to about 150 ◦ C.

Welded plate heat exchangers have wider range of use than gasketed plate heat exchangers where the operating
temperature range from −50◦ C up to 350◦ C and operating pressures from full vacuum to 40 bar.

he developed welded plate heat are capable to overcome the pressure and limitations of gasketed plate-and-frame
exchangers.

Future research
Investigate the compactness and downsizing of plate heat
exchangers without compromising thermal-hydraulic
performance, especially for industry applications.
Propose and research novel techniques for reducing fouling in
plate heat exchangers, particularly in food processing
equipment, to minimize operational costs and maintain
efficiency.
Investigate corrosion issues in plate heat exchangers,
particularly in severe process conditions, to improve materials
and designs that can withstand high operational demands and
reduce maintenance costs.