NAME: ………………………………………………………… MATRIC NO: ……………………………………………………

MARYAM ABACHA AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, KANO

SCHOOL OF NURSING SCIENCE
JUNIOR EXAMINATION FOR 2023/2024 SESSION
Course Title: Principle and Method in Epidemiology
Course Code: NUR 3209
Program(s): BSc. Nursing Science
Instructions:
● Answer all Questions. Circle the correct option (a-d)
● Total Marks: 60Marks
● Time allowed: 1hour 30Minutes

1. What is the primary mode of c) Diseases that spread from animals to

transmission for the Ebola virus? humans
a) Airborne d) Diseases caused by fungi
b) Vector-borne 5. Which of the following is a common
c) Direct contact with bodily fluids preventative measure in reducing the
d) Foodborne spread of sexually transmitted
2. Which epidemiological measure helps infections (STIs)?
assess the speed of an outbreak's a) Vaccination
spread? b) Hand hygiene
a) Attack rate c) Barrier use
b) Case fatality rate d) Quarantine
c) Secondary attack rate 6. Which epidemiological study design is
d) Serial interval best suited to determine the cause of
3. Which disease is primarily transmitted an outbreak?
through the bite of infected female a) Case-control study
anopheles? b) Cohort study
a) Malaria c) Cross-sectional study
b) Dengue fever d) Ecological study
c) Plague 7. Which disease is caused by a
d) Cholera bacterium and is transmitted through
4. What does the term "zoonosis" refer contaminated food or water?
to in epidemiology? a) Tuberculosis
a) Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes b) Influenza
b) Diseases that primarily affect c) Typhoid fever
children d) Measles

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8. What does the term "herd immunity" conditions in defined populations is

refer to? known as:
a) The immunity of animals to certain a) Epidemiology
diseases b) Pathology
b) The resistance of a population to a c) Biostatistics
specific infectious disease d) Pharmacology
c) The use of vaccination for individual 16. In epidemiology, what does the term
protection "epidemic" refer to?
d) The process of isolating infected a) A disease that occurs regularly in a
individuals from the community population
True/False Questions: question 9-12 b) An outbreak of a disease in a defined
9. Pandemics refer to the global spread of region
a disease affecting a large population. c) A disease that affects a few
True or False individuals
10. Endemic diseases are constantly d) A disease with an unknown cause
present in a particular region or 17. What is the primary objective of
population. epidemiology?
True or False a) Treatment of diseases
11. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an b) Prevention of diseases
example of how pathogens evolve over c) Diagnosis of diseases
time. d) Rehabilitation of diseases
True or False 18. Which study design is best suited for
12. Vector-borne diseases are transmitted determining the cause-effect
through intermediate carriers, such as relationship between exposure and
mosquitoes or ticks. outcome?
True or False a) Case-control study
13. Tuberculosis is primarily caused by a b) Cohort study
virus. c) Cross-sectional study
True or False d) Randomized controlled trial
14. Which component of the 19. What is the term used to describe the
epidemiological triad involves age, sex, number of new cases of a disease
genetic makeup, and immune status? within a specific population during a
a) Host defined period?
b) Agent a) Prevalence
c) Environment b) Incidence
d) Vector c) Morbidity
15. The study of patterns, causes, and d) Mortality
effects of health and disease 20. Which of the following is a measure of
association used in epidemiology to

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NAME: ………………………………………………………… MATRIC NO: ……………………………………………………

assess the strength of the relationship a) Case-control study

between exposure and outcome? b) Cross-sectional study
a) Odds ratio c) Ecological study
b) Relative risk d) Cohort study
c) Hazard ratio 26. The process of systematically
d) Incidence rate ratio determining the extent of a disease, its
21. The number of deaths in a population distribution, and determinants in a
due to a specific cause within a given population is known as:
time period is referred to as: a) Surveillance
a) Incidence rate b) Outbreak investigation
b) Mortality rate c) Case finding
c) Prevalence rate d) Epidemiologic triad
d) Case fatality rate 27. What is the term for the number of
22. Which bias occurs when the observed existing cases of a disease in a
association between an exposure and population at a specific point in time?
an outcome is distorted due to factors a) Morbidity
such as recall bias or selection bias? b) Incidence
a) Confounding bias c) Prevalence
b) Information bias d) Mortality
c) Sampling bias 28. Which statistical test is commonly used
d) Misclassification bias in epidemiology to compare the means
23. The study population is classified of two groups?
based on exposure status in which a) Chi-square test
type of study? b) T-test
a) Cohort study c) ANOVA
b) Cross-sectional study d) Mann-Whitney U test
c) Case-control study 29. The basic unit of analysis in a case-
d) Intervention study control study is:
24. Which epidemiological study design is a) Person
most suitable for investigating rare b) Time
diseases? c) Place
a) Case-control study d) Case
b) Cohort study 30. What is the primary goal of analytical
c) Cross-sectional study epidemiology?
d) Ecological study a) To describe the distribution of
25. A study follows up a group of diseases
individuals with a common b) To identify the cause of diseases
characteristic or exposure over time. c) To implement disease prevention
What study design does this describe? strategies

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d) To estimate disease burden 36. The ratio of the incidence rate of a

31. A study measures the frequency of disease among exposed individuals to
disease and exposure at the same the incidence rate among unexposed
time. Which study design is this? individuals is known as:
a) Case-control study a) Attributable risk
b) Cohort study b) Relative risk
c) Ecological study c) Odds ratio
d) Cross-sectional study d) Absolute risk
32. The principle of temporality (Temporal 37. The sensitivity of a diagnostic test is
precedence) in causality states that: calculated as:
a) The cause must precede the effect a) True positives / (True positives +
b) The cause and effect must coexist False negatives)
c) The cause and effect must be related b) True positives / (True positives + True
d) The effect must precede the cause negatives)
33. What is the term for the number of c) True negatives / (True positives +
deaths in a population within a specific True negatives)
time period? d) True negatives / (True negatives +
a) Prevalence False positives)
b) Morbidity 38. Which of the following is a measure of
c) Incidence association used in case-control
d) Mortality studies?
34. The epidemiological triad is a a) Odds ratio
framework used to: b) Relative risk
a) Predict outbreaks of diseases c) Attributable risk
b) Understand the interaction of factors d) Incidence rate ratio
contributing to disease occurrence 39. The principle of temporality (Temporal
c) Determine the efficacy of surgical precedence) in causality states that:
interventions a) The cause must precede the effect
d) Analyze psychological impacts of b) The cause and effect must coexist
diseases c) The cause and effect must be related
35. What type of epidemiological study d) The effect must precede the cause
assesses multiple exposures and 40. What is the term for the number of
multiple outcomes in the same deaths in a population within a specific
population? time period?
a) Ecological study a) Prevalence
b) Cross-sectional study b) Morbidity
c) Case-control study c) Incidence
d) Ecologic-epidemiological study d) Mortality

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NAME: ………………………………………………………… MATRIC NO: ……………………………………………………

41. Which of the following is a measure of a population within a given time

association used in cohort studies? period?
a) Odds ratio a) Mortality rate
b) Relative risk b) Case fatality rate
c) Attributable risk c) Incidence rate
d) Incidence rate ratio d) Prevalence rate
42. The rate of occurrence of a disease 47. Which of the following measures is
within a specific population during a used to express the probability of
defined period is known as: dying from a specific cause?
a) Prevalence a) Mortality rate
b) Incidence b) Case fatality rate
c) Morbidity c) Incidence rate
d) Mortality d) Prevalence rate
43. Which study design is most 48. The concept of specificity in diagnostic
appropriate for calculating the testing refers to:
incidence rate of a disease? a) The proportion of truly negative
a) Cross-sectional study individuals who test negative
b) Case-control study b) The proportion of truly positive
c) Cohort study individuals who test positive
d) Ecological study c) The ability of a test to correctly
44. What is the term used to describe the identify individuals without the disease
number of people who are alive with a d) The ability of a test to correctly
particular disease at a specific point in identify individuals with the disease
time? 49. Which type of bias occurs when there
a) Morbidity is a systematic error in measuring
b) Prevalence exposure or outcome in a study
c) Incidence population?
d) Mortality a) Confounding bias
45. Which of the following measures is b) Selection bias
used to determine the probability of c) Information bias
an event occurring in a specified time d) Sampling bias
period? 50. The presence of an extraneous factor
a) Odds ratio that distorts the association between
b) Hazard ratio an exposure and an outcome is known
c) Incidence rate as:
d) Prevalence rate a) Confounding
46. What is the term for the number of b) Bias
deaths attributed to a specific cause in c) Random error
d) Systematic error

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51. Which of the following is NOT a 56. Which statistical measure assesses the
component of the epidemiological variability or dispersion of a set of
triad? values around the mean?
a) Agent a) Standard deviation
b) Environment b) Mean
c) Host c) Median
d) Time d) Range
52. The study of the distribution and 57. The number of deaths due to a specific
determinants of health-related states disease divided by the total number of
or events in specified populations and individuals diagnosed with that disease
the application of this study to the is known as:
control of health problems is known a) Mortality rate
as: b) Case fatality rate
a) Biostatistics c) Incidence rate
b) Epidemiology d) Prevalence rate
c) Public health 58. Which type of study design is most
d) Pathology susceptible to recall bias?
53. Which measure is used to assess the a) Cohort study
precision of a study's findings? b) Cross-sectional study
a) P-value c) Ecological study
b) Confidence interval d) Case-control study
c) Relative risk 59. The concept of generalizability in
d) Odds ratio research refers to:
54. A measure used to assess the a) The degree to which the study results
proportion of individuals who test can be applied to a larger population
positive among those who truly have b) The reliability of the study findings
the disease is known as: c) The validity of the study design
a) Sensitivity d) The accuracy of the measurements
b) Specificity taken in the study
c) Positive predictive value 60. What is the primary purpose of herd
d) Negative predictive value immunity?
55. Which type of bias occurs when a. To protect vulnerable populations
participants in a study are not b. To eradicate infectious diseases
representative of the target completely
population? c. To reduce the transmission of
a) Information bias diseases within a community
b) Selection bias d. All of the above
c) Confounding bias
d) Sampling bias

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61. Which type of immunity is acquired c. Herd immunity

through vaccination or exposure to d. Cross-immunity
pathogens? 67. Which epidemiological term refers to
a. Active immunity the period between exposure to an
b. Passive immunity infectious agent and the appearance of
c. Innate immunity the first symptoms?
d. Cellular immunity a. Incubation period
62. What percentage of the population b. Latent period
typically needs to be immune to c. Recovery phase
achieve herd immunity for highly d. Transmission window
contagious diseases? 68. Which cell type is primarily responsible
a. 10-20% for producing antibodies in response to
b. 30-40% an infection?
c. 50-60% a. T cells
d. 70-90% b. B cells
63. Which epidemiological term describes c. Natural killer cells
the proportion of individuals who have d. Macrophages
developed immunity to a specific 69. What is the primary difference
disease in a population? between active and passive immunity?
a. Prevalence a. Active immunity is acquired naturally,
b. Incidence while passive immunity is acquired
c. Immunity rate artificially. b. Active immunity is long-
d. Attack rate lasting, while passive immunity is
64. Natural immunity is acquired through temporary.
intentional exposure to a disease- c. Active immunity involves the use of
causing agent. vaccines, while passive immunity
True or False involves exposure to pathogens.
65. Which type of immunity is passed from d. There is no difference; both terms
mother to child through breast milk? are interchangeable.
a. Active immunity 70. Which term describes the ability of a
b. Passive immunity pathogen to change its surface
c. Innate immunity proteins, making it difficult for the
d. Acquired immunity immune system to recognize and
66. The ability of a vaccine to prevent respond to it?
severe outcomes or complications of a a. Antigenic shift
disease, even if it doesn't completely b. Immune evasion
prevent infection, is known as: c. Pathogenic mutation
a. Partial immunity d. Resistance development
b. Vaccine efficacy

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71. Which immunoglobulin is primarily d. Basophils

involved in the immune response 76. What is the process by which
against parasites and allergic individuals are protected from disease
reactions? due to the presence of antibodies
a. IgA acquired from another individual or
b. IgE animal?
c. IgG a. Immunization
d. IgM b. Vaccination
72. What is the term used to describe the c. Passive immunization
decline in immunity within a d. Active immunization
population due to waning immunity 77. Which type of immunity provides the
over time? first line of defense against pathogens
a. Immune decay and is present from birth?
b. Immune fading a. Adaptive immunity
c. Immune waning b. Active immunity
d. Immune erosion c. Passive immunity
73. Which of the following is an example d. Innate immunity
of artificial passive immunity? 78. What is the term used to describe the
a. Transfer of antibodies from a mother phenomenon where a significant
to her fetus portion of the population is immunized
b. Administration of antitoxin to treat against a disease, providing indirect
snake venom protection to those who are not
c. Recovery from a previous infection immune?
d. Vaccination with a weakened form of a. Acquired immunity
a pathogen b. Community immunity
74. Which epidemiological measure c. Social immunity
reflects the number of new cases of a d. Collective immunity
disease within a specific population 79. Which epidemiological concept refers
during a defined period? to the proportion of individuals within
a. Prevalence rate a population who are capable of
b. Incidence rate transmitting a disease?
c. Attack rate a. Susceptibility rate
d. Mortality rate b. Infectivity rate
75. Which cells are responsible for c. Contagiousness index
presenting antigens to T cells and d. Carrier prevalence
initiating the immune response? 80. What is the primary objective of
a. Neutrophils epidemiology?
b. Dendritic cells a) To study the structure of human
c. Eosinophils populations

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b) To investigate the causes of diseases 86. The basic principle of temporality in

in populations epidemiology refers to:
c) To provide treatment for infectious a) The association between exposure
diseases and outcome being consistent
d) To analyze genetic variations in a b) The exposure preceding the outcome
community c) The strength of the association
81. Which term refers to the number of between exposure and outcome
new cases of a disease within a defined d) The biological plausibility of the
population during a specific time exposure-outcome relationship
period? 87. What does the term "herd immunity"
a) Prevalence refer to?
b) Mortality rate a) Immunity of a single individual in a
c) Incidence population
d) Endemicity b) Resistance to disease within a
82. Which study design is typically used to community due to a high proportion of
study rare diseases or conditions? individuals being immune
a) Cohort study c) Acquired immunity through
b) Case-control study vaccination
c) Randomized controlled trial d) Immunity only developed through
d) Cross-sectional study natural infection
83. Which of the following is NOT a type of 88. The process of identifying and counting
epidemiological study? cases of a particular disease or health
a) Descriptive condition is known as:
b) Analytical a) Surveillance
c) Experimental b) Intervention
d) Predictive c) Risk assessment
84. What is the term used to describe the d) Prevention
number of deaths in a population 89. What is the primary purpose of
within a specific time period? randomized controlled trials in
a) Prevalence epidemiology?
b) Morbidity a) To identify risk factors associated
c) Mortality with diseases
d) Epidemic b) To establish causality between
85. The spread of disease beyond exposure and outcome
continental boundaries is termed as: c) To estimate the prevalence of
a) Epidemic diseases in a population
b) Pandemic d) To study the natural history of
c) Endemic diseases
d) Outbreak

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90. The prevalence of a disease is conducive environment is the

influenced by: foundation of:
a) The duration of the disease a) Epidemic triangle
b) The incidence rate of the disease b) Epidemiological wheel
c) The population size c) Epidemiological triad
d) All of the above d) Epidemiological square
91. The occurrence of cases of an illness, 96. In the epidemiological triad, what does
specific health behavior, or other the term "host" refer to?
health-related events that are clearly a) A factor facilitating disease
in excess of normal expectancy is transmission
defined as a/an: b) An individual or population
a) Epidemic susceptible to a particular disease
b) Endemic c) The organism causing the disease
c) Outbreak d) Environmental conditions supporting
d) Pandemic disease development
92. What are the three components of the 97. Which component of the
epidemiological triad? epidemiological triad encompasses
a) Host, agent, environment physical, biological, and social factors?
b) Host, vector, agent a) Host
c) Vector, environment, agent b) Agent
d) Agent, environment, disease c) Environment
93. Which component of the d) Vector
epidemiological triad refers to the 98. The role of mosquitoes in the
organism or element causing the transmission of malaria represents
disease? which component of the
a) Host epidemiological triad?
b) Agent a) Agent
c) Environment b) Host
d) Vector c) Vector
94. Which component of the d) Environment
epidemiological triad represents 99. Which component of the
factors that facilitate or hinder disease epidemiological triad involves factors
transmission? such as climate, geography, and
a) Host socioeconomic status?
b) Agent a) Host
c) Environment b) Agent
d) Vector c) Environment
95. The relationship between an infectious d) Vector
agent and a susceptible host within a

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100. Which of the following

diseases is NOT influenced by the
epidemiological triad?
a) Influenza
b) Type 2 diabetes
c) Tuberculosis
d) HIV/AIDS

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