Chapter Three

Analysis and Transformation of Signals

‫ر‬
‫ه موجة بيدد‬ ‫ر‬
‫غي منتهية من الموجات اليددية ما رعدا موجة الكوسان او الساين ري‬
‫جميع الموجات تتكون من مجموعة ر‬
‫واحد وفورير حول فكرة الموجات المتولدة حسب الزمن اىل المتولدة باليدد حيث كل العلماء يهملون اليدد يف تكوين‬
‫الموجات ر‬
‫حت جاء فورير‬
‫وىل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫الموجة المتولدة ه عبارة عن طيف ربيدد معي ر ر‬
‫ه مضاعفات اليددات ال ي‬ ‫وباف اليددات ي‬
‫ي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ي‬
∞

x(t) = D0 + ∑ Dn ej2π(nf)t
n=−∞
n≠0

where n is integer (n = ∓1, ≠ 0; 2, … )

1 T0/2
D0 = ∫ x(t)dt
T0 −T0/2
1 T1/2
Dn = ∫ x(t)e−j2π(nf0 )t dt
T0 −T0/2

Notes:

1 If the periodic signal 𝑥(𝑡) is real, then the amplitude spectrum has an even symmetry
and the phase spectrum has an odd symmetry.
2 Since the index (𝑛) has only integer values, then the Frequency spectra of the
periodic signal exist at discrete frequencies (𝑛𝐹0 ).
3 Do represents the DC component of 𝑥(𝑡), and it can be decluced from 𝐷𝑛 by setting
𝑛 = 0.
 Fourier Transform
∞
𝑋(𝐹) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝐹𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
∞
𝐹⋅𝑇 −1
[𝑋(𝐹)] = 𝑥(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑓)𝑒 +𝑗2𝜋𝐹𝑡 𝑑𝑓
−∞

Properties of Fourier Transform

1- Linearity:
𝐹⋅𝑇
𝑎𝑥1 (𝑡) + 𝑏𝑥2 (𝑡) ⟷ 𝑎𝑥1 (𝑓) + 𝑏𝑥2 (𝑓)
where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants

2- Time Scaling:
𝐹⋅𝑇
If 𝑥(𝑡) ⟷ 𝑋(𝑓)
𝐹⋅𝑇 1 𝐹
then 𝑥(𝑎𝑡) ⟷ |𝑎| X ( )
𝑎

3- Time Shifting:
𝐹⋅𝑇
If 𝑥(𝑡) ⟷ 𝑋(𝐹)
𝐹⋅𝑇
then, 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) ⟷ 𝑋(𝐹)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝐹𝑡0 ‫نفس اإلشارة‬

4- Frequency Shifting:
𝐹⋅𝑇
If 𝑥(𝑡) ⟷ 𝑋(𝑓)
𝐹⋅𝑇
then 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 +𝑗2𝜋𝑓0𝑡 ⟷ 𝑋(𝑓 − 𝑓0 ) ‫عكس الشارة‬
𝐹⋅𝑇
𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 ⟷ 𝑋(𝑓 + 𝐹0 )

5- Duality:
𝐹⋅𝑇
If 𝑥(𝑡) ⟷ 𝑋(𝐹)
𝐹⋅𝑇 ‫اذا الشكل الموج الل ر‬
𝑋(𝑡) ⟷ 𝑋(−𝐹) ‫باليدد طلع بالزمن فيكون معكوس‬ ‫ي ي‬
𝑡
e.g: 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑇 [Π ( )] = 𝜏sinc (𝑓𝜏)
𝜏
−𝑓
𝐹 ⋅ 𝑇[𝜏sin𝑐(𝑡𝜏)] = Π ( )
𝜏
since the gate function has an even symmetry,
−𝑓 𝑓
Π( ) = Π( )
𝜏 𝜏
6- Differentiation:
𝐹⋅𝑇
If 𝑥(𝑡) ⟷ 𝑥(𝑓),
𝑑 𝐹.𝑇
(𝑥(𝑡)) ⟷ 𝑗2𝜋𝐹 𝑋(𝑓),
𝑑𝑡𝑛
𝑑 𝐹⋅𝑇
(𝑥(𝑡)) ⟷ (𝑗2𝜋𝐹)𝑛 𝑋(𝑓)
𝑑𝑡 𝑛

7- Integration:
𝐹⋅𝑇
𝑥(𝑡) ⟷ 𝑋(𝐹)
𝑡 𝐹⋅𝑇 1 1
∫−∞ 𝑥(𝜏)𝑑𝜏 ⟷ 𝑋(𝑓) + 𝑋(0)𝛿(𝑓) )‫ديس‬
‫ي‬ ‫(ثابت التكامل ومركبة ال‬
𝑗2𝜋𝐹 2

8- Area Under the Signal and Spectrum:

𝐹⋅𝑇
If 𝑥(𝑡) ⟷ 𝑋(𝑓)
The 𝐷𝐶 component of the signal is:
∞
𝐷𝐶 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
−∞
The 𝐷𝐶 component is 𝐹 = 0 compenent, so )‫الديس ترددها صفر‬
‫ي‬ ‫(اإلشارة‬
∞
𝑋(0) = ∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
−∞
 Fourier Transform of some important signal
‫اإلشارات التالية يجب حفظها‬
‫ر‬
‫وحي اليدد‬
‫حي الزمن ر‬
‫يجب فهم الخصائص أعاله وما يحدث لإلشارات يف ر‬
‫يل عده إشارات يجب حفظ رسمها وتحويلة لبالس لها‬ ‫فيما ي‬
1- Impulse Function 𝜹(𝒕) :
𝐹⋅𝑇
1 ⟷ 𝛿(𝑓)
𝐹⋅𝑇
𝛿(𝑡) ⟷ 1

2- Signum Function Sgn (t):

𝐹⋅𝑇 1
∴ sgn (𝑡) ⟷
𝑗𝜋𝑓

3- Unit step Function (𝒖(𝒕)) :

𝑒 𝑗𝜋𝑓𝜏 −𝑒 −𝑗𝜋𝑓𝜏
𝐹⋅𝑇 1 1 ( ) = sin (𝜋𝑓𝜏)
∴ 𝑢(𝑡) ⟷ ( + 𝛿(𝑓)) 2𝑗
2 j𝜋𝑓 sin (𝜋𝑓𝜏)
= sin𝑐 (𝑓𝜏)
(𝜋𝑓𝜏)
𝒕
4- Rectangular (Gate) Function 𝝅 ( ) :
𝝉
𝑡 𝐹⋅𝑇
∴ 𝐴𝛱 ( ) ⟷ 𝐴𝜏sin𝑐 (𝑓𝜏)
𝜏

5- triangular function
𝑡 𝐹⋅𝑇
𝐴 ∧ ( ) ⟷ 𝐴𝜏sinc 2 (𝑓𝜏)
𝜏

6- Single Sided Exponential

𝐹⋅𝑇 𝐴
𝐴𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) ⟷ ‫عكس اإلشارة‬
𝑎+𝑗2𝜋𝑓

𝐹⋅𝑇 2𝑎
𝐴𝑒 −𝑎|t| ⟷ 𝐴
𝑎2 + (2𝜋𝑓)2
7- Sinusoidal Signal:
𝐹⋅𝑇 1
cos (2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡) ⟶ (𝛿(𝐹 − 𝐹0 ) + 𝛿(𝐹 + 𝐹0 ))
2
𝐹⋅𝑇 1
sin (2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡) ⟶ (𝛿(𝑓 − 𝑓0 ) − 𝛿(𝑓 + 𝑓0 ))
𝑗2
8- Periodic Signal
∞

𝑥𝑝 (𝑓) = ∑ 𝐷𝑛 𝛿(𝑓 − 𝑛𝑓0 )

𝑛=−∞
Example: Find F.T of the double-sided exponential:

𝑒 −𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑒 +𝑎𝑡 𝑢(−𝑡)

1 1
∴ 𝑋(𝑓) = +
𝑎 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 𝑎 − 𝑗2𝜋𝑓
𝑎 − 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 + 𝑎 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓
𝑋(𝑓) =
𝑎2 + (2𝜋𝑓)2
2𝑎
∴ 𝑋(𝑓) = 2
𝑎 + (2𝜋𝑓)2

Example: Find Fourier transform of the following period signal:

𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = ∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑛𝑇0 )
Sol.
∞

𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = ∑ 𝐷𝑛 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓0𝑡
𝑛=−∞
1 𝑇0
𝐷𝑛 = ∫ 𝛿(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑛𝑓0𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇0 0
1
∴ 𝐷𝑛 =
𝑇0
∞
1
∴ 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = ∑ 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑛𝑓0𝑡
𝑇0
𝑛=−∞
∞
1
∴ 𝑋𝑝 (𝑓) = ∑ 𝛿(𝑓 − 𝑛𝑓0 )
𝑇0
𝑛=−∞

Parseval's and Rayleigh's Theorem:

-Parseval's Theorem:
∞

𝑃 = ∑ |𝐷𝑛 |2
𝑛=−∞

- Rayleigh's Theorem:
∞
𝐸=∫ |𝑥(𝑓)|2 𝑑𝑓
−∞
‫حي تردد ونفذ‬
‫بحي الزمن ومن الممكن يكون التكامل صعب فنكدر نحول اىل ر‬
‫والنرج ر‬
‫ي‬ ‫الفكرة قبل كنا نوجد البور‬
‫التكامل لحساب المحصلة‬
Example: Find the energy of the following signal, then draw its magnitude and phase
spectra.
𝑥(𝑡) = 5sinc (10𝑡 − 2)
Sol.
∞
𝐸 = ∫−∞ |𝑥(𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑡, but the integration of the sinc function
is to hard
∴ Apply Rayleigh's Theorem:
∞
𝐸 = ∫−∞ |𝑥(𝑓)|2 𝑑𝑓
𝑥(𝑓) = 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑇[5sinc (10𝑡 − 2)]
𝑥(𝑓) = 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑇[𝐴𝜏sin𝑐(𝜏(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ))]
1 2
∴ 𝑥(𝑓) = F.T [5 × 10sinc (10 (𝑡 − ))]
10 10
−f F
Remember that F ⋅ T[Aτsinc (τt)] = AΠ ( ) {even function}= AΠ ( )
τ τ
5 𝑓
∴ 𝑥(𝑓) = 𝛱 ( ) 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝐹×0.2
10 10
𝑓
𝑥(𝑓) = 0.5𝛱 ( ) 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓(0.2) cos (2𝜋f𝑡)=
10 1
∞
∴ 𝐸 = ∫−∞ |𝑋(𝑓)|2 𝑑𝑓 [𝑒 𝑗2𝜋f𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋f𝑡 ]
2
5
= ∫−5 (0.5)2 𝑑𝐹
= 0.25 𝑓|5−5 sin (2𝜋f𝑡)=
∴ 𝐸 = 2.5 J 1 𝑗2𝜋f𝑡
[𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋f𝑡 ]
𝑗2
Example: Find the spectrum of the following signal:
𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = 5 ∧ ( ) cos (2𝜋103 𝑡)
5
5 𝑡 3 3
𝑥(𝑡) = ∧ ( ) [𝑒 𝑗2𝜋10 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋∗10 𝑡 ]
2 5
5×5
∴ 𝑥(𝑓) = [sin𝑐 2 (5(𝑓 − 103 ) + sinc 2 (5(𝑓 + 103 ))]
2
𝑥(𝑓) = 12.5[sinc 2 (5(𝑓 − 103 )) + sinc 2 (5(𝑓 + 103 )]
 Convolution
Properties of convolution

A) Commutative Law:
𝑥1 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑥2 (𝑡) = 𝑥2 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑥1 (𝑡)
B) Distributive Law:
𝑥1 (𝑡) ∗ [𝑥2 (𝑡) + 𝑥3 (𝑡)] = 𝑥1 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑥2 (𝑡) + 𝑥1 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑥3 (𝑡)
C) Associative Law:
𝑥1 (𝑡) ∗ [𝑥2 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑥3 (𝑡)] = [𝑥1 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑥2 (𝑡)] ∗ 𝑥3 (𝑡)
D) Time Convolution Theorem:
Convolution in time domain ⟷ multiplicat in freq. clomain
𝐹 ⋅ 𝑇{𝑥1 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑥2 (𝑡)} = 𝑋1 (𝐹)𝑋2 (𝑓)
E) Frequency Convolution Theorem:
Multiplication in time domain ⟷ convolution in freq. dermoin
𝐹 ⋅ 𝑇{𝑥1 (𝑡)𝑥2 (𝑡)} = 𝑥1 (𝑓) ∗ 𝑥2 (𝑓)
𝑥(𝑡) ∗ 𝛿(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)
F) Convolution with 𝛿(𝑡) :
𝑥(𝑡) ∗ 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) = 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
The convolution with the impu/se shifts the signal to where 𝛿(𝑡) exists.

Example: Find the spectrum of the following signal.

𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = 3Π ( ) cos (2𝜋 × 104 𝑡)
4
Let's use the convolution properties in solving this problem.
𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = 3Π ( ) ⋅ Cos (2𝜋 × 104 𝑡)
4
1
𝑥(𝑓) = 12sin𝑐(4𝑓) ∗ [𝛿(𝑓 − 104 ) + 𝛿(𝑓 + 104 )]
2
𝑥(𝑓) = 6[sinc (4𝑓) ∗ 𝛿(𝑓 − 104 ) + sinc (4𝑓) ∗ 𝛿(𝑓 + 104 )]
∴ 𝑥(𝑓) = 6[sinc (4𝑓 − 104 )) + sinc (4𝑓 + 104 )]

𝑥(𝑡) ⋅ 𝛿 (𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) = 𝑥 (𝑡0 )𝛿 (𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
∫ 𝑥(𝑡)𝛿 (𝑡 − 𝑡0 )𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 (𝑡0 )
𝑥(𝑡) ∗ 𝛿 (𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) = 𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
 10
Q.1, Find the energy of the following signal: 𝑥(𝑡) = sin (5𝜋𝑡) ⋅
𝜋𝑡
Sol.
sin (5𝜋𝑡) 5
𝑥(𝑡) = 10 ×
𝜋𝑡 5
sin (5𝜋𝑡)
𝑥(𝑡) = 50 ⇒ 𝑥(𝑡) = 50sinc (5𝑡)
5𝜋𝑡
Energy in time domain cannot be solved because the (sinc) function cannot be integrated
using the conventional methods.
Let's use Rayleigh's theorem:
𝐸time domain = 𝐸freq. domain

5
∴ 𝑥(𝑡) = 50sinc (5𝑡) ×
5
𝑥(𝑡) = 10 × 5 sinc(5𝑡) ≡ A𝜏 sinc (𝜏𝑡)
𝑓
∴ 𝑥(𝑓) = 10Π ( )
5
𝑓
∴ |𝑥(𝑓)| = 10Π ( )
5
∞ 2.5
∴ 𝐸 = ∫−∞ |𝑥(𝑓)|2 𝑑𝑓 = ∫−2.5 (10)2 𝑑𝑓
𝐸 = 100𝑓|2.5
−2.5 ⇒∣ 𝐸 = 500 Joule

Q.2. Find the spectrum of the following signal:

Sol.
Using the differentiation property of furrier transform

𝑑 𝑡 − 1.5
𝑥(𝑡) = 2Π ( ) − 6𝛿(𝑡 − 6)
𝑑𝑡 3
(𝑗2𝜋𝑓)X(𝑓) = 2 × 3sin𝑐(3𝑓)𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓(1.5) − 6𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓(6)
(𝑗2𝜋𝑓)X(𝑓) = 6sin𝑐(3𝑓)𝑒 −𝑗3𝜋𝑓 − 6𝑒 −𝑗12𝜋𝑓
6
X(𝑓) = [sinc (3𝑓)𝑒 −𝑗3𝜋𝑓 − 𝑒 −𝑗12𝜋𝑓 ]
𝑗2𝜋𝑓
3𝑒 −𝑗3𝜋𝑓
X(𝑓) = [sinc (3𝑓) − 𝑒 −𝑗9𝜋𝑓 ]
𝑗𝜋𝑓
Q.3, Find the spectrum of the following signal:
1
𝑥(𝑡) = cos (2𝜋 × 104 𝑡) ⋅
𝑗𝑡
Sol.
1 𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = cos (2𝜋 × 104 𝑡) ⋅ ×
𝑗𝑡 𝜋
𝜋 𝑗2𝜋×104𝑡 4 1
𝑥(𝑡) = [𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋×10 ] ⋅
2 𝑗𝜋𝑡
𝜋 1 𝑗2𝜋×104𝑡 1 −𝑗2𝜋×104𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = [ 𝑒 + 𝑒 ]
2 𝑗𝜋𝑡 𝑗𝜋𝑡

Remember that: using duality theorem

1
F.T [ ] = sgn (−𝑓) duality
𝑗𝜋𝑡

𝜋
∴ 𝑥(𝑓) = [Sgn (−(𝑓 − 104 )) + sgn (−(𝑓 + 104 ))
2
Q \The periodic signal 𝑥(𝑡) is analyzed using trigonometrict Fourier series to give the
following expression:
∞
1
𝑥(𝑡) = ∑ cos (200𝜋𝑛𝑡)
𝑛
𝑛=1
This signal is 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 at the input of an ideal LPF.

1. How many harmonics will pass through the filter if the cut off Freq. of the filter is
150 Hz.
2. Write the amplitude of each harmonic passing through the filter.
3. If the cut off freq. of the filter is 310 Hz, then how many harmonics will pass the
filter.

Solution
1
𝑥(𝑡) = ∑∞𝑛=1 cos (200𝜋𝑛𝑡) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos (2𝜋(𝑛𝑓0 )𝑡).
𝑛
1
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = , 2𝜋(𝑛𝑓0 )𝑡 = 200𝜋𝑛𝑡
𝑛
∴ 2𝑓0 = 200 ⇒ [𝑓0 = 100 Hz]

∴ freq. of 1st harmonic = 𝑓0 = 100 Hz

freq. of 2nd harmonic = 2𝑓0 = 200 Hz
Freq. of 3𝑟𝑑 harmmic = 3𝑓0 = 300 Hz
freq. of 4th harmonic = 4𝑓 = 400 Hz
1. Cut off freq. = 150 Hz
∴ only the 1st harmonic is passed (harmonic with 𝑓0 = 100 Hz ). (Only one harmonic).
1
2. amplitude of the 1st harmonic = |𝑛=1 = 1
𝑛
3. Cut off freq. = 310 Hz
∴ signals with freq. s (100,200, and 300)Hz can pass through the filter. (Three harmonics).
Q/ The signal 𝑥(𝑡) is a sum of sinusoidal signal with a periodic signal 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) as given
below:
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴cos (2𝜋𝑓𝑥 𝑡) + 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡)

When analyzing 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) using the trigonometric Fourier series, the signal 𝑥(𝑡) is given by:

𝑥(𝑡) = cos (2𝜋(1000)𝑡) + 0.5cos (2𝜋(2000)𝑡) + 0.33cos (2𝜋(3000)𝑡) +

+0.6cos (2𝜋(3500)𝑡) + 0.25cos (2𝜋(4000)𝑡) + ⋯

a) Find the value of 𝐹𝑥 b) Find the fundamental freq. of 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡).

c) Find the value of 𝐴. d) Find the frequency of the sixth
harmonic.
𝑠𝑜𝑙.

1. All the frequencies are a multiple (harmonics) of (1000 Hz) except (3500 Hz), so
𝑓𝑥 = 3500 Hz
2. Fundamental frequency ⇒ 1st harmonic (𝑛 = 1) ∴ ∴ 𝑓0 = 1000 Hz.

Acos(2𝜋𝑓𝑥 𝑡) = 0.6 cos(2𝜋(3500)𝑡)

3.
∴ 𝐴 = 0.6
𝑓0 = 1000 Hz ⇒
4. freq. of 6 th harmonic = 6𝑓0
= 6000 Hz
𝑸/ The signal 𝑥(𝑡) is a periodic signal and given by the following Fourier series
expansion:
sin (200𝜋𝑛/3) 𝑗500𝜋𝑛𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = ∑∞𝑛=−∞ 𝑒
𝜋𝑛
a) Find the signal period.
b) Find the frequency of the third harmonic
c) Find the amplitude of the third harmonic
∞ ∞
sin (200𝜋𝑛/3) 𝑗500𝜋𝑛𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = ∑ 𝑒 ≡ ∑ 𝐷𝑛 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋(𝑛𝑓0)𝑡
𝜋𝑛
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞
sin (200𝜋𝑛/3)
∴ 𝐷𝑛 = , 𝑒 𝑗500𝜋𝑛𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋(𝑛𝑓0)𝑡
𝜋𝑛
∴ ∴ 500𝜋𝑛𝑡 = 2𝜋(𝑛𝑓0 )𝑡
∴ ∴ 500 = 2𝑓0
∴ 𝑓0 = 250 Hz
1 1
a) 𝑇0 = = ⇒ 𝑇0 = 0.004sec = 4msec
𝑓0 250
rd
b) freq. of 3 harmonic = 3 fo = 750 Hz
sin (200𝜋(3)/3)
𝐷3 = 𝐷𝑛 |𝑛=3 ⇒ 𝐷3 =
c) 3𝜋
𝐷3 = 0
Q.2" Find Fourier Transform of the following signals:

a)
𝑡
𝑋 ′ (𝑡) = Π ( ) − 2𝛿(t)
2
(𝑗2𝜋𝑓)X(𝑓) = 2 sinc(2𝑓) − 2
2sin𝑐(2𝑓) 2
𝑥(𝑓) = −
𝑗2𝜋𝑓 𝑗2𝜋𝑓

b)
𝑥 ′ (𝑡) = 𝛿(𝑡 + 2) + 𝛿(𝑡 + 1) − 𝛿(𝑡 − 1) − 𝛿(𝑡 − 2)
𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑋(𝑓) = 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋2𝑓 + 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 − e−𝑗2𝜋𝑓 − 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋2𝑓
𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑋(𝑓) = 2𝑗 sin(2𝜋𝑓2) + 2𝑗 sin(2𝜋𝑓)
2𝑗 sin(2𝜋2𝑓) + 2𝑗 sin(2𝜋𝑓)
𝑥(𝑓) =
𝑗2𝜋𝑓
sin(4𝜋𝑓) sin(2𝜋𝑓)
𝑋(𝑓) = +
𝜋𝑓 𝜋𝑓

𝑑 𝑡
c) 𝑥(𝑡) = −𝛿(𝑡 + 2) − 𝛿(𝑡 − 2) + 0.5Π ( )
𝑑𝑡 4
𝑗2𝜋𝑓X(𝑓) = −𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓×2 − 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓.2 + 0.5 × 4sin𝑐(4f)
𝑗2𝜋𝑓X(𝑓) = −2 cos(4𝜋𝑓) + 2sin𝑐(4𝑓)
− cos(4𝜋𝑓) sin𝑐(4𝑓)
𝑥(𝑓) = +
𝑗𝜋𝑓 (𝑗𝜋𝑓)
jcos(4𝜋𝑓) sin(4𝜋𝑓)
𝑥(𝑓) = −𝑗
𝜋𝑓 (2𝜋𝑓)2
𝑗
𝑥(𝑓) = [4𝜋 fcos(4𝜋𝑓) − sin(4𝜋𝑓)]
(2𝜋𝑓)2
Q.3" Find the spectrum of the following signals:
8
a) 𝑥(𝑡) = 2
, ans: 𝑥(𝑓) = 4𝜋𝑒 −4𝜋|𝑓|
4+𝑡
1 1 1 4𝜋𝑓
b) 𝑥(𝑡) = cos (2𝑡)𝑢(𝑡), ans. 𝑥(𝑓) = [𝛿 (𝑓 − ) + 𝛿 (𝑓 + )] + 𝑗
4 𝜋 𝜋 (2𝜋𝑓)2 −4
c) 𝑥(𝑡) = (1 + 𝐴sin (𝑎𝑡))cos (𝑏𝑡)
𝐴 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
1 𝑏 𝑏
𝑗 [𝛿 (𝑓 + + ) − 𝛿 (𝑓 − 2𝜋 +
4 2𝜋 2𝜋
ans: 𝑥(𝑓) = [𝛿 (𝑓 − ) + 𝛿 (𝑓 + 2𝜋)] + 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
2 2𝜋
+𝛿 (𝑓 + − ) − 𝛿 (𝑓 − 2𝜋 − 2𝜋)
2𝜋 2𝜋

8
1- 𝑥(𝑡) =
4+𝑡 2
8
𝑥(𝑡) =
(2 − 𝑗𝑡)(2 + 𝑗𝑡)
𝐴 𝐵
𝑥(𝑡) = +
2 − 𝑗𝑡 2 + 𝑗𝑡
2 2
𝑥(𝑡) = +
2 − 𝑗𝑡 2 + 𝑗𝑡
4𝜋 4𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = +
4𝜋 − 𝑗2𝜋𝑡 4𝜋 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑡
𝑥(𝑓) = 4𝜋𝑒 −4𝜋𝑓 4(+𝑓) + 4𝜋𝑒 +4𝜋𝑓 𝑢(−𝑓)
𝑥(𝑓) ⋅ 4𝜋𝑒 −4𝜋|𝑓|

2- 𝑥(𝑡) = cos (2𝑡)𝑢(𝑡)

1
𝑥(𝑡) = [𝑒 𝑗2𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑗2𝑡 ]𝑢(𝑡)
2
1 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = [𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)]
2
1 1
𝑢(𝑡) ⟶ + 𝛿(𝑓)
𝑗2𝜋𝑓 2
1 1 1 1 1
𝑥(𝑓) = [ + 𝛿 (𝑓 − ) + + 𝛿 (𝑓 + )]
4 𝑗𝜋 (𝑓 − 1 ) 𝜋 1
𝑗𝜋 (𝑓 + ) 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
1 1 1 𝑗4𝜋
𝑥(𝑓) = [𝛿 (𝑓 − ) + 𝜎 (𝑓 + )] +
4 𝜋 𝜋 4 − (2𝜋𝑓)2
𝑒 𝑗2𝑡𝜋2 𝑒 −𝑗2𝑡𝜋2
𝑥(𝑡) = cos (2𝜋(2)𝑡) → +
2 2
10/3 10/3
𝑥(𝑓) = −
2+𝑗2𝜋𝑓 5+𝑗2𝜋𝑓
3- 10/3 10/3 10/3 10/3 1
𝑥(𝑓) =[ − + − ]⋅
2+𝑗2𝜋(𝑓−2) 5+𝑗2𝜋(𝑓−2) 2+𝑗2𝜋(𝑓+2) 5+𝑗2𝜋(𝑓+2) 2
5 5
𝑥(𝑓) = +
(2+𝑗2𝜋(𝑓−2)(5+𝑗)(𝑓−3) (2+𝑗2+(𝑓+2)(5+𝑗2𝜋(𝑓+2))
Q4 If Fourier Transform of 𝑥(𝑡) is:
10
𝑋(𝑓) =
(2 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓)(5 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓)

determine Fourier Transform of the following:

a) 𝑥(−3𝑡)
b) 𝑥(2𝑡 − 1),
c) 𝑥(𝑡)cos (2𝜋(2)𝑡),
𝑑
d) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥(𝑡)),

−10
a) 𝑋(𝑓) =
(2+𝑗2𝜋𝑓)(5+𝑗2𝜋𝑓)
𝐴 𝐵
𝑋(𝑓) = +
2 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 5 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓
10/3 10/3
𝑋(𝑓) = −
2 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 5 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓
10 −2𝑡 10
𝑋(𝑡) = 𝑒 4(𝑡) − 𝑒 −5𝑡 4(𝑡)
3 3
1 10/3 10/3
𝑋(−3𝑡) = [ − ]
1 − 31 2 + 𝑗2𝜋 × 𝑓/−3 5 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓/−3
1 (10/3) × +3 (10/3) × 3
𝑋(−3𝑡) = [ − ]
3 6 − 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 15 − 𝑗2𝜋𝑓
10/3[15 − 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 − 6 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 ′ ]
𝑋(𝑓) =
(6 − 𝑗2𝜋𝑓)(15 − 𝑗2𝜋𝑓)
30
𝑋(𝑓) =
(6 − 𝑗2𝜋𝑓)(15 − 𝑗2𝜋𝑓)

𝑥(2𝑡 − 1)
1
𝑥(2𝑡 − 1) = 𝑥(𝑓) = 2 (𝑡 − 2)
1 10/3 10/3
= [
2 2+𝑗2𝜋𝑓/2
− 5+𝑗2𝜋𝑓/2] 𝑒 −𝜋𝑓
(b) = 1 20/3 20/3
[
2 4+𝑗2𝜋𝑓
− 10+𝑗2𝜋𝑓] 𝑒 −𝑗𝜋𝑓
10 10
(10+𝑗2𝜋𝑓)− (4+𝑗2𝜋𝑓)
3 3
= (4+𝑗2𝜋𝑓)(10+𝑗2𝜋𝑓)
20
= (4+𝑗2𝜋𝑓)(10+𝑗2𝜋𝑓

𝑒 𝑗2𝑡𝜋2 𝑒 −𝑗2𝑡𝜋2
𝑥(𝑡) = cos (2𝜋(2)𝑡) → +
2 2
10/3 10/3
𝑥(𝑓) = −
2+𝑗2𝜋𝑓 5+𝑗2𝜋𝑓
10/3 10/3 10/3 10/3 1
C) 𝑥(𝑓) = [2+𝑗2𝜋(𝑓−2) − 5+𝑗2𝜋(𝑓−2) + 2+𝑗2𝜋(𝑓+2) − 5+𝑗2𝜋(𝑓+2)] ⋅ 2

5 5
𝑥(𝑓) = (2+𝑗2𝜋(𝑓−2)(5+𝑗)(𝑓−3) + (2+𝑗2+(𝑓+2)(5+𝑗2𝜋(𝑓+2))
(d)

𝑑
(𝑥(𝑡))
𝑑𝑥
10
𝑥(𝑓) =
(2 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓)(5 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓)
𝑑
(𝑥(𝑡)) = 𝑥(𝑓) × 𝑗2𝜋𝑓
𝑑𝑥
10 × 𝑗 × 2𝜋𝑓
𝑥(𝑓) =
(2 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓)(5 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓)
20𝑗𝜋𝑓
𝑥(𝑓) =
(2 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓)(5 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓)
𝑑
Q.8. Show that 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 [𝛿(𝑡)] = −𝛿(𝑡)

Q. 9 " Evaluate the following expressions:

∞
a) ∫−∞ (𝑡 − 3)2 𝛿(𝑡 + 4)𝑑𝑡, ans: 49
b) (𝑡 − 3)2 𝛿(𝑡 + 4), ons: 49𝛿(𝑡 + 4)
c) (𝑡 − 3)2 ∗ 𝛿(𝑡 + 4), ans: 𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1
∞
a) ∫−∞ (𝑡 − 3)2 𝜎(𝑡 + 4)𝑑𝑡 = (−4 − 3)2 = (−7)2 = 49
b) (𝑡 − 3)2 𝜎(𝑡 + 4)=(−4 − 3)2 𝜎(𝑡 + 4) = 49𝛿(𝑡 + 4)
C) (𝑡 − 3)2 ∗ 𝜎(𝑡 + 4)=(𝑡 − 3 + 4)2 = (𝑡 + 1)2 = 𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1
B) Find the spectrum of the following signal:

1
𝑥(𝑡) = cos (2𝜋 × 104 𝑡)
𝑗𝑡

1 𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = cos (2𝜋 × 104 𝑡) ×
𝑗𝑡 𝜋
1 𝜋 1 𝑗2𝜋×104 𝑡 4
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝜋 ⋅ cos (2𝜋 × 104 𝑡) = [𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋×10 𝑡 ]
𝑗𝜋𝑡 2 𝑗𝜋𝑡
𝜋 1 𝑗2𝜋×104 𝑡 1 −𝑗2𝜋×104 𝑡 1
𝑥(𝑡) = 2 [𝑗𝜋𝑡 𝑒 + 𝑗𝜋𝑡 𝑒 ], F.T [𝑗𝜋𝑡] = sgn (−𝑓)
𝜋
∴ 𝑥(𝑓) = [Sgn (−(𝑓 − 104 )) + sgn (−(𝑓 + 104 ))]
2

A) If 𝛿(𝑡) represents the unit impulse signal, prove that:

𝑑
−𝑡 [𝛿(𝑡)] = 𝛿(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑
A) Let 𝑥1 (𝑡) = −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 [𝛿(𝑡)] and 𝑥2 (𝑡) = 𝛿(𝑡)
We want to prove that 𝑥1 (𝑡) = 𝑥2 (𝑡)
Let's find F.T 𝑇[𝑥1 (𝑡)] then take F.T −1 for the result.
𝑑 𝑗2𝜋
𝑥1 (𝑡) = −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 [𝛿(𝑡)] × 𝑗2𝜋
1 𝑑
𝑥1 (𝑡) = − 𝑗2𝜋 (𝑗2𝜋𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 [𝛿(𝑡)]
𝑥1 (𝑓) = 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑇[𝑥1 (𝑡)]
𝑑 −𝑑 𝑑
Note that F.T [𝑗2𝜋𝑡] = 𝑑(−𝑓) = 𝑑𝑓 duality theorem 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑇 [𝑑𝑡] = 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 , 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑇[𝛿(𝑡)] = 1
1 −𝑑
∴ 𝑥1 (𝑓) = − 𝑗2𝜋 × 𝑑𝑓 {𝑗2𝜋𝑓 × 1}
1
𝑥1 (𝑓) = + 𝑗2𝜋 × 𝑗2𝜋 ⇒ 𝑥1 (𝑓) = 1} ∴ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑇 −1 [𝑋1 (𝑓)] = 𝛿(𝑡) = 𝑥2 (𝑡)