HSE Department Réf:

FALL PROTECTION PROCEDURE Date: 11/12

Rev: 01
1 / 14

Revision history

Rev Date Description of Change

Approval Authority:

Owner Developer Reviewer Approver

Summary

To establish minimum requirements and guidelines to provide maximum

prevention/protection against falls from elevation and a minimum standard of training
necessary to ensure personal understanding and compliance with the program.

Page 1 of 14
 HSE Department Réf:

FALL PROTECTION PROCEDURE Date: 11/12

Rev: 01
2 / 14

1.0 PURPOSE

To establish minimum requirements and procedure to provide maximum

prevention/protection against falls from elevation and a minimum standard of
training necessary to ensure personal understanding and compliance with the
program.

2.0 GOAL

Achieve 100% fall prevention/protection for all personnel exposed to potential

falls.

3.0 RESPONSIBILITY

Project management and front line supervision are responsible for supporting
and enforcing this program to ensure 100% compliance by all personnel. The
Project HSSE Departments primary responsibility will be the implementation of
the program, to assist in any training deemed necessary, to ensure personnel
have sufficient understanding of the program for successful compliance and
shall have full authority to ensure 100 percent enforcement of the program.
Subcontractors shall fully comply with this program.

No workplace shall be reached without a proper ladder, scaffold, access, etc.

Climbing structures are not allowed.

4.0 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS

All employees working at height shall be provided with an approved full body
harness, lanyard and shock absorber as a minimum. Lanyards shall be secured
when working in excess of 1.8 meters, (6 ft.) off the ground at all times.
Employees may detach the lanyard if a walking surface is provided and
constructed with scaffold grade planking with handrails, mid-rails and toe-
boards. If walking surfaces are not available, lifelines capable of supporting at
least 5,000 pounds are to be provided for mobility. Employees are to secure
their body harness when working from scaffolding.

The project shall develop a plan that meets HSE accepted standards and that
provides the kind and number of safeguards that shall protect the employee
from fall hazards.

Equipment shall be selected, used and maintained in such a manner to

maximize personal safety and minimize risk to the user.

All personnel will be trained on the safe and proper use of fall protection
equipment.

Fall protection equipment will be inspected by a Competent Person on a

monthly basis.

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 HSE Department Réf:

FALL PROTECTION PROCEDURE Date: 11/12

Rev: 01
3 / 14

5.0 RISK ANALYSIS

Risk Analysis is to be given to each person assigned work in elevated areas, or

in areas that present any possibility of falls. Supervisors must analyse all tasks
for their individual fall potential and then ensure that adequate fall
prevention/protection systems are in place, prior to any work beginning.
Furthermore, supervisors will actively question their employee’s knowledge of
the system being utilized, its proper methods of use and emergency
procedures associated with the task.

6.0 PRIMARY FALL PREVENTION SYSTEMS

Primary fall prevention systems are the preferred choice for performing work in
elevated areas. These systems provide walking and working surfaces that are
free from floor/wall openings and are equipped with standard guardrail
systems on all open sides. Primary fall prevention systems are to be used in
together with Fall Protection. Personnel walking or working on Primary Fall
Prevention Systems shall wear an approved safety harness/lanyard system and
shall secure the lanyard when stationary.

7.0 FULL BODY HARNESS/ LANYARDS

A full body harness and lanyard system with shock absorbing lanyard shall be
worn and secured where there is a fall exposure of six feet (1.8 m) or more.

If the work is located on a permanent structure and no fall potential is created

by the work or by the condition of the structure, full body harnesses are not
required. ALL personnel are to be tied off at ALL times when working in
elevated positions, except in completed, permanent structures.

When accessing a complete permanent structure by climbing a permanent

caged ladder, a full body harness is not required.

NOTE: If at any time an employee is forced to reach, or position any

part of their body beyond the plane of the structures boundaries (i.e.
guardrail system), full body harnesses shall be worn and secured to
ensure 100% fall protection.

To ensure the integrity of the equipment being used and success of the Fall
Prevention/Protection Program, the following shall be strictly adhered to:

 Only full body harnesses and lanyards approved by Project may be used.
Personal safety harness/lanyard systems are strictly forbidden.

 Lanyards shall only be used for fall protection and are never to be used for
positioning or material transport.

 The lanyard shall be secured to the D-ring located on the back of the
harness between the shoulder blades.

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 HSE Department Réf:

FALL PROTECTION PROCEDURE Date: 11/12

Rev: 01
4 / 14

 D-rings located at the waist may only be used for positioning and with rail-
type ladder climbing devices.

Full body harnesses and lanyards shall be attached to an anchorage point

capable of supporting an impact load of 5,000 pounds (2.268 t) or twice the
potential impact load of the engineered fall protection system.

Full body harnesses and lanyards shall be secured to limit potential free fall
distance to six feet (1.8 m) or less.

Snap hooks attached to lanyards shall be of the double action/locking type

design. Simple spring resistant snap hooks shall not be used for fall protection.

Employees using a full body harness and lanyards shall inspect them for wear,
damage and other deterioration prior to each use.

All full body harnesses and lanyards shall be inspected at least monthly by a
designated competent person(s) and colour-coded or tagged to indicate a
current inspection.

Defective full body harnesses and lanyards shall be tagged “DEFECTIVE – DO

NOT USE” and immediately removed from service.

Full body harnesses and lanyards subjected to impact loading shall be

immediately removed from service and shall not be used again for employee
protection until inspected and determined by a competent person to be
undamaged and suitable for reuse.

8.0 LADDERS

Permanent caged ladders being used to access complete structures where no

fall exposure exists, may be ascended/descended without wearing a safety
harness/lanyard.

Temporary construction ladders shall extend at least thirty-six inches (0.9 m)

above the upper landing being accessed and be secured against displacement.

The following items must be observed for any one-time access/egress activity
on a portable ladder:

 Personnel preparing to perform new work activity must receive specific Risk
Analysis concerning the use of portable ladders and associated fall
protection techniques.

 Personnel ascending ladders that are not yet secured at the top must have
another employee hold the ladder at the bottom until it can be properly
secured. This also includes the last trip down after untying the ladder at the
top.

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 HSE Department Réf:

FALL PROTECTION PROCEDURE Date: 11/12

Rev: 01
5 / 14

 Upon reaching the elevation where the work is to be performed, the

employee shall secure their lanyard prior to proceeding with the task. The
ladder should then be properly secured and the task may begin. When the
task is completed, this process should be reversed with the lanyard being
the last protective device to be released prior to descent.

 Absolutely no objects, tools, or materials are to be carried in hands while

ascending/descending ladders.

 The “three point contact rule” shall be adhered to at all times when
ascending or descending ladders, i.e. two feet and one hand or two hands
and one foot.

9.0 COVERS

Covers for holes in floors, roofs, and other walking/working surfaces shall meet
the following requirements:

 Covers located in roadways and vehicular isles shall be capable of

supporting, without failure, at least twice the maximum axle load of the
largest vehicle or piece of equipment expected to cross over the cover.

 All other covers shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least

twice the weight of employees, equipment, and materials that may be
imposed on the cover at any one time.

 All covers shall be secured when installed so as to prevent accidental

displacement by the wind, equipment or employees (wired or bolted down).

 All covers shall be marked with the words “HOLE COVER – DO NOT
REMOVE” in order to provide adequate warning of the hazard.

10.0 WARNING LINES

Warning line systems are designed to be utilized while performing work on low-
slope roofs. The warning line allows employees to readily note when they are
approaching an unprotected roof edge.

The warning line shall be erected around all open sides of the roof work area.

When mechanical equipment is not being used, the warning line shall be
erected not less than six feet (1.8 m) from the roof edge.

When mechanical equipment is being used, the warning line shall be erected
not less than six feet (1.8 m) from the roof edge which is parallel to the
direction of mechanical equipment operation, and not less than ten feet (3 m)
from the roof edge which is perpendicular to the direction of mechanical
equipment operation.

Page 5 of 14
 HSE Department Réf:

FALL PROTECTION PROCEDURE Date: 11/12

Rev: 01
6 / 14

Points of access, material handling areas, storage areas, and hoisting areas
shall be attached to the work area by an access path formed by two (2)
warning lines.

When the path to a point of access not in use, a rope, wire, chain, or other
barricade, equivalent in strength and height to the warning line system, shall
be placed across the path at the point where the path intersects the warning
line system placed around the work area, or the path shall be offset such that
an employee cannot walk directly into the work area.

If there is a danger of fall, even when warning lines are in place, a suitable fall
arrest system shall be utilised.

Warning lines shall consist of rope or wire cables, and supporting stanchions
erected as follows.

 The rope or wire cable shall be flagged at not more than 6-foot (1.8 m)
intervals with high visibility material.

 The rope or wire cable shall be rigged and supported in such a way that it’s
lowest point (including sag) is no less than thirty-one inches (79 cm) from
the walking/working surface and it’s highest point is no more than thirty-
nine inches (1 m) from the walking/working surface.

 After being erected, with the rope or wire cable attached, stanchions shall
be capable of resisting, without tipping over, a force of at least sixteen
pounds (7.3 kg) applied horizontally against the stanchion, thirty inches
(76.2 cm) above the walking/working surface, perpendicular to the warning
line, and in the direction of the floor, roof, or platform edge.

 The rope or wire cable shall have a minimum tensile strength of five
hundred pounds (267 kg), and after being attached to the stanchions, shall
be capable of supporting, without failure, the loads applied to the
stanchions.

 The line shall be attached at each stanchion in such a way that pulling on
one section of the line between stanchions will not result in slack being
taken up in adjacent sections before the stanchion tips over.

 Personnel working outside the protection of a warning line system shall be

protected by either a personal fall protection system or a safety net system
at all times when there is a fall potential of six feet (1.8 m) or more. A
warning line system DOES NOT allow workers to be unprotected from
potential fall exposures.

11.0 PERSONNEL RESTRAINT SYSTEMS

Restraint systems are designed to restrain movement so that a fall is not

possible. The system must have the capacity to withstand at least 3,000
pounds (1.36 t), or twice the maximum expected force that is needed to

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 HSE Department Réf:

FALL PROTECTION PROCEDURE Date: 11/12

Rev: 01
7 / 14

restrain the person from exposure to the fall hazard. In determining this force,
consideration should be given to site-specific factors such as, but not limited
to, the force generated by a person walking, leaning, or even sliding down a
steep roof.

12.0 SCAFFOLDING/TEMPORARY WORK PLATFORMS

Every effort shall be made to ensure all temporary platforms/walkways are

equipped with solid decking free of openings and standard guard rail systems.

Personnel working on temporary elevated platforms shall wear an approved

safety harness/lanyard system at all times and secure the lanyard when
stationary.

Personnel working on temporary platforms with fall exposure shall secure their
lanyards to an anchorage point capable of supporting 5,000 pounds (2.268 t)
or designed as part of a complete personal fall arrest system that maintains a
safety factor of a least two (2).

Personnel working on complete temporary platforms, free from deck openings

and equipped with standard guardrails are not required to secure their
lanyards.

Personnel shall not be allowed on any rolling scaffolding whilst it is being

moved.

All temporary platforms shall meet engineering (where required) and

manufacturers specifications, prior to any employee usage of the platform.

Temporary work platforms shall be inspected daily by designated Competent

Person(s) prior to use by any personnel. A tag shall be placed on the platform
to readily identify the platform as inspected and safe for use.

Every temporary work platform shall be provided with a safe means of

access/egress.

Guardrail systems are an integral part of many primary fall prevention

systems, and whenever utilized, must be constructed with absolute certainty of
integrity and structural soundness. Guardrail systems must meet the following
minimum requirements:

Top rail must be 42 inches (1.06 m) +/- 3 inches above the walking/working
surface.

Midrails must be installed at a height midway between the top edge of the
guardrail system and the walking/working level.

Guardrail systems shall be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of

at least 200 pounds (91 kg) applied within 2 inches (5.08 mm) of the top edge,
in any outward or downward direction at any point along the top edge.

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 HSE Department Réf:

FALL PROTECTION PROCEDURE Date: 11/12

Rev: 01
8 / 14

When a 200 pound (91 kg) load is applied to the top handrail it shall not deflect
to a height less than 39 inches (1 m) above the walking/working level.

Midrails must be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least

150 pounds (68 kg) applied in any downward or outward direction at any point
along the midrail.

If wire rope is used for top rails, it must be flagged at not more than 6-foot (1.8
m) intervals with high visibility material.

13.0 ANCHORAGE POINTS

The strength of a personal fall arrest system is based on its being attached to
an anchorage system that does not reduce the strength of the system. The
following equipment and structure will not meet the requirements of the Fall
Protection standards and shall not be used for anchorage points.

 Screw Pipe

 Conduit

 Cable Tray Rungs

 Welded Pipe Less Than 2”

 Wooden Handrails

14.0 POSITIONING DEVICE SYSTEMS

Work positioning systems are sometimes required for specialized tasks such as
installing vertical rebar walls. Personnel utilizing positioning systems must
adhere to the following minimum guidelines.

 Personal positioning belts are not permitted. All employees are to use
equipment provided by their company.

 Positioning belts of any kind shall not be used as fall protection systems at
any time.

 Work positioning lanyards are to be attached to D-rings at the waist belt

location and be supported by an appropriate work belt/harness. Positioning
lanyards shall not be of the shock absorbing type and shall not be used for
fall protection.

 The positioning type lanyard shall limit fall potential to three feet (0.9 m) or
less.

 The positioning lanyard must always be backed up by a properly secured

fall protection lanyard.

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 HSE Department Réf:

FALL PROTECTION PROCEDURE Date: 11/12

Rev: 01
9 / 14

 While ascending or descending vertical rebar walls, 100% fall protection

shall be maintained by utilizing the double lanyard system or retractable
lifeline reels.

 Snap hooks on positioning lanyards shall be of the double action/locking

type design. Simple spring resistant hooks shall not be used.

 Employees using positioning belts/harnesses and lanyards shall inspect

them for wear, damage and other deterioration prior to each use. The
equipment shall be inspected for defects such as cuts, burned spots, worn
fibres and/or damaged stitching, alterations such as extra belt holes, and
deformation of buckles and “D” rings. Lanyards shall be checked for any
signs of damage such as worn or broken fibbers or wire strands, any signs
of arc burns or heat damage, deformation or cracks of the snaps and proper
function of the safety latches on the snaps.

 All positioning belts/harnesses and lanyards shall be inspected at least

monthly by designated competent person(s) and subsequently colour coded
to indicate a current inspection.

 Defective positioning belts/harnesses and lanyards shall be tagged

“Defective Do Not Use” and immediately removed from service.

 Positioning devices shall be secured to an anchorage capable of supporting

at least twice the potential impact load of an employee fall or 3,000 pounds
(1.36 t), whichever is greater.

15.0 LIFELINE SYSTEMS

Lifeline systems are points of attachment for fall protection lanyards and
harnesses. Lifelines may be mounted either vertically or horizontally and are
designed to provide fall protection for personnel working in elevated areas.

Lifelines shall not be used for any other purpose than fall protection.

Lifelines shall be protected against being cut or abraded (i.e., Softeners around
lifelines at anchorage points).

Lifelines shall be inspected by a competent person(s) at least weekly to ensure

system and equipment integrity. Additionally, they are to be inspected by the
employee before each use and inspected and colour coded by the Competent
Person

16.0 LIFELINE PLACEMENT/INSTALLATION

The Project will design and engineer a system for the particular needs.
Engineered drawings must be approved by a competent engineer and kept on
file at the Project Construction Safety Managers office.

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 HSE Department Réf:

FALL PROTECTION PROCEDURE Date: 11/12

Rev: 01
10 / 14

Lifelines must be installed and used under the supervision of a

qualified/competent person. Only designated qualified/competent persons that
have been approved by the Project Construction Manager will be allowed to
supervise the installation. Written documentation on personnel (Competent
Person designation) qualified to supervise the installation of lifelines shall be
kept on file at the Project HSSE department office.

16.1 Horizontal Lifelines

Systems must be designed and engineered to maintain a safety factor of at
least two (2).

Project will be required to design and engineer a system for their particular
needs.

This must be done under the approval of a professional engineer. Approved

drawings must be kept on file at the Project HSSE department office.

Lifelines must be installed and used under the supervision of a qualified

person.

Only designated qualified persons that have been approved by the Project
construction manager will be allowed to supervise the installation.

Written documentation on personnel qualified to supervise the installation of

lifelines will be kept on file at the Project HSSE department office.

16.2 Vertical Lifelines

Must have a minimum breaking strength of at least 5,000 pounds (2.27 t).

Project will be required to design and engineer a system for their particular
needs. Approved engineered drawings must be kept on file at the Project
Safety Representatives office.

Only designated qualified persons that have been approved by the Project
construction manager will be allowed to supervise installation.

Written documentation on personnel qualified to supervise the installation of

lifelines will be kept on file in the Project HSSE department office.

16.3 Retractable Lifeline System

Retractable lifelines are devices that when properly utilized will serve to stop
the freefall of an employee prior to the employee striking a lower surface.

Retractable lifeline devices, if used, shall be attached to an anchorage point

capable of supporting 5,000 pounds (2.27 t) or designed and installed as part
of a fall arrest system that maintains a safety factor of two (2).

Page 10 of 14
 HSE Department Réf:

FALL PROTECTION PROCEDURE Date: 11/12

Rev: 01
11 / 14

Retractable lifelines shall be secured by, as a minimum, 2/8” (6.35 mm) wire
rope chokers or slings and 5/8” shackles. ROPE (synthetic or natural fibre)
SHALL NOT BE USED TO SECURE THESE DEVICES.

All slings, chokers, and shackles shall be inspected by a competent person(s)

at least monthly. The monthly colour code scheme should be placed on the
equipment to identify it as inspected and available for continued use.

Each retractable lifeline device shall be equipped with a rope tag line for
extending the device to elevations below the point of attachment.

Retractable lifeline devices shall only be installed by employees specifically

trained and designated competent for that task. These will normally be trained
scaffolding personnel.

Retractable lifelines shall be attached directly to the full body harness on the
“D” ring located between the shoulder blades. Attachment to a lanyard is not
acceptable.

16.4 Safety Net System

A safety net system is the least desirable fall-arrest system and should be
considered only as a last resort. If used, it must be installed as close as
practical under the walking/working surface. A safety net system must never
be more than 25 feet (7.6 meters) below the working surface.

The nets shall be installed only by the Structural/Rigging Department, or their

designee and installation shall be supervised by a designated, qualified person.

Safety net systems shall be installed according to engineered drawings and

specifications, particular to that task’s needs.

Engineered drawing shall be kept on file at the Project HSSE department office.

Safety nets shall be placed as close as practical under the working/walking

surface on which employees are working, but in no case more than twenty five
feet (7.6 meters) below such level.

Safety nets shall be installed with sufficient clearance under them to prevent
contact with the structures or surface below.

Safety nets shall be drop tested per after initial installation, after relocation,
after major repairs, and at six-month intervals if left in one place. Drop test
records must be kept on file at the Project HSSE department office.

Defective nets shall not be used. Safety nets shall be inspected at least weekly
to ensure integrity. Safety nets shall also be inspected after any event that
could affect the integrity of the safety net system.

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 HSE Department Réf:

FALL PROTECTION PROCEDURE Date: 11/12

Rev: 01
12 / 14

Materials, scrap pieces, equipment, and tools which have fallen into the safety
net shall be removed as soon as possible from the net and at least prior to the
next work shift.

17.0 CONNECTORS TOGGLES

These devices lock into structural steel bolt holes to provide an anchorage
point for a shock-absorbing lanyard. These devices are to be used by structural
iron connectors and bolt up personnel during steel erection.

Connector’s toggles shall be able to withstand 5,000 pounds (2.67 t) impact

load or twice the potential impact load of an engineered fall protection system.

18.0 CONCRETE FORM ANCHORAGE POINTS

These devices attach to patented concrete forms to provide an attachment

point for a lanyard. They are to be used when placing concrete forms at
elevations where a fall exposure exists.

Concrete form anchorage points shall be able to with stand 5,000 pounds (2.67
t) impact load or twice the potential load of an engineered fall protection
system.

19.0 REINFORCEMENT STEEL/CONCRETE FORM WORK

Personnel working on rebar walls, piers and on concrete form walls must have
fall protection 100% of the time they are exposed to a potential fall. This fall
protection can be achieved by utilizing one of the following options.

 Double lanyard system.

 Retractable lifelines.

Personnel working rebar or formed walls and elevated piers generally require
the use of a work positioning belt and lanyard. The positioning belt/lanyard
shall be used in conjunction with a harness/lanyard that has been properly
secured to provide fall protection.

On vertical rebar walls, the safety lanyard shall be secured overhead to either
a lifeline or a horizontal section of the rebar.

On form walls personnel shall use patented construction form tie-off

attachments or lifelines to secure their safety lanyards. These persons shall
receive specific Risk Analysis information on the equipment and fall protection
practices that will be utilized.

20.0 STRUCTURAL STEEL ERECTION

Personnel erecting skeletal steel structures shall maintain 100% fall

prevention/protection through the use of personal fall protection systems,
retractable lifelines, connectors toggles, and aerial lifts (JLG, Snorkel, etc.).

Page 12 of 14
 HSE Department Réf:

FALL PROTECTION PROCEDURE Date: 11/12

Rev: 01
13 / 14

Access to structural steel shall be by use of ladders, aerial lifts, or other

approved personnel hoisting devices. Climbing of structural steel members
such as columns and diagonal braces is expressly forbidden.

Prior to and during lifeline system placement, personnel shall crawl steel
members with lanyards secured around the steel members. Retractable lifeline
systems secured at elevations above the operation may be used in some
situations.

21.0 AERIAL LIFTS (JLG, SCISSORS, SNORKEL, ETC.)

Personnel riding in or working from these lifts must secure their safety lanyard
to the lift basket at all times.

22.0 SPYDERS AND SKI-CLIMBERS

Personnel riding in or working from these hoisting devices shall each be
provided an independent lifeline and rope grab. The employee’s lanyard shall
be connected to the rope grab at all times while aloft. The anchorage point for
the lifeline must be independent of any anchorage being used to support or
suspend the platform.

23.0 ROOFING

23.1 Low Slope Roof Applications

Employees engaged in work activities on low slope roofs, with unprotected
sides and edges six feet (1.8 m) or more above a lower level, shall be provided
100% fall prevention/protection by utilizing guardrail systems, personal fall
protection systems, safety net systems, or warning lines.

When warning line systems are used, the line shall be placed at least six feet
(1.8 m) away from and unprotected side or edge, except when mechanical
equipment is being utilized a minimum of ten feet (3 m) is required. Any
employee working between the roof edge and warning line must be protected
by a fall protection system.

23.2 High Slope Roof Applications

Employees engaged in work activities on high slope roofs, with unprotected
sides and edges six feet (1.8 m) or more above a lower level shall be provided
100% fall prevention/protection by guardrail systems, personal fall protection
systems, safety net systems or lifeline systems.

Guardrail systems must meet engineered drawing and technical specifications.

Personal fall protection systems must remain secured at all times while the fall
exposure of six feet (1.8 m) or more is present.

Employees shall receive Risk Analysis prior to beginning any task located on a
high slope roof.

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 HSE Department Réf:

FALL PROTECTION PROCEDURE Date: 11/12

Rev: 01
14 / 14

24.0 EXCAVATIONS

Excavations with straight cut sides and change in elevation of six feet (1.8 m)
or more shall be provided with fall prevention/protection devices adequate to
protect personnel working or travelling adjacent to them. This includes drilled
pier holes. The preferred method for safeguarding this fall exposure is with
rigid guardrail systems immediately adjacent to the excavation. Where
personnel are required to work immediately adjacent to the excavation and
guardrail systems do not provide adequate protection, employees shall be
provided fall restraint and/or lifeline systems to which they can secure their
safety lanyard/harness.

Employees shall remain secured to a lifeline or restraint system when working

within six feet (1.8 m) of an excavation with unprotected sides or edges.

Lifeline systems and employee restraint systems shall meet engineered

drawings and technical specifications prior to use.

Note: Excavations may include drilled pier holes.

25.0 DANGEROUS EQUIPMENT APPLICATION

Each employee less than six feet (1.8 m) above dangerous equipment shall be
protected from falling into or onto dangerous equipment by guardrail systems
or by equipment guards.

Each employee six feet (1.8 m) or more above dangerous equipment shall be
protected from fall potential by guardrail systems, secured personal fall
protection systems, safety net systems, or employee restraint systems.

Lifeline and restraint systems shall meet engineered drawing and technical
specifications prior to use.

26.0 RESCUE

As required by these work instructions, when personal fall arrest systems are
used, Project management must assure that employees can be promptly
rescued or can rescue themselves should a fall occur.

The availability of rescue personnel, ladders, or other rescue equipment should

be evaluated. In some situations, equipment which allows employees to rescue
themselves after the fall has been arrested may be desirable, such as devices
that have descent capability.

Page 14 of 14