Course code: EEE111
Course Title: Analog Electronics-I
Course Teacher
Dr. Monir Morshed
Professor
Email:[Link]@[Link]
Semiconductor Diode
Applications
Rectifier
One of the most important applications of diodes is in the design of
rectifier circuits.
Rectifiers convert ac power to dc power.
Rectifiers form the basis for electronic power suppliers and battery
charging circuits.
Fig.: Complete power supply with transformer, rectifier, filter, and regulator
Step-1: Decrease RMS magnitude of AC wave via
power transformer
step -2: convert full-wave AC signal to full-wave
rectified signal (still time-varying and periodic)
step -3: employ low-pass filter to reduce wave
amplitude by > 90%
step -4: employ voltage regulator to eliminate
ripple
step -5: supply dc load
.
Oxford University Publishing Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith
(0195323033)
Block diagram of a dc power supply
Rectifier
Rectifier are mainly two types:
Half wave Rectifiers
Full wave Rectifiers.
Bridge rectifier
Center tap transformer rectifier
Half-wave Rectifier
• Half wave Rectifiers: A rectifier that allows only one-half cycle of an
ac voltage waveform to establish a dc level is called half wave
rectification.
Hal-wave rectifier circuit with AC input Rectifier Output for ideal diode
The average voltage,
[since, ]
Therefore, the dc voltage for halfwave rectifier is
Effect of Using a Real Diode
• If simplified diode model is employed.
• The diode is conducted after the voltage supplied is more than 0.7V as
shown below
• So peak value of output is reduced, hence the dc voltage will be
reduced.
Vdc 0.318Vm VK
Half-Wave Rectification
Example: Circuit as below
• Sketch the output vo and determine dc level of the output voltage for
ideal diode
• What is the practical diode
• The Vm is increase to 200V
Solution:
Ideal diode circuit:
Vdc 0.318Vm
0.31820V
6.36V
(a)
(b)
Vdc 0.318Vm VK 0.31820V 0.7V 6.14V
Drop about 0.22V or 3.5 %
(C) Vdc 0.318Vm 0.318200V 63.6V (ideal)
Vdc 0.318Vm V K 0.318200V 0.7 63.38V (practical)
Drop about 0.22V or 0.35%
Diode Rating
• The maximum value of the reverse voltage that a diode can withstand
without damaging itself is known as its Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV).
• PIV of diode must be greater than the applied voltage
• This rating of PIV is given and described in the datasheet provided by
the manufacturer.
• It is usually prudent to select a diode that has a reverse breakdown
voltage at least 20% greater than the expected PIV.
PIV(rating) > Vm for half –wave rectifier
Half-wave Rectifier
Advantages:
‒ Simple construction
‒ Less number of components are required
‒ Small size
Disadvantages:
‒ More amount of ripple content
‒ Transformer utilization factor is very low.
‒ Rectification efficiency is low
‒ Generates harmonics
‒ Low output voltage or current
Applications:
‒ It is used for applications where constant DC
voltage is not very essential
‒ We can use in the power supplies
Full-Wave Rectification
Full wave Rectifiers:
A rectifier that allows full cycle of an ac voltage
waveform to establish a dc level is called Full wave
rectification.
Full-wave rectification produces a greater DC output
• Half-wave: Vdc = 0.318Vm
• Full-wave: Vdc = 0.636Vm
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
• A full-wave rectifier with four diodes that are connected
in a bridge configuration.
Four diodes are connected in a bridge configuration
VDC = 0.636Vm
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
The bridge rectifier circuit.
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
The bridge rectifier circuit.
Full-Wave Bridge Rectification
Ideal diode
Vdc 20.318Vm 0.636Vm
Practical diode
Vdc 0.636Vm 2V K
The effect of using a real diode
Diode Rating
For ideal diode For real diode
Full-wave Bridge Rectifier
Advantages:
‒ No need for center-tapped transformers
‒ High average output voltage
‒ Rectifier efficiency is high
‒ Transformer utilization factor is high
Disadvantages:
‒ The number of diode is four
‒ Series connection of TWO diodes will reduce
output voltage.
PIV = Vm – VK
Applications:
‒ Laboratory dc power supplies
‒ High current power supplies
‒ Battery charger
‒ DC power supplies for various electronic circuits
Center-Tapped Transformer
Center-Tapped Transformer Rectifier Output:
Requires • VDC = 0.636Vm
• Two diodes • PIV > 2 Vm
• Center-tapped transformer
The above output is for ideal diode
Center-Tapped Transformer
When instantaneous source voltage is positive, D1 conducts while D2 blocks…
The center tap transformer rectifier circuit.
Center-Tapped Transformer
when instantaneous source voltage is negative, D2 conducts while D1 blocks
The center tap transformer rectifier circuit.
Effect of Real Diode
Vdc 0.636Vm V K
The effect of using a real diode
PIV.
Apply KVL PIV Vsecondary VR Vm Vm 2Vm
Therefore PIV 2Vm
For practical diode, PIV for center tap = 2Vm – VK
Full-wave Rectifier with Center-Tapped Transformer
Advantages:
‒ Low ripple factor as compared with half-wave
rectifier.
‒ Better rectification efficiency
‒ Better transformer utilization factor
Disadvantages:
‒ Since PIV is 2Vm ,size of the diodes is larger and
they are most costly
‒ Cost of center tapped transformer is high
Applications:
‒ Laboratory dc power supplies
‒ High current power supplies
‒ Battery charger
‒ DC power supplies for various electronic circuits
Summary of Rectifier Circuits
Rectifier Ideal VDC Realistic VDC
Half Wave Rectifier VDC = 0.318Vm VDC = 0.318Vm – 0.7
Bridge Rectifier VDC = 0.636Vm VDC = 0.636Vm – 2(0.7 V)
Center-Tapped Transformer
VDC = 0.636Vm VDC = 0.636Vm – 0.7 V
Rectifier
Vm = peak of the AC voltage.
In the center tapped transformer rectifier circuit, the peak AC
voltage is the transformer secondary voltage to the tap.
The above realistic value is true for only silicon diode.
• Determine the output for the network below and
calculate the output dc level and the required PIV
of each diode.
Solution:
D1 D2
For positive half cycle, diode 2 is on and 1 is off, which is
shown in the following figure
Equivalent circuit Redrawn network Output for
positive cycle
Solution:
From the 2nd Fig;
Therefore,
Again, for the negative half cycle, diode 1 is on and 2 is off
and we get the same result of positive half cycle.
3.18V Vdc
Resulting output
PIV Vm 5V
Practical Applications
Rectifier Circuits
• Conversions of AC to DC for DC operated circuits
• Battery Charging Circuits
Simple Diode Circuits
• Protective Circuits against
• Overcurrent
• Polarity Reversal
• Currents caused by an inductive kick in a relay
circuit
Zener Circuits
• Overvoltage Protection
• Setting Reference Voltages
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