HISTORY, CHAPTER-1, SOURCES

❖ What are sources? :- Sources are the basic material necessary for the construction of History.
Importance of Sources : Why are the sources necessary for the construction of history ? and what are sources?
• These are very important questions for the construction of History
• Sources are the basic material necessary for the construction of History.
• There is no source, no history is the stance of history.
• Without sources, there can be no construction of history.
• They provide details on the different dimensions of the lives of the people of particular period.
• The historians analyse different related sources with regarding different past events and construct history.
❖ Give the example for sources of history? :- The agricultural tools left by the ancient people, temples and other
religious buildings, forts, inscriptions, coins, different types of weapons, written documents, literary works, oral
literatures etc. are the sources of history.
Types of Sources : Name the types of Sources
a. Literary Sources : 1. Native Literature, 2. Foreign Literature
b. Archaeological Sources : 1. Inscriptions, 2. Coins, 3. Monuments 4. Excavations
c. Oral Sources and Legends
a) Literary Sources :
1. Native Literature : State the contribution of Native Literature in the construction of history?
• The literature written by Indians is called Native literature.
• We can see this type of literature in all Indian languages which have written form.
• Sanskrit, Prakrit, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi and all other Indian languages have this type of rich literary
heritage.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

• Vishakadatta’s ‘Mudrarakshasa’, Kalhana’s ‘Rajatarangini’, Ashwaghosha’s ‘Buddha Charita’, Kautilya’s
‘Arthashastra’, Hala’s ‘Gathasaptashati’, ‘Banabhatta’s Harsha Charitha’, Chand Bardayi’s ‘Prithviraja Raso’,
Pampa’s ‘Vikramarjuna Vijaya’, Sangam Literature, the
• ‘Tripitikas’ of Buddhist literature, Srivijaya’s ‘Kavirajamarga’ are worth mentioning.
2. Foreign Literature : State the contribution of Foreign Literature in the construction of history?
• The literature written by foreign writers, travellers, scholars are called foreign literature.
• Megasthenes’ ‘Indica’, HuienTsang’s ‘Si-Yu-Ki’, Fa-Hien’s ‘Gho-Kho-Ki’, Ceylon’s ‘Deepavamsha’ and
‘Mahavamsha’,. Ptolemy’s ‘Geography’, Baranis Tarikh-E-Firoz Shahi,
• the writings of Furneo Nuniz and the writings of Barbosa and Nicolo Conti who visited the Vijayanagar Empire
are some examples of this kind of sources.
b) Archaeological Sources : * What are archaeological sources? Explain with examples.
• The Halmidi Inscription inscriptions, coins, monuments, pots, artefacts and other ruins that have been obtained
during researches and excavations are called Archaeological Source.
• The materials available inside the earth are also archaeological sources.
❖ Give an example of a historical event discovered from archaeological sources? :- Harappan civilization came into
light like this.
1) Inscriptions :- Write a short note on the inscription in construction of history?
• Inscriptions are the living evidences of respective period.
• They provide us information about religion, culture, economy, administration and other aspects of that period.
• The earliest inscription obtained in our country is the inscription engraved by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka.
• He engraved inscriptions on the rocks and stone pillars.
• His inscriptions are found in many places in India.
• These are mostly in Bramhi and Kharoshti Script in Prakrit language. Some inscriptions have been found in Greek
and Armic language too.
• Ashoka’s inscriptions have been found in Maski and Bramhagiri in Karnataka.
• The first inscription available in Kannada language is the Halmidi Inscription.
• This was engraved during the reign of King Kakutsavarma of the Kadamba dynasty.
• Samudra Gupta’s Allahabad Piller Inscription, Aihole Inscription of Pulikeshi II, Kharavela’s Hathigumpa
Inscription, Uttarameruru Inscription of Cholas etc.
• play very important role in the construction of history.
2) Study of Coins :
❖ What is Numismatics? :- Numismatics is the study of the evolution, nature and development of Coins.
❖ Coins play a significant role in re-constructing history. Justify
• Coins have been minted by using a variety
• of metals. These play a significant role in re-constructing history.
• The study of coins not only represents the ‘Symbol of Power’ of the king who issued the coins but also provides
information regarding the religion, culture, administration, social and economic aspects of the periods to which
they belonged.
• For example, Samudra Guptha has issued seven different types of gold coins.
• The availablity of Roman coins in Bengaluru proves the fact that this region had trade link with Romans 2000
years ago.
3) Monuments : Write a short note on the Monuments in construction of history?
• Monuments are the most important archeological sources.
• The buildings that are remained as the living evidences of Indian cultural heritage are called monuments.
• For example : temples, basadis, chaityalayas, stupas, palaces, forts, sculptures etc.
• They enable us to know about the social, political and religious conditions, technology and other aspects of the
particular period.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

• Ashoka’s Pillars, Ajanta and Ellora Caves, the Elephanta Caves, Badami, Aihole and Pattadakallu of Karnataka are
the evidences of India’s glorious heritage.
• Meharuli’s Iron Pillar and Vijayapura’s Whispering Gallery of Gol Gumbaz are the evidences of the maturity of the
science and technology of that period.
• Gol Gumbaz of Vijayapura, Tajmahal of Agra etc are not only the monuments but also throw light on the
creativity, technology and scientific knowledge of those period.
4) Excavations :
❖ What is Excavation? :- Excavation is the process of digging out the hidden ruins in the earth through scientific
methods.
❖ Give the example of Excavation in construction of history? :- For example, the excavations conducted at Bimbetka
and Sanganakallu give us the information to reconstruct the histrory of stone age culture and the ruins found
during the excavations conducted at Harappa and Mohenjodaro provide evidences for reconstructing the history
of Indus Valley Civilization.
c) Oral Sources and Legends :- Oral sources help us to know about the local history. Explain.
• In oral tradition, the memory of human socitey Sage Shuka narrating mahabharatha to Parikshit and the sages is
recorded.
• Today many oral sources are being used to understand the diverse Indian heritage.
• From time immemorial, human society has preserved its experiences and memories in the form of poems, songs
and ballads.
• They are passed on from generation to generation through oral communication.
• Oral literature helps to know the local history.
• There are abandunt oral literature on the Nayakas of Chitradurga, Kempegowda, Tippu Sultan,
• Sangolli Rayanna, Kitturu Rani Chennamma, Sindhura Lakshmana, Meadows Taylor and others. There are many
oral narratives on Kaivara Narayana Thatha, Sevalal, Shishunala Sharif and many others.
• Many tribes and the communities who were illiterates preserved their experiences through oral literature.
Sthala-Puranas :- What is Sthala-Puranas? :- There are many legends related to individuals, events, heritage, customs
and many places of India. Legends are also referred to as Sthala-Puranas.
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. The two kinds of literary sources are _______ and _____.(Native Literature,Foreign Literature)
2. A literary source of Aswaghosha is __________.(‘Buddha Charita’)
3. The first inscription found in Kannada language is ______.(Halmidi inscription)
II. Answer the following questions in brief :
1. Which are the basic material necessary for the construction of History? :- Sources are the basic material necessary
for the construction of History.
2. Mention the Types of Literary Sources? :- 1Native Literature, 2. Foreign Literature
3. Give the example for Archaeological Sources? :- 1.Inscriptions, 2.Coins, 3.Monuments 4. Excavations.
4. Give two examples for native and foreign literature each.
Native Literature : Vishakadatta’s ‘Mudrarakshasa’, Kalhana’s ‘Rajatarangini’, Ashwaghosha’s ‘Buddha Charita’,
Kautilya’s ‘Arthashastra’, Hala’s ‘Gathasaptashati’, ‘Banabhatta’s Harsha Charitha’, Chand Bardayi’s ‘Prithviraja
Raso’, Pampa’s ‘Vikramarjuna Vijaya’, Srivijaya’s ‘Kavirajamarga’.
Foreign Literature: Megasthenes’ ‘Indica’, HuienTsang’s ‘Si-Yu-Ki’, Fa-Hien’s ‘Gho-Kho-Ki’, Ceylon’s ‘Deepavamsha’
and ‘Mahavamsha’,. Ptolemy’s ‘Geography’, Baranis Tarikh-E-Firoz Shahi, the writings of Furneo Nuniz and the
writings of Barbosa and Nicolo Conti.
5. Which is living evidences for construction history? :- Inscriptions are the living evidences of respective period.
6. Which is the earliest inscription in India? :- The earliest inscription obtained in our country is the inscription
engraved by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka.
7. Ashoka's inscriptions were written in which languages? :- These are mostly in Bramhi and Kharoshti Script in
Prakrit language. Some inscriptions have been found in Greek and Armic language too.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
8. Where are Ashoka’s inscriptions found in Karnataka? :- Ashoka’s inscriptions have been found in Maski and
Bramhagiri in Karnataka.
9. Which is The first inscription available in Kannada language? :- The first inscription available in Kannada language
is the Halmidi Inscription.
10. Halmidi inscription was engraved during whose reign? :-This was engraved during the reign of King Kakutsavarma
of the Kadamba dynasty.
11. Give examples of some of the inscriptions which help in the construction of History? :- Samudra Gupta’s
Allahabad Piller Inscription, Aihole Inscription of Pulikeshi II, Kharavela’s Hathigumpa Inscription, Uttarameruru
Inscription of Cholas etc.
12. Which Represents the ‘Symbol of Power’ of the king ? :- Coins.
13. What is Monuments? :- The buildings that are remained as the living evidences of Indian cultural heritage are
called monuments.
14. Give the example for Monuments? :- For example : temples, basadis, chaityalayas, stupas, palaces, forts,
sculptures etc.
15. How to reconstructing the history of Indus Valley Civilization? :- Harappa and Mohenjodaro provide evidences for
reconstructing the history of Indus Valley Civilization.
III. Activities : 1. Discuss with your teacher how the history helps to know the present.
2. Visit a monument and collect information about it.
3. Collect the coins of historic period.
4. Visit an Archaeological Museum.
IV. Project : 1. Collect information about coins and prepare a small project.

CHAPTER-2, BHARATHAVARSHA : GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES AND PREHISTORIC PERIOD

❖ India is a sub-continent occupying a huge area in the southern part of the Asian Continent.
❖ What is peninsula? :- surrounded by water on three sides and land on one side
❖ With which countries does India have land borders? :- India shares its boundaries with Pakistan, Afghanistan,
China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar.
❖ India had different names what were they? :- Bharathavarsha, Bharatha Khanda, Sindhudweepa,
Akhandabharatha and Greater India too.
❖ How many states and union territories are there in India at present? :- At present India consists of 28 states and 8
union territories including the national capital territory (Delhi).
❖ Describe briefly the physical features of India.
• Himalayan Range of Mountains,
• Indo-Gangetic Plain,
• Deccan Plateau,
• Coastal Region.
❖ Which are the two valleys intrusions attacked India? :- The attacks have been mainly from the north- western
side through the valleys of Bolan and Khyber passes.
❖ Which Mountains help to preserve the safety and security of India? :- • Himalayan Range of Mountains help to
preserve the safety and security of India.
❖ Where was flourished The ancient civilizations of Indus Valley and Vedic period ? (Many battles have been fought
in all the time to establish control over Which area?) :- The flat Indo-Gangetic Plains are very fertile. The ancient
civilizations of Indus Valley and Vedic period flourished here. Many battles have been fought in all the time to
establish control over this area.
❖ Which river separates India into two parts? :- The Narmada river separates India into two parts –
❖ How many km is the coastline of India? Or How long is the coastline of India? :- The Indian coastline is extensive
and stretches over 6,100 kms.
The Prehistoric Age :

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

❖ What is meant by ‘Prehistoric Age’? :- The period before the discovery of the art of writing is called the
Prehistoric Age. This is so because we do not find evidences to the linguistic development or to the use of script.
We do not get any written records for the study of history of this period.
❖ How do we get to know about the people and their life in the Prehistoric age? :- Excavation of archaeologist
❖ Who are called Archaeologists? :- The scholars who study ‘Prehistoric Age’ period are called Archaeologists.
❖ What were Important features of Prehistoric periods?
• In this age, man was a nomad and indulged in hunting and food-gathering.
• Archaeologists have discovered some implements created and used by these people.
• Probably they used weapons made of stone, wood and bones. Among these, only weapons made of stone have
survived today, providing us sources for study.
• Human beings in the prehistoric age used stone implements to peel the skin and separate the flesh and bones of
animals, to scrape the bark of trees, and to cut fruits and roots.
• The people used to create handles out of bones and wood, and using them like spears and arrows and hunted
animals.
• They used stones as axes to chop down trees and cut them up into logs.
• They might have used wood to build huts for themselves, or to make handles for their weapons.
• The above explanations constructs the important features of prehistoric periods.
❖ Write a Short note on The areas chosen by Prehistoric Man :-
• The relics of the hunting and food-gathering man are available in Bimbetka, Hunasagi and Kurnool in India. There
are many other sites in which such relics have been found.
• Most of these sites have been discovered along the banks of rivers and lakes.
• Furthermore, since stone implements were essential for the survival of people of that age, they chose areas
abundant with stone which could fulfil their needs.
• Areas where people used stones to create various implements have been considered as industrial sites.
❖ How do we get to know about such (‘Prehistoric Age’) industrial sites?
• Usually we get to see stone implements around rocky areas. People might have rejected some stones as
unsuitable for their implements.
• Heaps of broken rocks or stone-chips obtained during the making of this impliments were found in such areas.
People lived for a long time in these places. These sites are called residential and industrial sites.
Awareness about fire :
❖ Where was Signs of ashes found in India? ;- Signs of ashes have been found in the caves of Kurnool.
Drawings found in caves :
❖ Where were ‘Prehistoric man’ Drawings found in caves in India? :- Such cave-drawings can be seen in Madhya
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka. There are beautiful drawings of wild animals and of hunting.
The changing Environment :
❖ How did animal husbandry and dairy farming evolve?
• Animals like deer, elks, goats, sheep and others flourished in these grasslands.
• Man who had been hunting animals, began to observe their nature, food habits and the way these animals
breed.
• Over a period of time, he captured these animals and domesticated them.
• This was the way the practices of animal husbandry and dairy farming began.
❖ The different periods of prehistory have been given various names by archaeologists. What are they? :-
Archaeologists refer to the age we discussed now, by different names.
• The period of prehistory has been divided into three stages. (a) Old Stone Age, (b) Middle Stone Age and (c) New
Stone Age.
• The Old Stone Age stretched over a period of 12,000 years. This long duration has been divided into three stages
called 1) the Early Old Stone, 2) Middle Old Stone and 3) Late Old Stone Age.
Old Stone Age :-

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

• The age which prevailed 2 million years ago is the oldest period and is called the Old Stone Age, and it stretched
over a period of 12,000 years.
• This long duration has been classified into three stages is - the Early, Middle and Late Old Stone Ages.
Middle Stone Age : Write a Short note on The Middle Stone Age? :
• The period from 12,000 years to around 10,000 years is called the Middle Stone Age.
• The weapons of this period are generally very small and hence they are called delicate stone implements.
• That period is called as delicate stone age (Microlithic age).
• Man used is fashionable handles from delicate stone for weapons made from bone and wood.
• He used those implements as axes and saws. Along with these tools, weapons of the old kind too continued to
exist.
The New Stone Age : Write a Short note on The New Stone Age?
• The New Stone Age began after 10,000 years.
• The stone weapons of this period are different from those of the earlier periods.
• These weapons were bright and had sharp blades.
• People of this age used grinding stones for grinding leaves and herbs and for powdering grains and cereals.
• Some pots and pans of this period have been found, a few of which have been decorated.
• Pots were used for storing grains.
• They were also used for cooking rice, wheat and other grains and cereals.
• People of this age had learnt to weave cloth.
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. Geographically, India is a ______. (Sub-continent and a Peninsula)
2. Signs of ashes have been found in caves of _______.(Kurnool)
3. The implements of the Middle Stone Age are called ________. (Delicate stone Implements)
II Answer to the following questions in brief :
1. What is called eastern coastline of India? :- The eastern coastline is called the Coromandel Coast and Utkal Coast,
2. What is called western coastline of India? :- Whereas the western coastline is referred to as Konkan, canara and.
Malabar Coast.
3. Where were available in The relics of the hunting and food-gathering man in India? :- are available in Bimbetka,
Hunasagi and Kurnool in India.
4.Which areas have been considered as industrial sites in Prehistoric Man? :- Areas where Prehistoric people used
stones to create various implements have been considered as industrial sites.
5. Which sites are called residential and industrial sites? :- • Heaps of broken rocks or stone-chips obtained during
the making of this impliments were found in such areas. ‘Prehistoric Age’ People lived for a long time in these places.
These sites are called residential and industrial sites.
6. How old is the Old Stone Age? :-• The age which prevailed 2 million years ago is the oldest period
7. How many stages is the Old Stone Age divided into? What are they? :- This long duration has been divided into
three stages called 1) The Early Old Stone, 2) Middle Old Stone and 3) Late Old Stone Age.
8. How old is the Middle Stone Age? :- •The period from 12,000 years to around 10,000 years is called the Middle
Stone Age.
9. Which period is called as delicate stone age (Microlithic age)? :- • Middle Stone Age
10. Which were tools, weapons used in middle stone age? :- • Man used is fashionable handles from delicate stone
for weapons made from bone and wood. • He used those implements as axes and saws. Along with these tools,
weapons of the old kind too continued to exist.
11. How old is the New Stone Age? :- • The New Stone Age began after 10,000 years.
11. Which stone age people had learnt to weave cloth?:- • New Stone Age
III Activity : 1. Visit an ancient site or musiuem along with your parents and learn more about it from your teacher.

CHAPTER-3, ANCIENT INDIAN CIVILIZATIONS : SINDHU-SARASWATI CIVILIZATION & VEDIC CIVILIZATION

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
❖ India was the brith place of a civilization during ancient period. Which is it? :- The civilization that was flourished
here is called Sindhu Saraswati Civilization, Harappan Civilization etc.
❖ How to birth and evolution of Sindhu Saraswati civilization?
• The history of birth and evolution of civilization is very curious.
• The community who led nomadic life gradually started to live stable life.
• They learnt to build houses, to produce the food grains, cattle rearing and so on.
• This type of civilization existed in India about 5000 years ago.
• Majority of sites found at Sindh and Punjab. Later on many sites of Harappan Civilization were discoverd at
Rajasthan, Gujarat and so on.
❖ After the discovery of Which sites, the belief was that the study of Indian History began from Vedic period,
became lie? :- After the discovery of Harappan and Mohenjodaro sites, the belief was that the study of Indian
History began from Vedic period, became lie.
Town Planning :- How was the township construction done in Sindhu-Sarasvati civilization?
• Town planning :- • Streets, • Drainage system, • Public Bath (Swimming pool), • Warehouses, • Buildings.
• Every Buildings in The usage of burnt clay bricks indicates the advancement of the civilization.
• A ground-level tank (Public Bath) can be seen constructed in another town Mohenjo-Daro.
• They were planned and built quite systematically – well planned houses, roads and drains can be seen there.
• The houses were built with bricks and walls were strong; generally, the houses were of one or two storeys. The
inner core space had rooms surrounding.
• The doors faced the street; None of the windows were street-facing, though.
• The houses had baths, some with wells for water supply.
• Water availability was abundant. Every household having its own bath was a big thing back then.
• Such information shows that the Sindhu-Sarasvati civilization population led a prosperous life.
• Towns had internal drainage system, the drains of which were built with bricks and covered with stone slabs.
• The drains of houses were connected to the external drains. Domestic grey and black waters was led into the
external drains through these connecting drains.
• Cover slabs had holes to enable regular maintenance. It is understood that separate officers were appointed for
maintenance.
• The drainage system alone shows how superior the systematic thought process of the then town-planners,
grievance-less execution and maintenance, and interest towards civil responsibilities.
• Such well-equipped town construction is not seen in Egypt, Mesopotamia and other civilizations. Even in terms of
physical expanse, the Sindhu-Sarasvati civilization was more advanced and bigger than the contemporary ones.
❖ How were the baths constructed during Sindhu – Saraswati civilization?
• A ground-level tank can be seen constructed in another town Mohenjo-Daro.
• The experts have identified it as an open bath built with bricks and precautions were taken to ensure the
structure was leak-proof.
• Stairs are located at two sides of the tank which has rooms built all around.
• Perhaps, the water to this tank was supplied from a nearby well, and the water was drained out after usage.
Cultural details :
❖ List out the traces found to know about the cultural details of Sindhu - Saraswati Civilization.
• Apart from the buildings, the artefacts found are mostly metal and precious stones.
• Beads and seals are found in large quantities.
• Harappan beads had Shivling found at Kalibangan demand even in the distant Mesopotamia.
• The technique of drilling a diametrical hole through a bead was well practised by Harappans.
• Pots with various designs are also found.
• Bangles made of metals and shell material are found in abundance along with female figurines adorning them in
different patterns.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

• Seals of Pashupathi, Bull and Unicorn The seals of this civilization show still undeciphered script. The scholar
called this script ‘Picture Script’.
• Vrushabha (bull) is one of the most important figures found on seals of those times with the leaf of the sacred fig
(peepal or ashvattha) tree being another prominent figure on the seals.
• Several idols with different yoga and namaskara postures are also seen.
• Weavers used to work with cotton, sometimes even silk.
• There were artists who worked on stones, ivory and such materials. Woollen blankets, wooden furniture, articles
that enhanced the beauty of the buildings were in vogue.
• Bronze has been one of the important alloys found in ancient civilizations.
• The copper needed to create the alloy was available in Baluchistan, Rajasthan, etc. From this they created several
items from hard tools to mirrors.
• Literature, music, dance, painting, sculpture and other art forms were well established.
• Female figurines in dancing posture, drum and string instrument sculptures, several varieties of masks obtained
during the excavations confirm their deep interest in art.
• The famous dancing female figurine obtained in Mohenjodaro.
Farming and Trading : Explain the economic condition during Sindhu – Saraswati Civilization.
• Sindhu-Sarasvati population were dependant on farming and trading.
• Wheat, barley and pulses were their primary crops.
• Hunting and fishing were also vastly practised. Cotton farming was done to manufacture textiles. They were
involved in rearing of cattle including bull, cow, buffalo and sheep, goat and poultry. Oxen were used to plough
the fields. Commerce and trading were equally important to them.
• Urban centres used to trade with country side and foreign nations –Baluchistan, Sourashtra and Deccan regions
were prominent among them.
• Several seals found in Mesopotamia indicates the close ties that existed between the Sindhu-Sarasvati and
Mesopotamian civilizations.
• A huge construction is found in Lothal, Gujarat which is most probably a ship dockyard.
• Lothal was their important centre of sea trade.
❖ Where had best of practices of rain water management in Indus Valley Civilization? Or Which site had the system
of rain water harvesting? :- Dholavira had best of practices of rain water management.
The Decline : How did the Indus Valley civilization decline?
• Some claim, the drying up of rivers, drastic change in their course could be the reason;
• some others feel loss of forests could be reasons, because of long-term flooding of the region,
• which could also have forced the population from sites along Sindhu and in Western Punjab to migrate Eastwards
and towards the South.
• However, the civilization continued until much later in Lothal, Gujarat.
Vedic Civilization
• Historic period of India starts from vedic civilization.
• This period is identified as the period between 1500 BCE and 700 BCE.
• It is classified as Early Vedic or Rigvedic period and Later Vedic period (Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda)
The word ‘Veda’ is derived from the word ‘Vid’ which means knowledge.
Vedic Culture: RigVeda is the first among all the Vedas. It has 1028 Sukthas and 10 Mandalas. It contains Nature, God
/ Goddess, Sukthas. The persons who recites (Hymns) are known as ‘Hothris’.
Social, Religious, Poltical and Economic system during Vedic Period :
❖ Analyse the social, political, religious and economic system of Pre-Vedic and Post Vedic period.
• Pre Vedic Period :- Purushasukta that appears in the tenth mandala of RigVeda refers the varna system in society.
• There were four varnas - existed in the society.
• They were Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vyshyas and Shudras.
• The varnas were decided on the basis of profession, not by birth.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

• Women had equal status in the society. King was termed as ‘Rajan’ The king was assisted by Sabha, Samiti and
Vidata.
• Widow marraige was in practice. The main occupation was animal husbandry and farming.
• Post Vedic Period :- A persons cast was determined by birth.
• The caste system became more complex. Women did not have equal status in the society.
• During this period they used to do Yajnas and Yagas.
• ‘Vidat’ was disappeared. Widow marriage system was banned.
• Dowry system, Parda system, and Child marriage came into existence.
• Agriculture became the main occupation rather than hunting and animal husbandary.
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. The script on the seals of Sindhu - Saraswati Civilization is called _______. (‘Picture Script’)
2. The important center of sea trade during Sindhu – Saraswati Civilization was _________.(Lothal)
3. The place which had the best practice of Rain water management during this civilization ______. (Dholavira)
II Answer the following questions in brief :
1. Where is the Greatbath of Indus valley civilization located? :- Mohenjodaro
2. Where was the dockyard of Indus valley civilization discovered? :- Lothal.
3. Which was the important centre of sea trade in Indus valley civilization? :- • Lothal was their important centre of
sea trade.
4. How old is Rig-Veda as on today? 5000 Years
5. What are the symbols/ pictures found on the seals of Sindhu civilization? :- Vrushabha (Bull), ashwatha tree(fig
tree), idols with different yoga and namaskara postures.
6. What is Arya ? :- Well cultured and Respected people were addressed as Arya
7. Which is the World’s oldest literature ? :- Rig-Veda
8. How many years ago Sindhu-saraswati civilization existed in India ?:- This type of Civilization existed in India about
5000 years ago.
9. Which was indicates the advancement of the Sindhu-saraswati civilization? :-The usage of burnt clay bricks
indicates the advancement of the civilization.
10. Where were Fire place found in the Sindhu-saraswati civilization? :- Fire places are found in the towns of
Kalibangan and Lothal.
11. Where were Well-arranged grainaries found in the Sindhu-saraswati civilization? :- Well-arranged grainaries can
be seen in Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro and Lothal.
12. Which one of the important alloys found in Sindhu-saraswati civilizations? :- • Bronze has been one of the
important alloys found in ancient civilizations.
13. Where was copper available in Sindhu-saraswati civilizations? :- • The copper needed to create the alloy was
available in Baluchistan, Rajasthan,
14. Which was the main occupation of Sindhu-saraswati civilizations ? :- farming and trading.
15. Which were the main primary crops of the Sindhu-saraswati civilizations?: • Wheat, barley and pulses were their
primary crops.
16. With which country(civilization) did the Indus Saraswati civilization have economic relations? :-the close ties that
existed between the Sindhu-Sarasvati and Mesopotamian civilizations.
17. How many years ago Sindhu-Sarasvati civilization started to decline? :- About 4000 years ago this civilization
started to decline.
18. What was the duration of Vedic Civilization? :- • This period is identified as the period between 1500 BCE and 700
BCE.
19. How to classified as Vedic Civilization? : • It is classified as Early Vedic or Rigvedic period and Later Vedic period
(Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda)
20. The word ‘Veda’ is derived from the word which word? What is it mean? :-The word ‘Veda’ is derived from the
word ‘Vid’ which means knowledge.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

21. Which is first among all the Vedas? :- RigVeda is the first among all the Vedas.
22. Which political institution assisted the king in the administration during the vedic civilization? :- The king was
assisted by Sabha, Samiti and Vidata.
23. Which was the main occupation Post Vedic Period? • Animal husbandry and farming.
24. Which was the main occupation Pre Vedic Period? • Agriculture became the main occupation.
25. Who has said that Aryan migration theory is wrong? :- Dr BR Ambedkar.
26. Who created the myth of Arya-Dravida? :- British
III. Activities. 1. Locate the important sites of Sindhu - Saraswati Civilization in the World Map.
2. Collect more information about Vedic Culture.

CHAPTER-4, PROMINENT CIVILIZATIONS OF THE WORLD

❖ What is Civilization? :- Civilization It stands for more matured and Refined life.
❖ Many other civilizations flourished in various parts of the world at the time of Indus Valley Civilization. Which are
They ? Or Name any three ancient civilizations. :- We can see the Egyptian civilization, Mesopotamian civilization
and Chinese civilization in Asia and Africa.
❖ Where all civilizations in Generally originated? :- Generally all civilizations have originated in river valleys.
The Egyptian Civilization :-
❖ On which river bank did the Egyptian civilization develop? :- The Egyptian civilization could take birth due to the
presence of the river Nile.
❖ What are The relics obtained reveal the grandeur of Egypt ? :- Huge pyramids, sculptures, temples and the
inscriptions in these temples tell us a lot about Egyptian culture and history.
2. What is the Egyptian writing called as? :- It consists of small drawings and has been called hieroglyphics (sacred
writings).
The Contribution of Egyptians :- What were the Contribution of Egyptians?
• The Egyptians were expert farmers.
• They knew a lot about irrigation.
• They had built temples.
• They invented the calendar which has helped us to measure time.
• Huge pyramids, sculptures, inscriptions
❖ How are ‘mummies’ preserved? Or Why did Egyptians preserve the dead bodies of their kings?
• Egyptians believed in life after death.
• Therefore, The dead body would be smeared with various chemicals and wrapped with a thin cloth.
• The entire body was in this way preserved.
• The body protected thus was called ‘mummy’.
• It would be kept in a specially designed coffin.
❖ Write a paragraph on the Pyramids.
• In the beginning, Egyptians graves were created by carving into boulders on the hills.
• As the Egyptians moved north, they had to construct graves in the desert itself.
• Tall towers were built on these graves using huge blocks of stone in order to protect the eternal sleep of the
dead.
• Kings and wealthy people vied with each other to build taller and taller towers.
• The Greeks called these structures ‘Pyramids’.
❖ What did the Egyptians called For the kings? What did the Egyptians called for their kings? :- The kings of Egypt
were called ‘Pharaohs’.
❖ What is the meaning of ‘Pharaoh’? :- ‘Pharaoh’ means ‘a person who lives in a palatial house’. The peasants who
had accepted the rule of powerful Osiris, now accepted the rule of Pharaohs too.
❖ Which Arabian shepherd tribal community invaded Egypt and ruled for 500 years? :- Egypt was ruled over by an
Arabian shepherd tribe called Hyksos which attacked it and after defeating it, ruled for 500 years.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

❖ When did Alexander the king of Macedonia occupied Persia? :- Alexander occupied Persia in the 4th Century B.C.E.
Egypt became a province of Macedonia.
❖ Who was Founded the city of Alexandria? :- One of Alexander’s military generals declared himself the King of
Egypt and established the dynasty of the Ptolemies. He founded the city of Alexandria.
❖ Who was Last Egyptian queen? Who is Cleopatra? :- The last Egyptian queen, Cleopatra, tried her best to save her
country.
❖ Who was Defeated Last Egyptian queen Cleopatra army? :- Augustus,
The Mesopotamian Civilization :-
❖ What is the meaning of Mesopotamia? :- Mesopotamia is an area which lies in a valley between two rivers. The
land which inspires awe and fascination is called the ‘Land between the rivers’ or ‘Mesopotamia’ by the Greeks.
❖ On which Two river bank did the Mesopotamian civilization develop? Or Which is The most important area of
Mesopotamian civilization :- Euphrates and Tigris, Valley between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.
❖ What was the Mesopotamia area called from olden times? :- From olden times, this area had been referred to as
Babylonia.
❖ What were the races that formed the civilization of Mesopotamia? :- Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians and
Chaldeans.
❖ Who Were the first ones to evolve a system of writing in Mesopotamia? :- The Sumerians were the first ones to
evolve a system of writing in Mesopotamia.
❖ What was the writing of the Mesopotamians called? :- Used this system of writing, which was called Cuneiform.
❖ Who built the Hanging garden of Babylonia? :- Most of the scholars are of the view that King Nebuchadnezzar II
was the one who created the gardens. (This was one of the seven wonders of the Old World.)
❖ What is a Ziggurat? :- Mesopotamians built artificial hills and established their places of worship there. These
were called Ziggurat.
❖ What did the Jews called for Ziggurat? :- The Jews called these the Towers of Babel.
❖ Who was The most famous king of the Amorites? :- The most famous king of the Amorites was Hammurabi. He
got built a fabulous palace for himself in Babylonia.
❖ Who framed the codes of justice and made Babylonia to be considered the best-administered kingdom in the
whole of the Old World? :- Hammurabi framed the codes of justice and made Babylonia to be considered the
best-administered kingdom in the whole of the Old World.
❖ Who was the greatest king among Chaldeans? Nebuchadnezzar was the greatest king among them.
❖ Which emperor annexed Mesopotamia to Greek territory? :- Alexander transformed this place of the Semitic
peoples into a Greek province.
The Chinese Civilization :-
❖ Name the river valley on which Chinese civilization flourished? :- Hwang Ho river.
❖ How was ‘Hwangho River’ China’s sorrow?
▪ During the floods this river changed its course in an unpredictable manner and inundated houses and agricultural
lands.
▪ It would render all the canals useless.
▪ This was the reason the people of that area referred to it as the ‘Symbol of Sorrow’.
❖ Which was The first ruling family of the Chinese civilization? :- was the Shang dynasty.
❖ Which were the exceptional contributions of The Chinese Civilization culture? :- Porcelain and the Great Wall are
the exceptional contributions of this culture.
❖ Who built the Great Wall of China? Why? :- • Emperor Qin Shihuangti, • This enabled the northern walls to ward
off the attacks of invaders from the north.
❖ When was the construction of the Great Wall of China began? And How many kilometers long was it when
completed? • The construction of the great wall began in the 7 th century B.C.E. and continued till the 16th century.
• When the work was completed it stretched to more than 5000 kilometers.
Greek Civilization :-
❖ Which communities did the Greeks originally belonged to? :- The Greeks originally belonged to tribes.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

❖ What were the tribal communities that came to Greeks in search of grasslands? :- The Acheans, the Ionians and
the Dorians.
❖ What is the meaning of the word ‘Hellenes’? :- ‘Hellenes’ means Greeks.
❖ What did the tribes who came to Greece called themselves? :- These people called themselves Hellenese or the
Greeks.
Alexander :- Who is Alexander? And What is his achievement?
▪ He was the king of Macedonia in Greece.
▪ In his short lived life, he set out to conquer the whole world.
▪ He was successful in building a huge empire. He defeated the Persian army and
▪ advanced towards India.
▪ Aristotle, one of the greatest scholars of Greece, was his teacher.
▪ After fighting on the Indian borders while on his return to Greece, Alexander died at Babylonia in 323 B.C.E.
❖ During whose time the Olympic Games were popular games played once in every four years? Greek Civilization
time Olympic Games were popular games played once every four years.
Roman Civilization
❖ Where We can see the relics of ancient Roman civilization in present-day? :- We can see the relics of ancient
Roman civilization in present-day Italy.
❖ When was the Roman Republic established? :- In the 6th century B.C.E., monarchy was abolished and a republic
was established.
❖ Who were the original inhabitants of Italy? :- The original inhabitants of Italy were the people of North Africa,
Spain and France.
❖ Which were the Two political advisory institutions Roman Civilization? :- The Roman’s had ‘Assembly’ and a
‘Senate’, as two political advisory institutions.
❖ Which were two classes in the Roman society? :- There were two classes in the Roman society: the Patricians
and the Plebians.
❖ Why Romans batteled with Carthegens? Or Why did the Romans fight against the Carthegens for 118 years? Or
Why were the Punic Wars fought?:- Sicily was a fertile area. The Romans fought for control of this area for 118
years. These wars are referred to as the ‘Punic Wars’.
❖ Who lost the ‘Punic Wars’? :- The Carthegens were defeated in this war.
❖ Who Were Gladiators in Roman Civilization? :- The wrestlers of ancient Rome were called Gladiators.
❖ Who were called a Gladiators in Roman civilization? :- Slaves, Criminals and prisoners-of-war who had lost their
citizenship rights were taken as gladiators.
❖ What was the place where gladiators fought was called in Roman civilization? :- ‘Amphitheatre’ and ‘Colosseum’.
❖ What is Colosseum? :- Colosseum is an auditorium.
❖ Who is Julius Ceasar? :- Julius Ceasar is the first dictator of Rome.
❖ Who was the person responsible for the murder of Julius Caesar? :- Brutus and his associates assassinated Caesar
in the premises of The Senate.
❖ Who took revenge by killing those who conspired in the killing of Caesar? Octavius. He took revenge against
those who conspired in the killing of Caesar.
❖ Who was the king of the Roman civilization who ruled under the title Augustus? Who was the king of the Roman
civilization who called himself ‘Princep’? Octavius ruled under the title Augustus. He called himself ‘Princep’ too.
❖ What is ‘Princep’? :- ‘Princep’ meant ‘The First Citizen of the State’.
❖ Name a temple of the Rome civilization ? :- The Pantheon is a temple,
❖ Which is The language of the Romans? :- Latin.
The American Civilizations
❖ Which are the civilizations of ancient Columbia? :- Maya, Aztec and Inca are the ancient Columbian civilizations of
America.
❖ Which Civilizations represent the culture of the Indian aborigines of America? :- Maya, Aztec and Inca are the
ancient Columbian civilizations were represent the culture of the Indian aborigines of America.
Maya Civilization
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
❖ Who are the ‘Mayas’? :- The American-Indian aborigines of Yucutan area of Mexico are called the Mayas.
❖ Which was the language of Maya Civilization ? :- Their language is called Yucutec.
❖ Which Civilizations was The most advanced among the ancient American Indians? :- The Mayas were the most
advanced among the ancient American Indians.
❖ Where are the ruins of the stone-built cities of the Maya civilization found? :- The ruins of cities built of stone
have been obtained in Yucutan of Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras.
The Aztecs :
❖ Where did the Aztecs build their city? :- Texcoco is a lake in Mexico. The Aztecs built their city on an island in this
lake.
❖ Which was capital of the Aztecs? :- City was Tenochtitlan,(ಟೆನೆೊಚ್ ಟಿಟಲಾನ್) the capital of the Aztecs.
Inca
❖ What were the areas covered by the Inca Empire? :- The Inca empire which flourished during the 15th and 16 th
centuries spread in the areas of Peru, Ecuador, Chile and Argentina.
❖ Which were the two famous buildings of the Incas? :- The palace on the island in Lake Titicaca and the Moon
Temple are two famous buildings of the Incas.
❖ Which Was the most important deity of the Incas? :- The Sun God was the most important deity of the Incas.
EXERCISES
I Complete the following sentences by using suitable words in the blanks :
1 Hieroglyphics are called _____________.(sacred writing)
2 The kings who ruled Egypt are called ___________. (Pharaohs)
3 The Greeks referred to Mesopotamia as ___________.(land between the rivers)
4 The most famous king of the Amorites is __________.(Hammurabi)
5 ‘Princep’ means ___________.(The First Citizen of the State)
6 The language of the Romans is __________. (Latin)
7 Texcoco is a ______________ in Mexico.(lake)
8 The ruling deity of the Incas was ___________.(The Sun God)
II Answer in brief the following questions
1. What logic did Hammurabi’s law code enforced? :- Hammurabi’s law enforced the logic of ‘An eye for an eye and a
tooth for a tooth’.
2. Which One among the most ancient of the codes available to us? :- Hammurabi’s Law Codes are One among the
most ancient of the codes available to us.
3. Mention any two important scientific inventions of Chinese? :- Porcelain, Silk
III Match the following :
A B
1. Hwang River d China,
2. Cuneiform a Mesopotamia
3. Cleopatra e the last Egyptian queen,
4. Hammurabi b King of the Amorites,
5. Chinese dynasty c Shang
IV Activities : * Learn about the life history of the Greek philosophers from your teacher.
* Study and watch Shakesphere’s drama Julius Ceasar.
* Collect information about the Nile river.

CHAPTER-5, SANATANA DHARMA

❖ What thoughts are the foundation stones of Sanatana Dharma? :-
• Om Sarve bhavantu sukhinah.. Sarve santu niraamayah.. Sarve bhadrani pashyantu.. Ma kaschit duhkha
bhaagbhavet.. Om Shantih Shantih Shantihi..
• It means,.. ‘May all be happy;.. may all be free from worries and diseases; … may everyone see only goodness; ..
may no one be sad; .. may all the living things in this world (ever) always have peace, .. prosperity, happiness’…
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
❖ What is meaning of word ‘Sanatana’? :- The word ‘Sanatana’ means ‘most ancient’ and it also stands for ‘ever
new’; which means everlasting, eternal.
❖ Where was born and flourished in Sanatana Dharma? :- Sanatana Dharma was born and flourished in India.
❖ Today, Sanatana Dharma has been understood as ‘Hindu Religion'.
Sources of Sanatana Dharma :- What are the Sources of Sanatana Dharma
1) Shrutis :- Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvanaveda.
2. Smritis :- Dharmasutras, Vedanga , Purana, Itihaasa and Darshanas.
1) Shrutis :- (Shruti means heard)
❖ Which are the main sources of Sanatana Dharma? :- Vedas are the main sources of Sanatana Dharma.
❖ What is meaning of word ‘Veda’? :- The word ‘Veda’ means knowledge.
❖ What are the most ancient and important texts of the ancient religious literature of India? :- The Vedas are the
most ancient and important texts of the ancient religious literature of India.
❖ Why the Vedas are called ‘Shrutis’? :- • The Vedas are called ‘Shrutis’, as this knowledge is heard and learned by
the sages. • This knowledge has been passed on through the tradition of Guru-Shishya, without the help of a
script.
❖ Who is ‘Vedavyasa’? :- So sage Krishnadwaipayana categorized the immeasurable cluster of Vedas (‘Vyasa’ in
Sanskrit also means to classify) and hence he was also called ‘Vedavyasa’ (the one who classified the Vedas).
❖ Name the Vedas ? :- The four Vedas available today are Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvanaveda.
❖ What are the four divisions (Skandas) of the Vedas?
• Each Veda again has four ‘skandas’ or divisions. They are: 1. Samhitha, 2. Bramhana, 3. Aaranyaka, 4. Upanishad
❖ Which is special importance amongst the four parts of the Vedas? :- The Upanishads have a special importance
amongst the four parts of the Vedas.
❖ What is Upanishad ? :- They are the philosophical discussions between Guru-Shishya about the creation, the
creator of the universe and the existence of human beings.
❖ Explain one sloka of Brihadaaranyaka Upanishad which conveys the importance of Upanishads.
For eg. this sloka from Brihadaaranyaka Upanishad :.
Om Asatoma sadgamaya
Tamasoma jyotirgamaya
Mrityorma amritam gamaya
Om Shantih Shantih Shantihi
The message of this noble, thoughtful prayer is Lead from ignorance to truth, from darkness to light, from death to
immortality. Om peace peace peace. This prayer is a great thought and a desire to create a life beyond all narrow
mindedness.
2. Smritis :-
❖ What is Smriti? Why are they also called Dharmasutras?
• Smriti means that which is remembered.
• These are also called Dharmasutras, manuals on Dharma, because they give the rules of everyday life, the rules to
lead a worldly life, its ethics and etiquette and the rules of good character and conduct.
❖ How many Smritis are there? Which is the most ancient influential among them? :- Though there are eighteen
Smritis, the most ancient and influential among them is the Manusmriti.
❖ Which has been revered as a Doctrinal text of the Sanatana Dharma? :- Although Manusmriti has been revered as
a Doctrinal text of the Sanatana Dharma.
❖ What does Manusmriti present? :- hierarchical world view it advocates.
❖ At present Which is the highly regarded foundational text of our social outlook? :- Our Constitution is the highly
regarded foundational text of our social outlook.
❖ Which were factors Traditionally include in Smritis? :- Dharmasutras, Vedanga , Purana, Itihaasa and Darshanas.
Vedangas :- What is Vedangas? What are they?
• Vedangas are the auxiliary disciplines to understand the Vedas, its pronunciation and practice.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

• They are Siksha (phonetics), Chandas (prosody), Vyakaran (grammar), Nirukta (etymology), Jyotishya (astrology)
and Kalpa (religious practices).
Itihasa and Puranas :
❖ Which are the two great epics of India? :- Ramayana and Mahabharata are the two great epics of India.
Darshanas :-
❖ Which are the pillars of Indian philosophy? :- Darshanas are the pillars of Indian philosophy.
❖ Which are the important Darshanas? :- The six major Darshanas are Nyaya, Vaisesika, Saankhya, Yoga, Purva
Mimamsa and Uttara Mimamsa.
Worship of idols :
❖ What is Suguna and Nirguna? :- In the Vedas, Brahma(God) is considered dualistically as- Saguna and Nirguna.
Having Nama (name) Roopa (form) is Saguna and having no name and form is Nirguna.
❖ Which literature allowed the most worship of idols?:- Agama Sahitya
❖ How many major schools of ‘Agama traditions’ are there? :- Vaishnava, Shaiva and Shaakta are the three major
schools of ‘Agama traditions’.
❖ What is the message of the ‘Sanatan Dharma’? What is the aim of Sanathana Dharma? :- ‘Aano bhadrah kratavo
yantu vishwatah’, a Vedic chant which means ‘Let good things flow to us from all sides of the universe’ is the aim
of Sanathana Dharma.
❖ What was the message given by Swami Vivekananda in his Chicago Parliament of Religions lecture? :- “Help and
not fight; Assimilation and not destruction; Harmony and peace and not dissention”.
EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. The meaning of the word Veda is …….. (knowledge)
2. Most of the Upanishads are in the form of ……….(prose)
3. The fields of knowledge that support us to know pronunciation and practice of Vedas are …….. (Vedangas)
4. The great epics of India are ……… and ………. (Ramayana and Mahabharata)
5. The pillars of Indian philosophy are the ……….. (philosophical pillars).
II Answer the following questions in brief :
1. What is Samhitha? :- These are mantras, praising the natural elements after giving them human embodiment.
These are mentioned with different poetical metres. The samhitas also contain hymns of different deities.
2. What is Bramhana? :- It is the part of the Vedas which deals with the ritualistic methods of performing the yagnas.
It is mostly written in the form of prose.
3. What isAaranyaka? :- It is the part of the Vedas which gives interpretations of the stotras and yagnas.
4. What does the Upanishad advocate? :- Upanishads are concerned with knowledge. It removes the ignorance of
man and propounds true, other worldly knowledge.
5. What is Asthika? :- The Asthika group accepts the authority of the Vedas,
6. What is Nasthika? What are non-Vedic Nasthika group of Darshanas? :- Whereas the Nasthika group does not
accept their authority. Jainism, Buddhism and Charvaka are non-Vedic Nasthika group of Darshanas while the rest
are Asthika Darshanas.
III Activities : 1. Listen to properly intonated Vedic chants. In which language are they composed? Collect
information.
2. List out the values and messages written in the Upanishads.
3. Take the help of your teacher to know and collect at least five Shanti mantras and their meanings.

CHAPTER-6, JAINISM AND BUDDHISM

Background of the rise of Jainism and Buddhism. :-
❖ What were the factors responsible for the rise of new religions ? Explain Background of the rise of Jainism and
Buddhism.
• In the beginning Vedic region was very simple without any complexities. Later, a number of rigidities crept into
this religion.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

• India in 6th century witnessed a protest against the exploitation in religion and social system, There was a
moment against caste system, injustice and rigid practices,
• Complication in vedic religion, Degradation of Vedic Religion
• Supremacy of the priestly class, Dominance of Priestly Class
• Animal sacrifice, Violence
• Chatting Mantra, Belief in Mantras Sanskrit shlokas, Difficult Language of Vedas
• Varna based society, and then Caste system,
• Birth of great personalities (Vardhamana Mahaveera, Goutam Buddha)
JAINISM
❖ How many Tirthankaras are believed to existence in Jainism? Traditionally, the Jains believed in the existence of
24 Tirthankaras.
❖ Who was the first Tirthankara of Jainism? Or Who was the founder of Jainism :- Rishabha was the first
Tirthankara
❖ Who was the 23rd Tirthankara? :- Parswanatha was the 23rd Tirthankara.
❖ Who is Parswanatha? And mention Four principles preached by Parswanatha,
▪ Parswanatha was born as the son of King Aswasena in the 8th century B.C.E.
▪ It is believed that he renounced all luxury and indulgence, and attained immortality.
▪ He renounced society and became a hermit.
▪ He preached four principles for a peaceful life.
▪ The four principles preached by Parswanatha, were :
1. Non-violence, 2. Truth, 3. Astheya (not to steal), 4. Aparigraha (not to own property)
❖ Who gave the 5th principle of Jainism Bramhacharya? :- The fifth principle of Bramhacharya was taught by
Vardhamana.
❖ Who was the 24rd Tirthankara? :- Vardhamana Mahaveera.
Vardhamana Mahaveera (599-527 B.C) :- Write in detail about Mahaveera’s life.
▪ Vardhamana was born in Kundala grama in Vaishali, one of the republics.
▪ His father was Siddhartha, the king of the Gnatrika tribe.
▪ His mother was Trishaladevi, the princess of the Republic of Licchavi.
▪ At the age of 30 Vardhamana set out in search of truth and renounced his family and house.
▪ He wandered for 12 years in this quest, and meditated. He punished his body by fasting.
▪ At the age of 42, he achieved enlightenment (Kaivalya).
▪ Vardhamana controlled his senses and achieved power over comfort and pain.
▪ Due to this achievement, he came to be known as ‘Mahaveer’ and became a ‘Jina’.
▪ A Jina was one who had over come his senses and become victorious.
▪ Thus his followers came to be called Jains.
▪ Mahaveera spent thirty years, i.e., the rest of his life preaching his knowledge to the people around the Ganga
and Yamuna rivers.
▪ He travelled towards Western India preaching his thoughts.
▪ He attained nirvana in his 72nd year in Pavapuri of Bihar.
▪ Mahaveer taught five vows and three principles of behaviour. The latter are called Triratnas.
Teachings of Mahavira :- Explain the teachings of Mahavira.
• The 5 vows are as follows :- 1. Non-violence, 2. Truth, 3. Astheya, 4. Aparigraha, 5. Brahmacharya,
• The triratnas are as follows :- 1. Samyakgyan, 2. Samyakdarshan, 3. Samyakcharitra,
• Jainism does not reject the existence of God completely, yet it advocates atheism.
• It denies the role of God in the daily affairs of people.
• It places God at a lower level than Jina.
• The Jains believe that every animate and inanimate thing possesses a soul.
• They also believe that it is only through purification of the soul that one can achieve freedom from rebirth and
attain nirvana.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
• What is sallekhana? :- is possible through meditation, fasting, punishment of the body and thereby, destruction
of the body. This process is known as sallekhana.
• The concept of Karma is a very important aspect of Jainism.
• According to this, a human being can attain salvation only through good and holy acts.
• To attain enlightenment, the soul had to achieve freedom from the bondage of the body.
❖ Name the sects among the Jains? Or Which are the sets of Jainism :- Traditionally, we get to see two important
sects among Jains called Swethambars and Digambars.
❖ Who are called Swethambars? :- Those saints and their followers who wear white clothes are called
Swethambars.
❖ Who are called Digambars? :- Whereas those saints and their followers who do not wear any clothes are called
Digambars.
❖ What is the holy book of Jainism? When were they collected? :- After the first Jain council(Patliputra), the
preachings of Mahaveer were compiled in 12 volumes. These were called 12 angas by the Jains. They are in
Prakrit language.
❖ How did Jainism spread in South India? :- Very early, one group of Jains migrated to the South due to the famine
in Bihar, and settled down at Shravanabelagola. Thus even here, Jainism spread and many works were written in
Kannada, Telugu and Tamil languages.
❖ Who were the famous Kannada Jain writers? :- The famous Kannada poets Pampa, Ranna, Janna and Ponna were
Jains.
BUDDHISM : Goutam Buddha
❖ Write in detail about Goutam Buddha life.
• Siddartha who later became known as Gautam Buddha was born in the 6 th century B.C.E.
• His father Shuddodana was the king of the republic of Shakya.
• Renouncing royal luxury and familial pleasure, Siddartha became a hermit.
• Disillusioned with the prevailing ways of life, he embarked upon a quest for truth.
• Attaining enlightenment, he became Buddha.
• After becoming Buddha, the ‘Enlightened One’, he first went to Sarnath near Banaras.
• There, in the deer park, he gave his first sermon.
• This has been called Dharma Chakra Pravarthana.
• Here he preached the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.
• Buddha and his followers visited Kosala, Magadha and many cities on the Gangetic plain and spread his messages
there.
• They walked from one city to another and devoted their lives for others.
• In his 80th year, Buddha’s glorious life of selfless service came to an end at Kushinagar.
• This has been called ‘Mahapari nirvana’.
• Viharas were constructed in all the areas in which Buddha wandered.
• People preserved his relics and bones in chaityalayas and stupas, and in memory of his accomplishments started
worshipping him in chaityalayas and stupas.
• This was how the first temples, idols and idol-worship began.
Teaching of Goutam Buddha :- Explain the teachings of Goutam Buddha.
• The Four Noble Truths declare that the whole world is full of sorrow and suffering.
• They also explain the root cause of sorrow.
• Buddha realized that desire was the root cause of sorrow.
• Only by the liberation of excessive desires could a peaceful life be led.
• Buddha preached the Eight Fold Path for eliminating desires. This is called the Middle Path.
• The Eight Fold Paths are : Right 1. Action, 2. Speech, 3. Vision, 4. Livelihood , 5. Effort, 6. Recollection, 7.
Resolve, 8. Thought.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

❖ What is the middle path? :- Buddha preached the Eight Fold Path for eliminating desires. This is called the Middle
Path.
Followers of the New Religion:- Who were the people influenced by the new religion?
Wealthy merchants, artisans and common people were inspired by the new teachings.
❖ What were the causes spread of new religion Buddhism
▪ Simple teachings
▪ Buddha gave his messages in Prakrit, the language of the common man and related them to various aspects of
their tradition.
▪ The atmosphere of the new cities changed the ways of life of the people. The new religions became a ray of hope
in the changed circumstances.
▪ Buddhism, especially, took on a new role of transforming the lives of people.
▪ Role Buddhist sangas, Buddha followers
▪ Royal patronage,
❖ Write a note on the Tripitikas.
▪ After Buddha’s death, his followers collected his teachings and tradition in the form of Tripitakas. These are
Vinaya, Dhamma and Abhidhamma pitakas.
▪ Over a period of time, disagreements developed in the teachings and different branches of Buddhism sprang up.
▪ Thus Hinayana, Mahayana, Vajrayana and their sutras came into being.
▪ Today we see many organizations across the globe adopting different ways of realizing Buddha.
Foreign Invasions :-
❖ Describe Alexander's invasion of India?
• In 4th century B.C.E. the Macedonian king Alexander won over the Greek city-states and captured Persia.
• Thus even the part of the Persian kingdom which had spread up to the Indian border, came under the control of
Alexander.
• After overpowering Persia, Alexander entered India through the passes in Kandahar and Hindu Kush.
• He advanced till Ravi and Beas rivers, and unable to proceed further, he crossed the Indian border through river
Jhelum, and on his way back home, he died at Babylonia.
EXERCISES
I Complete the following sentences by using suitable words in the blanks:
1. The first Jain Tirthankara was ____________.(Rishabha)
2. Vardhamana was born at __________.(Kundala)
3. Mahaveera attained ____________ in his 42nd year. (-enlightenment (Kaivalya)
4. Mahaveera attained Nirvana at __________ in his 72nd year. (Pavapuri)
5. The original name of Gautama Buddha was __________.(Siddhartha)
6. Buddha delivered his first sermon at __________.(deer park in Saranath)
7. The first sermon of Buddha is called _________. (Dharma Chakra Pravarthana)
II Answer in brief the following questions:
1. What are the triratnas? Or Mention any two among thirathnas of vardhamana. :- Mahaveer preached three
principles of behaviour. they are 1. Samyakgyan, 2. Samyakdarshan, 3. Samyakcharitra,
2. Who was the 24th Tirthankara? :- Vardhamana Mahaveera.
3. Where was Vardhamana Mahaveera born? :- Vardhamana was born in Kundala grama in Vaishali, one of the
republics.
4.Who were the parents of vardhamana ? :- His father was Siddhartha, the king of the Gnatrika tribe. His mother was
Trishaladevi, the princess of the Republic of Licchavi.
5. What is Kaivalya? :- achieved enlightenment
6. What is‘Mahaveer’ and ‘Jina’? :- • Vardhamana controlled his senses and achieved power over comfort and pain.
Due to this achievement, he came to be known as ‘Mahaveer’ and became a ‘Jina’. • A Jina was one who had over
come his senses and become victorious.
7. Where did Vardhamana Mahavira attain Nirvana? :- He attained nirvana in his 72nd year in Pavapuri of Bihar.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

8. What was the original name of Buddha? :- Siddharth
9. Who founded Buddhism? :- Gautama Buddha
10. Who were the parents of Buddha. ? :- Suddhodana and Mahadevi
11. In which place did Siddharth attain enlightenment? :- The Buddha attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya.
12. Where did Buddha deliver his first sermon? :- Deer park in Saranath
13. Where did Buddha attain Nirvana? :- Kushinagar.
14. Mention any two of the Nobel truth reached by Buddha. :- Whole world is full of sorrow and suffering. They also
explain the root cause of sorrow. Buddha realized that desire was the root cause of sorrow. Only by the liberation of
excessive desires could a peaceful life be led.
15. Name this sets of Buddhism.? :- Hinayana, Mahayana, Vajrayana.
16. Which are the holy scriptures of Buddhism? :- In which work did his followers collected the teachings of Gautama
Buddha? Or Mention any two of the thripitakas :- Tripitakas. These are Vinaya, Dhamma and Abhidhamma pitakas.
17. Which are The Eight Fold Paths of Gautama Buddha ? :- The Eight Fold Paths are : Right 1. Action, 2. Speech, 3.
Vision, 4. Livelihood , 5. Effort, 6. Recollection, 7. Resolve, 8. Thought.
18. Where was Buddha born ? :- the sacred area of Lumbini located in the Terai plains of southern Nepal
20. What is the meaning of the term Buddha? :- Attaining enlightenment, he became Buddha
21. Dharma Chakra Pravarthana? :- Gautama Buddha first went to Sarnath near Banaras. There, in the deer park, he
gave his first sermon. This has been called Dharma Chakra Pravarthana.
22. What is ‘Mahapari nirvana’? :- In his 80th year, Buddha’s glorious life of selfless service came to an end at
Kushinagar. This has been called ‘Mahapari nirvana’.
23. Which path did Gautama Buddha preached for eliminating from desire? Buddha preached the Eight Fold Path for
eliminating desires.
24. What is the root cause of sorrow and suffering according to Gautama Buddha? :- Desire
25. Who is Alexander? :- • In 4th century B.C.E. the Macedonian king Alexander. He had the ambition to conquer the
whole world.
III Activities : • Collect information about the life of Mahaveera.
• Collect pictures relating to the life of Gautama Buddha.
• Learn the meanings of words like dharma, sect, theism and atheism.

POLITICAL SCIENCE, CHAPTER-7, MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

Origin and Development of political science
❖ Explain the origin and development of political science as a subject?
• As a subject of the study of political science began with the Greeks.
• Though Egyptians, Babylonians, Persians, Indians and Chinese have mentioned their ideas or thoughts about
politics much earlier to Greeks they failed to develop it as a systematic study.
• Politics was given status of an independent science by Greeks.
• Greek philosophers like Socrates and his disciple Plato were great political thinkers.
• Plato in his famous book “Republic” for the first time discussed the nature and functions of state and
government.
• Aristotle, the ancient Greek thinker and the student of Plato is recognized as the ‘Father of Political science’ for
his valuable contributions to its growth and development.
• He wrote the first treatise on political science called “The Politics”.
• In this famous book Aristotle discussed the origin, development and functions of state
• Kaoutilya’s work on econimics was also had more information about political principles.
• Greeks used the term ‘politics’ for the study of state.
❖ The term ‘Politics’ is derived from which word? :- The term ‘Politics’ is derived from the Greek word ‘polis’
❖ What is the meaning of word ‘polis’ ?:- ‘polis’ means ‘city-state’ and therefore a subject which deals with the
affairs of city-state and its working was called politics by ancient Greece.
❖ What is the main subject matter of Political science? Or What does Political science deal with?
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
▪ Political science is a study of origin, nature and development of the state,
▪ The functions of government,
▪ Study of political institutions.
▪ The political activities of human beings in an organized society.
▪ Rights and duties of citizens etc.
MEANING OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
❖ Give definition of Political Science ? (Define political science.):- It is the study of the state in the past, present and
future, of political organization, political functions and political theories. (R G Gettel)
❖ What is political science? :- Political science is the study of state, government and the political activities of human
beings in an organized society.
IMPORTANCE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE :- Mention use of the study of Political Science? (Explain the relevance of the
study of political science in the contemporary world ?
• Political Science helps to understand the birth and growth of a state. It provides information about the type of
Governments and Political activities involved in the functions of the State.
• Political Science provides information about the origin and development of ideas such as Monarchy, freedom,
justice, laws, equality, good government, wars and peace etc.
• It provides information about the structure and functions of the state and central governments.
• In the light of the past and the present activities of the government, Political Science helps to plan the future
activities of the state. It also helps to establish a modern welfare state.
• Political Science provides knowledge about the Constitution and laws of the state. Political Science helps to
understand about the organs of the government i.e., Legislature, Executive and Judiciary and their functions.
• Political Science develops Political consciousness among the people. It keeps the government and the people
politically alert and active.
• The knowledge of Political Science helps leaders and civil servants to understand and solve the problems of the
people effectively.
• The knowledge of political science helps to raise good leadership and good citizens.
• Political Science helps to understand the important Political institutions like political parties, federal system and
local bodies.
• Political science deals with ideologies which inspire and influence political involvement of people.
• Political Science provides the knowledge of international relations especially the occurrence of wars among
nations and the importance of peace and co-operation.
EXERCISES
I Fill up the blanks:
1 The word Politics was derived from the Greek word __________.(Polis)
2 ‘Republic’ was the work of __________.(Plato)
3 Aristotle wrote a book on political science and it is called ____. (The Politics)
4 Kaoutilya’s work relating to political science is __________. (Arthashastra)
II Answer the following questions :
1. Who began the systematic study of Political Science ? :- • As a subject of the study of political science began with
the Greeks.
2. Who were studied ideas or thoughts about politics much earlier to Greeks But they failed to develop it as a
systematic study ? :- • Though Egyptians, Babylonians, Persians, Indians and Chinese have mentioned their ideas or
thoughts about politics much earlier to Greeks they failed to develop it as a systematic study.
3. Who studied political science first scientifically? Who gave political science the status of an independent science? •
Politics was given status of an independent science And studied political science first scientifically by Greeks.
4. Give the example of Greek Philosopher? :- • Greek philosophers like Socrates and his disciple Plato, Aristotle were
great political thinkers.
5. Who was the first time discussed the nature and functions of state and government? :- Plato
6. Name the book written by Aristotle? :- ‘Republic’
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
7. Who is called the Father Political Science? ;- Aristotle
8. Why we Aristotle is called the Father Political Science? ;-For his valuable contributions to growth and development
of the Political Science.
9. Name the book written by Aristotle? “The Politics”.
10. What topic did Aristotle discuss in his work Politics? ;- • In “The Politics” famous book written by Aristotle and
discussed the origin, development and functions of state.
11. In which of the ancient Indian works do we find references of state administration? Or In which of the ancient
Indian works do we find references of more information about political principles. ? :- • Kaoutilya’s work on
econimics was also had more information about political principles.
12. What term did the Greeks use for study of the state? :- • Greeks used the term ‘politics’ for the study of state.
13. Which subject provides knowledge about the organs of the government, Constitution and laws the of the state? :-
Political Science provides knowledge about the Constitution and laws of the state. Political Science helps to
understand about the organs of the government
III Activities : 10 Prepare an album highlighting the nature of Political system in the early period.
11 Discuss the statement of Aristotle given in the book in your classroom with the help of your teacher.
12 ‘The social needs of man led to the rise of the state’ – is it so? Arrange a talk on the topic in your classroom.
IV Projects : 13 Imagine that you are a member of ancient Greek city state and discuss any one particular issue of the
city state.
14 ‘Dictatorship suppresses the freedom of an individual and democretic institutions’- Collect information and
prepare charts.
15 Collect information on political ideas found in our epics.

CHAPTER-8, CITIZEN AND CITIZENSHIP

❖ In the ancient Greek city-states, only to whom was the term citizen applied? :- It referred to those persons who
took direct and active part in the administration of the state.
❖ Whose were denied citizenship rights in ancient Greek city-states? :- Women, manual workers and slaves were
denied all the rights of citizenship.
❖ What is Citizens? :- Generally people who belong to and live in a state are its citizens. A citizen is a member of
the state. He owes allegiance to it. He is protected by the state and enjoys civil and political rights.
MEANING : What is citizenship ?
• The term citizen, in modern times, refers to a person who is a fulfledged member of the state, enjoying all rights-
civil, political and economic and owing allegiance to the state to which he belongs.
• Accordingly a citizen is a member of a state who, owes allegiance to it and enjoys the protection and benefits
granted by it.
• Thus a citizen is a permanent member of the state, who possesses civil and political rights and owes allegiance to
the state to which he belongs.
❖ Define the Citizenship (According to Vattel what is Citizenship)
Vattel defines a modern citizen as a member of a civil society, bound to it by certain duties, subjected to its authority
and an equal recipient of its advantages.
❖ What are the benefits enjoyed by a citizen ?
A citizen is one who is a member of a state and enjoys certain benefits in his state. They are:
▪ He enjoys security and gets protection from the State.
▪ He enjoys a peaceful life as the state ensures law and order.
▪ In modern times under social welfare schemes he enjoys benefits like education, health, insurance, settlement,
employment and such others provided by the state.
▪ He enjoys both the civil and political rights.
▪ He enjoys the fundamental rights guaranteed by the State.
▪ He can participate in the Political processes like voting and contesting in the elections.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

▪ He is eligible to occupy certain offices such as those of the President of India, Vice-President, Judge of Supreme
court, High Courts and such others.
▪ He is eligible for recruitment to all public services.
Difference between a Citizen and an Alien(foreigner) :- What are the difference between a Citizen and an Alien
The chief differences between the citizen and alien are the following:
1. A citizen is a member of the state. • But Alien is not member of the state.
2. Citizens are permanent residents of their state. • But Aliens are temporary residents.
3. Citizens enjoy political rights, • But aliens are not given political rights like right to vote, right to contest election ,
right to hold public offices, etc.
4. Citizens owe allegiance to their state. They are bound to fulfil their obligations to the state. • But An alien is a
foreigner who is a citizen of another state. He should respect and follow the laws of the state in which he is
temporarily living.
5. A Citizen cannot be driven out of his state. • But An alien can be asked to leave the country of temporary residence
for various reasons such as illegal activities, expiry of visa period, etc..
Methods of acquiring citizenship :- Mention the methods of acquiring citizenship.
• There are two ways of acquiring citizenship namely- 1. By birth and 2. By Naturalization.
1. By Birth: The most important mode of acquiring citizenship is by birth. The great bulk of citizens in every state are
citizens by birth. Birth within the territory entitles a person to citizenship.
2. Naturalisation: Explain citizenship by naturalisation.
Citizenship can also be acquired through naturalization. According to this method, an alien can become a citizen after
fulfilling certain conditions. Though these conditions vary from state to state, some of the general principles which
are observed may be summed up as follows:
a) Domicile or Residence : Long residence in a foreign state entitles a person to acquire the citizenship of that state.
In England and USA it is five years. In France it is ten years.
b) Marriage : A woman acquires the citizenship of her husband’s country when she marries a foreigner. But the
husband does not get the citizenship of his wife’s country. The condition of
marriage in Japan and some other countries are quite different.
c) Foreign service : A person appointed in the service of a foreign state may be granted the citizenship of that
country. Many countries do not permit the foreigners to serve in the public service for suspicion of their loyalty.
d) Application : In all states an alien may be granted citizenship if he applies for it and satisfies certain conditions.
Usually, all states demand the applicant to be solvent and be a person
of good moral character.
e) Property : A person who purchases property in a foreign country, desires to become a citizen of that country may
be granted the citizenship. In Mexico there is such provision. But in recent times the foreign countries may not
provide opportunities to foreigners to buy landed property.
Methods of acquiring citizenship in India :-
❖ Name the body which has the authority to legislate the laws on citizenship in India?
• Parliament is the sole authority to legislate the laws on citizenship in our country.
• State legislatures have no powers in this matter.
❖ When did Citizenship Act was enacted by the Parliament of India? :- The Citizenship Act was enacted by the
Parliament of India in 1955 (and it elaborates the provisions for the acquisition and termination of citizenship.
The Act was amended in 1986. This amendment made the acquisition of Indian citizenship more stringent.)
❖ Mention the methods of acquiring citizenship according to The Citizenship Act 1955? :- The Citizenship Act 1955
prescribes modes of acquiring citizenship. They are :
1. Citizenship by birth : Every person born in India on or after 26th January 1950 shall be a citizen of India by birth.
Those who were born before 26th January 1950 and also domiciled in India were
granted citizenship.
2. Citizenship by descent : Every person born outside India on or after 26th January 1950 shall be a citizen of India by
descent if either of his parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

3. Citizenship by registration : If any person who is not an Indian citizen, if he desires to become Indian citizen he can
acquire the Indian citizenship as per the constitution or The Act of Citizenship
through Registration.
4. Citizenship by naturalization : Foreigners can acquire Indian citizenship by naturalization by submitting an
application to the concerned authority i.e. the President of India. Certain conditions
have to be fulfilled by them before submitting the application. They should have lived in India for not less than the
period of five years.
5. Citizenship by the incorporation of a new territory : If any new territory becomes a part of Indian union, then the
government of India by an Act notifies the persons as to whom Indian citizenship
is granted. Loss of Citizenship in India : Just as citizenship may be acquired, it can also be lost for a variety of
reasons.
Loss Citizenship in India :-
❖ What are the methods of losing citizenship ? :- Some of the important ways of losing citizenship may stated as
follows:
1. Renunciation :
2. Termination :
3. Deprivation :
❖ Mention a situation under which citizenship is Terminated. :-
Termination :- If any citizen of India acquires the citizenship of any other country his Indian citizenship is terminated
by law. This procedure does not require the submission of any application.
❖ Mention a situation under which citizenship is Deprivation.
Deprivation :- If any person has obtained the citizenship of India by fraud or if he/she has indulged in anti national
activities or shown disloyalty towards the Constitution of India, the government of India deprives him/her of his/her
citizenship. It is forced termination.
❖ Mention a situation under which citizenship is Renunciation.
Renunciation :- Any Indian citizen can renounce his citizenship voluntarily by submitting an application before the
concerned authority.
Types of Citizenship : Mention the types of citizenship and write the differences between them.
There are two types of citizenship. They are single citizenship and dual citizenship.
• Single Citizenship :- In single citizenship people have only one citizenship that is National citizenship irrespective
of the province that he belongs to.
• There is no separate state citizenship
• for e.g. India.
• Dual Citizenship :- That means every individual obtains state citizenship in which he lives and national citizenship
also.
• For e.g. In federal states like USA and Switzerland there is dual citizenship.
Citizen and the Government : Why is a close relationship between the state and the citizen?. Why should Be a
cordial relationship between the citizens and the government?. Or There should
be a cordial relationship between the citizens and the government. Why?
• There is a close relationship between the state and the citizen.
• There is no state without citizens.
• The state or the government protects the interests of the people.
• It provides protection from foreign aggression. It maintains law and order and promotes unity.
• It frames the laws and curbs aggressive elements and violence so that peace can be maintained in the state.
• It undertakes social, economic plans and educational programmes for the benefit of its citizens.
• It plans and undertakes programmes to overcome the problems of illiteracy, poverty, inequality and
unemployment etc.
• In addition the Constitution guarantees fundamental rights.
• The citizens have certain duties towards the nation.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
• Rights and duties are like the two faces of the same coin.
• A citizen derives many benefits from the nation.
❖ What are the duties of a citizen towards his nation ?
Similarly he has certain obligations and functions to perform.
▪ He must respect the Constitution and obey the laws of the government.
▪ He must protect the national honour and dignity by his words and deeds.
▪ He must not indulge in anti-national activities.
▪ He must oppose and check the evil practices like corruption, nepotism, dowry, child marriage, etc., through
constitutional means.
▪ He must take part in the political activities of the state as the quality of the government depends on the quality
of citizens.
▪ He must place the national interest above the personal interest and work for national progress.
▪ He must be service minded and must be prepared to sacrifice for the sake of nation.
▪ He has the obligation like paying taxes and defending the nation.
EXERCISES
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1 The people living in India under the British rule were termed as __________ .(Subjects)
2 A temporarily residing foreigner in our country is called _________ . (alien)
3 Citizenship Act was passed in the year __________ .(1955)
4 The method through which you have acquired citizenship is __________ .(Citizenship by birth)
II Answer the following questions briefly :
1. When was The Citizenship Act 1955 amended? :- The Act was amended in 1986.
2. What is Single Citizenship ? :- In single citizenship people have only one citizenship that is National citizenship
irrespective of the province that he belongs to.
3. What is Dual Citizenship ? :- That means every individual obtains state citizenship in which he lives and national
citizenship also.
4. What type of citizenship has been given by the Constitution of India? :- Single Citizenship
5. Give an example of a country that has given single citizenship. :- India
6. Give an example of a country that has given dual citizenship. :- USA and Switzerland.
7.Can a person who was born abroad after 26th January 1950 and whose father or mother was a citizen of India at
that time acquire Indian citizenship? :- Yes can get
8. According to the Citizenship Act, how many years should one have resided in India to get Indian citizenship? :- 5
years.
9.To whom can a Foreigners apply for acquire Indian citizenship? :- The president of India
III Activities : * Prepare a pictorial representation of the fundamental duties and exhibit it in your school.
* Discuss the benefits of fundamental rights under the guidance of your teacher.
* Discuss the importance of right to equality and right to freedom in India (under the guidance of your teacher).
* Prepare a pictorial chart showing the methods of acquiring and losing citizenship and exhibit it in your classroom.
* Discuss the benefits of single citizenship in India.
* Supposing the dual citizenship as in US is introduced in India, how does it benefit us? Discuss.
IV Projects : * Collect information from the newspapers and magazines about the violation of fundamental rights and
the remedial measures taken.
* Collect information from the authorities concerned about the procedure to be followed by an Indian if he wants to
stay in a foreign country for a short period of time.

SOCIOLOGY, CHAPTER–9, MAN AND SOCIETY

❖ Among all the living beings on earth, Who have complete awareness about their existence? :-
Among all the living beings on earth, it is only human beings who have complete awareness about their existence.
❖ What is Sociology? :- “Scientific Study of Human Society”

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

❖ What does Sociology deal with?
• Sociology deals with Human Society. Society, Community, institutions, associations, Social groups, Social control,
culture, socialization etc.
❖ What is the Subject name of the scientific study of human society? :- this study was called Sociology. Sociology In
order to carry out a scientific study of human society,
❖ What are the differences between human society and animal society?
▪ Man differs from all other animals.
▪ He is civilized and is diffrent from other animals.
▪ He is creative. There are many reasons for this.
▪ One of them is the structure of his fingers, especially his thumb.
▪ We realize the significance of the thumb when we write.
▪ Though animals too have fingers, these fingers are not of much use to them.
▪ The second reason is his upright posture.
▪ This is very helpful in tackling any danger.
▪ Thirdly, it is man’s teeth. They enable his consumption of food and are, indirectly, the cause for his physical and
mental development.
▪ The fourth, and the most important reason is man’s brain.
▪ It is due to the development of this brain, its perceptions and creativity that the civilized society which we see
today has been created.
▪ But animal’s lives are limited to indulgence in food, fear and pleasure.
▪ Man knows language, where as animals do not.
Man is a Social Being :- How is man a social being? Explain ‘Man is a social being’. (Why is man a Social animal)
(Human society has been called a web of social relationships. Justify)
• The relationship between man and society is unique.
• There is no society without man, nor man without society.
• That is the reason many sociologists are of the opinion that man is the creation of society, and society, that of
man.
• If we close our eyes and ask ourselves, “Would it be possible for me to live all alone in my town?” everyone
would come up with the same answer. And that is, impossible.
• Isn’t that so? Man is a social animal.
• He desires to live with others around him.
• Society is necessary for the development of all of us, because social relationships are necessary for man’s
existence.
• That is the reason human society has been called a web of social relationships, and man, a social being.
Socialization :- What is socialisation?
• This process of taking birth and slowly evolving into a social individual is known as socialisation.
• In other words we have to live amidst society. If we do not live among people, we will not be able to learn
language, study, play games, experience thought processes or the body language that we have learnt now. This
process of learning is called socialization.
❖ What are the factors enable to socialization? :- The family, school, peer groups, mass communication etc., enable
our socialization.
❖ How to man is able to lead a successful life in society.
• If we have to become members of society,
• The family provides us food, nurturance, education and security.
• Parents help us to grow mentally and physically healthy.
• The school provides formal education.
• We learn to co-operate and live with others interacting with our peer groups.
• The mass media give us knowledge about the world around us and enable us to live in harmony with it.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

• Due to all this help from various quarters, man is able to lead a successful life in society.
The Necessity of the Social Environment :- Describe Kamala, the one who was found in Midnapura?
What is The Necessity of the Social Environment? An individual cannot be socialized outside the society and group.
Justify ?
▪ If man does not grow in a social environment,
▪ he cannot imbibe the qualities of a human being.
▪ An individual cannot be socialized outside the society and group.
▪ In order to understand the truth of this statement, the following instance can be studied:
▪ Kamala, a girl who was found in Midnapore in 1920, had spent nine years among the animals in the forest.
▪ She used to walk on all fours legs like an animal and eat raw flesh.
▪ Later, in the company of human beings, she learnt to ate cooked food, to speak and behave like other children.
▪ But she was not aware her own nature.
▪ What is evident from this instance is that man, if he is not in human society, becomes an animal. This has been
proved by many other experiments by social scientists.
Human Beings and Language :- Explain the relationship between human beings and language.
▪ We can express hunger, thirst, sleepiness, sorrow and happiness through our bodily gestures and signals.
▪ But we cannot convey all our feelings only through body language. Language becomes inevitable in such
situations.
▪ Our languages have words such as father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt etc., including relations between
human beings.
▪ Thus language is needed to understand specific relationships and feelings perfectly.
▪ Man knows language, where as animals do not. This is the difference between man and animals.
▪ Just imagine how the world would be without language.
▪ There would be no textbooks, schools, mass media or civilization! Human society would be just like animal
society.
▪ Therefore, while studying society, language is treated as a very important aspect of the society.
Early Sociologists :- Name some early sociologists.
▪ Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Karl Marx
Who are Sociologists? :- Sociologists are those who study the society, culture, behaviour, social relationships, etc.
❖ What is sociology according to Auguste Comte? :- Auguste Comte was the one who gave the name Sociology to
the scientific study of society.
❖ Who is father of Sociology? :- Auguste Comte
❖ Why is considered Auguste Comte is the Father of Sociology? :- Auguste Comte was the one who gave the name
Sociology to the scientific study of society. Hence he is considered the Father of Sociology.
❖ Who is Herbert Spencer? :- • Herbert Spencer was the British sociologist who lived in the 19th century. • He
studied the evolution of society.
❖ Who is Emile Durkheim? :- • Emile Durkheim, the French sociologist, lived in the latter part of the 19th century
and the early part of the 20th century. • He worked hard at making sociology a science.
❖ Who is Max Weber ? :- • Max Weber was a German sociologist. He was also a great scholar in the fields of
Economics, Philosophy and History. • He did a sociological study of the Labour force and the Christian religion.
❖ Who is Karl Marx ? :- Karl Marx was a German philosopher. He was highly knowledgeable about History,
Economics, Philosophy and Christian Religion. He extended the scope of sociology.
❖ Which year introduced Sociology in the Bombay University? :- The British introduced Sociology in the Bombay
University in 1914.
❖ Name the Leading Indian sociologists? :- Leading Indian sociologists have been G.S.Ghurye, M.N.Srinivas,
A.R.Desai, Iravati Karve, S.C.Dubey and others.
EXERCISES
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1 Man is a _________ animal.(Social)
2 Formal education is provided by the _________.(school)
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
3 The Father of Sociology is ___________.(Auguste Comte)
4 Man to become a human being _________ is necessary. (Socialization)
5 Human beings express their feelings through __________. (Gestures and Language)
II Answer the following questions in 2/3 sentence each :
1. Which Has been called a web of social relationships ? :- Human society has been called a web of social
relationships,
2. Why is called man a social being? :- Human society has been called a web of social relationships, and man, a social
being.
3. Which is provides formal education? :- The school provides formal education.
4. Who is Kamala and where was she found ? :- Kamala, a girl who was found in Midnapore in 1920, had spent nine
years among the animals in the forest.
5. While studying society, Which is treated as a very important aspect of the society?:- language
6. Who did a sociological study of the Labour force and the Christian religion? :- Max Weber
7. Sociology was first introduced in which university in India? :- The British introduced Sociology in the Bombay
University in 1914.
8. Who was Studied the evolution of society ? :- Herbert Spencer
9. Who was Extended the scope of sociology? :- Karl Marx
IV Activity : Collect the pictures of Sociologists.

CHAPTER–10, MAN AND CULTURE

❖ Which is used generally to refer to good behaviour, customs, traditions and rituals ?:- The word `culture’ is
generally used to refer to good behaviour, customs, traditions and rituals.
❖ The word culture is derived from Which word? :- The word culture is derived from Latin word `colere’,
❖ What is meant by `colere’? :- that means cultivate .
Meaning :- What is culture? :- Culture is that complex system involving knowledge, the arts, morality, law, customs,
abilities and talents that we learn being members of society. In short, whatever we are, that is our culture.
❖ Describe the various aspects of culture. :-
• Culture is shaped by the geographical features, traditions and needs of that particular society.
• That is the reason we cannot call one culture good and another culture bad.
• Culture is transmitted from one generation to another.
• For example, The language we have learnt has been passed on to us by our elders.
• Culture is subject to change constantly.
• For example, As you might have observed, the style of dressing, hairstyles, food habits have changed a lot over
the past ten years.
• Thus the culture of one society differs from that of another society.
Cultural Diversity :- Give examples of the cultural diversity in your environment.
• Let us imagine that we are walking along a famous street in Bangalore, the capital city of Karnataka. We will get
to see people dressed in various kinds of clothes, people belonging to different races and people conversing in
different languages.
❖ Explain cultural diversity.
▪ There cannot be the same kind of culture in any society.
▪ There will be different cultures depending on the religions and life styles followed by the people. We call this
pluralistic culture.
▪ Even when cultures vary, they can influence one another deeply.
▪ For instance, the chudidar worn by women is a kind of dress which has come from the Moghuls to us.
▪ In the same manner, the trousers and shirts that we wear, the English language that we speak have come to us
from the British.
▪ In India we get to see a pluralistic culture consisting of hundreds of tribes, thousands of castes, many races and
hundreds of languages.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

▪ That is the reason why India is said to have unity in diversity.
Customs and Traditions :-
❖ Give examples for customs and traditions. Or What factors constitutes the Culture?
• Culture is made up of beliefs, values, rules, social conventions and morals.
❖ What are customs and traditions? :- Culture is made up of beliefs, values, rules, social conventions and morals.
These can collectively be called customs and traditions.
❖ What is Values? Give example.
▪ Values can be understood as the behaviour expected of human beings by society.
▪ Freedom, true friendship, cleanliness, humility, patriotism etc. are values.
❖ Which is enable us to determine what is good and bad in every culture ? :- Values enable us to determine what is
good and bad in every culture.
❖ What is Conventions ? :- Conventions are the activities we engage in again and again in our daily lives.
❖ Give an example of a convention. :- We engage in eating, sleeping, greeting and other similar
activities
❖ Which is Enable us to do our daily duties without any hesitation? :- Conventions enable us to do our daily duties
without any hesitation.
EXERCISES
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1 Culture means _________. (good behaviour)
2 Conventions are activities _______________. (We engage in again and again In our daily lives)
3 We get to see unity ________ in India.(in diversity)
Activity : Describe a fair held in your locality and discuss about it with your elders.
Culture means _________. (good behaviour)

GEOGRAPHY, CHAPTER-11, THE EARTH – OUR LIVING PLANET

❖ Do you know where we are living? OR What planet are we living on? :- We are living on the Earth.
❖ Which is the third planet in the solar system? :- Earth is the third planet from the Sun.
❖ Which planet in the solar system has only life? :- The Earth is the home for all forms of life like plants, animals
and human beings
❖ Why is the Earth called ‘Living Planet’? :- Because of its suitable distance from the Sun, range of temperature, life
supporting gases, atmosphere, water cycle etc.
❖ Our Earth is called by many names. Which are they ? :- Our Earth is called by many names. Some of them ‘Living
Planet’,‘Unique Planet’, ‘Watery Planet’, ‘Blue Planet’.
Size of the Earth: Distribution of Land and water bodies : Write a short note on the Size of the Earth and Distribution
of Land and water bodies.
➢ The Earth is the fifth largest planet in the Sun’s family.
➢ The diameter of the Earth is approximately 4 times greater than the Moon and
➢ It is around 107 times less than that of the Sun.
➢ The total geographical area of the Earth is 510 million sq kms of which 361 million sq kms (70.78%) is covered by
water and 149 million sq kms(29.22%) is covered by land.
➢ Thus the Earth has unequal distribution of land and water.
➢ The ratio between the land and the water bodies is 1: 2.43
❖ The Earth’s shape is often described as Geoid, Why?
▪ The Earth is flattened at the poles and bulged at the equator.
▪ The Equatorial diameter of the Earth is 12756 kms and the Polar diameter is 12714 kms
▪ Equatorial circumference - 40,076 kms and Polar circumference - 40,008 kms.
▪ The difference of 42 kms in diameter is the proof for regarding the earth as Geoid.
▪ The Earth’s shape is often described as Geoid, which literally means The Earth’s shape is often described as
Geoid, which literally means ‘Earth shaped’, or ‘Oblate spheroid’.
❖ What are continents? What are the major continents on Earth?
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
• The land bodies of the Earth are known as Continents. OR The continents are land masses of Large size.
• There are seven continents, namely Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Australia.
❖ Which is the largest continent and smallest continent on the Earth?
• Asia is the largest continent in the world while Australia is the smallest continent.
❖ What are Oceans? What are the major oceans on Earth?
• The large water bodies on the Earth are called oceans.
• There are four major oceans. They are the Pacific ocean, the Atlantic ocean, the Indian ocean and the Arctic
ocean.
❖ Which is the largest and deepest Ocean on the Earth? :- The Pacific is the largest & deepest ocean
❖ Which is the smallest and shallowest Ocean on the Earth?:-
Arctic is the smallest & shallowest ocean.
❖ Why are the Northern and Southern hemispheres called Land and Water Hemispheres?
➢ The land and water bodies are unevenly distributed between the Northern and the Southern hemispheres.
➢ The Northern Hemisphere has 60% of land and 40% of water. Therefore it is called the ‘Land Hemisphere’.
➢ On the other hand there is 81% of water and 19% of land in the Southern Hemisphere and so it is called the
‘Water Hemisphere’.
Latitudes and longitudes :-
❖ Why is difficult to locate the places, the direction on the Earth and calculate distance between places? :- The
Earth is spherical in shape.
❖ How do we understand the location of a place, direction and distance between places?
▪ In order to understand the relations between different places on the Earth and their exact location, we have to
understand their position, their distance from any fixed point and also their exact direction.
▪ To know the position, distance and direction east and west or north and south, a network of lines are drawn on
the globe. These are known as lines of latitudes and longitudes.
❖ Which Network called geographical grid or graticule(Geographic Co-ordinates)? :- Latitudes and Longitudes.
LATITUDES : * Explain the concept of latitudes.
• Latitudes are the imaginary lines drawn on The globe from East to West.
• Latitude is an imaginary line which joins all the places which have the same angular distance north or south of the
equator.
• It is measured in degrees.
• The Equator (0') is the longest line of latitude known as the Great circle.
• It is equal to the circumference of the Earth.
• Other lines of latitudes are of shorter length. The length of lines of latitude decreases with the distance from the
equator.
• All lines of latitudes are circles and parallel to the Equator.
• Therefore, lines of latitude are called parallels of latitude.
• There are 90' of latitudes on each side of the equator - 90' of North and South are points.
• Including equator totally there are 181 latitudes on the globe.
• The ground distance between two degrees of latitudes is 110.4 kms.
❖ Draw a diagram of globe and mark the seven important latitudes and name Them
Important latitudes
1. 00 latitude-Equator or Great Circle.
2. 23½' North latitude – Tropic of Cancer.
3. 23½' South latitude – Tropic of Capricorn
4. 66½' North latitude – Arctic Circle.
5. 66½' South latitude – Antarctic Circle.
6. 90' North – North pole.
7. 90' South – South pole
LONGITUDES : * Explain the concept of Longitudes.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
▪ Longitudes are the imaginary lines drawn on The globe from North Pole to South Pole.
▪ The imaginary lines that intersect equator at right angle joining the north and south are called longitudes.
▪ On the globe, longitudes are shown as a series of semi-circles that run from pole to pole passing through the
equator.
▪ All lines of longitude are of equal length.
▪ Lines of longitude are called Meridians (‘meri’-mid and ‘dian’-day) because all places along the same meridian of
longitude experience noon or mid-day at the same time.
▪ The meridian passing through Greenwich (England) has been chosen as Prime Meridian. It is marked as 0'
longitude.
▪ There are 180 of longitudes to the east of Greenwich and 180 to the west. Thus there are 360 of longitudes.
▪ The zone between the Prime Meridianand 180 E longitude is called the Eastern Hemisphere.
▪ The opposite zone is called the Western Hemisphere.
▪ The distance between two consecutive longitudes decrease gradually with distance from the equator.
▪ This is because the meridians of longitude converge at two poles.
▪ On the equator the distance between two consecutive meridians is 111 kms.
Longitude and Time : * There is a definite relation between longitude and time. How
➢ There is a definite relation between longitude and time.
➢ The earth is rotating on its axis and completes one rotation in 24 hours.
➢ This means 360 longitudes are covered in a period of 24 hours.
➢ This gives rise to a time difference of 4 minutes for every one degree of longitude, 60 minutes or one hour for
every 15 degrees of longitude (360X4=1440/60=24 hours).
➢ The time difference is to be added (E.G.A- East-Gain-Add) in case of places to the east of G.M.T
➢ and in case of places to the west the time difference is to be subtracted (W.L.S- West-Lose-Subtract).
Local time :
• The earth is rotating on its axis. From this Reason Every longitude has its own local time.
• The time according to the longitude of a place or according to the position of Sun at that place is known as the
Local time.
• This is based on the local meridian passing over that place. When the Sun is shining vertically over the longitude it
is 12 noon at that place. All places situated on the same meridian have the same local time.
❖ Mention the difference between Local Time and Standard Time.
▪ Local time : The time according to the longitude of a place or according to the position of Sun at that place is
known as the Local time.
▪ Standard time :- Since several meridians pass through a country. In order to avoid Time confusion many countries
follow uniform time throughout the country. Such uniform time is based on the central meridian of the country.
In This time is called Standard Time.
❖ Which Longitude is considered as the Standard Meridian of the country in India. (Which longitude is based the
Indian standard time(IST).) :- In India, 82½0 East longitude is considered as the Standard Meridian of the
country. It passes through Allahabad of Uttar Pradesh. The time based on this Meridian is called the Indian
Standard Time(IST).
❖ What is the difference in Indian standard time and Greenwich mean time? :- Indian standard time is 5 hours and
30 minutes ahead of G.M.T.
Time Zones : * Write a short note on Time zone?
• In certain countries of the World, where the longitudinal extent is so large (more than 45’ of longitude) that there
is often a difference of three to four hours between one part and the other, the land surface is divided into Time
Zones.
• The whole globe is divided into 24 such time zones so that the time in each zone differs from the other by only
one hour.
International Date Line (IDL) : What is the International Date Line?

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

To solve the international date problem, This line is supposed to pass Pacific ocean along the 180’ meridian but
makes short detours in order to avoid land masses. This is known as the International Date Line.
❖ What happens when ship cross the International Date Line from west to east? :- Takes the same day twice
❖ What happens when ship cross the International Date Line from east to west? :- Drops one day.
EXERCISES
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1 The total geographical area of the Earth is __________ Sq. Kms.(510 million)
2 The shape of the Earth is __________ . (Geoid)
3 The equatorial and polar diameters of the Earth is ______ and ________ Kms. (12756, 12714)
4 The 23½' North latitude is called as ____________ . (Tropic of Cancer)
5 The Indian Standard Time is based on ____________ longitude.(82½’ East)
II Answer the following questions briefly :
6. Which is the fifth largest planet in the Sun’s family ? :- The Earth
7. How many times the diameter of the earth is larger than the diameter of the moon and how many times smaller
than the diameter of the sun? :- • The diameter of the Earth is approximately 4 times greater than the Moon and • It
is around 107 times less than that of the Sun.
8. What are latitudes and longitudes? • latitudes are the imaginary lines drawn on The globe from East to West. •
Longitudes are the imaginary lines drawn on The globe from North Pole to South Pole.
9. What is the ratio Between the land area and water bodies on Earth? • The ratio between the land and the water
bodies is 1: 2.43
10. What is the ground distance between two degrees of latitudes ? :- • The ground distance between two degrees of
latitudes is 110.4 kms.
11. How many timezone does Russia have? :- 11 time zones,
12. How many timezone does USA and Canada have? :- USA and Canada have 5 time zones
III Define the following :
11. Unique planet: The Earth is called a Unique Planet because of its features. It is the only planet that supports life.
The Earth is the home for all forms of life like plants, animals and human beings because of its suitable distance from
the Sun, range of temperature, life supporting gases, atmosphere, water cycle, etc.
12. Size of the Earth: The Earth is the fifth largest planet in the Sun's family. The diameter of the earth is
approximately four times greater than the Moon and it is around 107 times less than that of the Sun. The total
geographical area is 510 million sq. kms.
13. Geoid: The shape of the earth is often described as Geoid, which literally means 'Earth shaped', or 'Oblate
spheroid'. The earth is flattened at the poles and bulges at the equator. The equatorial diameter of the Earth is 12756
kms and the Polar diameter is 12714 kms, Equatorial circumference 40,008 kms. The difference of 42 kms in diameter
is the proof for regarding the Geoid shape of the Earth.
14. Continents: The land bodies of the Earth are known as Continents. There are seven continents, namely Asia,
Africa, North America, and South America. Antarctica, Europe and Australia. The continents are land masses of large
size. Asia is the largest continent and Australia is the smallest continent in the world.
15. Prime Meridian: Lines of longitude are called Meridians (‘meri'-mid and 'dian'-day) because all places along the
same meridian of longitude experience noon or mid-day at the same time. The meridian passing through Greenwich
(England) has been chosen as Prime Meridian. It is marked as 00 longitude.
16. Indian Standard Time: In India, 82½ East longitude is considered as the Standard Meridian of the country. It
passes through Allahabad of Uttar Pradesh. The time based on this Meridian is called the Indian Standard Time (IST).
It is five hours and 30 minutes ahead of GMT.
17. What happens if a person crosses the International Date Line from east to west? :- Any ship crossing this line
from west (Asia to North America) to east takes a day twice
18. What happens if a person crosses the International Date Line from east to west?:- While the ship crossing this line
from east (North America to Asia) to west drops one day.)
Activity:- List out the countries of the Eastern hemisphere and Western hemisphere on the basis of longitudes.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

 CHAPTER – 12, LITHOSPHERE
Meaning and importance Lithosphere :- What is Lithosphere?
:- The outer-most solid layer of the earth is known as the ‘Lithosphere’ (Litho means ‘rock’).
❖ What are the types of landforms found in lithosphere? :- Different land forms like mountains, plateaus, plains,
etc., are found.
Earth’s Interior and Composition :-
❖ How many kilometres of in side the earth man can able to get information? :- With years of study and research
human beings have been able to get information about the materials inside the earth up to 10 to 12 kms.
❖ Going depth inside of Earth is very difficult. Why ?:- Going beyond this depth is very difficult due to the increase
of temperature (10 C for every 32 meters).
❖ To understand more about the earth’s interior humans are dependent on indirect evidences. What are they? :- To
understand more about the earth’s interior humans are dependent on indirect evidences such as Seismic Waves,
volcanic materials etc.
(The earth’s interior comprises of various materials in different forms. On the basis of density of material, chemical
composition and physical state of matter the earth’s interior is classified into 3 main layers. They are the Crust, the
Mantle and the Core.)
❖ Mention the three major layers of the interior of the Earth. (Do you know, what is there inside the Earth? Or
Explain what is there inside the earth) :- The earth’s interior is classified into 3 main layers. They are the Crust,
the Mantle and the Core.
❖ Draw a diagram of the Earth’s interior and identify the three main layers.
The Crust: Write about the crust of lithosphere.(Write about the structure (formation) of the Crust?
• The crust is the uppermost layer of the earth,
• rich in Silica, Aluminium and Magnesium.
• The depth of this layer is around 60 kms from the surface.
• In the upper part of the crust only lighter materials are found.
• It is called SIAL (Silica and Aluminium) or continental crust.
• The lower part of the crust is rich in Silica and Magnesium and it is called SIMA or oceanic crust.
The Mantle: Write about the Mantle is part of interior of the Earth?
▪ The Mantle is the second and the middle layer of the earth.
▪ The depth of this layer is up to 2900 kms from the surface.
▪ The materials are in semi liquid or partially molten state which is called magma.
▪ The mantle is composed of dense and rigid rocks which have predominance of minerals like magnesium and iron.
▪ The mantle has two parts a) Upper mantle or the Asthenosphere is partially in a molten condition and b) Lower
mantle or the Mesosphere in solid condition.
▪ The contact zone of the crust and the mantle is called ‘Mohorovicic Discontinuity’ or Moho.
▪ While the boundary that separates the Mantle from the Core is called ‘Gutenberg Discontinuity’.
The Core:- Write about the Core is part of interior of the Earth?
• This is the innermost layer of the earth.
• The depth of this layer is up to 6371 kms from the surface.
• The most important materials of the core are Nickel and Ferrous (Iron). So it is known as NIFE.
• The core is divided into two sub layers
a) The outer core is known as molten core, where the materials are in liquid and in molten form.
b) The inner core known as solid core.
ROCKS :- What are rocks? And state the types of Rocks?
▪ Rocks are the solid inorganic substances that are found in the crust of the earth. They are aggregates of minerals.
▪ On the basis of mode of formation, rocks are classified into three types. They are (1) Igneous rocks, (2)
Sedimentary rocks and (3) Metamorphic rocks.
(Rocks are formed due to various natural processes.)
1. Igneous Rocks : How are igneous Rocks formed?
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
▪ Igneous rocks are those which have been formed by the cooling of molten matter of the earth.
▪ Igneous rocks were the first to be formed, therefore they are also called Primary rocks.
❖ What are The two important types of igneous rocks?:- (i) Intrusive igneous rocks, (ii) Extrusive igneous rocks,
(i) Intrusive igneous rocks : How are Intrusive igneous Rocks formed? Give example.
• When the molten materials (magma) of the Earth’s interior do not reach the earth’s surface, they cool and
solidify (quite slowly) below the surface and called intrusive igneous rocks.
• These rocks are made of large crystals and are found at great depth inside the Earth
• Eg., Granite, Diorite and Gabbro.
(ii) Extrusive igneous rocks: How are Extrusive igneous Rocks formed? Give example.
▪ Rocks formed by solidification of magma above the earth’s surface are known as extrusive igneous rocks.
▪ These rocks are generally fine grained or glassy because lava after reaching the surface of the earth cools and
solidifies quickly
▪ Eg., Basalt and Andesite.
2. Sedimentary Rocks : How are Sedimentary Rocks formed?
▪ Sedimentary rocks are formed by the agency of water, wind and ice.
▪ These agents break and erode the igneous rocks, transport those broken fragments and deposit them at certain
places.
▪ The deposit of these materials often occurs in the form of layers or strata. Therefore sedimentary rocks are called
stratified rocks.
▪ The sedimentary rocks are formed after the disintegration of igneous rocks. Therefore they are called secondary
rocks.
▪ These rocks are also called aqueous rocks because they are formed in the water bodies (Lake, Sea and Ocean
beds).
❖ How many types of Sedimentary Rocks are there? And give an example for those Rocks?
Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks: Eg., Sandstone (Arenaceous rocks) and Shale (Argillaceous rocks).
Chemically formed sedimentary rocks: Eg., Rock salt, Gypsum etc.
Organically formed sedimentary rocks: Eg., Limestone (Calcareous rocks) and Coal (Carbonaceous rocks).
(Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks: Rocks built up by fragments of pre-existing rocks which have been
produced by the processes of weathering and erosion eg., Sandstone (Arenaceous
rocks) and Shale (Argillaceous rocks).
(Chemically formed sedimentary rocks: Chemical sediments are commonly formed by the process of evaporation of
water containing salts in solution eg., Rock salt, Gypsum etc.)
(Organically formed sedimentary rocks: Organic sediments are those derived by the accumulation of remains of
organisms, such as shells of marine organisms, remains of plants and animals eg.,
Limestone (Calcareous rocks) and Coal (Carbonaceous rocks)
3. Metamorphic Rocks : How are metamorphic rocks formed? give example.
▪ Metamorphic rocks are those which are formed by the process of metamorphism or alteration of pre-existing
rocks.
▪ Metamorphism means change of form which may be physical or chemical or both by the influence of heat and
pressure.
Example: a) Granite -> Gneiss, b) Basalt -> Schist, c) Limestone -> Marble, d) Sandstone -> Quartzite, e) Coal ->
Graphite, f) Graphite -> Diamond
❖ Which are the hardest rocks on the earth ? Which rocks supply precious stones. Give example :-
▪ Metamorphic rocks are the hardest rocks on the earth.
▪ These rocks supply precious stones. ex :-Sapphire, Ruby and Emerald and Diamonds etc.
FORCES OF THE EARTH’S CRUST : What are the two important forces of The Earth ?
The Earth has two important forces that change the face of the earth. They are
1) Internal forces and 2) External forces.
INTERNAL FORCES :- Give an example of Internal Forces in Forces Of The Earth's Crust?

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

Volcanoes, Earthquakes etc.
(These are the forces which originate inside the crust and influence the surface features of the earth eg., Volcanoes,
Earthquakes etc. The internal forces are also called Endogenic forces
VOLCANOES :- What is a volcano?
A volcano is a vent or narrow opening in the Earth’s crust connected by a pipe to an underlying magma emitted from
the interior of the Earth.
❖ What are the elements emitted from the caldera of a volcano? :- Magma, rock fragments, lava, ash, steam,
flames and other gases are emitted from the interior of the Earth.
❖ What is known as A large basin-shaped crater bound by steep sides of volcanoes? :- ‘Caldera’
Types of Volcanoes : Name the types of volcanoes on the basis of frequency of eruption. (What are the types of
volcanoes?)
On the basis of the periodicity or frequency of eruption volcanoes are classified into three types.
1. Active Volcanoes, 2. Dormant Volcanoes, 3. Extinct Volcanoes
Active Volcanoes: What is Active Volcanoes? Give example.
▪ Volcanoes which constantly eject lava, gases, ashes etc., are known as active volcanoes. There are about 600
active volcanoes in the world
▪ Eg., Mt. Stromboli and Mt. Etna in Italy, St. Helens in USA, Mauna Loa in Hawaiian islands, Pinatubo in Philippines
etc.
Dormant Volcanoes: What is Dormant Volcanoes? Give example.
▪ Dormant volcanoes are those which have erupted in the past and are likely to erupt again but have remained
inactive for fairly long periods
▪ Eg., Mt. Vesuvius in Italy, Mt. Fujiyama in Japan, Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Mt. Krakatoa in Indonesia.
Extinct Volcanoes: What is Extinct volcanoes? Give example.
▪ Extinct volcanoes are those which were active in the remote geological periods. These are not likely to be active
once again
▪ Eg., Gorongoro in Tanzania, Arthur’s Seat in Scotland.
(Facts file : Super volcanic eruptions of the world 1. Mt. Vesuvius (Italy) 2. Mt. Krakatoa (Indonesia)
3. Mt. Pelee (West Indies) 4. Mt. Fujiyama or Fuji, a volcano worshipped by people of Japan.)
Volcanic materials: What were The materials ejecting out from the volcanoes?
The materials ejecting out from the volcanoes are of three types.
▪ Solid: Volcanic bombs, cinders, scoria, pumice, dust, ash.
▪ Gases: Sulphur, Hydrogen, Carbon dioxide.
▪ Liquid: Lava.
Distribution of Volcanoes: State the distribution of Volcanoes found on our Earth.
Most important regions are:
1. The Circum-Pacific Belt or Pacific Ring of Fire: Coastal margins of the Pacific Ocean consisting of Philippines, Japan,
USA, Central America, South America etc.
2. Mid-Atlantic Belt: Iceland, West Indies
3. Mid-Continental Belt: Italy, Spain, France, Greece, Turkey etc.,
4. Important Islands: Hawaii, Indonesia.
EARTHQUAKES :- What is Earthquake?
• Earthquake is a shock or series of shocks or tremors, due to a sudden movement of crustal rocks generated within
the crust or mantle.
❖ What is Seismology and Seismograph ?
▪ The scientific study of earthquakes is called Seismology.
▪ The origin, time, velocity and direction of seismic waves are recorded by an instrument known as Seismograph.
Causes of the Earthquakes :- What were the Causes of the Earthquakes?
1. Plate Tectonics: The earth’s Actions of Earth quake crust consists of many major and minor plates. These plates are
not stationary. The plate boundaries are dynamic places and are the primary location of earthquake activity (Circum-
Pacific Belt).
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
2. Volcanic Eruptions: Volcanic earthquakes are caused by gas explosions (Krakatoa volcano of Indonesia).
3. Faulting: A fault consists of a fracture in a rock along with a great deal of displacement takes place. Earthquakes
occur when movement of plates takes place along a line of fracture (San Andreas
fault of California in USA).
4. Man made factors: Over interaction of man with nature is also one of the main causes of the occurrence of many
of the earthquakes. The extraction of minerals, deep underground mining, huge dams and reservoirs, nuclear tests
etc., (Koyna dam in Maharastra, Hoover dam in USA).
Earthquake Waves :- Write a short note on The Earthquake Waves .
The three important earthquake waves are:
1. Primary Waves (PW): Primary waves are also known as longitudinal or compressional waves. These are the fastest
earthquake waves and the first waves to reach the surface. They can pass through solid, liquid and gaseous matters.
2. Secondary Waves (SW): Secondary waves are also known as transverse or distortional waves. These waves cannot
pass through liquids. They reach the epicentre after the primary waves.
3. Surface Waves (LW): Surface waves are also called long waves. They are the slowest earthquake waves but are
responsible for the highest destruction on the surface of the earth.
❖ What were the impacts (effects) of earthquake?
• The Earthquakes are very dangerous and destructive.
• They cause large-scale deaths,
• loss to property,
• Landslides, Flash floods,
• Damage to bridges, roads, railway lines etc.
Tsunami: What is Tsunami?
Tsunami is a large sea wave occasionally experienced along the coasts of Japan and in other regions caused by an
underwater earthquake.
In Japanese language ‘Tsunami’ means ‘harbour waves’.
3. Some seismic recording centers of India: Gowribidanur, Kodaikanal, Pune, Hyderabad, Dehradun.)
EXTERNAL FORCES: Give an example of External Forces in Forces Of The Earth's Crust?
The important forces are temperature, wind, rainfall, snowfall, river, glacier etc.,
Weathering: What is weathering? Name the three main types of weathering.
Weathering is the wearing away or breaking down or gradual disintegration of rocks by agents (Temperature,
rainfall, wind etc.) present in the atmosphere.
The three types of weathering are: 1. Mechanical weathering, 2. Chemical weathering, 3. Biological weathering
❖ What are four types of chemical weathering.
a. Oxidation, b. Carbonation, c. Hydration, d. Solution,
❖ Give the example of Biological weathering
(a) Plants: Growth and expansion of roots.
(b) Animals: Burrowing animals, earthworms, rabbits, rats.
(c) Human beings: Mining, quarrying, construction works.
DENUDATION :- What is Denudation?
• Denudation is the action of changing landscape or changing the surface of the earth by various natural agents
Agents of Denudation: Give the Example of Agents of Denudation ?
* Rivers, * Glaciers, * Underground water, * Wind, * Sea waves etc.,
River: The river is a most prominent agent of denudation.
❖ What is River? :- A mass of fresh water flowing from its source to mouth along a definite course is called ‘River’.
❖ What is Source ‘of River ? And What is Mouth of River ? :- The place where a river takes its birth is called ‘Source’
and ‘Mouth’ is the point where it meets sea or ocean.
❖ What is ‘Tributaries’ ? :- ‘Tributaries’ are the feeders or small streams which supply water to river along its
course.
❖ What is ‘Confluence’ of River? :- The point where a tributary joins the main river is called ‘Confluence’.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

Course of the River: What are The Types of the River Course? (Draw a Stages of the river course and associated land
forms.)
The course of a river from its source to mouth is divided into three stages. These stages are
1) Upper course, 2) Middle course and 3) Lower course.
❖ Name the landforms associated with the work of river.
1) Upper course : Formation of gorges, canyons, ‘V’ shaped valleys, waterfalls (Angel falls, Niagara falls, Jog falls).
2) Middle course : Alluvial fans, Meanders.
3) Lower course : Flood plains, Natural levees, Ox-bow lakes, Deltas
GLACIER : What is Glaciers ?
• Glaciers are slowly moving, compacted masses of ice and snow found in the high mountains and polar regions.
• The mass of ice or snow is pulled down by its weight and due to the force of gravity.
Types of Glacier: What are the types of Glaciers ? And Explain their meaning?
• Glaciers are divided into two types a) Continental glaciers and b) Mountain glaciers.
Continental glaciers: Continental glaciers are extensive ice sheets found in polar regions eg., Greenland and
Antarctica.
Mountain or Alpine or Valley glaciers: The glaciers found in the Polar regions regions are called Mountain glaciers.
❖ What are the landforms caused by glacial erosion, transport and accumulation?
▪ The landforms resulting by this are Cirque, Horn, Arete, ‘U’shaped valleys, Hanging valleys, Rock steps etc.
▪ The transportation and the deposition work of glaciers goes almost together. The important depositional
landforms produced by glaciers are Moraines, Drumlins, Esker, Kames, Outwash plains, Till plains etc.
❖ ‘Moraines’ are the most important landforms of the glaciated region. What are their types?
a) Lateral moraines: b) Medial moraines: c) Ground moraines: d) Terminal moraines:
UNDERGROUND WATER : What is Underground Water
• Underground water is the subsoil water found on account of percolation or seepage of water into the ground.
❖ What are called aquifers ? :- Porous rock beds which hold large amount of underground water are called aquifers.
❖ What is Spring ? :- A Spring is a place where the underground water comes out naturally.
Types of spring: What were the Types of spring?
1. Perennial spring: 2. Intermittent springs: 3. Hot springs: 4. Geyser: 5. Artesian wells :
❖ Artesian wells are commonly found in which country? :- Australia
(1. Perennial spring: It is a spring through which water comes out continuously.
2. Intermittent springs: These are springs through which water comes out intermittently (not continuous) and they
are also called ‘Periodic spring’.
3. Hot springs: Whenever warm or hot water comes out naturally it is called hot spring or thermal spring. They are
usually found near the volcanic regions.
4. Geyser: Geysers throw a jet of hot water (like a fountain) and steam into the air at regular or irregular intervals
eg., Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park of USA.
5. Artesian wells : When underground water is stored in a basin shaped layer between two non-porous rocks, the
water cannot come out naturally. If an artificial hole is made to the porous rock,
the water comes out like a fountain. These are called Artesian wells. These wells are common in Australia.) Artesian
wells Activity of Under ground water
❖ What are the important landforms associated with the Underground water? :- The important landforms
associated with the underground water are Lapies, Sinkholes, Limestone caves, Stalactites, Stalagmites, Calcite
pillar etc.
❖ Draw an artesian well and identify the groundwater storage.
WIND :- Which are The important landforms associated with the erosional work of the Wind? :-
The important landforms associated with the erosional work of the Wind are Rock pedestals, Mushroom rock,
Inselberg. The depositional landforms are Sand dunes – Longitudinal sand dunes, Barchans and Loess deposits.
Sea Waves : What are The important landforms associated with sea waves? : The important landforms associated
with sea waves are Cliff, Sea cave, Sea stack, Sea arch, Headland, Sand bars, Beaches, Lagoons etc.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

❖ What is Loess? :- Loess is the sand particles found beyond the borders of deserts (Yellow soil in China).
EXERCISES
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. The continental crust is also called ________________. (SlAL)
2. Vast basin shaped volcanic mouth is ____________. (Caldera)
3. The most destructive earthquake waves are ____________. (surface waves)
4. Stalactities and Stalagmites are most common in ____________. (lime stone region)
5. The Beaches are formed by __________________ work. (sea waves)
II Answer the following questions :
6. How old is our Earth? :- Our planet Earth is more than 4.6 billion years old
7. How many kilometres of in side the earth man can able to get information? :- Human beings have been able to get
information about the materials inside the earth up to 10 to 12 kms.
8. Going depth inside of Earth is very difficult. Why ? :- Going beyond this depth is very difficult due to the increase of
temperature (10 C for every 32 meters).
9. To understand more about the earth’s interior humans are dependent on indirect evidences. What are they? :- To
understand more about the earth’s interior humans are dependent on indirect evidences such as Seismic Waves,
volcanic materials etc.
10. Which is the uppermost layer of the earth ? :- The crust is the uppermost layer of the earth,
11. What are the elements in the uppermost layer of the earth(The Crust)? :- Rich in Silica, Aluminium and
Magnesium.
12. How many kilometers does the crust The depth extend from the upper layer of the earth? :- The depth of this
layer is around 60 kms from the surface.
13. Why is the crust called Sial and Sima?
• In the upper part of the crust only lighter materials are found. It is called SIAL (Silica and Aluminium) or
continental crust.
• The lower part of the crust is rich in Silica and Magnesium and it is called SIMA or oceanic crust.
14. Which is the second and the middle layer of the earth? :- The Mantle
15. What is the depth of The Mantle from the earth surface? :- The depth of this layer is up to 2900 kms from the
surface.
16. Which part of interior of Earth is called magma? :- The Mantle.
17. Why the mantle is called magma? :- The materials are in semi liquid or partially molten state which is called
magma.
18. How to composed The Mantle?:- the Mantle is composed of dense and rigid rocks which have predominance of
minerals like magnesium and iron.
19. Which are the parts of the Mantle? :- The mantle has two parts a) Upper mantle or the Asthenosphere is partially
in a molten condition and b) Lower mantle or the Mesosphere in solid condition.
20. Which is the contact Zone of the Crust and the Mantle? :-The contact zone of the crust and the mantle is called
‘Mohorovicic Discontinuity’ or Moho.
21. Which is called the boundary that separates the Mantle from the Core? :- While the boundary that separates the
Mantle from the Core is called ‘Gutenberg Discontinuity’.
22. Which is the innermost layer of the earth?:- the Core is the innermost layer of the earth.
23. What is the depth of the Core from the earth surface?:- The depth of this layer is up to 6371 kms.
24. Why the Core is called Nife? :- The most important materials of the core are Nickel and Ferrous (Iron). So it is
known as NIFE.
25. Which are the two Sub layers of the core? :- The core is divided into two sub layers
a) The outer core is known as molten core, where the materials are in liquid and in molten form.
b) The inner core known as solid core.
26. Give the example of Intrusive igneous rocks ? :- Granite, Diorite and Gabbro.
27. Give the example of Extrusive igneous rocks ? :- Basalt and Andesite.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
28. What rocks are called stratified rocks ? :- Sedimentary rocks are called stratified rocks.
29. What rocks are called secondary rocks ? :- The sedimentary rocks are formed after the disintegration of igneous
rocks. Therefore they are called secondary rocks.
30. What rocks are called aqueous rocks ? :- Sedimentary rocks are also called aqueous rocks
31. What were the Manmade Causes of the Earthquakes?
• Over interaction of man with nature
• The extraction of minerals,
• Deep underground mining,
• Nuclear tests,
• Huge dams and reservoirs, etc., (Koyna dam in Maharastra, Hoover dam in USA).
32. Which are the fastest earthquake Waves? :- Primary waves
33. Which are The slowest earthquake Waves or long Waves or Most destructive earthquake waves ? : Surface waves
33. What are Secondary waves called? :- Transverse or Distortional Waves.
34. What scale is used to measure the magnitude and intensity of an earthquake? The magnitude and intensity of
earthquakes is recorded by using Richter scale
35. Mention the important earthquake zones of the world.
• Coastal area around the Pacific Ocean. It includes New Zealand, Philippines, USA, Japan, Peru, etc.
• Coastal area around the Mediterranean Sea.
• Himalayan mountain region of India. (Siwalik Region).
Define the following:
1. Aqueous rocks: Sedimentary Rocks are also called aqueous rocks because they are formed in the water bodies like
lakes, seas, and ocean beds.
2.‘Pacific ring of fire’: Pacific ring of fire is a region of Volcanoes. The regions are The Coastal margins of the Pacific
Ocean consisting of Philippines, Japan, USA, Central America, South America, etc.
3.Mechanical weathering: When the rock is broken and disintegrated without any chemical alteration, the process is
called Physical weathering or Mechanical weathering. The important processes of mechanical weathering are
Granular disintegration, Block disintegration and Exfoliation. The agents of mechanical weathering are temperature,
wind, frost, etc.
4.Carbonaceous rocks: Coal is called carbonaceous rock. Organic sediments are derived by the accumulation of
remains of organisms, such as shells of marine organisms, remains of plants and animals, Example Carbonaceous
rocks are coal and limestone.
5. Tsunami: Tsunami is a large sea wave occasionally experienced along the coasts of Japan and in other regions
caused by underwater earthquake. In Japanese language 'Tsunami' means 'harbour waves'.
6. Continental glacier: Continental glacier are extensive ice sheets found in polar regions E.g. Greenland and America.
7. Hot spring: Whenever warm or hot water comes out naturally it is called hot spring or thermal spring. They are
usually found near the volcanic regions.
8.Carbonaceous rocks: Organic sediments are those derived by the accumulation of remains of organisms, such as
shells of marine organisms, remains of plants and animals eg., Limestone (Calcareous rocks) and Coal (Carbonaceous
rocks).
III. Match the following :
A B
1. SIMA c) Oceanic crust.
2. Sandstone d) Sedimentary rock
3. Epicentre a) Earthquake
4. Geyser e) Underground water
5. Loess b) Yellow soil
VI Activities : * Collect the different rocks from your environment.
* Visit nearest falls and know how they are formed ?

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

 CHAPTER–13, ATMOSPHERE
Meaning : What is atmosphere ? :- Atmosphere is a thin layer of gases, dust particles and water vapour surrounding
the Earth.
❖ What is the thickness of the atmosphere?
• The thickness of the atmosphere is around 1000 kms.
Importance of Atmosphere:- Do you know, how we are protected and helped by the envelope of air
• This layer of gases forms protective boundary between the outer space and the Earth’s surface.
• Atmosphere is very important for all forms of life on the earth.
• Different gases of atmosphere help plants, animals and human beings.
• Atmosphere traps heat and makes Earth a planet for all the living organisms.
Composition of Atmosphere :
❖ What are the main gases in the atmosphere? And what is its percentage in the atmosphere?
:- The Important gases in the atmosphere are * Nitrogen - 78.08%, * Oxygen- 20.94% and * the remaining 1% consists
of Argon - 0.93%, * Carbon dioxide - 0.03%, * Ozone -0.000005% etc.
❖ What is the importance of dust particles in the atmosphere? :-
▪ The atmosphere also contains dust particles which help us in the formation of water droplets.
▪ The water vapour in the atmosphere is the source of clouds and precipitation.
▪ The atmosphere traps heat and energy and has influence on the weather conditions of a place.
Layers of Atmosphere: Name the important layers of the atmosphere.
:- The atmosphere may be divided into five important layers on the basis of its characteristic features. These are: *
Troposphere, * Stratosphere, * Mesosphere, * Thermosphere (Ionosphere) and * Exosphere.
❖ Draw a diagram The Layers of Atmosphere and identify the layers. Or Draw the diagram of layers of atmosphere
and mention the parts of layers of atmosphere in it.
Troposphere : Explain about Troposphere of atmosphere.
▪ Troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere.
▪ It extends upto 18 kms at the equator and 8 kms near the poles.
▪ This layer has all the atmospheric elements such as temperature, pressure, winds, clouds, rainfall etc.
▪ All weather changes occur in the troposphere.
▪ Temperature and pressure decrease with the increase of altitude.
Stratosphere : Explain about Stratosphere of atmosphere.
▪ Stratosphere is the second layer of the atmosphere.
▪ This layer extends upto 50 kms from the surface.
▪ It lies between troposphere and mesosphere.
▪ In this layer Ozone is the most important gas which absorbs ‘ultraviolet rays’ of the sun and protect all forms of
life on the Earth.
▪ This layer is free from clouds and other important weather phenomenon and provides ideal flying conditions for
jet aircrafts.
Mesosphere : Explain about Mesosphere of atmosphere.
• Mesosphere is the third layer in the Earth’s atmosphere.
• It extends up to 80 kms from the surface and lies above stratosphere.
• In this layer temperature decreases with the increase in altitude.
• This layer has the coldest temperature in the atmosphere.
Thermosphere : Explain about Thermosphere of atmosphere.
• Thermosphere layer lies next to Mesosphere.
• In this layer temperature rises drastically.
• It is also called ‘Ionosphere’ as the gaseous atoms are ionized due to very high temperature.
• The ions found in this layer help in reflecting radio waves.
Exosphere : Exosphere is the top most layer of the atmosphere.
❖ Which is the top most layer of the atmosphere? :- Exosphere is the top most layer of the atmosphere.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
❖ Which layer of atmosphere is suitable for jet aircraft to fly? :- Stratosphere
❖ Ozone gas is found in which layer of the atmosphere ? :- Stratosphere.
❖ What is the significance of ozone layer?:- Ozone layer is the most important gas which absorbs ‘ultraviolet rays’
of the sun and protect all forms of life on the Earth.
❖ Which Layer has the coldest temperature in the atmosphere ? :- Mesosphere.
❖ Which layer The ions found in help in reflecting radio waves? :- Thermosphere
❖ Which layer of atmosphere Called ‘Ionosphere’? :- Thermosphere.
❖ Draw the diagram of layers of atmosphere and mention the parts of layers of atmosphere in it.
Elements of Weather ; What are Elements of Weather (What are Elements influenced by Weather condition) :-
Weather condition of a place is influenced by various elements such as * temperature, * pressure, * wind, *
humidity, * clouds, * rainfall etc.
TEMPERATURE
❖ Which is the main source of energy to the Earth? :- The Sun is the main source of energy to the Earth
❖ What is Insolation? :- Insolation means incoming solar radiation from the sun to the Earth.
❖ Which Instrument is recorded by Temperature? Or Which instrument is used to record the temperature?:-
Temperature is recorded by an instrument called ‘thermometer’.
• Centigrade and Fahrenheit are the important thermometers used to measure atmospheric temperature.
❖ What are The important factors that influence Atmospheric temperature ?
:- Important factors that influence Atmospheric temperature are • latitude, • altitude or height, • distance from the
sea, • wind, • Ocean currents, • relief, • clouds, • rainfall etc.
Normal lapse rate : What is Normal lapse rate ?
▪ It is the decreasing rate of temperature with the increase of altitude.
▪ The rate of decrease is 10 C for every 165 meters or 6.40 C for every 1000 meters of height (1 km).
Inversion of temperature : What is Inversion of temperature? :- In some situations temperature also increase with
increasing height.
❖ Where is inversion of temperature found? :- This takes place in mountain valleys
❖ What are the cause For inversion of temperature? :- during long winter nights with clear sky, dry air, no wind and
snow covered surface.
Temperature Zones :
❖ Draw the diagram of Temperature Zones on the Earth and identify the temperature zones. Or Draw a diagram
showing different temperature zones on the basis of latitudes.
❖ The globe is divided into three temperature zones. Which are They ?
1. Torrid zone, 2. Temperate zone, 3. Frigid zone,
Isotherms : What is Isotherms? :- Isotherms are lines drawn on the map or globe connecting places having the same
temperature.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
❖ What is Atmospheric pressure?:- Air has weight and it exerts pressure. This is called atmospheric pressure.
❖ What is the instrument used to measure air pressure called? Or What is instrument used to measure air
pressure?:- Air pressure is measured by an instrument called Barometer.
❖ The unit used to show the pressure is millibar (mb).
❖ What is the average air pressure of the atmosphere at sea level? :- The average air pressure of the atmosphere at
the sea level is 1013.25 mb.
❖ What were the factors affected by the atmospheric pressure?
:- The atmospheric pressure is affected by many factors such as * temperature, * rotation of the Earth, * altitude,
* water vapour etc.
❖ The regions which have high temperature record low pressure Why? :- The regions which have high temperature
record low pressure due to expansion of air, while the regions of low temperature have high pressure due to
contraction of air.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

❖ Temperature and pressure are inversely related. Why ?:- The regions which have high temperature record low
pressure due to expansion of air, while the regions of low temperature have high pressure due to contraction of
air. Thus temperature and pressure are inversely related
❖ The atmospheric Pressure decreases with the increase in altitude. Why ? :- The regions which have high
temperature record low pressure and while the regions of low temperature have high pressure.
Major pressure belts of the Earth :-
❖ Draw the diagram of Major pressure belts of the Earth. Or Which are The Major pressure belts of the Earth
1. The Equatorial low pressure belt :- It lies between 0' to 5' North and South of the equator.
2. North Sub- tropical high pressure belt :- 30' and 35' north of the equator.
3. South Sub-tropical high pressure belt : 30' and 35' south of the equator.
4. North -Sub- Polar low pressure belt : 60' to 65’ north
5. South Sub-polar low pressure belt : 60' to 65’ South
6. North Polar high pressure belt : 80' to 90' north
7. South Polar High pressure belt : 80' to 90' south
❖ Which Major pressure belts of the Earth is very low pressure throughout the year?:- Equatorial low pressure belt
is a zone of high temperature and low pressure.
❖ What is Doldrum? Where is it found? :- This is a calm region with very little wind. So it is known as ‘Doldrum’
means ‘belt of calm’ (equatorial calm). It lies between 0’ to 5’ North and South of the equator.
❖ Why is Called The Equatorial low pressure belt is ‘Doldrum’ Or ‘belt of calm’ (equatorial calm)
:- This region gets direct rays of the Sun almost throughout the year. Hence air is always very warm and hot. This is a
calm region with very little wind. So it is known as ‘Doldrum’ means ‘belt of calm’ (equatorial calm).
❖ Equatorial low pressure belt region is also called Inter- Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where the trade winds
converge.
❖ Which Major pressure belts of the Earth is very high pressure throughout the year?:- Polar high pressure belts.
❖ What is Isobars ? :- These are imaginary lines drawn on the map or globe connecting places having the same
pressure.
WIND :-
❖ What is Wind? :- Wind is the horizontal movement of the air on the surface of the Earth.
❖ Why do winds blows occur on the earth? :- Wind blows on the Earth due to rotation of the Earth and difference in
pressure.
❖ What instrument is used to find wind direction? :- The direction of the wind is shown by an instrument called
‘wind vane’ or ‘weather cock’.
❖ Which instrument is used to measure speed of the wind.? :- An ‘Anemometer’ is used to measure the speed of
the wind.
Types of wind : * Name the types of the winds
Winds are classified into 4 major types. They are; 1). Planetary winds, 2). Seasonal winds, 3). Local winds, 4).
Cyclones and Anti cyclones
1. Planetary Winds : Explain about Planetary Winds
• Planetary Winds winds are also called ‘Permanent winds’ or 'Prevailing winds’ or ‘Regular winds’
• which blow more or less in the same direction through out the year.
• These winds play a major role in climate change, desert formation, guide navigation routes, etc.
• There are three types of planetary winds. 1. Trade winds, 2. Anti-trade winds and 3. Polar winds.
❖ Name the different types of planetary winds? :- 1. Trade winds, 2. Anti-trade winds and 3. Polar winds.
❖ Draw the diagram of blowing direction on the earth of Planetary Winds. Or Draw the picture of planatary winds.
Trade Winds : Which direction do trade winds blow and what are their other names?
▪ These winds blow from sub-tropical high pressure belts to equatorial low pressure region.
▪ The trade winds in the northern hemisphere blow from NE to SW direction (North East trade winds)
▪ and in the southern hemisphere they blow from SE to NW direction (South East trade winds).

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

Westerlies or Anti-trade Winds : Which direction do Westerlies or Anti-trade winds blow and what are their other
names? :-
▪ These winds blow from sub-tropical high pressure belts to sub-polar low pressure belts.
▪ These are from south-west to north-east in northern hemisphere and north-west to south-east in the southern
hemisphere.
▪ The westerlies of southern hemisphere are very strong over the oceans.
▪ Hence they are called ‘Roaring forties’ (40' south latitude), ‘Furious fifties’ (50' south latitude) and ‘Shrieking
sixties’ (60' south latitude).
▪ There are also called Westerlies.
Polar winds : Which direction do Polar winds blow and what are their other names ?
▪ These are also called Easterlies.
▪ These winds blow from polar high pressure belts to sub-polar low pressure belts.
▪ They blow from North East to South West in the northern hemisphere and South East to North West in the
southern hemisphere.
▪ These are the cold dry winds blowing from the polar ice-caps.
2. Seasonal Winds: Write a short note on the Seasonal Winds
▪ Seasonal winds are also called periodic winds.
▪ These winds change their direction periodically or seasonally.
▪ The monsoon winds of India are the typical periodic winds.
▪ In India South west monsoon winds blow from SW to NE direction during June to September and
▪ North east monsoon winds blow from NE to SW direction from late September to middle of December.
3. Local Winds: What are local winds? Give any two examples.
• Periodic winds are the result of variation in local temperature, pressure, humidity which in turn are attributed to
the formation of air currents, crossing mountain ranges, valleys and other relief barriers.
• The important periodic and local winds are Land breeze, Sea breeze, Mountain breeze (Katabatic winds),Valley
breeze (Anabatic winds) and other few winds are Loo (India), Chinook or Snow eater (USA), Fohn (Alps region),
Mistral (France), Sirocco(Sahara region), Brick Fielder (Australia), Blizzard (Antarctica) etc.(The cool breeze
blowing towards the land from the sea this is known as sea breeze, especially during the day owing to the relative
warmth of the land.
• The cool breeze blowing towards the sea from the land this is known as land breeze, especially at night, owing to
the relative warmth of the sea.
4. Cyclones and Anti-cyclones:
❖ What are the causes blows a Cyclones winds? :-These winds blow due to great variation in pressure. (differences
in air pressure)
❖ Which Winds most dangerous and destructive? :- Cyclones winds are temporary but sometimes dangerous and
destructive.
a). Cyclones: What is Cyclones? :- Cyclone is a small low pressure area in the centre surrounded by high pressure.
The winds blow spirally towards the low pressure area.
❖ In which direction do the cyclonic winds blow in the Northern Hemisphere and southern hemisphere ?:- In the
northern hemisphere the direction of cyclonic winds is anti-clockwise or counter clockwise and in the southern
hemisphere it is clockwise.
❖ What are the types of Cyclones? :- Cyclones are of two types:
• Tropical cyclones: These are found in the tropical region. They are very powerful and disastrous.
• Temperate cyclones: These are found in the temperate region. They are comparatively less strong and less
dangerous.
b) Anti-Cyclones: What is Anti -Cyclones? :- An anti-cyclone is a high pressure area in the centre with winds blowing
outwards, towards the low pressure areas.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

❖ In which direction do the Anti-cyclonic winds blow in the Northern Hemisphere and southern hemisphere ?:- In
the northern hemisphere the direction of anti-cyclone wind is clockwise and in the southern hemisphere it is anti-
clockwise.
HUMIDITY :- What is Humidity?
• Humidity is the amount of water vapour or moisture present in the air.
• Which instrument is used to measured of the Humidity? :- Humidity is measured by using an instrument called
Hygrometer or Psychrometer.
Types: What are the types of Humidity? And what do its means?
Humidity is expressed in different ways. Important among
them are 1. Absolute humidity, 2. Relative humidity and 3. Specific humidity.
• Absolute humidity: This refers to total amount of water vapour present in a given volume of air. It does not take
temperature into consideration.
• Relative humidity: Relative humidity is the ratio between the actual amount of water vapour present in the air and
the amount of water vapour the air can hold at that temperature. It is
expressed in percentage.
Relative humidity = The actual amount of water vapour in the air/ The maximum amount of water vapour the air can
hold x 100
• Specific humidity: It is the actual amount of water vapour present in a given mass of air.
CLOUDS :- What is Clouds?
• Cloud is a mass of small water drops or ice crystals, formed by the condensation of the water in the atmosphere,
usually at a considerable height above the Earth’s surface.
Types of clouds: Mention the different types of clouds.
Clouds are classified on the basis of their shapes and heights at which they occur. The important types of clouds are
1. The Stratus clouds, 2.The Cumulus clouds, 3. The Cirrus clouds and 4. The Nimbus clouds.
❖ Which clouds are lowest in the atmosphere? :- Stratus clouds are usually low clouds occurring at less than 2 km of
height.
❖ Which Clouds popularly called ‘wool packs’?:- Which clouds are cauliflower-shaped clouds of great vertical
extent?:- . Cumulus clouds.
❖ Which Clouds are the highest clouds in the atmosphere.? :- Cirrus clouds
❖ Which Clouds resemble ‘curls of hair’, have a feathery or fibrous appearance? Which Clouds Look like patches of
cotton fibres floating in the air? :- Cirrus clouds.
❖ Which Clouds Popular name is ‘mare’s tail’ or ‘witch’s broom’? :- Cirrus clouds
❖ Which Clouds Heavy rainfall or snowfall ? Which Clouds The Nimbo-stratus are thick, heavy, rain bearing clouds.?
:- Nimbus Clouds.
RAIN FALL :- What is Rainfall? :- Precipitation in the form of water droplets is called rainfall.
❖ Which instrument is used to measured of the Rainfall? :- The total amount of rain received on a given area during
a given time as measured by a Rain Gauge in MM or inches.
Types of Rainfall: What are the types of rainfall? :- Rainfall is of three types. They are 1. Convectional rainfall, 2.
Orographic rainfall and 3. Cyclonic rainfall.
Convectional rainfall: Write a short note on The Convectional Rainfall (What is Convectional Rainfall)
▪ The rain caused by the process of convection is called convectional Rainfall.
▪ In areas of high temperature, air rises up due to heating.
▪ This rising air cools, gets saturated, condensation takes place and later rainfall occurs.
▪ Convectional rainfall is very common in the equatorial region and also in the tropical regions in summer.
▪ In the equatorial region, convectional rainfall is called ‘afternoon rain’, as it occurs mostly in the afternoon.
▪ It is accompanied by thunder and lightning.
Orographic rainfall : Write a short note on The Orographic Rainfall? Or What is Orographic Rainfall?
• Orographic rainfall is also called ‘Mountain rainfall’ or ‘Relief rainfall’.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

• When moisture laden air is obstructed by a mountain barrier, the air is forced to rise up. As the air rises upwards,
it cools and gets saturated. Further cooling of this air causes condensation resulting in orographic or mountain
rainfall.
• The windward side of the mountain receives more rainfall, while the leeward side receives less.
• The leeward side is generally called the ‘rain shadow region’
• Eg., Mangalore is the windward side and Hassan the leeward side or rain shadow region.
Cyclonic rainfall: What is Cyclonic Rainfall? Write a short note on Cyclonic Rainfall?
• In a cyclone the air blows spirally inwards.
• In the tropical cyclones the air rises upwards in circular movement.
• So condensation takes place to cause heavy rainfall.
• The temperate cyclonic rain is also called frontal rain.
• When the warm air mass and the cold air mass meet, the warm air being lighter is forced to rise over the heavier
cold air.
• The warm air after rising, cools and condenses, resulting in rainfall.
Distribution of rainfall: What are the factors depends upon the distribution of rainfall?
The distribution of rainfall on the Earth depends on location and the climatic condition of that region.
❖ Which are The most important heavy rainfall areas in the world?:- The most important heavy rainfall areas in the
world are 1. the equatorial region, 2. the eastern margins of sub-tropical belts, 3. the western margins between
400 and 600 N and S latitudes. 4. Scanty rainfall regions are the polar areas, 5. the western margins of sub-
tropical regions and the tropical and temperate deserts.
Weather and Climate :- Distinguish between weather and climate.
Weather :- * Atmospheric condition of a place at a given time is called ‘Weather’.
• The atmospheric conditions of a smaller area at a particular time is called weather.
• For example cloudy, sunny, fine weather, etc.
• The scientific study of weather is called ‘Meteorology’.
Climate :- • Climate is the average condition of the atmosphere over a long period of time of a larger area • Eg.,
Equatorial climate, Tropical monsoon climate, Desert climate, Mediterranean climate, Tundra climate etc.
• The scientific study of climate is called ‘Climatology’.
• In contrast the average weather condition of an area over a long period of time is called ‘Climate’.
❖ What are The Factors affecting the climate of a place? :- The factors that influence the climate of a place or region
are * Latitude, * altitude, * winds, * distance from the sea, * distribution of land and water bodies, * ocean
currents, etc.
EXERCISES
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. The two major gases of the atmosphere are _________ and ______. (nitrogen, oxygen)
2. The lowest layer of the atmosphere is ____________. (Troposphere)
3. The average air pressure of the atmosphere at the sea level is_____. (1013.25mb)
4. Westerlies is also known as ____________. (Anti-Trade winds)
5. The scientific study of weather is ____________. (‘Meteorology’)
II Answer the following questions :
1. Which is the lowest layer of the atmosphere? :- Troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere.
2. Troposphere extends up to how many kilometers in the atmosphere? :- It extends upto 18 kms at the equator and
8 kms near the poles.
3. All weather changes occur in the troposphere. Why ? :-
▪ This layer has all the atmospheric elements such as temperature, pressure, winds, clouds, rainfall etc.
▪ Therefore All weather changes occur in the troposphere
4. In which layer of the atmosphere do all changes in weather occur? ? :- All weather changes occur in the
troposphere

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

5. Which layer of atmosphere has all the atmospheric elements such as temperature, pressure, winds, clouds, rainfall
etc.? :- Troposphere
6. Which is the second layer of the atmosphere? :- Stratosphere is the second layer of the atmosphere.
7. Stratosphere extends up to how many kilometers in the atmosphere? :- This layer extends upto 50 kms from the
surface.
8. Which layer lies between troposphere and mesosphere? :- Stratosphere
9. Which is the most important gas which absorbs ‘ultraviolet rays’ of the sun and protect all forms of life on the
Earth ? Ozone layer
10. Why is it suitable for jet planes to fly in the stratosphere? :- This layer is free from clouds and other important
weather phenomenon and provides ideal flying conditions for jet aircrafts.
11. Thermosphere layer of atmosphere Called ‘Ionosphere’. Why? :- Thermosphere is also called ‘Ionosphere’ as the
gaseous atoms are ionized due to very high temperature.
12. Mention the other Name of Planetary Winds ? :- Planetary Winds are also called ‘Permanent winds’ or ‘Prevailing
winds’ or ‘Regular winds’.
13. Which Winds blow more or less in the same direction through out the year? :- Planetary Winds
14. What are the types of Planetary Winds?:- 1. Trade winds, 2. Anti-trade winds and 3. Polar winds.
15. Which Winds blows are very strong over the oceans in southern hemisphere?:-Westerlies Or Anti trade winds are
very strong over the oceans.
16. State other names of Anti trade winds? :- ‘Roaring forties’ (40’ south latitude), ‘Furious fifties’ (50’ south
latitude) and ‘Shrieking sixties’ (60’ south latitude).
17. Give the best example for seasonal winds?:- South west monsoon winds.
18. Explain the seasonal winds of India(periodic winds) ? :-
• The monsoon winds of India are the typical periodic winds.
▪ In India South west monsoon winds blow from SW to NE direction during June to September and
▪ North east monsoon winds blow from NE to SW direction from late September to middle of December.
19. What is an example of a local wind in India? :- Loo in India, Chinook or Snow eater in USA,
20. Which winds are temporary but sometimes dangerous and destructive?:- Cyclones and anti Cyclones.
21. Which Winds most powerful and disastrous? :- Tropical cyclones
22. What is Called Orographic rainfall? :- Orographic rainfall is also called ‘Mountain rainfall’ or ‘Relief rainfall’
23. What is Climate? :- In contrast the average weather condition of an area over a long period of time is called
‘Climate’
24. What is Weather? :- Atmospheric condition of a place at a given time is called ‘Weather’.
25.What is ‘Meteorology’? :- The scientific study of weather is called ‘Meteorology’.
26. What is Climatology? :- The scientific study of climate is called ‘Climatology’.
III Define the following :
1. Ionosphere: Thermosphere is called Ionosphere as the gaseous atoms are ionized due To very high temperature.
The ions found in this layer help in reflecting radio waves.
2. Normal lapse rate: It is the decreasing rate of temperature with the increase of altitude. The rate of decrease is 1°
C for every 165 meters or 6.4° for every 1000 meters of height.
3. Torrid zone: Torrid Zone is the zone of high temperature. This region is found between O° or equator and Tropic of
Cancer (23½° N) in the north and the Equator and Tropic of Capricorn (23½° S) in the south. This region receives direct
rays of the sun.
4. Horse latitudes: Sub-tropical high-pressure belts that lie between 30° and 35° north and south of the equator are
high pressure belts. The North sub-tropical high-pressure belt that lies between 30° and 35° north are also called
'Horse latitude'.
5. Orographic rainfall: Orographic rainfall is also called 'Mountain rainfall' or 'Relief rainfall'. When moisture laden air
is obstructed by a mountain barrier, the air is forced to rise up. As the air rises upwards, it cools and gets saturated.
Further cooling of this air causes condensation resulting in orographic rainfall.
6. Climatology: The scientific study of climate is called Climatology.
IV Terms to remember :
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
1. insolation, 2. roaring forties, 3. inversion of temperature, 4. Nimbus, 5. Anemometer, 6. meteorology
V Activities : 1. Draw the picture of planatary winds.
2. Draw a diagram showing different temperature zones on the basis of latitudes.

ECONOMICS, CHAPTER–14, MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMICS

Subject matter of Economics :- Unlimited wants, Scarce resources with alternative uses, Problems of Choice,
Production, Distribution, Consumption.
Meaning of Economics :- • Human wants are unlimited but resources are Limited and these Limited resources have
alternative uses. Therefore, economics is the study of the production and distribution of goods & services by choose
these Limited resources for human consumption.
Goods :- We use various things in our daily life. These are called Goods.
Consumers :- While the people using goods and service are called the Consumers.
Producer :- People engaged in the production(manufacture) of the goods and services are called the Producer.
Distributor :- Goods and service are made available to us at our place through transporter, traders and shop keepers,
who are called the ‘Distributors’.
Sellers :- The people who obtain the goods from the producers and sell them to the consumers, are called Sellers.
Labourers :- Workers work in the many fields for Wages. These people are called Labourers.
Providers :- The people who provide goods and such services are called Service Providers.
❖ Which is the basis of all economic activites? :- Wants are the basis of all economic activites
Economic Activities :- What are Economic Activities?
• All the activities that man engages in to earn money and to utilize money are called Economic activities.
❖ What are Men’s Economic Activities?
1. Production Activities :
2. Consumption Activities :
3. Exchange Activities :
4. Distribution Activities :
❖ What is Economics? :- Economics is a subject which studies the daily economic activities of man.
❖ The word economics derived from which word? :- The word ‘Economics’ originates from the two Greek root
words okos and nomos. Okos means ‘a house’ and nomos means ‘management’. That means Household
Management.
❖ Who wrote a book Arthashastra ? :- Kautilya
❖ What does Kautilya’s work Arthashastra inform about? :- This gives detailed explanation of not only political
administration but also financial management and general economic system.
❖ How has the meaning of Economics changed from time to time? :- The subject matter of Economics has been
changing from time to time. The Father of Economics, Adam Smith, who lived in the 18th century, has said,
“Economics is the study of Wealth.” Later Economics meaning changed.
❖ Who is identified as the ‘Father of Economics’? :- The Father of Economics, Adam Smith, who lived in the 18 th
century,
The Importance of the Study of Economics :- Why do we need to study Economics?
There is a financial aspect influencing most of the activities of man. Economics helps us in many ways in our lives.
Every citizen should have knowledge of economics. The points mentioned below
bring out the importance of the study of economics:
• Economics helps us to understand poverty, unemployment, economic inequality and other related problems that
we get to see around us, and to find solutions for those problems.
• When we attempt to satisfy our unlimited wants through our limited income, problems of choice crop up.
Economics enables us to find solutions in such situations.
• When producers want to create goods and services, they are faced with questions like – what to produce? How to
produce? Whom to produce for? At what price to produce? Knowledge
of economics guides them on such occasions.

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

• Economics identifies the reasons for the rise and fall of prices, and the results of such fluctuations. It provides ideas
to bring stability in prices.
• Land, water, forests, minerals and other natural resources are limited in quantity. Economics suggests ways to
make use of these limited resources with care and efficiency, and also pass
them on to the next generation.
In this manner, Economics is very helpful in our daily lives. Thus, the Study of Economics is not only enlightening but
also profitable. - A.C.Pigou
❖ What is ‘Utility’ ? Give Example. :- Goods and services have the capacity to satisfy our wants. This quality is called
‘Utility’. For eg – We eat food when we feel hungry. Food has the power to satisfy our need. We want to drink
water when thirsty. Water has the power to quench our thirst.
EXERCISES
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
1. The word ‘Economics’ originates from the Greek root words_____ and ______.(‘okos’, ‘nomos’)
2. Kautilya who was in the Mauryan court, wrote the book_________.(Arthashastra)
3. The quality of the goods and services which can satisfy man’swants is called _______. (Utility)
4. The physical and intellectual work that is done in return for money is called _______.(labour)
II Answer the following in a sentence each :
1. What is economics according to Adam Smith? :- “Economics is the study of Wealth.”
2. A student buys a pen and writes with it. What kind of economic activity is this? :- Consumption.
3. The Study of Economics is not only enlightening but also profitable. Who said this sentence? :– A.C.Pigou
5. What is Production Activities ? Give Example :- Production activities are those that produce goods and services. For
ex: Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fishing, Mining, Forest Development, different kinds of industries, etc.
6. What is Consumption Activities? Give Example :- Goods and services are produced for consumption. Man satisfies
his wants by buying goods and services. All these activities are known as consumption activities. For Example A
student buys a pen and writes with it.
7. What is Exchange Activities? Give Example. :- The producers produce goods for the consumers. There is a
marketing system to supply the produced goods to the consumers. In this system, activities of collection of goods,
transportation, selling and buying take place.
8. What is Distribution Activities? :- The income that is earned through the production of goods has to be distributed
to the various factors of production that have enabled the production. This process involves activities undertaken to
determine the price of the factors of production. Steps have to be taken to ensure that the income earned is
distributed among all factors in a just manner.
III Activities : • List the economic activities the members of your family areengaged in.
• Identify the various economic activities of the people around you or your village are engaged in.
• List the goods that you consume everyday.
• Observe how farmers decide to grow and how do they decide to grow.

CHAPTER-15, BUSINESS STUDIES, MEANING AND IMPORTANCE

❖ What is Business? :- Business is an important economic activity mainly concerned with production and
distribution of goods and services to consumers.
Business has two main objectives:- Mention two main objectives of Business ?
1 Economic objectives, 2 Social objectives
Economic objectives : What are the economic objectives of business ?
▪ We are under the impression that earning profit is the main objective of business.
▪ But it is not so, the sole objective of business includes earning reasonable profit that is sufficient to enable the
business to cover the costs and the business man to lead a normal comfortable life. Business supplies goods and
services to the consumers and thus creates consumers.
▪ It uses the available resources to produce the goods that are sufficient to consumers.
▪ It produces such goods that are required according to changes that take place from time to time.
▪ It brings changes in production by adopting new techniques.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
▪ It also enable the consumers to know about the changes in products through advertisement.
Social objectives : What are the social objectives of business ?
▪ Business produces and supplies the goods that are required for the development of a nation.
▪ It provides employment to many and pays them fair wages and salaries and helps them to improve their standard
of living.
▪ Business contributes its share the economic development of a nation by paying rates, taxes and duties.
▪ Business also contributes a fair share for the social welfare of the nation by starting and running of schools,
colleges, hospitals, and also by maintaining public gardens etc. it is called social objectives of business
Trade, Industry and Services :
Trade :- What is Trade?
Trade is mainly concerned with buying and selling of goods to the consumers.
❖ What are the types of Trade? :- Trade is divided into three types, they are, 1. Home Trade, 2. Foreign Trade and 3.
Entrepot Trade.
1. Home Trade (Domestic Trade): What is Home trade? Mention its types.
▪ Trade within the country is called home trade.
▪ It is carried through Retailers and Whole Salers.
Retail Trade : Who are Retail Traders?
Retailers carry out their trade at places where consumers live. They buy goods from the whole salers and sell them to
the consumers.
❖ Mention the services rendered by retail traders. Or Retail Traders render various services to the consumers.
What are they?
▪ They render various services to the consumers. Some of them are:
▪ they are the last connecting link in the distribution of goods.
▪ They supply variety of goods produced by different producers to the consumers.
▪ They store the goods to meet the demand of the consumers.
▪ They take the risk of loss in business or loss of goods.
▪ They grade the goods and supply according to the tastes of the consumers.
▪ They provide credit facilities to the consumers, give more information about the newly available goods in the
market and suggest alternative goods for the particular goods that are not available.
❖ What are the important types Retail trade?
• Retail trade is carried out in different ways. The important types are :
a) Permanent shops
b) Itinerant or mobile traders.
❖ List out the different retail traders and write two/three sentences on each of them.
1. Permanent shops : They are opened at a fixed place and carry out trade.
2. Itinerant or Mobile Traders : They do not have a fixed place to carry on their trade. The important among them
are Hawkers, Peddlers, Street vendors and Market vendors.
Hawkers : They carry goods on their heads, move from “door to door” and sell their goods. They generally sell only
one or two type of goods. e.g. - Vegetables, fruits, flowers etc.
Peddlers : They carry their goods on wheeled carts and sell them to the consumers at their doors.
They generally sell more than one type of goods.
Street traders or Foot path traders : They display goods in busy street corners or on pavements
and sell them to the consumers.
Market sellers (shandy sellers) :Weekly markets take place at villages or towns once in a week. Different traders take
their goods to these markets and sell them to the consumers.
❖ Which are the different types of mobile shops ? :- Hawkers, Peddlers, Street vendors and Market vendors.
Wholesale Trade : Who are wholesalers?
▪ Wholesale traders buy goods in large quantity from producers and sell them to the retailers in small quantities.
❖ Wholesalers render various services to the Retailers. What are they? Or Mention the services rendered by
Wholesale traders.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
• Generally, they deal with one or two types of goods.
• They help the retailers in many ways such as supplying goods to the retailers in small quantities. Whenever
required, they provide credit facility to the retailers.
• They advertise for goods on behalf of the retailers.
• They supply market trends to the retailers.
• They do not keep high margin of profit.
• They render some services to the producers such as market trends, and advertise on behalf of the producers.
• They also provide storage facility for goods.
Foreign Trade : The trade between two countries is called foreign trade.
❖ Name the three types of foreign trade.
Foreign trade can be classified into three types. They are:
1. Imports, 2. Exports and 3. Entrepot trade.
❖ What is Imports? :- Imports refer to a country buying goods from other countries for its use.
❖ What is Exports ? :- Exports refer to a country selling its goods to other countries for their use.
❖ What is Entrepot Trade? Give Example. :- Entrepot Trade refers to buying of goods from one country with a view
to sell it to other countries. Singapore and Middle East countries are the best examples for entrepot trade.
Need for foreign Trade : What is the need of foreign trade to a country ?
• No country in the world is self sufficient in all the natural resources.
• Some countries have plenty of natural resources.
• Using the available natural resources they produce more goods than they require and the excess is exported to
other countries.
• In the same way some countries have deficit of some natural resources and depend on other countries for their
requirement and import them.
• It also helps to foster friendship among the countries.
• Thus there is a great need for foreign trade. The need for foreign trade is increasing day by day.
Industries :- What is Industries? :- Where raw materials are converted into finished products. Industry is an economic
activity. It is concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals and also providing some services.
❖ How to classify industries ? :- Industries may be classified into two main types. They are : Primary
Industries and Secondary Industries.
❖ Explain briefly the two types of Industries.
a) Primary Industries : 1. Genetic Industries, 2. Extractive Industries
b) Secondary Industries : 1. Manufacturing Industries, 2. Construction industries
a) Primary Industries :- These industries produce goods by using the natural resources.
e.g. - agriculture, fishing dairy farming, mining etc. These industries are further divided as : genetic industries and
extractive industries.
1. Genetic industries : These industries are engaged in reproduction of different crops, plants and animals. They help
to increase the wealth of a nation. e.g. - horticulture, dairy farming, poultry farming, etc.
2. Extractive Industries : They are engaged in extracting different raw materials and ores from the earth. (It is also
called non-renewable industry) e.g. - Extraction of ores, drilling of oil wells etc.,
b) Secondary Industries :- They are labour oriented industries. They are further divided into
Manufacturing industries and Construction industries.
1. Manufacturing Industries : These industries are engaged in converting raw materials or semi finished products into
finished products. They are mainly labour oriented and supply finished
products to consumers, e.g. - Converting iron ore into steel, Sugar out of sugarcane etc.,
2. Construction Industries : They are engaged in construction of roads, canals, bridges etc. These industries help in
the quick development of economic activities like - transport and communication
etc.
Cottage and small scale Industries :- Write a short note on the Cottage Industries.
• Manufacturing(making) the goods at home is called cottage industries.
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
• Cottage industries are also called household industries.
• They are carried out by craftsmen in their own houses with the help of family members or apprentices (persons
who like to learn work).
• They are mainly concentrated in the villages and produce goods mainly for the local markets.
• Carpentry, smithy, carpet weaving, pottery, blanket making, stone carving etc. are some examples.
❖ Mention the important goods produced by cottage and small scale industries.
Carpentry, smithy, carpet weaving, pottery, blanket making, stone carving etc. are some examples.
Small scale industries :- Write a short note on the Cottage Industries.
• These are organized on a small scale in a particular place (sheds).
• They use electric power and some machines.
• They employ labourers and adopt modern techniques.
• Chemical industry, manufacture of engineering goods, shoes, bicycles, fans, radios, sewing machine , soaps,
garments are some examples for small scale industry.
• The goods are manufactured both for local and external market.
Services for smooth conduct of business.
❖ What is Services to trade ? :- For the smooth conduct of business the auxilliaries to trade came into existence.
They are also called aids to trade or services to trade.
❖ What are some hindrance to transport goods from the producers to the consumers?
There are some hindrance to transport goods from the producers to the consumers.
The important hindrances are • hindrance of place, • hindrance of risk of loss, • hindrance of time, • hindrance of
finance, • hindrances of knowledge etc.
To over come these hindrances the following aids to trade have come into being.
❖ Which organisations overcome the hindrance of place and risk
Hindrance of place- Transportation : To over come the hindrance of place the services of transportation are used.
Road transport, Railways, water transport and air transport are different
media. These media help to reach the goods from producers to the traders and from traders to the consumers.
Financial services – Banks : In the distribution of goods from the producers to the consumers there is the hindrance
or problem of finance. The supply of finance is required at all stages. Money is
required to exchange media. These problems are solved by banks. Banks provide finance to the traders and serve to
conduct the business smoothly.
Hindrance of Loss - Insurance companies : While moving goods from the producers to the consumers or while the
goods are stored in warehouses, There is a problem of damage or destruction.
To overcome this hindrance insurance facilities are available. The insurance companies help business by making
goods the loss incurred by fire or water or that caused by natural calamities and thus help for the smooth conduct of
business.
❖ Which organisations overcome the hindrance of Time-Storage and Knowledge?
• Hindrance of Time - Storage :
• Hindrance of Knowledge- Advertisement :
Business Ethics :-
❖ What is the main objective of business? :- Earning profit is the main objective of business.
❖ What is Business Ethics. :- The Business objective should be to include reasonable profit and to enable the
business to cover the cost. They are supposed to keep marginal profit to cover the cost of business. By doing so
ethical principles in the business are followed. Every businessmen should inculcate the principle of public welfare
in the goal of business.
❖ Mention the antisocial activities of traders to more profit.
To earn more profits, some anti social practices are followed, and some of them are- • adulteration, • charging
excess or abnormal rates, • using false weights and measures, • creating artificial scarcity by hoarding the goods and
carrying out black marketing etc. These are unethical business practices.
❖ What are the steps taken by the government to overcome the antisocial practice in business ?
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
• In our country the Government has introduced Public Distribution System to avoid such practices. (Supplying
essential commodities through fair price shops).
• To maintain the standard of goods and essential commodities the government has opened an institution - Bureau
of Indian standards.
• ISI and AGMARK marks are printed on goods and commodities to certify their quality etc...
• Every industrial product must have a seal on its cover pack, the quantity, the date of manufacture, date of expiry,
Maximum retail price (MRP).
• It is a legal mandatory provision.
• Government has also opened Janatha bazaars,
• consumer co-operative societies etc.
• to supply essential commodities to the people.
EXERCISES
I Fill in the blanks with appropriate words :
1 The best example for Entrepot trade is ______. (Singapore)
2 Cottage industries are mainly concentrated in ______. (Villages)
3 The manufacture of chemicals is carried out in ______ industries.(Small scale)
4 The sole objective of business should be earning ______ profit.(reasonable)
5 To safeguard the quality of goods _________ institution has been started. (Bureau of Indian standards.)
II Answer each of the following questions
1. What is Permanent shops? :- They are opened at a fixed place and carry out trade.
2. What is Itinerant or Mobile Traders? :- They do not have a fixed place to carry on their trade.
3. Who are Hawkers? :- They carry goods on their heads, move from “door to door” and sell their goods. They
generally sell only one or two type of goods. e.g. - Vegetables, fruits, flowers etc.
4. Who are Peddlers? :- They carry their goods on wheeled carts and sell them to the consumers at their doors. They
generally sell more than one type of goods.
5. Who are Street traders or Foot path traders? :- They display goods in busy street corners or on pavements and sell
them to the consumers.
6. Who are Market sellers (shandy sellers)? :- Weekly markets take place at villages or towns once in a week.
Different traders take their goods to these markets and sell them to the consumers.
7. What is Primary Industries? Mention their types. :- These industries produce goods by using the natural resources.
e.g. - agriculture, fishing dairy farming, mining etc. These industries are further divided as : genetic industries and
extractive industries
8. What is Genetic industries ? Give Example. :- These industries are engaged in reproduction of different crops,
plants and animals. They help to increase the wealth of a nation. e.g. - horticulture, dairy farming, poultry farming,
etc.
9. What is Extractive Industries ? Give Example. They are engaged in extracting different raw materials and ores
from the earth. (It is also called non-renewable industry) e.g. – Extraction of ores, drilling of oil wells etc.,
10. What is Secondary Industries ? Mention their types :- They are labour oriented industries. They are further
divided into Manufacturing industries and Construction industries.
11. What is Manufacturing Industries ? Give Example. :- These industries are engaged in converting raw materials or
semi finished products into finished products. They are mainly labour oriented and supply finished products to
consumers, e.g. - Converting iron ore into steel, Sugar out of sugarcane etc.,
12. What is Construction Industries ? Give Example. :- They are engaged in construction of roads, canals, bridges etc.
These industries help in the quick development of economic activities like – transport and communication
13. What is also called Cottage industries? :- Cottage industries are also called household industries
14. What is Cottage industries ? :- Manufacturing the goods at home is called cottage industries
15. What is Small scale Industries ? Give Example. :- Small scale Industries that produce goods using labours and
small machinery in a particular building are called small scale industries. • Chemical industry, manufacture of

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.

engineering goods, shoes, bicycles, fans, radios, sewing machine , soaps, garments are some examples for small scale
industry.
16. Which institution Government of India as open maintain the standard of goods and essential commodities ? :- •
To maintain the standard of goods and essential commodities the government has opened an institution – Bureau of
Indian standards.
17. Which marks are printed on goods and commodities to certify their quality? :- • ISI and AGMARK marks are
printed on goods and commodities to certify their quality etc…
18. What is Business Ethics :- Keep marginal profit to cover the cost of business. By doing so ethical principles in the
business are followed. Every businessmen should inculcate the principle of public welfare in the goal of business.
19. Give Example of Entrepot Trade . :- Singapore and Middle East countries are the best examples for entrepot
trade.
20 Which is also called non-renewable industry ? :- Extractive Industries :
IV Activity : Visit weekly market near your place and learn how buying and selling is carried on there.
SA-1 MODEL QUESTION PAPER 2024-25
I. Four alternatives are given below statements select the correct one: 1 X 20 = 20
1. The first inscription found in the Kannada language is ______ A) Maski, B) Bramhagiri, C) Halmidi, D) Chandravalli
2. The Indian Standard Time is based on ________ longitude. A) 82- 1/2, B) 23-1/2, C) 66, D) 90
3. ‘Republic’ was the work of __________ A) Aristotle, B) Kautilya, C) Plato, D) August kamte,
4. The Father of Sociology is ___________. A) Aristotle, B) Adam Smith, C) Plato, D) August kamte,
5. Who is identified as the ‘Father of Economics’? A) Aristotle, B) Adam Smith, C) Plato, D) August kamte,
6.Who was the most famous king of the Amorites? A) Nebuchadnezzar B) Julius C) Hammurabi D) Augustus
7. The most destructive earthquake waves are ____________
A) L-waves, B) Rayleigh waves, C) long- period waves, D) surface waves,
8. How old is Rig-Veda as on today ? A).3000, B.) 2000, C). 1000 , D). 5000.
9.Geographically, India is a____. A).Rich country, B).Subcontinent or Peninsula, C).Poor country, D).Non of the above
10. The best example for Entrepot trade is ______. A). Delhi, B). Dubai, C). Bangalore , D). Singapore.
11. The quality of the goods and services which can satisfy man’s wants is called _______.
A).Consumption, B). Satisfaction , C).Utility , D). Non of the above,
12.Cottage industries are mainly concentrated in ______.A). Towns, B).Villages, C). Colony, D). Non of the above.
13. The lowest layer of the atmosphere is ____________.
A). Troposphere, B).Stratosphere, C). Thermosphere, D).Mesosphere ,
14.The scientific study of weather is ______. A). Climatology, B).Geography, C).‘Meteorology’, D). Non of above
15. The continental crust is also called ________. A).SIMA, B). MAGMA, C). SlAL, D). Non of above,
16. The 23½' North latitude is called as ____________ .
A). Equator, B). Tropic of Capricorn, C).Tropic of Cancer , D). Non of above,
17. The Indian Standard Time is based on ______ longitude. A).82½’ East, B).82½’ West, C).80’ East, D).Non,
18. Culture means _________. A). Civilization, B).Good behaviour, C). Bad behaviour, D). Non of above,
19 Formal education is provided by the _________. A). House, B). Temple, C).School, D). Non of above,
20. Where was Vardamana born______. A).Pavapuri, B).Kundagrama, C). Kushinagar , D). Lumbini,
II. Answer the following questions in a sentence each: 1× 5 = 5
21. What is meant by ‘Prehistoric Age’?
22. What is called Continental crust ?
23. Who is the father of Political science? Or What is citizenship ?
24. What is socialisation ?
25. What is Economics ?
III. Answer the following question in 2/4 sentence each. 2 X 5 = 10
26. Give two examples for native and foreign literature each ?
27. Why is the Earth called ‘Living Planet’ ? Or Describe briefly the physical features of India.
28. Mention the methods of acquiring citizenship. Or What are the methods of losing citizenship?
29. Explain ‘Man is a social being’.?
Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.
 30. What are Economic Activities ? Or What are the economic objectives of business ?
IV. Answer the following any ‘three’ questions in six sentences each: 3 X 2 = 6
31. Mention the three major layers of the interior of the Earth.? Or What is the need of foreign trade to a country ?
32. Why are the Northern & Southern hemispheres called Land & Water Hemispheres? Or How was the social
system during the vedic age
V. Answer the following question in about eight sentence each. 4X1=4
33. Mention use of the study of Political Science ? Or What is the need of foreign trade to a country ?
VI. 34. Draw a diagram of the Earth’s interior and identify the three main layers. 2+1+1+1 = 5

Kishor A, Social Science Teacher, IGRS (SC-23), Madadakere, Hosadurga.