CHAPTER

25 Solutions of Triangles

1. Sine Rule:
(ii) cos A
=
s( s − a)
= ; cos
B s ( s − b)
= ; cos
C s ( s − c)
a b c 2 bc 2 ca 2 ab
= = .
sin A sin B sin C A ( s − b)( s − c) ∆ a+b+c
A (iii) tan
= = = where s
2 s( s − a) s( s − a) 2
is semi perimetre of triangle.
2 2∆
c b (iv) sin A = s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c) =
bc bc
6. Area of Triangle (D)
B a C 1 1 1
D= ab sin C = bc sin A = ca sin B
2 2 2
2. Cosine Formula:
= s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c) .
b2 + c2 − a 2
(i) cos A = 7. m-n Rule
2bc
A
c + a 2 − b2
2

(ii) cos B =
2ca
a b
a + b2 − c2
2
(iii) cos C =
2ab
3. Projection Formula
q
(i) a = b cos C + c cos B B C
m D n
(ii) b = c cos A + a cos C

If BD : DC = m : n, then
(iii) c = a cos B + b cos A
(m + n) cot q = m cot a – n cot b
4. Napier’s Analogy - Tangent Rule = n cot B – m cot C
B−C b−c A
(i) tan = cot 8. Radius of Circumcircle
2 b+c 2
a b c abc
C− A c−a B R= = = =

(ii) tan 2 = c + a cot 2 2 sin A 2 sin B 2 sin C 4∆

A−B a−b C 9. Radius of The Incircle

(iii) tan = cot
2 a+b 2 ∆
(i) r =
5. Trigonometric Functions of Half Angles s
A B C
A ( s − b)( s − c) B ( s − c)( s − a ) (ii) r = (s – a) tan =( s − b) tan =( s − c) tan
=(i) sin = ; sin ; 2 2 2
2 bc 2 ca
B C
a sin sin
C ( s − a )( s − b) 2 2 and so on
sin = (iii) r =
2 ab A
cos
2

44 JEE (XI) Module-4 PW

 A B C (iv) Orthocentre : HA = 2R cos A & Ha = 2R cos B cos C
(iv) r = 4R sin sin sin
2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2∆
(v) Centroid (G) : GA = 2b + 2c − a and Ga =
10. Radius of The Ex-Circles 3 3a
∆ ∆ ∆ 13. Orthocentre and Pedal Triangle
(i) r1 = = ; r2 = ; r3
s−a s−b s−c The triangle KLM which is formed by joining the feet of the
A B C altitudes is called the Pedal Triangle.
(ii) r1 = s =
tan ; r2 s=tan ; r3 s tan
2 2 2
(i) Its angles are p – 2A, p – 2B and p – 2C.
B C
a cos cos (ii) Its sides are a cos A = R sin 2A,
2 2 and so on.
(iii) r1 =  b cos B = R sin 2B and
A
cos
2
c cos C = R sin 2C
A B C
(iv) r1 = 4R sin · cos · cos (iii) Circumradii of the triangles PBC, PCA, PAB and ABC are
2 2 2
equal.
11. Length of Angle Bisectors, Medians and Where P is orthocenter of DABC.
Altitudes 14. Excentral Triangle
A The triangle formed by joining the three excentres I1, I2 and I3 of
DABC is called the excentral or excentric triangle.

ma (i) DABC is the pedal triangle of the DI1I2I3.

Aa
a π A π B π C
(ii) Its angles are − , − and − .
B C 2 2 2 2 2 2
D E F
A B C
(i) Length of an angle bisector from the angle A = ba = (iii) Its sides are 4R cos , 4 R cos and 4 R cos .
A 2 2 2
2 bc cos
2. A B C
b+c (iv) I I1 = 4R
= sin ; I I 2 4=
R sin ; I I 3 4 R sin .
2 2 2
1
(ii) Length of median from angle A = ma = 2b 2 + 2c 2 − a 2
2 (v) Incentre I or DABC is the orthocentre of the excentral
. DI1I2I3.
2∆
(iii) Length of altitude from the angle A = Aa = . 15. Distance Between Special Points
a
(i) Distance between circumcentre and orthocentre
12. The Distances of the special Points from OH2 = R2 (1 – 8 cos A cos B cos C)
Vertices and Sides of Triangle (ii) Distance between circumcentre and incentre
(i) Circumcentre (O) : OA = R and Oa = R cos A  A B C
OI2 = R2 1 − 8 sin sin sin  = R2 – 2Rr
A  2 2 2
(ii) Incentre (I) : IA = r cosec and Ia = r
2 (iii) Distance between circumcentre and centroid
A 1
(iii) Excentre (I1) : I1 A = r1 cosec OG2 = R2 – (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )
2 9

P
W Solutions of Triangles 45