நூலகம்

ஒரு நூலகம் என்பது பொருட்கள் ,

புத்தகங்கள் அல்லது ஊடகங்களின்
தொகுப்பாகும் , அவை காட்சி
நோக்கங்களுக்காக மட்டும் இல்லாமல்
பயன்படுத்த அணுகக்கூடியவை. ஒரு
நூலகம் இயற்பியல் (கடின நகல்கள்)
அல்லது டிஜிட்டல் அணுகல்
(மென்மையான பிரதிகள்) பொருட்களை
வழங்குகிறது, மேலும் இது ஒரு இயற்பியல்
இருப்பிடம் அல்லது மெய்நிகர் இடம்
அல்லது இரண்டும் இருக்கலாம். ஒரு
நூலகத்தின் சேகரிப்பில் DVD , CD மற்றும்
கேசட் போன்ற பல வடிவங்களில்
அச்சிடப்பட்ட பொருட்கள் மற்றும் பிற
இயற்பியல் வளங்கள் மற்றும் புத்தகத்
தரவுத்தளங்களில் உள்ள தகவல், இசை
அல்லது பிற உள்ளடக்கத்திற்கான
அணுகல் ஆகியவை அடங்கும் .

டென்மார்க்கில் உள்ள மாநில மற்றும் பல்கலைக்கழக நூலகத்தில் நவீன வாசிப்பு அறை

ஒரு நூலகம், அளவில் பரவலாக

வேறுபடலாம், அரசாங்கம் போன்ற ஒரு
பொது அமைப்பினால்
பயன்பாட்டிற்காகவும் பராமரிக்கப்படவும்
ஏற்பாடு செய்யப்படலாம்; பள்ளி அல்லது
அருங்காட்சியகம் போன்ற ஒரு நிறுவனம்;
ஒரு நிறுவனம்; அல்லது ஒரு தனிப்பட்ட
நபர். பொருட்களை வழங்குவதுடன்,
நூலகங்கள், பயிற்சி பெற்ற நூலகர்களின்
சேவைகளை வழங்குகின்றன, மேலும்
தகவல்களைக் கண்டறிதல்,
தேர்ந்தெடுப்பது, பரப்புதல் மற்றும்
ஒழுங்கமைத்தல் மற்றும் தகவல்
தேவைகளை விளக்குதல், பல்வேறு
வளங்களைக் கொண்ட மிகப் பெரிய
அளவிலான தகவல்களை வழிநடத்துதல்
மற்றும் பகுப்பாய்வு செய்தல்.

Library buildings often provide quiet areas for

studying, as well as common areas for group
study and collaboration, and may provide public
facilities for access to their electronic resources;
for instance: computers and access to the
Internet. The library's clientele and services
offered vary depending on its type: users of a
public library have different needs from those of a
special library or academic library, for example.
Libraries may also be community hubs, where
programs are delivered and people engage in
lifelong learning. Modern libraries extend their
services beyond the physical walls of a building
by providing material accessible by electronic
means, including from home via the Internet.

The services that libraries offer are variously

described as library services, information
services, or the combination "library and
information services", although different
institutions and sources define such terminology
differently.
Etymology
The term library is based on the Latin word liber
for 'book' or 'document', contained in Latin libraria
'collection of books' and librarium 'container for
books'. Other modern languages use derivations
from Ancient Greek βιβλιοθήκη (bibliothēkē),
originally meaning 'book container', via Latin
bibliotheca (cf. French bibliothèque or German
Bibliothek).[1]

History

The Sistine Hall of the Vatican Library

The history of libraries began with the first efforts
to organize collections of documents.[2] The first
libraries consisted of archives of the earliest form
of writing—the clay tablets in cuneiform script
discovered in Sumer, some dating back to 2600
BC. Private or personal libraries made up of
written books appeared in classical Greece in the
5th century BC. In the 6th century, at the very
close of the Classical period, the great libraries of
the Mediterranean world remained those of
Constantinople and Alexandria.

The Fatimids (r. 909–1171) also possessed many

great libraries within their domains. The historian
Ibn Abi Tayyi’ describes their palace library, which
probably contained the largest collection of
literature on earth at the time, as a "wonder of the
world". Throughout history, along with bloody
massacres, the destruction of libraries has been
critical for conquerors who wish to destroy every
trace of the vanquished community's recorded
memory. A prominent example of this can be
found in the Mongol massacre of the Nizaris at
Alamut in 1256 and the torching of their library,
"the fame of which", boasts the conqueror
Juwayni, "had spread throughout the world".[3]

The libraries of Timbuktu were established in the

fourteenth century and attracted scholars from all
over the world.[4]

Functions
Libraries may provide physical or digital access to
material, and may be a physical location or a
virtual space, or both. A library's collection can
include books, periodicals, newspapers,
manuscripts, films, maps, prints, documents,
microform, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, Blu-
ray Discs, e-books, audiobooks, databases, table
games, video games and other formats. Libraries
range widely in size, up to millions of items.

Libraries often provide quiet areas for studying,

and they also often offer common areas to
facilitate group study and collaboration. Libraries
often provide public facilities for access to their
electronic resources and the Internet. Public and
institutional collections and services may be
intended for use by people who choose not to—or
cannot afford to—purchase an extensive
collection themselves, who need material no
individual can reasonably be expected to have, or
who require professional assistance with their
research.[5]
Services offered by a library are variously
described as library services, information
services, or the combination "library and
information services", although different
institutions and sources define such terminology
differently. Organizations or departments are
often called by one of these
names.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

Organization

Library shelves in Hong Kong, showing numbers of the classification scheme to help readers locate works in that section
Most libraries have materials arranged in a
specified order according to a library
classification system, so that items may be
located quickly and collections may be browsed
efficiently.[13] Some libraries have additional
galleries beyond the public ones, where reference
materials are stored. These reference stacks may
be open to selected members of the public.
Others require patrons to submit a "stack
request", which is a request for an assistant to
retrieve the material from the closed stacks: see
List of closed stack libraries.

Larger libraries are often divided into departments

staffed by both paraprofessionals and
professional librarians.

Circulation (or Access Services) – Handles user

accounts and the loaning/returning and
shelving of materials.[14]
Collection Development – Orders materials and
maintains materials budgets.
Reference – Staffs a reference desk answering
questions from users (using structured
reference interviews), instructing users, and
developing library programming. Reference may
be further broken down by user groups or
materials; common collections are children's
literature, young adult literature, and genealogy
materials.
Electronic Library - Responsible for providing
information to users via electronic means
Technical Services – Works behind the scenes
cataloging and processing new materials and
deaccessioning weeded materials.
 Stacks Maintenance – Re-shelves materials
that have been returned to the library after
patron use and shelves materials that have
been processed by Technical Services. Stacks
Maintenance also shelf reads the material in
the stacks to ensure that it is in the correct
library classification order.

Basic tasks in library management include the

planning of acquisitions (which materials the
library should acquire, by purchase or otherwise),
library classification of acquired materials,
preservation of materials (especially rare and
fragile archival materials such as manuscripts),
the deaccessioning of materials, patron
borrowing of materials, and developing and
administering library computer systems.[15] More
long-term issues include the planning of the
construction of new libraries or extensions to
existing ones, and the development and
implementation of outreach services and reading-
enhancement services (such as adult literacy and
children's programming). Library materials like
books, magazines, periodicals, CDs, etc. are
managed by Dewey Decimal Classification Theory
and modified Dewey Decimal Classification
Theory is more practical reliable system for library
materials management.[16]

The International Organization for Standardization

(ISO) has published several standards regarding
the management of libraries through its Technical
Committee 46 (TC 46),[17] which is focused on
"libraries, documentation and information centers,
publishing, archives, records management,
museum documentation, indexing and
abstracting services, and information science".
The following is a partial list of some of them:[18]

ISO 2789:2006 Information and documentation

—International library statistics
ISO 11620:1998 Information and
documentation—Library performance indicators
ISO 11799:2003 Information and
documentation—Document storage
requirements for archive and library materials
ISO 14416:2003 Information and
documentation—Requirements for binding of
books, periodicals, serials, and other paper
documents for archive and library use—
Methods and materials
ISO/TR 20983:2003 Information and
documentation—Performance indicators for
electronic library services
Usage

Until the advent of digital catalogues, card catalogues were the traditional method of organizing the list of resources and their location within a
large library.

Some patrons may not know how to fully use the

library's resources. This can be due to individuals'
unease in approaching a staff member. Ways in
which a library's content is displayed or accessed
may have the most impact on use. An antiquated
or clumsy search system, or staff unwilling or
untrained to engage their patrons, will limit a
library's usefulness. In the public libraries of the
United States, beginning in the 19th century, these
problems drove the emergence of the library
instruction movement, which advocated library
user education.[19] One of the early leaders was
John Cotton Dana.[20] The basic form of library
instruction is sometimes known as information
literacy.[21]

Libraries should inform their users of what

materials are available in their collections and
how to access that information. Before the
computer age, this was accomplished by the card
catalogue—a cabinet (or multiple cabinets)
containing many drawers filled with index cards
that identified books and other materials. In a
large library, the card catalogue often filled a large
room.

The emergence of the Internet, however, has led

to the adoption of electronic catalogue databases
(often referred to as "webcats" or as online public
access catalogues, OPACs), which allow users to
search the library's holdings from any location
with Internet access.[22] This style of catalogue
maintenance is compatible with new types of
libraries, such as digital libraries and distributed
libraries, as well as older libraries that have been
retrofitted. Large libraries may be scattered within
multiple buildings across a town, each having
multiple floors, with multiple rooms housing their
resources across a series of shelves called bays.
Once a user has located a resource within the
catalogue, they must then use navigational
guidance to retrieve the resource physically, a
process that may be assisted through signage,
maps, GPS systems, or RFID tagging.
Finland has the highest number of registered
book borrowers per capita in the world. Over half
of Finland's population are registered
borrowers.[23] In the US, public library users have
borrowed on average roughly 15 books per user
per year from 1856 to 1978. From 1978 to 2004,
book circulation per user declined approximately
50%. The growth of audiovisuals circulation,
estimated at 25% of total circulation in 2004,
accounts for about half of this decline.[24]

Relationship with the Internet

British Museum Reading Room

A library may make use of the Internet in a
number of ways, from creating its own library
website to making the contents of its catalogues
searchable online. Some specialised search
engines such as Google Scholar offer a way to
facilitate searching for academic resources such
as journal articles and research papers. The
Online Computer Library Center allows anyone to
search the world's largest repository of library
records through its WorldCat online database.[25]
Websites such as LibraryThing and Amazon
provide abstracts, reviews, and recommendations
of books.[25] Libraries provide computers and
Internet access to allow people to search for
information online.[26] Online information access
is particularly attractive to younger library
users.[27][28][29][30][31]
Digitization of books, particularly those that are
out-of-print, in projects such as Google Books
provides resources for library and other online
users. Due to their holdings of valuable material,
some libraries are important partners for search
engines such as Google in realizing the potential
of such projects and have received reciprocal
benefits in cases where they have negotiated
effectively.[32] As the prominence of and reliance
on the Internet has grown, library services have
moved the emphasis from mainly providing print
resources to providing more computers and more
Internet access.[33] Libraries face a number of
challenges in adapting to new ways of
information seeking that may stress convenience
over quality,[34] reducing the priority of information
literacy skills.[35] The potential decline in library
usage, particularly reference services,[36] puts the
necessity for these services in doubt.

Library scholars have acknowledged that libraries

need to address the ways that they market their
services if they are to compete with the Internet
and mitigate the risk of losing users.[37] This
includes promoting the information literacy skills
training considered vital across the library
profession.[35][38][39] Many US based research
librarians rely on the ACRL Framework for
Information Literacy in order to guide students
and faculty in research.[40] However, marketing of
services has to be adequately supported
financially in order to be successful. This can be
problematic for library services that are publicly
funded and find it difficult to justify diverting tight
funds to apparently peripheral areas such as
branding and marketing.[41]

The privacy aspect of library usage in the Internet

age is a matter of growing concern and advocacy;
privacy workshops are run by the Library Freedom
Project which teach librarians about digital tools
(such as the Tor network) to thwart mass
surveillance.[42][43][44]

Librarians
Libraries are usually staffed by a combination of
professionally trained librarians, paraprofessional
staff sometimes called library technicians, and
support staff. Some topics related to the
education of librarians and allied staff include
accessibility of the collection, acquisition of
materials, arrangement and finding tools, the
book trade, the influence of the physical
properties of the different writing materials,
language distribution, role in education, rates of
literacy, budgets, staffing, libraries for specially
targeted audiences, architectural merit, patterns
of usage, the role of libraries in a nation's cultural
heritage, and the role of government, church or
private sponsorship. Since the 1960s, issues of
computerization and digitization have arisen.[2]

Types
Many institutions make a distinction between a
circulating or lending library, where materials are
expected and intended to be loaned to patrons,
institutions, or other libraries, and a reference
library where material is not lent out. Travelling
libraries, such as the early horseback libraries of
eastern Kentucky[45] and bookmobiles, are
generally of the lending type. Modern libraries are
often a mixture of both, containing a general
collection for circulation, and a reference
collection which is restricted to the library
premises. Also, increasingly, digital collections
enable broader access to material that may not
circulate in print, and enables libraries to expand
their collections even without building a larger
facility. Lamba (2019) reinforced this idea by
observing that "today's libraries have become
increasingly multi-disciplinary, collaborative and
networked" and that applying Web 2.0 tools to
libraries would "not only connect the users with
their community and enhance communication but
will also help the librarians to promote their
library's activities, services, and products to target
both their actual and potential users".[46]
Academic libraries

The University Library at Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

Academic libraries are generally located on

college and university campuses and primarily
serve the students and faculty of that and other
academic institutions. Some academic libraries,
especially those at public institutions, are
accessible to members of the general public in
whole or in part. Library services are sometimes
extended to the general public at a fee; some
academic libraries create such services in order
to enhance literacy levels in their communities.
Academic libraries are libraries that are hosted in
post-secondary educational institutions, such as
colleges and universities. Their main functions
are to provide support in research, consultancy
and resource linkage for students and faculty of
the educational institution. Academic libraries
house current, reliable and relevant information
resources spread through all the disciplines which
serve to assuage the information requirements of
students and faculty. In cases where not all books
are housed some libraries have E-resources,
where they subscribe for a given institution they
are serving, in order to provide backups and
additional information that is not practical to have
available as hard copies. Furthermore, most
libraries collaborate with other libraries in
exchange of books.
Specific course-related resources are usually
provided by the library, such as copies of
textbooks and article readings held on 'reserve'
(meaning that they are loaned out only on a short-
term basis, usually a matter of hours). Some
academic libraries provide resources not usually
associated with libraries, such as the ability to
check out laptop computers, web cameras, or
scientific calculators.

The Robarts Library at the University of Toronto, Canada

Academic libraries offer workshops and courses

outside of formal, graded coursework, which are
meant to provide students with the tools
necessary to succeed in their programs.[47] These
workshops may include help with citations,
effective search techniques, journal databases,
and electronic citation software. These
workshops provide students with skills that can
help them achieve success in their academic
careers (and often, in their future occupations),
which they may not learn inside the classroom.

The academic library provides a quiet study space

for students on campus; it may also provide group
study space, such as meeting rooms. In North
America, Europe, and other parts of the world,
academic libraries are becoming increasingly
digitally oriented. The library provides a "gateway"
for students and researchers to access various
resources, both print/physical and digital.[48]
Academic institutions are subscribing to
electronic journals databases, providing research
and scholarly writing software, and usually
provide computer workstations or computer labs
for students to access journals, library search
databases and portals, institutional electronic
resources, Internet access, and course- or task-
related software (i.e. word processing and
spreadsheet software). Some academic libraries
take on new roles, for instance, acting as an
electronic repository for institutional scholarly
research and academic knowledge, such as the
collection and curation of digital copies of
students' theses and dissertations.[49][50]
Moreover, academic libraries are increasingly
acting as publishers on their own on a not-for-
profit basis, especially in the form of fully Open
Access institutional publishers.[51]
Children's libraries

A children's library in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1943

Children's libraries are special collections of

books intended for juvenile readers and usually
kept in separate rooms of general public
libraries.[52] Some children's libraries have entire
floors or wings dedicated to them in bigger
libraries while smaller ones may have a separate
room or area for children. They are an educational
agency seeking to acquaint the young with the
world's literature and to cultivate a love for
reading. Their work supplements that of the
public schools.[53][54]

Services commonly provided by public libraries

may include storytelling sessions for infants,
toddlers, preschool children, or after-school
programs, all with an intention of developing early
literacy skills and a love of books. One of the
most popular programs offered in public libraries
are summer reading programs for children,
families, and adults.[55]

Another popular reading program for children is

PAWS TO READ or similar programs where
children can read to certified therapy dogs. Since
animals are a calming influence and there is no
judgment, children learn confidence and a love of
reading. Many states have these types of
programs: parents need simply ask their librarian
to see if it is available at their local library.[56]

National libraries

National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth

A national or state library serves as a national

repository of information, and has the right of
legal deposit, which is a legal requirement that
publishers in the country need to deposit a copy
of each publication with the library. Unlike a public
library, a national library rarely allows citizens to
borrow books. Often, their collections include
numerous rare, valuable, or significant works.
There are wider definitions of a national library,
putting less emphasis on the repository
character.[57][58] The first national libraries had
their origins in the royal collections of the
sovereign or some other supreme body of the
state.

Many national libraries cooperate within the

National Libraries Section of the International
Federation of Library Associations and
Institutions (IFLA) to discuss their common tasks,
define and promote common standards, and carry
out projects helping them to fulfill their duties.
The national libraries of Europe participate in The
European Library which is a service of the
Conference of European National Librarians
(CENL).[59]
Public lending libraries

A community library in Ethiopia

Public library in Palma, Balearic Islands

A public library provides services to the general

public. If the library is part of a countywide library
system, citizens with an active library card from
around that county can use the library branches
associated with the library system. A library can
serve only their city, however, if they are not a
member of the county public library system. Much
of the materials located within a public library are
available for borrowing. The library staff decides
upon the number of items patrons are allowed to
borrow, as well as the details of borrowing time
allotted. Typically, libraries issue library cards to
community members wishing to borrow books.
Often visitors to a city are able to obtain a public
library card.

Many public libraries also serve as community

organizations that provide free services and
events to the public, such as reading groups and
toddler story time. For many communities, the
library is a source of connection to a vast world,
obtainable knowledge and understanding, and
entertainment. According to a study by the
Pennsylvania Library Association, public library
services play a major role in fighting rising
illiteracy rates among youths.[60] Public libraries
are protected and funded by the public they serve.

Bates Hall, the main reading room of the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts, United States

As the number of books in libraries have steadily

increased since their inception, the need for
compact storage and access with adequate
lighting has grown. The stack system involves
keeping a library's collection of books in a space
separate from the reading room. This
arrangement arose in the 19th century. Book
stacks quickly evolved into a fairly standard form
in which the cast iron and steel frameworks
supporting the bookshelves also supported the
floors, which often were built of translucent
blocks to permit the passage of light (but were
not transparent, for reasons of modesty). The
introduction of electric lights had a huge impact
on lighting in libraries. The use of glass floors was
largely discontinued, though floors were still often
composed of metal grating to allow air to
circulate in multi-story stacks. As more space
was needed, a method of moving shelves on
tracks (compact shelving) was introduced to cut
down on otherwise wasted aisle space.

Library 2.0, a term coined in 2005, is the library's

response to the challenge of Google and an
attempt to meet the changing needs of users by
using Web 2.0 technology. Some of the aspects of
Library 2.0 include, commenting, tagging,
bookmarking, discussions, use of online social
networks by libraries, plug-ins, and widgets.[61]
Inspired by Web 2.0, it is an attempt to make the
library a more user-driven institution.

Despite the importance ascribed to public

libraries, their budgets are often cut by
legislatures. In some cases, funding has dwindled
so much that libraries have been forced to cut
their hours and release employees.[62]

Reference libraries

Main reading room of the New York City Public Library on 5th Avenue c. 1910–1920
A reference library does not lend books and other
items; instead, they can only be read at the library
itself. Typically, such libraries are used for
research purposes, for example at a university.
Some items at reference libraries may be
historical and even unique. Many lending libraries
contain a "reference section", which holds books,
such as dictionaries, which are common
reference books, and are therefore not lent out.[63]
Such reference sections may be referred to as
"reading rooms", which may also include
newspapers and periodicals.[64] An example of a
reading room is the Hazel H. Ransom Reading
Room at the Harry Ransom Center of the
University of Texas at Austin, which maintains the
papers of literary agent Audrey Wood.[65]
Research libraries

Main reading room of the Rijksmuseum Research Library is the largest public art history research library in the Netherlands. The library is part
of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.

The Library of Congress is one of the largest research libraries in the world.

A research library is a collection of materials on

one or more subjects.[66] A research library
supports scholarly or scientific research and will
generally include primary as well as secondary
sources; it will maintain permanent collections
and attempt to provide access to all necessary
materials. A research library is most often an
academic or national library, but a large special
library may have a research library within its
special field, and a very few of the largest public
libraries also serve as research libraries. A large
university library may be considered a research
library; and in North America, such libraries may
belong to the Association of Research
Libraries.[67] In the United Kingdom, they may be
members of Research Libraries UK (RLUK).[68]
Particularly important collections in England may
be designated by Arts Council England.[69]

A research library can be either a reference library,

which does not lend its holdings, or a lending
library, which does lend all or some of its
holdings. Some extremely large or traditional
research libraries are entirely reference in this
sense, lending none of their materials; most
academic research libraries, at least in the US and
the UK, now lend books, but not periodicals or
other materials. Many research libraries are
attached to a parent organization and may serve
only members of that organization. Examples of
research libraries include the British Library, the
Bodleian Library at Oxford University and the New
York Public Library Main Branch on 42nd Street in
Manhattan, State Public Scientific Technological
Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian
Academy of Science.[70][71]

Digital libraries

Digital libraries are libraries that house digital

resources. They are defined as an organization
and not a service that provide access to digital
works, have a preservation responsibility to
provide future access to materials, and provides
these items easily and affordably.[72] The
definition of a digital library implies that "a digital
library uses a variety of software, networking
technologies and standards to facilitate access to
digital content and data to a designated user
community."[73] Access to digital libraries can be
influenced by several factors, either individually or
together. The most common factors that
influence access are: The library's content, the
characteristics and information needs of the
target users, the library's digital interface, the
goals and objectives of the library's organizational
structure, and the standards and regulations that
govern library use.[74] Access will depend on the
user's ability to discover and retrieve documents
that interest them and that they require, which in
turn is a preservation question. Digital objects
cannot be preserved passively, they must be
curated by digital librarians to ensure the trust
and integrity of the digital objects.[75]

One of the biggest considerations for digital

librarians is the need to provide long-term access
to their resources; to do this, there are two issues
requiring watchfulness: Media failure and format
obsolescence. With media failure, a particular
digital item is unusable because of some sort of
error or problem. A scratched CD-ROM, for
example, will not display its contents correctly, but
another, unscratched disk will not have that
problem. Format obsolescence is when a digital
format has been superseded by newer
technology, and so items in the old format are
unreadable and unusable. Dealing with media
failure is a reactive process, because something
is done only when a problem presents itself. In
contrast, format obsolescence is preparatory,
because changes are anticipated and solutions
are sought before there is a problem.[76]

Future trends in digital preservation include:

Transparent enterprise models for digital
preservation, launch of self-preserving objects,
increased flexibility in digital preservation
architectures, clearly defined metrics for
comparing preservation tools, and terminology
and standards interoperability in real time.[76]
Special libraries

Bookshelves at the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. The top floor contains 180,000 volumes. Since 1977, all new acquisitions are
frozen at −33 °F (−36 °C) to prevent the spread of insects and diseases.

Many private businesses and public

organizations, including hospitals, churches,
museums, research laboratories, law firms, and
many government departments and agencies,
maintain their own libraries for the use of their
employees in doing specialized research related
to their work. Depending on the particular
institution, special libraries may or may not be
accessible to the general public or elements
thereof. In more specialized institutions such as
law firms and research laboratories, librarians
employed in special libraries are commonly
specialists in the institution's field rather than
generally trained librarians, and often are not
required to have advanced degrees in a
specifically library-related field due to the
specialized content and clientele of the library.

Special libraries can also include women's

libraries or LGBTQ libraries, which serve the needs
of women and the LGBTQ community. Libraries
and the LGBTQ community have an extensive
history, and there are currently many libraries,
archives, and special collections devoted to
preserving and helping the LGBTQ community.
Women's libraries, such as the Vancouver
Women's Library or the Women's Library @LSE are
examples of women's libraries that offer services
to women and girls and focus on women's history.

Some special libraries, such as governmental law

libraries, hospital libraries, and military base
libraries commonly are open to public visitors to
the institution in question. Depending on the
particular library and the clientele it serves,
special libraries may offer services similar to
research, reference, public, academic, or children's
libraries, often with restrictions such as only
lending books to patients at a hospital or
restricting the public from parts of a military
collection. Given the highly individual nature of
special libraries, visitors to a special library are
often advised to check what services and
restrictions apply at that particular library.
Special libraries are distinguished from special
collections, which are branches or parts of a
library intended for rare books, manuscripts, and
other special materials, though some special
libraries have special collections of their own,
typically related to the library's specialized subject
area.

For more information on specific types of special

libraries, see law libraries, medical libraries, music
libraries, or transportation libraries.

Digital libraries
Interior of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Alexandria, Egypt, showing both stacks and computer terminals

In the 21st century, there has been increasing use

of the Internet to gather and retrieve data. The
shift to digital libraries has greatly impacted the
way people use physical libraries. Between 2002
and 2004, the average American academic library
saw the overall number of transactions decline
approximately 2.2%.[77] Libraries are trying to keep
up with the digital world and the new generation
of students that are used to having information
just one click away. For example, the University of
California Library System saw a 54% decline in
circulation between 1991 and 2001 of 8,377,000
books to 3,832,000.[78][79]

These facts might be a consequence of the

increased availability of e-resources. In 1999–
2000, 105 ARL university libraries spent almost
$100 million on electronic resources, which is an
increase of nearly $23 million from the previous
year.[80] A 2003 report by the Open E-book Forum
found that close to a million e-books had been
sold in 2002, generating nearly $8 million in
revenue.[81] Another example of the shift to digital
libraries can be seen in Cushing Academy's
decision to dispense with its library of printed
books—more than 20,000 volumes in all—and
switch over entirely to digital media resources.[82]

Stacks of the José Vasconcelos Library in Mexico City, Mexico

A 2001 discussion paper exploring changing use
of libraries reported decreased library usage by
undergraduate students, who had become more
used to retrieving information from the Internet
than a traditional library. Finding information by
simply searching the Internet is seen as easier
and faster than reading an entire book. In a survey
conducted by NetLibrary, 93% of undergraduate
students said that finding information online
made more sense to them than going to the
library. Three-quarters said they did not have
enough time to go to the library. While the
retrieving information from the Internet may be
efficient and time-saving than visiting a traditional
library, research showed that undergraduates are
most likely searching only .03% of the entire
web.[83]
In the mid-2000s, Swedish company Distec
invented a library book vending machine known
as the GoLibrary, that offers library books to
people where there is no branch, limited hours, or
high traffic locations such as El Cerrito del Norte
BART station in California.[84]

Associations
The International Federation of Library
Associations and Institutions (IFLA) is the leading
international association of library organizations.
It is the global voice of the library and information
profession, and its annual conference provides a
venue for librarians to learn from one another.[85]

Library associations in Asia include the Indian

Library Association (ILA),[86] Indian Association of
Special Libraries and Information Centers
(IASLIC),[87] Bengal Library Association (BLA),
Kolkata,[88] Pakistan Library Association,[89] the
Pakistan Librarians Welfare Organization,[90] the
Bangladesh Association of Librarians, Information
Scientists and Documentalists, the Library
Association of Bangladesh, and the Sri Lanka
Library Association (founded 1960).

National associations of the English-speaking

world include the American Library Association,
the Australian Library and Information
Association, the Canadian Library Association, the
Library and Information Association of New
Zealand Aotearoa, and the Research Libraries UK
(a consortium of 30 university and other research
libraries in the United Kingdom). Library bodies
such as CILIP (formerly the Library Association,
founded 1877) may advocate the role that
libraries and librarians can play in a modern
Internet environment, and in the teaching of
information literacy skills.[38][91] The Nigerian
Library Association is the recognized group for
librarians working in Nigeria. It was established in
1962 in Ibadan.

Public library advocacy is support given to a

public library for its financial and philosophical
goals or needs. Most often this takes the form of
monetary or material donations or campaigning
to the institutions which oversee the library,
sometimes by advocacy groups such as Friends
of Libraries and community members. Originally,
library advocacy was centered on the library itself,
but current trends show libraries positioning
themselves to demonstrate they provide
"economic value to the community" in means that
are not directly related to the checking out of
books and other media.[92]

Protection
Libraries are considered part of the cultural
heritage and are one of the primary objectives in
many state and domestic conflicts and are at risk
of destruction and looting. Financing is often
carried out by robbing valuable library items.
National and international coordination regarding
military and civil structures for the protection of
libraries is operated by Blue Shield International
and UNESCO. From an international perspective,
despite the partial dissolution of state structures
and very unclear security situations as a result of
the wars and unrest, robust undertakings to
protect libraries are being carried out. The topic is
also the creation of "no-strike lists", in which the
coordinates of important cultural monuments
such as libraries have been preserved.[93][94][95][96]

See also
Schools
portal
Society
portal

Document management system

Libraries in fiction
Library anxiety
Library portal
Trends in library usage
List of libraries

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Further reading
Barnard, T.D.F. (ed.) (1967). Library Buildings: design
and fulfilment; papers read at the Week-end
Conference of the London and Home Counties Branch
of the Library Association, held at Hastings, 21–23
April 1967. London: Library Association (London and
Home Counties Branch)
Belanger, Terry. Lunacy & the Arrangement of Books,
New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll Books, 1983; 3rd ptg
2003, ISBN 978-1-58456-099-9
Bieri, Susanne & Fuchs, Walther (2001). Bibliotheken
bauen: Tradition und Vision = Building for Books:
traditions and visions. Basel: Birkhäuser ISBN 3-7643-
6429-7
Buschman, John.(2022). “Of Architects and Libraries:
A Simple Discourse Analysis.” The Library Quarterly
(Chicago) 92.3: 296–310.
Copeland, Andrea J. (2015) Libraries (https://www.sci
encedirect.com/science/article/pii/B97800809708689
50207) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220
501163538/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a
rticle/pii/B9780080970868950207) 1 May 2022 at the
Wayback Machine, International Encyclopedia of the
Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition).
ISBN 978-0-08097-086-8
Ellsworth, Ralph E. (1973). Academic Library
Buildings: a guide to architectural issues and
solutions. 530 pp. Boulder: Associated University
Press
Fraley, Ruth A. & Anderson, Carol Lee (1985). Library
Space Planning: how to assess, allocate, and
reorganize collections, resources, and physical
facilities. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers
ISBN 0-918212-44-8
Herrera-Viedma, E.; Lopez-Gijon, J. (2013). "Libraries'
Social Role in the Information Age". Science. 339
(6126): 1382. Bibcode:2013Sci...339.1382H (https://
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...339.1382H) .
doi:10.1126/science.339.6126.1382-a (https://doi.or
g/10.1126%2Fscience.339.6126.1382-a) .
PMID 23520092 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2
3520092) .
Irwin, Raymond (1947). The National Library Service
[of the United Kingdom]. London: Grafton & Co. x, 96
p.
Lewanski, Richard C. (1967). Library Directories [and]
Library Science Dictionaries, in Bibliography and
Reference Series, no. 4. 1967 ed. Santa Barbara,
Calif.: Clio Press. N.B.: Publisher also named as the
"American Bibliographical Center".
Robert K. Logan with Marshall McLuhan. The Future
of the Library: From Electric Media to Digital Media.
New York: Peter Lang Publishing.

Mason, Ellsworth (1980). Mason on Library Buildings.

Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press ISBN 0-8108-1291-6
Monypenny, Phillip, and Guy Garrison (1966). The
Library Functions of the States [i.e. the US]:
Commentary on the Survey of Library Functions of the
States, [under the auspices of the] Survey and
Standard Committee [of the] American Association
of State Libraries. Chicago: American Library
Association. xiii, 178 p.
Murray, Suart A.P. (2009). The Library an Illustrated
History (https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat000
0murr) . New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-0-
8389-0991-1.
Orr, J.M. (1975). Designing Library Buildings for
Activity; 2nd ed. London: Andre Deutsch ISBN 0-233-
96622-6
 Pettegree, Andrew; der Weduwen, Arthur (2021). The
Library: A Fragile History (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=MGATEAAAQBAJ) . London: Profile Books.
ISBN 9781788163422.
Thompson, Godfrey (1973). Planning and Design of
Library Buildings. London: Architectural Press ISBN 0-
85139-526-0

External links
Libraries (https://curlie.org/Reference/Librarie
s) at Curlie
LIBweb (https://www.lib-web.org/) —Directory
of library servers in 146 countries via WWW
Centre for the History of the Book (https://web.
archive.org/web/20070403015838/https://ww
w.hss.ed.ac.uk/chb/) , hss.ed.ac.uk
Libraries: Frequently Asked Questions (https://
www.ibiblio.org/librariesfaq/) , ibiblio.org
 The Concept of Library: Definition of Library (htt
ps://sifonia.com/the-concept-of-library-definitio
n-of-library/) sifonia.com

rary at Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary

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