Read the unseen passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

Cataract is the major cause of blindness, which is also caused by damage to the cornea. It occurs more
often in old age. As one starts growing old, the lens of the eye hardens, loses its transparency and
becomes opaque. It obstructs the light rays from entering the eye.

The onset of cataract blurs the vision. Sometimes, the cataract patient sees multiple images instead of a
single object image. Because of the gradual development of cataract, the afflicted person loses his/her
vision, and the world becomes dark to him/her.

The development of cataract is a complex process. However, the following factors can be attributed to its
formation. Cataract generally develops in old age but sometimes, children are born with cataract because
of hereditary defect. Eye injuries too, can cause cataracts.

People exposed to sun rays for longer periods develop cataract earlier than others. Researchers opine
that the smoke inhaled while smoking carries substances internally damaging the eyes.

Ultraviolet radiation, invisible to the human eye, is linked to skin cancer. The victim loses vision and the
world becomes dark to him.

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer any eight of the following
questions: 1×8

(a) What is the major cause of blindness?

(c) Why does the lens of the eye become opaque in old age?

(f) How does cataract affect its victim ultimately?

(d) How does one detect cataract in the early stages?

(e) Give any two factors which are responsible for the formation of cataract.

(i) Find the word from para 1 that means ‘that through which light cannot enter’.

(g) Which type of cancer is caused by ultraviolet radiation?

(b) When does cataract generally occur?

(h) How is smoking responsible for the development of cataract?

CBSE Class 10 English Discursive Passage

1. Read the below given English unseen passage for the Class 10
exam.

The choices we make on a daily basis—wearing a seatbelt, lifting heavy

objects correctly or purposely staying out of any dangerous situation—can
either ensure our safety or bring about potentially harmful circumstances.

You and I need to make a decision that we are going to get our lives in order.
Exercising self-control, self-discipline and establishing boundaries and
borders in our lives are some of the most important things we can do. A life
without discipline is one that’s filled with carelessness.

We can think it’s kind of exciting to live life on the edge. We like the image of
“Yeah! That’s me! Living on the edge! Woo-hoo!” It’s become a popular way
to look at life. But if you see, even highways have lines, which provide
margins for our safety while we’re driving. If we go over one side, we’ll go
into the ditch. If we cross over the line in the middle, we could get killed. And
we like those lines because they help to keep us safe. Sometimes we don’t
even realize how lines help to keep us safe.

I’m not proud of this, but for the first 20 years of my life at work, I ignored
my limits. I felt horrible, physically, most of the time. I used to tell myself, “I
know I have limits and that I’ve reached them, but I’m going to ignore them
and see if or how long I can get by with it.” I ran to doctors, trying to make
myself feel better through pills, vitamins, natural stuff and anything I could
get my hands on. Some of the doctors would tell me, “It’s just stress.” That
just made me mad. I thought stress meant you don’t like what you do or
can’t handle life, and I love what I do. But I kept pushing myself, travelling,
doing speaking engagements and so on— simply exhausting myself.

Finally, I understood I was living an unsustainable life and needed to make

some changes in my outlook and lifestyle.

You and I don’t have to be like everyone else or keep up with anyone else.
Each of us needs to be exactly the way we are, and we don’t have to
apologize for it. We’re not all alike, and we need to find a comfort zone in
which we can enjoy our lives instead of making ourselves sick with an
overload of stress and pressure.

On the basis of understanding the passage, answer ANY TEN

questions from the twelve that follow. (1×10=10)

Q1) Which of the characteristics are apt about the writer in the following
context: “I know I have limits and that I’ve reached them, but I’m going to
ignore them and see if or how long I can get by with it.” ?

1. negligent

2. indecisive

3. spontaneous

4. reckless

5. purposeless

6. patient

a) 2 and 5

b) 3 and 6

c) 1 and 4

d) 2 and 3

Q2) The reason why living on the edge has become popular is because of the

a) constant need for something different.

b) population being much younger.

c) exhausting effort to make changes.

d) strong tendency to stay within our limits.

Q3) The phrase “potentially harmful circumstances” refers to circumstances
that can

(a) certainly be dangerous.

(b) be fairly dangerous.

(c) be possibly dangerous.

(d) seldom be dangerous.

Q4). Choose the option that correctly states the two meanings of ‘outlook’,
as used in the passage.

1. A person’s evaluation of life

2. A person’s experiences in life

3. A person’s point of view towards life

4. A person’s regrets in life

5. A person’s general attitude to life

a) (1) and (4)

b) (2) and (3)

c) (3) and (5)

d) (4) and (5)

Q5) Choose the option that best captures the central idea of the passage
from the given quotes.

1. It’s all about quality of life and finding a happy balance between work and
friends.

2. To go beyond is as wrong as to fall short.

3. Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving.
4. Balance is not something you find. It’s something you create.

a) Option (1)

b) Option (2)

c) Option (3)

d) Option (4)

Q6) The author explains the importance of discipline and boundaries in our
lives using the example of

a) road accidents.

b) traffic rules.

c) lines on the highway.

d) safe driving.

Q7) The author attempts to __________________ the readers through this write-
up.

a) rebuke

b) question

c) offer aid to

d) offer advice to

Q8) What is the message conveyed in the last paragraph of the passage?

a) Love what you do.

b) Love yourself to love others.

c) Be the best version of yourself.

d) Be yourself
Q9) Which of the following will be the most appropriate title for the passage?

a) Much too soon

b) Enough is enough

c) How much is too much?

d) Have enough to do?

Q10) The author uses colloquial words such as “yeah” and “Woo-hoo!”.
Which of the following is NOT a colloquial word?

a) hooked

b) guy

c) stuff

d) stress

Q11) Select the option that makes the correct use of “unsustainable”, as
used in the passage, to fill in the blank space.

a) In the long run, the ______ officials followed emergency procedures.

b) Emergency procedures were _______ by the officials.

c) Officials reported an ________ set of events during the emergency.

d) Officials admit that the emergency system is _______ in the longer run.

Q12) What does the author mean when he says, “to get our lives in order”?

a) To resume our lives.

b) To organize our lives.

c) To rebuild our lives.

d) To control our lives.

Answers:

Ans 1) (c) 1 and 4

Ans 2) (a) constant need for something different.

Ans 3) (c) be possibly dangerous

Ans 4) (c) (3) and (5)

Ans 5) (d) Option (4)

Ans 6) (c) lines on the highway.

Ans 7) (d) offer advice to

Ans 8) (c) Be yourself

Ans 9) (c) How much is too much?

Ans 10) (d) stress

Ans 11) (d) Officials admit that the emergency system is __________ in the
longer run.

Ans 12) (b) To organize our lives.

Unseen Passage for Class 10 with Answers PDF

Read the passage given below:

Then all the windows of the grey wooden house (Miss Hilton used to live
here. She expired last week) were thrown open, a thing I had never seen
before.

At the end of the day, a sign was nailed on the mango tree: FOR SALE.

Nobody in the street knew Miss Hilton. While she lived, her front gate was
always locked, and no one ever saw her leave or saw anybody go in. So,
even if you wanted to, you couldn’t feel sorry and say that you missed Miss
Hilton.
When I think of her house, I see just two colours. Grey and green. The green
of the mango tree, the grey of the house and the grey of the high iron fence
prevented you from getting at the mangoes.

If your cricket ball fell in Miss Hilton’s courtyard, you never got it back. It
wasn’t the mango season when Miss Hilton died. But we got back about ten
or twelve of our cricket balls.

The house was sold, and we were prepared to dislike the new owners even
before they came. I think we were a little worried. Already we had one
resident on the street who kept on complaining about us to our parents. He
complained that we played cricket on the pavement, and if we were not
playing cricket, he complained that we were making too much noise anyway.

One afternoon when I came back from school Pal said, ‘‘Is a man and a
woman. She pretty, but he ugly like hell.’’ I didn’t see much. The front gate
was open, but the windows were shut again. I heard a dog barking in an
angry way.

One thing was settled pretty quickly. Whoever these people were, they
would never be the sort of people to complain that we were making noise
and disturbing their sleep.

A lot of noise came from the house that night. The radio was going at full
volume until midnight, when the radio station closed down. The dog was
barking, and the man was shouting. I didn’t hear the woman.

On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, complete

the statements that follow: 1×8

(a) Nobody went into Miss Hilton’s house because her front _________.

(b) Her house had only two colours, (i) ______, and (ii) _______.

(c) The high iron fence did not let the boys get __________.

(d) They never got it back if their __________ fell into her courtyard.

(e) The boys were ready to dislike the ____________.

(f) One resident of the street always ___________.

(g) The new owners of Miss Hilton’s house were (i) _______ and (ii) _______.

(h) The man was shouting, the dog was barking, only __________.

Answers

a) gate/door was always locked

b) grey, green

c) at the mangoes/mangoes

d) cricket ball/balls

e) new owners even before they came/ new owners

f) complained about them to their parents/kept on complaining

g) pretty woman, ugly man/man and woman

h) the woman has not heard/woman was silent /unheard / no voice of the
woman

PASSAGE-1
1. The UN’s 2017 International Year tells that sustainable tourism is an
important tool for development, most importantly in poor communities and
countries. Today sustainability — environmental, social, and economic – is
increasingly recognised as the benchmark for all tourism business. As noted
by the UN World Tourism Organisation, 57% of international tourist arrivals
will be in emerging economies, by 2030. The various ‘Tourism Terms’ are
defined as follows:
.Based on data collected by a survey by Travel Bureau, the following
market profile of an ecotourist was constructed:
Age: 35 – 54 years old, although age varied with activity and other factors
such as cost.
Gender: 50% female and 50% male, although clear differences based on
activity were found.
Education: 82% were college graduates, a shift in interest in ecotourism
from those who have high levels of education to those with less education
was also found, indicating an expansion into mainstream markets.
Household composition: No major differences were found between
general tourists and experienced ecotourists.
Party composition: A majority (60%) of experienced ecotourism
respondents stated they prefer to travel as a couple, with only 15% stating
they preferred to travel with their families, and 13% preferring to travel
alone.
(experienced ecotourists = Tourists that had been on at least one
“ecotourism” oriented trip.)
Trip duration: The largest group of experienced ecotourists— (50%)
preferred trips lasting 8-14 days.
Expenditure: Experienced ecotourists were willing to spend more than
general tourists, the largest group (26%).
Important elements of trip: Experienced ecotourists top three responses
were: (a) wilderness setting, (b) wildlife viewing, (c) hiking/trekking.
Motivations for taking next trip: Experienced ecotourists top two
responses were (a) enjoy scenery/ nature, (b) new experiences/places.

Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the following

questions.
(i) In the line “……….. recognised as the benchmark”, the word
“benchmark” does not refer to:
(a) a basis for something.
(b) the criterion required.
(c) the ability to launch something new.
(d) a standard point of reference.
(ii) The World Tourism Organisation of the UN, in an observation,
shared that:
(a) emerging economies of the world will gain 57% of their annual profits
from international tourists.
(b) countries with upcoming economies shall see maximum tourist footfall
from all over the world in the next decade.
(c) many international tourists in 2030 will be from developing countries.
(d) barely any tourist in the next decade shall travel from an economically
strong nation to a weak one.
(iii) Choose the option that lists the correct answers for the
following:
1. Asha Mathew, an NRI, loves animals and wishes to travel to places that
safeguard their rights and inculcate awareness of their rights. What kind of
tourist is she?
2. Gurdeep Singh from UK is an environmental scientist and has always
chosen to travel to places that are examples of a symbiotic relationship
between man and nature. What kind of tourist is he?
(a) (1) is an ecotourist and (2) is a geotourist.
(b) (1) is an ethical tourist and (2) is a geotourist.
(c) (1) is a sustainable tourist and (2) is a pro-poor tourist.
(d) (1) is a geotourist and (2) is a responsible tourist.
(iv) Based on your understanding of the passage, choose the option
that lists the inherent qualities of geotourism.

(a) 1 and 2
(b) 5 and 6
(c) 2 and 4
(d) 3 and 5

(v) In the market profile of an ecotourist, the information on gender

indicates that:
(a) female ecotourists were more than the male ecotourists.
(b) the activity preferences were varied in females and males.
(c) the choice of things to do on a trip were quite similar for both the
genders.
(d) male ecotourists were frequent travellers.
(vi) According to the survey, one of the most powerful driving forces
leading experienced ecotourism to invest in new trips was:
(a) setting up work stations in new places.
(b) the chance to go camping in the wild.
(c) competing with other ecotourists as frequent travellers.
(d) the opportunity to travel to new places.
(vii) Choose the option that lists statement that is NOT TRUE.
(a) Economically backward countries will benefit from sustainable tourism.
(b) The tourism business currently recognises sustainability as an important
factor.
(c) Emerging economies will receive negligible international tourists in the
near future.
(d) The sustainability factor in tourism is a significant means for
development.
(viii) The survey clearly showed that the age range of ecotourists:
(a) remained the same for the choice of tourist attractions to visit.
(b) changed with the monetary requirements for the trip.
(c) fluctuated due to male-female ratio.
(d) was constant across various features of the trip.
(ix) The education aspect in the market profile of the ecotourist
revealed that ecotourism was no more limited to the small group of
highly educated travellers. (True/False)
(x) According to the survey conducted by the Travel Bureau, the
total percentage of experienced ecotourist who did not prefer to
travel was………….
Answers:
(i)(c) the ability to launch something new.
(ii) (b) countries with upcoming economies shall see maximum tourist
footfall from all over the world in the next decade.
(iii)(b) (1) is an ethical tourist and (2) is a geotourist.
(iv) (c) 2 and 4
(v) (b) the activity preferences were varied in females and males.
(vi) (d) the opportunity to travel to new places.
(vii) (c) Emerging economies will receive negligible international tourists in
the near future.
(viii) (b) changed with the monetary requirements for the trip.
(ix) True
(x) 75%
 Read the following passage carefully. [8]
1. Few guessed that this quiet, parentless girl growing up in New York City would one day
become the First Lady of the United States. Even fewer thought she would become an
author and lecturer and a woman much admired and loved by people throughout the world.
2. Bom Anna Eleanor Roosevelt in 1884 to wealthy, but troubled parents who both died
while she was young, Roosevelt was cared for by her grandmother and sent to school in
England. In 1905, she married her distant cousin, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. She and her
husband had six children. Although they were wealthy, her life was not easy and she
suffered several personal tragedies. Her second son died when he was a baby. In 1921, her
strong athletic husband was stricken with polio, which left him physically disabled for life.
3. Eleanor Roosevelt was a remarkable woman who had great intelligence and tremendous
strength of character. She never let things get her down. She nursed her husband back to
good health and encouraged him to remain in politics. She then helped him to become
Governor of New York, and in 1933, President of the United States.
4. While her husband was President, she took a great interest in all the affairs of the country.
She became her husband’s legs and eyes; she visited prisons and hospitals; she went down
into mines, up scaffoldings and into factories. Roosevelt was tireless and daring. During the
depression she travelled all over the country bringing goodwill, reassurance and help to
people without food and jobs. During World War II she visited American soldiers in camps all
over the world. The United States had never known a First Lady like her.
5. Roosevelt also kept in touch with the American people through a daily newspaper column
called ‘My Day’. She broadcast on the radio and delivered lectures, all first for a First Lady.

Question 1.1.
On the basis of your understanding of the above passage answer the following questions:
(any eight) [1 × 8 = 8]
(a) How was Eleanor Roosevelt’s personality in contrast to what she became?
(b) Apart from being the First Lady what else did she have to her credit?
(c) What challenges did she face in her personal life but remained unfazed?
(d) Eleanor was a strong woman who helped her husband become the President of America.
How?
(e) What does the statement: ‘she became her husband’s legs and eyes’ mean?
(f) What was her special contribution during the depression?
(g) How did she motivate soldiers during World War II?
(h) What did she do for the first time for a First Lady?
(i) What side of her personality is reflected in this passage?
Answer:
(a) Eleanor Roosevelt was very quiet and parentless in her growing up years. Later, she
became the First Lady of the United States, an author, lecturer and a woman who was loved
and admired throughout the world.
(b) Apart from being the First Lady, she was an author, lecturer and a woman much admired
by people.
(c) In her personal life, she faced many challenges. Her second son died when he was a
baby. Her husband was affected by polio which left him physically disabled for life.
(d) Roosevelt nursed her husband back to good health and encouraged him to be in politics.
She helped him become the governer of New York and then, the President of the United
States in 1933.
(e) ‘She became her husband’s legs and eyes’ means she visited prisons, hospitals, went
into mines and factories on his behalf to help him in his job.
(f) During the Depression she travelled all over the country bringing goodwill, reassurance
and help to people without food and jobs.
(g) During World War II, she visited American soldiers in camps all over the world.
(h) She kept in touch with the American people through a daily newspaper column called
‘My Day’. She broadcast on the radio and delivered lectures, all first for a First Lady.
(i) Her intelligence and tremendous strength of character is reflected in the passage.

Read the passage given below

Milkha Singh, also known as The Flying Sikh, was an Indian track and field sprinter who
was introduced to the sport while serving in the Indian Army. He is the only athlete to win
gold in 400 metres at the Asian Games as well as the Commonwealth Games. He also
won gold medals in the 1958 and 1962 Asian Games. He represented India in the 1956
Summer Olympics in Melbourne, the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and the 1964
Summer Olympics in Tokyo) He was awarded the Padma Shri, India’s fourth-highest
civilian honour, in recognition of his sporting achievements
The race for which Singh is best remembered is his fourth-place finish in the 400 metres
final at the 1960 Olympic Games. He led the race till the 200 m mark before easing
off, allowing others to pass him. Singh’s fourth-place time of 45.73 seconds was the
Indian national record for almost 40 years.
From beginnings that saw him orphaned and displaced during the partition of India, Singh
became a sporting icon in the country. In 2008, journalist Rohit Baijnath described Singh
as “the finest athlete India has ever produced”.
He was disappointed with his debut performance at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. *1
returned to India, chastened by my poor performance in Melbourne. I had been so excited
by the prospects of being part of the Indian Olympics team, but, hadn’t realized how
strong and professional the competition would be. My success in India had filled me with
a false sense of pride and it was only when I was on the track that I saw how
inconsequential my talents were when pitted against superbly fit and seasoned athletes.
It was then that I understood what competition actually meant, and that if I wanted to
succeed on the international arena, I must be prepared to test my mettle against the best
athletes in the world.”
Then he decided to make sprinting the sole focus of his life. “Running had thus become my
God, my religion and my beloved”. My life during those two years was governed by strict
rules and regulations and a self-imposed penance. Every morning I would rise at the
crack of dawn, get into my sports kit and dash off to the track, where I would run two or
three miles cross-country in the company of my coach.”
On how he pushed himself through the tough days of vigorous training. “I practiced so
strenuously that often I was drained of all energy, and there were times when I would
increase my speed to such an extent that after my rounds, I would vomit blood or drop-
down down unconscious through sheer exercise. My doctors and coaches warned me,
asked me to slow down to maintain my health and equilibrium but my determination was
too strong to give up. My only focus was to become the best athlete in the world. But
then images of a packed stadium filled with cheering spectators, wildly
applauding me as I crossed the finishing line, would flash across my mind and I would
start again, encouraged by visions of victory.”
Based on your reading answer any five questions from the six given below:
1×5=5
(i) What is Milka Singh known as? What realization did Milkha Singh have when he was on
the track during the Melbourne Olympics?

(ii) List any two of Milkha Singh’s achievements.

(iii) What strict rules and regulations did Milkha Singh follow?
(iv) State two consequences of his hard and strenuous practice.

(v) What motivated Milkha Singh to become the best athlete in the world?

(vi) Explain the phrase ‘I would start again’ in the last sentence.

ANSWERS
1. Milkha Singh was known as ‘The Flying Sikh’.

He realised how inconsequential his talents were when pitied against superbly fit seasoned
athletes. He also realised that he needed to prepare well to test his mettle against the best
athletes in the world.

2. (i) The only athlete to win 400 meters at the Asian Games as well as Commonwealth
Games.

(ii) Won gold in 1958 and 1962 Asian Games. His national record stood unbroken for 40
years.

(iii) He was awarded Padam Shiri for his sporting achievements.

3. Every morning he would rise at the crack of the dawn, get into his sports kit and dash off
to the track, where he would run two or three miles cross-country with his coach.

4. ( i) He was drained of all energy.

(ii) He would vomit blood or drop-down unconscious through sheer exercise.

5. He was motivated by his vision of victory at a packed stadium with spectators cheering
and applauding him as he crossed the finishing line.

6. ‘I would start again’ means here that he was encouraged to shun any complacency and
start again with the double energy and determination to become the best athlete.

PASSAGE 3

Read the passage given below and answer the questions/complete the statements that
follow by choosing the most appropriate options out of the given ones.

Around 194 million birds and 29 million mammals are thought to be killed each year on
European roads, according to a new study that has ranked the most vulnerable species. The
research has found that the species killed most often were not necessarily the endangered
species. This means action to preserve wildlife when new roads are built risks being targeted
at the wrong species based on current methods. Road densities in Europe are among the
world’s highest, with 50% of the continent within 1.5 km of a paved road or railway. Roads
are therefore a significant threat to wildlife and evidence shows deaths on them could even
cause some species to disappear completely.

Despite this, the long-term protection of species is not currently considered when assessing
the impact of new roads on wildlife, meaning we risk giving support to only the endangered
species, doing nothing to help those most at risk. A better understanding of which species
are most vulnerable to roads is therefore important if we are to take a more effective action
of protection.

A research team based in Lisbon calculated road-kill rates for 423 bird species and 212
mammal species. They found that small animals with high population densities and which
mature at an early age were most likely to be killed on roads. Nocturnal mammals and birds
with a diet of plants and seeds were also shown to have higher death rates.

The study also used the road-kill surveys to rank the bird and mammal species whose long-
term survival was most threatened by road-kill. The hazel grouse and ground squirrel were
found to be the most at risk of local extinction. Both are common in Europe but are classified
as species of Least Concern Red List of Threatened Species.

The most vulnerable animals classified as threatened by IUCN were the red-knobbed Coot,
Balcan mole and Podolian mole. The study revealed that roadkill hotspots were not the areas
with the highest population of endangered species. For example, house sparrows had a high
road-kill rate (2.7 per km/ year) but were ranked 420th of 423 bird species for vulnerability.
Conversely, the hazel grouse had a low predicted road kill-rate (0.2 per km/yr) but was most
vulnerable of all birds studied.

Study the following statements:

(A) Roads are killers for animals.
(B) Both birds and mammals are killed on roads.
(C) Species most killed are necessarily the endangered ones.
(a) (A) is correct and (B) is false.
(b) (B) is correct and (C) is false.
(c) Both (a) and (A) are correct.
(d) (C) is correct and (A) is false.
Study the following statements:
(A) Roads have covered 50% of land in Europe.
(B) Road traffic causes a great risk to wild life.
(C) Some species can survive all kinds of traffic on roads.
(a) (A) is correct and (B) is false.
(b) (B) is correct and (C) is false.
(c) (C) is correct and (A) is false.
(d) Both (A) and (B) are false.
Which of the following points clearly depicts the message of the given paragraph?
(a) While planning roads we should see which species to protect.
(b) We are doing a lot to protect those most at risk.
(c) 50% of Europe is covered only with roads.
(d) Small animals even with low population density are most at risk.
Which of the following given points is the correct statement?
(a) More mammals than birds are killed on the roads.
(b) Small animals generally keep away from roads.
(c) Number of road-kills depends upon the population density of small animals
(d) Animals that come out only at night are saved.
(A) The surveys ranked the road-kill rate of birds and mammals.
(B) The finding puts grouse and squirrel at great risk.
(a) (A) is an assertion and (B) is the response.
(b) (B) is an assertion and (A) is the response.
(c) Both (A) and (B) are false.
(d) Both (A) and (B) are unrelated to each other.
Hazel grouse and ground squirrel are classified as species of least concern.
The statement is:
(a) a logical conclusion.
(b) a piece of good news.
(c) ironical.
(d) a pleasant surprise.
The title of the study should be:
(a) A Birds and Mammals survey
(b) Road-kills (c) Road density in Europe
(d) Need for conservation.
The purpose of the study is:
(a) how to prevent road-kills.
(b) to see who is more at risk on the roads.
(c) how to plan better roads.
(d) to estimate the number of road accident victims

Ans. 1. Option (c) is correct. Explanation: Both 'A' and 'B' are correct and 'C' is false. It is not
necessary that it is only the endangered species which are killed.
2.Option (b) is correct.
3. Option (d) is correct.
4. Option (c) is correct.
5. Option (a) is correct. Explanation: The grouse and squirrels are at great risk of road-kills.
6. Option (c) is correct. Explanation: It is ironical. Just because these species have high
population density (Para 3) they are at a higher risk of road-kill.
7. Option (b) is correct. Explanation: The whole study revolves around roadkills. Hence, the
title is appropriate.
8. Option (b) is correct

PASSAGE 4

Read the following passage carefully.

1. As the family finally sets off from home after many arguments, there is a
moment of lull as the car takes off. “Alright, so where are we going for dinner
now?" asks the one at the driving wheel. What follows is a chaos as multiple
voices make as many suggestions.

2. By the time order is restored and a decision is arrived at, tempers have risen,
feelings injured and there is at least one person grumbling.

3. Twenty years ago, you would step out of home, the decision of meal and venue
already made with no arguments or opposition and everybody looked forward to
the meal with equal enthusiasm. The decision was made by the head of the family
and the others fell in line. Today every member of the family has a say in every
decision which also promotes a sense of togetherness and bonding.

4. We empower our kids to take their own decisions from a very early age. We ask
them the cuisine they prefer, the movie they want to see, the holiday they wish to
go on and the subjects they wish to study.

5. It's a closely connected world, out there where children consult and guide each
other. A parent's well – meaning advice can sound like nothing more than
unnecessary preaching. How then do we reach our children through all the
conflicting views and make the voice of reason be heard? Children today question
choices and prefer to go with the flow.

6. What then is the best path to take? I would say the most important thing one
can do is to listen. Listen to your children and their silences. Ensure that you keep
some time aside for them, insist that they share their stories with you. Step into
their world. It is not as complicated as into it sounds; just a daily half an hour of
quality time would do the trick.

I) On the basis of your reading of the, above passage, answer the following;
questions in 30 -40 words each:

(a) Write one advantage and one disadvantage of allowing, every family member
to part; of the decision-making process.
(b) In today's world, what are parents asking their kids?
(c) Which two pieces of advice does the writer give to the parents?
(d) The passage supports the parents. How far do you agree with the author's
views? Support your view with a reason.

II) On the basis of your reading of the above passage, answer the following:
(a) The synonym of 'hurt' as given in paragraph 2 is_________
(b) The word which means the same as 'a style or method of cooking' in
paragraph 4 is _
(i) cuisine (ii) gourmet (iii) gastric (iv) science
(c) The antonym of 'agreeable' as given in paragraph 5 is
(d) The antonym of 'simple' as given in paragraph 6 is
(i) difficult (ii) complicated (iii) easy (iv) tricky

I)(a) One advantage is that decision-making process promotes a sense of togetherness and
bonding.
Disadvantage - It sometimes creates grumbling and confliction.
Ans. (b) In today's world, we empower our kids to take their own decisions from a very early
age.
Ans. (c) The two pieces of advice
(i) Listen to your children and their silences.
(ii) Spent your time with your children and share your stories with you.
Ans. (d) Yes, I agree that this passage supports the parents because twenty years before the
decision was made by the head of the family and it promotes a sense of togetherness and
bonding I agree with this view because children do not have the ability to take their own
decisions properly. Sometimes it may be wrong.
II)(a) injured
Ans. (b)- (i) cuisine
Ans.(c) conflicting
Ans. (d)- (ii) complicated

PASSAGE 5

Kausani is situated at a height of 6,075 feet in the Central Himalayas. It is an

unusually attractive little town. It covers just about 5.2 sq. kms. It lies to the
north of Almora in Uttarakhand's picturesque Kumaon region.
Kausani provides the 300-km wide breathtaking view of the Himalayas. It is
the most striking aspect of the place. Snow-capped peaks are spread in a
stately row. They stare at you in silvery white majesty. The most famous
peak on view is Nanda Devi, the second highest mountain in India. It is
situated at a height of 25,645 feet and 36 miles away as the crow flies. The
other famous peaks on view are Choukhamba (23,420 feet) and Trishul
(23,360 feet). Then there are also Nilkanth, Nandaghunti, Nandaghat, and
Nandakot. On a clear day, the blue of the sky makes a splendid background
to these peaks. At sunrise and at sunset, when the color changes to a golden
orange, the scene gets etched in your memory. When Gandhiji visited this
place in 1929, its scenic beauty held him spellbound. He named it the
'Switzerland of India'. He prolonged his two-day stay to fourteen days,
making time to write a book, 'Anashakti Yoga'. The place where he was
staying was originally a guest-house of the tea estate. It was renamed
'Anashakti Ashram' after the book. Kausani is the birthplace of
Sumitranandan Pant, India's poet laureate. Its natural surroundings inspired
many of his poems. Its tea gardens mingle with dense pine forests and fruit
orchards. The area is also host to many fairs and religious ceremonies. If
Uttarakhand is the abode of gods, Kausani is God's own backyard. There is
no traffic, no one is in a hurry. If serenity could be put on a canvas, the
picture would resemble Kausani.

On the basis of your reading of the above passage, answer the

following questions.
(a) Where is Kausani located?
(b) What is the most striking aspect of Kausani?
(c) Which is the most famous peak in a view from Kausani?
(d) How did Kausani influence, Sumitranandan Pant?
(e) When does the view of peaks become so memorable?
(f) How can we say that Gandhiji was greatly charmed by the natural beauty
of Kausani?
(g) What makes Kausani a calm and quiet place?
(h) Why do you think Kausani is known as God’s own backyard?
Answers :
(a) Kausani is located at a height of 6,075 feet in the central Himalayas. It
lies to the North of Ahora in Uttarakhand’s picturesque Kumaon region.
(b) The most striking aspect of Kausani is that it provides the 300 km wide
breathtaking view of Himalayas.
(c) Nanda Devi is the most famous peak on view from Kausani.
(d) The natural surroundings of Kausani inspired many of
SumitranandanPant’s poems.
(e) The view of peaks becomes so memorable when the blue sky makes a
splendid background and at the time of sunrise and sunset the colour
changes to a golden orange.
(f) When Gandhiji visited Kausani in 1929, its scenic beauty held him
spellbound. He named it the ‘Switzerland of India’. He prolonged his stay to
write a book, ‘Anashakti Yoga’. The place was later renamed ‘Anashakti
Ashram’. This shows that Gandhiji was greatly charmed by the natural
beauty of Kausani.
(g) Kausani is a calm and quiet place because there is no traffic and no one
is in a hurry.
(h) The beauty and serenity of the place make Kausani God’s own backyard.
Unseen Passage

Read the following comprehension carefully and answer the given questions:

About the year 1900, a small, dark-haired boy named Charles Chaplin was often seen waiting
outside the back entrances of London theatres. He looked thin and hungry but his blue eyes
were determined. He was hoping to get work in show business. He could sing and dance. His
parents were music-hall performers and he had been born into the life of the theatre. And,
although his own boyhood was painfully hard, he knew how to make people laugh.

His own father had died from drinking too much. And his mother was not really able to look after
Charles and his older half-brother, Sid. She was often sick in mind and had to be sent to
hospital.

1.1 Choose the right option.

Q 1) The boy Charles Chaplin was __________.

a) brown-haired

b) dark-haired

c) red-haired

d) light-haired

Q 2) Chaplin thought to get a job in __________.

a) soap business

b) hotel business

c) show business

d) hospital business

Q 3) His parents were __________.

a) music-hall performers
b) actors

c) singers

d) directors

Q 4) His father had died due to __________.

a) an illness

b) accident

c) drinking

d) suicide

Q 5) The meaning of ‘determined’ is ___________.

a) mind made up

b) mind turn up

c) mind fade up

d) mind turn down

Unseen Passage – Passage 2

Read the passage given below and answer carefully

One day the old emperor Shahjahan became ill. His son Aurangzeb, who always wanted to be
the emperor, put his father in a jail. Jahanara Begum, the eldest child of Shahjahan, did not
leave her father and went to jail along with him. She said, “ I shall share the suffering of my
father. He needs me in his old age, and I shall never leave him.” Shahjahan lived in the jail for
seven years and then he died. During that period, Princess Jahanara stayed with him and took
care of him. After the death of her father, she returned to her own palace. She continued to live
there and spent the rest of her life serving the needy and the poor. Before her death, she gave
away all her money to the poor and the needy. She was highly educated and well-versed in
Persian and Arabic, as well as a writer, painter and poet. Jahanara was Shahjahan’s preferred
child. Legend says that once when Aurangzeb was severely sick, Jahanara took care of him.
Jahanara died on September 5, 1681, at the age of 67. Upon her death, Aurangzeb gave her
the posthumous title: Sahibat-uz-Zamani (mistress of age).

3.1 On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the questions: (1 X 7 = 7 Marks)

Q 1) What was Aurangzeb’s aim in life?

Q 2) Who was the eldest child of Shahjahan?

Q 3) Pick out and write the line from the passage which shows that Jahanara Begum was a
caring daughter.

Q 4) What did Aurangzeb do when his father became ill?

Q 5) Jahanara was a kind lady. Explain.

Q 6) What did Jahanara do before her death?

Q 7) Find words in the passage which mean the same as:

(a) King (b) Sick

CBSE Class 10 English Discursive Passage
1. Read the below given English unseen passage for the Class 10 exam.

The choices we make on a daily basis—wearing a seatbelt, lifting heavy objects

correctly or purposely staying out of any dangerous situation—can either ensure our
safety or bring about potentially harmful circumstances.

You and I need to make a decision that we are going to get our lives in order. Exercising
self-control, self-discipline and establishing boundaries and borders in our lives are
some of the most important things we can do. A life without discipline is one that’s filled
with carelessness.

We can think it’s kind of exciting to live life on the edge. We like the image of “Yeah!
That’s me! Living on the edge! Woo-hoo!” It’s become a popular way to look at life. But if
you see, even highways have lines, which provide margins for our safety while we’re
driving. If we go over one side, we’ll go into the ditch. If we cross over the line in the
middle, we could get killed. And we like those lines because they help to keep us safe.
Sometimes we don’t even realize how lines help to keep us safe.

I’m not proud of this, but for the first 20 years of my life at work, I ignored my limits. I felt
horrible, physically, most of the time. I used to tell myself, “I know I have limits and that
I’ve reached them, but I’m going to ignore them and see if or how long I can get by with
it.” I ran to doctors, trying to make myself feel better through pills, vitamins, natural stuff
and anything I could get my hands on. Some of the doctors would tell me, “It’s just
stress.” That just made me mad. I thought stress meant you don’t like what you do or
can’t handle life, and I love what I do. But I kept pushing myself, travelling, doing
speaking engagements and so on— simply exhausting myself.

Finally, I understood I was living an unsustainable life and needed to make some
changes in my outlook and lifestyle.

You and I don’t have to be like everyone else or keep up with anyone else. Each of us
needs to be exactly the way we are, and we don’t have to apologize for it. We’re not all
alike, and we need to find a comfort zone in which we can enjoy our lives instead of
making ourselves sick with an overload of stress and pressure.
On the basis of understanding the passage, answer ANY TEN questions from the
twelve that follow. (1×10=10)

Q1) Which of the characteristics are apt about the writer in the following context: “I know
I have limits and that I’ve reached them, but I’m going to ignore them and see if or how
long I can get by with it.” ?

1. negligent

2. indecisive

3. spontaneous

4. reckless

5. purposeless

6. patient

a) 2 and 5

b) 3 and 6

c) 1 and 4

d) 2 and 3

Q2) The reason why living on the edge has become popular is because of the

a) constant need for something different.

b) population being much younger.

c) exhausting effort to make changes.

d) strong tendency to stay within our limits.

Q3) The phrase “potentially harmful circumstances” refers to circumstances that can

(a) certainly be dangerous.

(b) be fairly dangerous.

(c) be possibly dangerous.

(d) seldom be dangerous.

Q4). Choose the option that correctly states the two meanings of ‘outlook’, as used in
the passage.

1. A person’s evaluation of life

2. A person’s experiences in life

3. A person’s point of view towards life

4. A person’s regrets in life

5. A person’s general attitude to life

a) (1) and (4)

b) (2) and (3)

c) (3) and (5)

d) (4) and (5)

Q5) Choose the option that best captures the central idea of the passage from the given
quotes.

1. It’s all about quality of life and finding a happy balance between work and friends.

2. To go beyond is as wrong as to fall short.

3. Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving.

4. Balance is not something you find. It’s something you create.

a) Option (1)

b) Option (2)

c) Option (3)
d) Option (4)

Q6) The author explains the importance of discipline and boundaries in our lives using
the example of

a) road accidents.

b) traffic rules.

c) lines on the highway.

d) safe driving.

Q7) The author attempts to __________________ the readers through this write-up.

a) rebuke

b) question

c) offer aid to

d) offer advice to

Q8) What is the message conveyed in the last paragraph of the passage?

a) Love what you do.

b) Love yourself to love others.

c) Be the best version of yourself.

d) Be yourself

Q9) Which of the following will be the most appropriate title for the passage?

a) Much too soon

b) Enough is enough

c) How much is too much?

d) Have enough to do?

Q10) The author uses colloquial words such as “yeah” and “Woo-hoo!”. Which of the
following is NOT a colloquial word?

a) hooked

b) guy

c) stuff

d) stress

Q11) Select the option that makes the correct use of “unsustainable”, as used in the
passage, to fill in the blank space.

a) In the long run, the ______ officials followed emergency procedures.

b) Emergency procedures were _______ by the officials.

c) Officials reported an ________ set of events during the emergency.

d) Officials admit that the emergency system is _______ in the longer run.

Q12) What does the author mean when he says, “to get our lives in order”?

a) To resume our lives.

b) To organize our lives.

c) To rebuild our lives.

d) To control our lives.

Answers:

Ans 1) (c) 1 and 4

Ans 2) (a) constant need for something different.

Ans 3) (c) be possibly dangerous

Ans 4) (c) (3) and (5)

Ans 5) (d) Option (4)

Ans 6) (c) lines on the highway.

Ans 7) (d) offer advice to

Ans 8) (c) Be yourself

Ans 9) (c) How much is too much?

Ans 10) (d) stress

Ans 11) (d) Officials admit that the emergency system is __________ in the longer run.

Ans 12) (b) To organize our lives.

Unseen Passage for Class 10 English: Case-Based Factual

Passage
Read the unseen passage given below and answer the questions that follow:

Cataract is the major cause of blindness, which is also caused by damage to the cornea. It occurs more
often in old age. As one starts growing old, the lens of the eye hardens, loses its transparency and
becomes opaque. It obstructs the light rays from entering the eye.

The onset of cataract blurs the vision. Sometimes, the cataract patient sees multiple images instead of a
single object image. Because of the gradual development of cataract, the afflicted person loses his/her
vision, and the world becomes dark to him/her.

The development of cataract is a complex process. However, the following factors can be attributed to its
formation. Cataract generally develops in old age but sometimes, children are born with cataract because
of hereditary defect. Eye injuries too, can cause cataracts.

People exposed to sun rays for longer periods develop cataract earlier than others. Researchers opine
that the smoke inhaled while smoking carries substances internally damaging the eyes.

Ultraviolet radiation, invisible to the human eye, is linked to skin cancer. The victim loses vision and the
world becomes dark to him.
On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer any eight of
the following questions: 1×8

(a) What is the major cause of blindness?

(c) Why does the lens of the eye become opaque in old age?

(f) How does cataract affect its victim ultimately?

(d) How does one detect cataract in the early stages?

(e) Give any two factors which are responsible for the formation of cataract.

(i) Find the word from para 1 that means ‘that through which light cannot enter’.

(g) Which type of cancer is caused by ultraviolet radiation?

(b) When does cataract generally occur?

(h) How is smoking responsible for the development of cataract?

Answers

(a) cataract

(c) lens of the eye hardens and loses its transparency.

(f) may lead to complete loss of vision

(d) vision becomes blurred/sees multiple images in place of one. (anyone)

(e) eye injury / long exposure to sun rays / hereditary factors (any two)

(i) opaque

(g) skin cancer

(b) old age

(h) smoke when inhaled, carries a substance that damages the eye and causes internal
harm to the eye.
Unseen Passage for Class 10 with Answers PDF
Read the passage given below:

Then all the windows of the grey wooden house (Miss Hilton used to live here. She
expired last week) were thrown open, a thing I had never seen before.

At the end of the day, a sign was nailed on the mango tree: FOR SALE.

Nobody in the street knew Miss Hilton. While she lived, her front gate was always
locked, and no one ever saw her leave or saw anybody go in. So, even if you wanted to,
you couldn’t feel sorry and say that you missed Miss Hilton.

When I think of her house, I see just two colours. Grey and green. The green of the
mango tree, the grey of the house and the grey of the high iron fence prevented you
from getting at the mangoes.

If your cricket ball fell in Miss Hilton’s courtyard, you never got it back. It wasn’t the
mango season when Miss Hilton died. But we got back about ten or twelve of our cricket
balls.

The house was sold, and we were prepared to dislike the new owners even before they
came. I think we were a little worried. Already we had one resident on the street who
kept on complaining about us to our parents. He complained that we played cricket on
the pavement, and if we were not playing cricket, he complained that we were making
too much noise anyway.

One afternoon when I came back from school Pal said, ‘‘Is a man and a woman. She
pretty, but he ugly like hell.’’ I didn’t see much. The front gate was open, but the
windows were shut again. I heard a dog barking in an angry way.

One thing was settled pretty quickly. Whoever these people were, they would never be
the sort of people to complain that we were making noise and disturbing their sleep.

A lot of noise came from the house that night. The radio was going at full volume until
midnight, when the radio station closed down. The dog was barking, and the man was
shouting. I didn’t hear the woman.
On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, complete the
statements that follow: 1×8

(a) Nobody went into Miss Hilton’s house because her front _________.

(b) Her house had only two colours, (i) ______, and (ii) _______.

(c) The high iron fence did not let the boys get __________.

(d) They never got it back if their __________ fell into her courtyard.

(e) The boys were ready to dislike the ____________.

(f) One resident of the street always ___________.

(g) The new owners of Miss Hilton’s house were (i) _______ and (ii) _______.

(h) The man was shouting, the dog was barking, only __________.

Answers

a) gate/door was always locked

b) grey, green

c) at the mangoes/mangoes

d) cricket ball/balls

e) new owners even before they came/ new owners

f) complained about them to their parents/kept on complaining

g) pretty woman, ugly man/man and woman

h) the woman has not heard/woman was silent /unheard / no voice of the woman
Tips Of Solving The Unseen Poem For Class 10
Class 10 education is the most important. You should get the best marks in this because this
exam decides your future, what will you study in further studies and what do you like to
study. Therefore, do not take English lightly and study it very carefully and wisely because
this exam is very important.

Read the entire poem 1 or 2 times carefully so that you understand the theme of the poem.

Write your answer simple, easy and in your own words.

Do not make grammatical mistakes while writing the answer.

After reading the question, underline the related words of the given poem so that you get
the correct answer.

Remember that you should use your own words in your answer.

Unseen Poem For Class 10 – Sample 1

Most of the time I meditate on the opposite wall.
It is pink, with speckles. I have looked at it colony
I think it is part of my heart. But it -flickers.
Faces and darkness separate us over and over.
Now I am a lake. A woman bends over me,
Searching my reaches for what she really is.
Then she turns to those liars, the candle and. the moon.
I see her back, reflect it faithfully.
She rewards me with tears and agitation of hands.
I am important to her. She comes and goes.
Each morning it is her face that replaces the darkness.
In me she has drowned a young girl and in me an old woman.
Rises toward her day after day, like a terrible fish. -The Mirror – by Sylvia Plath

Unseen Poem For Class 10 With Questions And Answers (Poem 1)

Question: 1) ‘I have no preconceptions.’ Who says this?

Answer: 1) ‘I have no preconceptions.’ The mirror says this.

Question: 2) Why does the mirror say, ‘I am not cruel, only truthful?

Answer: 2) The mirror says, ‘I am not cruel, only truthful, because it reflects what it sees,
not bearing any dislike or grudges and never betrays. It is always truthful.

Question: 3) Why are the candle and moon called ‘liars’?

Answer: 3) Both the candle and the moon are called liars because by throwing light only on
the front part, i.e., face, they show only the brighter side and never the thing or person in
their full form.

Question: 4) In this poem which word means ‘prejudices’?

Answer: 4) In this poem, the word ‘preconception’ means ‘prejudice’.

Unseen Poem For Class 10 CBSE – Sample 3

The world is too much with us; late and soon,
Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers:
Little we see in Nature that is ours;
We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon!
This Sea that bares her bosom to the moon; 5
The winds that will be howling at all hours,
And are up-gathered now like sleeping flowers;
For this, for everything, we are out of tune,
It moves us not.–Great God! I’d rather be
A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn; 10
So might I, standing on this pleasant lea,
Have glimpses that would make me less forlorn;
Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea;
Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn.
— William Wordsworth

Poem Comprehension For Grade 10 With Questions And Answers (Poem 3)

Question: 1) What does the narrator prefer to do?

Question: 2) What does the phrase a ‘creed outworn’ mean?

Question: 3) According to the narrator, what are the sights that would uplift his
heart?

Question: 4) According to the narrator, how do we waste our powers?

Question: 5) What does the narrator mean by saying that ‘little we see in nature
that is ours’?

Question: 6) What according to the narrator have the human’s given their hearts
to?

Question: 7) The line ‘The world is too much with us’ means

(i) man is too involved in materialistic pursuits

(ii) man is not connected to his inner self

(iii) man is not connected to nature

(iv) all the above

Question: 8) By saying that ‘we are out of tune’ the narrator means

(i) That we cannot hear the music that is a part of nature

(ii) That man is leading a disharmonious life which leaves him dissatisfied
 (iii) That man is leading a fulfilling and satisfying life

(iv) That man is unable to appreciate the beauties of nature

Answer the following questions –

Answer: 1) The narrator says he would prefer to be a pagan tied to a worn-out system of
belief.

Answer: 2) The phrase “creed outworn” with reference to paganism implies that this religion
is regarded as a primitive or outdated one.

Answer: 3) The sight of Proteus rising from the sea or of Triton blowing his wreathed horn
would uplift the narrator’s heart.

Answer: 4) According to the narrator, we waste our powers in our materialistic pursuits and
have lost the ability to appreciate nature and be a part of it.

Answer: 5) The poem illustrates how we have alienated ourselves from nature. As such, we
do not see things in nature that we can appreciate. This can also mean that since we are
obsessed with material gains and manmade objects, we cannot appreciate things in nature
that we cannot buy or own.

Answer: 6) According to the narrator, we have given away our hearts in exchange for wealth
and riches.

Answer: 7) (iv)

Answer: 8) (iv)

Unseen Poem For Class 10 In English – Sample 2

Weavers, weaving at break of day,
Why do you weave a garment so gay?
Blue as the wing of a bluebird wild,
We weave the robes of a new-born child.
Weavers, weaving at fall of night,
Why do you weave a garment so bright?
Like the plumes of a peacock, purple and green,
We weave the marriage-veils of a queen.
Weavers, weaving solemn and still,
What do you weave in the moonlight chill?
White as a feather and white as a cloud,
We weave a dead man’s funeral shroud.
— Sarojini Naidu

Unseen Poem With Questions And Answers Class 10 (Poem 2)

Question: 1) What do the weavers weave in the chilly moonlight?

(i) a garment light as a feather

 (ii) a garment meant to cover a dead man

(iii) a garment to keep away the chill

(iv) a garment to wrap a newborn child in

Question: 2) The three stages of life mentioned in the poem are _________

(i) infancy, childhood and senility

(ii) infancy, youth and death

(iii) infancy, adolescence, middle age

(iv) childhood, adulthood and senility

Question: 3) What do the weavers weave in the early morning?

(i) a bright blue cloth

(ii) a dull grey cloth

(iii) a soft white cloth

(iv) a red coloured veil

Question: 4) The __ is purple and green coloured.

(i) dress of the weavers

(ii) dress of a newborn child

(iii) the queen’s marriage veil

(iv) the robe of a king

Question: 5) Whom does the poet address in the poem?

(i) weavers

(ii) children

(iii) queens (IV) all of the above

UNSEEN PASSAGE TYPES AND INFORMATION

Factual Passage A factual passage is a type of text that presents

information in an objective and informative manner. It contains
details, facts, and figures that are supported by evidence. The
purpose of a factual passage is to provide the reader with accurate
and reliable information.

Characteristics of Factual Passage

Presents information in an objective and informative manner.

Contains details, facts, and figures that are supported by evidence.

Provides accurate and reliable information.

Discursive Passage A discursive passage is a type of text that

presents an argument or a point of view on a particular topic. It
involves analyzing and interpreting the information and presenting
it in a structured and logical manner. The purpose of a discursive
passage is to persuade the reader to accept the writer's point of
view.

Characteristics of Discursive Passage

Presents an argument or a point of view.

Analyzes and interprets the information.

Presents the information in a structured and logical manner.

Aims to persuade the reader to accept the writer's point of view.

Two unseen passages are asked in the Class 10 CBSE English board
exam as mentioned below:

Reading: 20 Marks

1) Multiple Choice Questions based on a Discursive passage of 400-450

words to test inference, evaluation and vocabulary. Ten out of twelve
questions are to be answered in English unseen passage for the Class 10
exam. (10×1=10)

2) Multiple Choice Questions based on a Case-based factual

passage (with visual input statistical data, chart, etc.) of 300-350 words to
test analysis and interpretation. Ten out of twelve questions are to be
answered. (10×1=10)

The total length of the two passages is around 700-750 words.

Unseen Passage for Class 10 – Tips to Handle Reading

Comprehension

Below, we have provided some tips to answer the comprehension passage

questions of Class 10 during the exam.

Go through the entire passage thoroughly.

Scan the passage quickly and try to find the main idea and theme on which
the comprehension passage is based.

Underline the important information in the passage.

Now, read the question and go back to the unseen passage to find the
answer.

Avoid copy-pasting the answer from the comprehension passage. Try to

frame the answer in your own words.

To answer the vocabulary-based questions, like synonyms, antonyms,

phrases, idioms etc., replace the word with the meaning. If the meaning is
the same, then the answer is correct.

To answer multiple choice questions, go through all the options and then
mark the correct answer.
FORMAL LETTER FORMAT

Writing a Letter to the Editor

A letter to the editor is written in the format of a formal letter.

Sender’s address: Give the complete address of the sender.

Date: The date on which the letter is written comes next, immediately after
the sender’s address.

Receiver’s address: The address of the recipient (the editor of the

newspaper or magazine you intend to send your letter) should be written.

Subject line: The main purpose of the letter is mentioned in the subject
line.

Salutation/Greeting: The salutation can be Sir, Ma’am, Respected Sir,

Respected Ma’am, etc.

Body of the letter: The body of the letter should explain the purpose of the
letter. Introduce yourself and provide all the details of the matter being
discussed.

Complimentary closing: Thank you very much, Thank you or Thanking you
can be the complimentary closing that you can use.

Ending the letter: End the letter with your signature, name in block letters
and designation, if there is any.

Examples of Letter to the Editor

A letter to the editor should be short. It is important to stick to the subject

matter of the letter. Below are a few sample letters to the editor that you can
go through to gain a better insight of the format of writing a letter to the
editor.

Sample Letter to the Editor to Highlight the Effects of Air Pollution

56 C, Uppal

East Hyderabad

Hyderabad – 500095

3rd January, 2022

The Editor

The Indian Express

Secunderabad

Hyderabad – 500003

Subject: Increase of air pollution in East Hyderabad

Respected Sir/Ma’am,

I am Drishya, a member of NGO Prada. I am writing to you to bring to your

notice the increasing effect of air pollution in our neighbourhood and in the
surrounding areas.

East Hyderabad has seen a rapid increase in the use of private

transportation and the number of industrial sectors that have come up in
recent years. This has increased the risks of serious health hazards, including
breathing difficulties, chronic diseases, lung damage, nausea, fatigue, etc.
The hospitals around the area have already seen an unexpected rise in the
number of patients showing symptoms of chronic illness, and it is important
that people and government authorities are made aware of this dangerous
situation at the earliest.

Owing to the seriousness of this situation, I request you to kindly highlight

the issue so that some action can be taken to curb the effect of air pollution
and decrease the risk of people being affected by it.

Thanking you

Yours sincerely,
Signature

DRISHYA RAGUNATH

Member of NGO Prada

Sample Letter to the Editor of a Newspaper to Highlight the Issue of

Open Manholes

25, VKL Avenue

R S Road

Anna Nagar

Chennai – 600089

07/01/2022

The Editor

The Times of India

Nungambakkam

Chennai – 600023

Subject: Open manholes on R S Road

Respected Sir/Ma’am,

I am Rathina Sabapathy, a resident of VKL Avenue. I am writing to throw

some light on the issue of open manholes in our area.

It has been more than a period of 6 months now since these manholes were
opened, and there have been multiple accidents due to this. We have
approached the local authorities and associations in this regard, but no
action has been taken so far, and it is becoming a matter of great worry.
There are children who walk to school every day, and there are a lot of
working people taking this route as it is a road that connects the main road
to the Electronic City area where most of the IT companies are located.
Kindly consider this issue and highlight it in your newspaper so that the
authorities are alerted about the need to look into this situation as soon as
possible in order to reduce the number of casualties.

Thanking you

Yours sincerely,

Signature

RATHINA SABAPATHY S

Resident of VKL Avenue

A Job Application Letter Template

Using this job application letter template will make it easier to write a new
one every time you apply for a job posting.

To: Email of the company or email of the recruiter or hiring manager

Subject: Application for XYZ position at ABC company

Message Body:

Salutation (Dear/Hello Sir/Madam/Mr./Mrs./Ms.)

Begin by mentioning the job position you are applying for and where you
found it, express your interest in it and give a brief introduction of yourself
and your professional title.

Highlight your educational qualifications, your professional skills and your

work experience to emphasize your suitability for the job position.

Provide details of your previous work projects with other companies and
explain how these improve your ability to meet and exceed the employer's
expectations.

Thank the recruiter or hiring manager for reading the letter.

Sincerely/Best Regards
Your name

Mobile phone
Email

Sample Job Application Mail Template

Receiver’s mail id: [email protected]

Subject: Job Application for the Role of (Mention the job role you are applying
for)

Respected Sir/Ma’am,

I am (Mention your full name) and I would like to apply for the role of (Job
role) at your prestigious company.

I have completed my (Mention your degree) in (Mention the

subject/specialisation). I have (Mention the years of experience) years of
experience in the field of (Mention the field of work) at (Mention the name of
your previous company). I have an in depth knowledge of the duties that I
will have to perform and expertise in the particular field of work that would
help me accomplish all the assigned tasks in the event of me being placed in
your company.

I have enclosed herewith my resume, my detailed profile and a certificate of

experience for your reference and review. I have also provided my contact
information. Please feel free to contact me in case of any questions. I am
looking forward to meeting with you in person for an interview.

Thank you for your time and consideration.

Yours sincerely,

Your full name

Contact number: 123456

Email id: [email protected]

A Job Application Letter Example

Sales manager application letter

To: [email protected]

Subject: Application for Sales Manager with Kamat Chai

Dear Mr. Acharya,

This is regarding your call for a sales manager on the Indeed job portal. I
have reviewed the job requirements and visited the Kamat Chai website, and
I am interested in working with you.

I have a first-class MBA from Symbiosis, and I have worked for seven years
as a Marketing Manager with Aajivan Biscuits. My work experience includes
ideating, planning and organising product launches and customer
engagement programs. As a result of these, we were successful in seeing
higher sales five years in a row. Given my understanding of and passion for
marketing strategies, I believe I will be a good fit for the position in your
company.

Please see my attached resume and work samples.

Thank you for taking the time to consider my application.

I hope to hear from you.

Best regards,

Shruti Sinha

+91-XXXXXXXXXX

[email protected]

Sample Job Application Letter for the Post of High School English
Teacher

28 C, K K Nagar

Avarampalayam

Coimbatore – 641045

12th January, 2022

The Principal

D A V Matriculation Higher Secondary School

Ambattur

Chennai – 600012

Subject: Job application letter for the post of High School English Teacher

Dear Mr. Sishir Kumar,

I am writing to you to express my interest in the job opening for the post of
High School English Teacher in your prestigious institution. I have reviewed
the roles and responsibilities in the job description you have posted on the
Naukri employment portal dated 09/01/2022.

I am an MA English graduate. I have also completed my Masters in

Education. I have a teaching experience of three years at the Indian Public
School, Coimbatore. I have handled students from Class VI to X. I have
experience in teaching the IGCSE syllabus. I have also been a part of the
curriculum development team. I am looking for better opportunities where I
can use my skills and expertise to help and mould students and their
communication skills. I believe that I can do well and play a good role in
providing quality education.

I have attached my resume and experience certificate for your kind perusal.
Looking forward to hearing from you.

Thank you for taking the time to review my application.

Yours sincerely,

Signature

LINDA RODRIGUES

Official Letter Format

You can follow this format when writing an official letter:

[Your name]
[Your street name and number]
[City, state pin code]

[Company name]
[Company street name and number]
[City, state pin code]

[Current date]

[Recipient name]
[Recipient job title]

Dear [recipient name],

[In your first paragraph, you introduce the recipient of the letter by
explaining why you have written it. The next two to three sentences explain
the topic more comprehensively.]

[Use all appropriate details to explain the matter or topic further in the
second paragraph.]

[Conclude your letter in the last paragraph. You can thank them for their
time reading this and can suggest any necessary follow-up steps.]

[Closing sign off],

[Your name]
[Signature]

Enclosure: [the supporting document you have enclosed]

Official Letter Example

Here is an example of an official letter that you can model to write your own
letter:

Anwesha Biswas
10243 Kanpur Ln
Kanpur City, UP-091283

Rockers Media Group

13334 Sunflower Ln
Kanpur City, UP-09843

14th November 2021

Sameer Sharma
Account Manager

Dear Mr Sameer Sharma,

It is with regret that I am informing you of my resignation as Account

Coordinator at Rockers Media Group, effective two weeks from now.

I am thankful for all the inspiration, motivation and support I received during
my time working here. In the next couple of weeks, I will focus on
completing the remainder of my projects and providing any necessary
training to make the transition as smooth as possible.

If you would like to schedule a time to discuss this further, let me know when
you are available. Thank you for your continued support and for taking the
time to read this.

Sincerely,

Anwesha Biswas

Enclosed:
List of my current projects
The schedule for completing them all

Example 1: Personal reason

John Doe
Senior Analyst
XYZ Private Limited
202, MG Road
Bangalore 560037
[email protected]

June 1, 2021

Mr. Harry,

Sub: Emergency Leave Letter

I am writing to you to let you know that I have an important personal matter
to attend in my hometown, due to which I would not be able to come to the
office until January, 7.
I have informed my teammates about my leave and have advised them on
the project we are working on. You may contact me on (Your mobile number)
in case you need me for any urgent information.

I request you to please grant me a leave for three days and oblige.

Sincerely,

John Doe

Example 2: Family emergency

Dear Harry,

Sub: Emergency Leave Letter

I would like to inform you that I received a phone call from my mother this
morning that my father has suffered a heart attack and he has been
admitted to ICU in [name of hospital and city]. I am required to reach the
hospital at the earliest.

Hence, I request you to grant me a leave for three days starting today. I plan
to rejoin my work on June 4, 2021. As I am not fully aware of the gravity of
situation, I would inform you in case I require to extend the leave.

I have informed my teammates about my leave. You may contact me on

(Your mobile number) in case you need me for any urgent information.

Thanking you, anticipating your approval of leave at your earliest.

Sincerely,

John Doe
Analytical Paragraphs Based on Bar Charts or Bar Graphs

Here you will learn all about the analytical paragraphs based on Bar
Charts
What is a Bar Graph-
A bar graph is a graphical representation of data using rectangular bars. The
bars can be either vertical or horizontal, depending on the data they
represent. Bar graphs are used to compare and contrast different sets of
data and are one of the most popular types of data visualization.
Some Tips to solve analytical Paragraph Based on the Bar Graph
To write an effective analytical paragraph based on a bar graph, here are a
few tips to keep in mind:
Writing an analytical paragraph based on a bar graph can be tricky but with
some dedication, you can make sure your analysis is accurate and to the
point.

To begin, take a look at the bar graph and break it down into its individual
components.
Next, identify any trends or changes you can observe in the graph and then
write down the data points or figures that support these observations.
Finally, write a few sentences to explain your findings and draw conclusions
from them.

With these tips, you’ll have a well-written analytical paragraph based on your
bar graph in no time! Here are a few common phrases you can use to make
your analytical paragraph look more professional-
• The given chart shows………
• This chart illustrates
• The data presented before us clearly states.
We find that from year XXXX to XXXX it remained in trend
Analytical Paragraphs Based on Line Graph-
What is a line Graph- A line graph is a type of chart that tracks changes in
data over time. It displays information in the form of a series of connected
points, each representing a value on a particular axis. Line graphs are
commonly used to show changes in one or more variables, and can be very
effective tools for tracking trends in data. With Edumantra’s analytical
paragraph practice questions based on line graph, you can learn to score
better in CBSE class 10 Board Exam-
Following is an example of line graph-
Use the following phrases to explain the contents of a line graph-
If the line goes upward from one to the other point use the following words:

We observe a growth
A clear rise is seen
A climb up in the line is seen
an increase is apparent

If the line goes downward from one to the other point use the
following words:
• We observe a fall
• A clear decline is seen
• A coming down in the line is seen
• a decrease is apparent
Most Important tip for solving analytical Paragraph– All of you have to
remember that there is no limit of explanation so there is no need to show
extra talent. Be in the word limit. Writing unnecessarily irritates the
examiner and wastes your time also. So be wise.
Question- 1- The graph shows the recent technological revolution in
India in recent years. Summarise the information by selecting and
reporting the main features. Make comparisons where necessary.

Ans. The line graph provided above demonstrates the sudden emergence of
a technological revolution in India from 2005 to 2020, spanning fifteen years.
Utilization of communication technology became widespread during this time
period. The Internet and Smartphone increased at a dramatic rate starting in
2005, with the Tablet joining in 2015. From 30 percent use of the Internet in
2005, it jumped to 60 percent by 2010 – an impressive growth of 100
percent.
Further rising to 75 percent in 2015 and reaching its peak at 90 percent in
2020 indicated that nine out of ten Indians were using the Internet by then.
The Smartphone made a modest beginning at 5 percent but surged to 15
percent by 2010, subsequently skyrocketing up to 65 percent.
This was followed by a steady increase from 65 percent in 2015 up to 69
percent by 2020. Lastly, the Tablet entered late into this communication
revolution but still showed considerable growth within only five years period
between 2015 and 2020.
It started modestly in 2015. However, by 2020 it shot up to 48 percent. By
2020, one out of two Indians were using tablets. The communication
revolution in India took place suddenly and rapidly. As long as it continues
like this, every Indian will be a part of it.

Solved Example of Analytical Paragraph Based on Line Graph 2.

Question- 2- The line-graph chart given below breaks down the sales
history of the famous Lifebuoy brand in soap in the first six months
of the year, from January to June. Write an analytical paragraph
after selecting and reporting the main features. Make comparisons
where necessary.

Ans. The chart above depicts the market performance of a well-known

Lifebuoy soap in its sales history during the first half of the year. On the
whole, winter months had a low sale rate compared to summer periods.
January being India’s coldest month results in a reduced number of bathers
and, as such, lower usage of soap; this is palpable in its sale figures with only
10 lac pieces sold. Things begin to improve by February with a 50 percent
increase yet dip again in March. The chill is nearly gone by April and more
bathing leads to an increase in sales.
Frequent bathing has had a demonstrable impact on ‘Lifebuoy’ sales, with 40
lacs pieces sold in April, rising steadily to 60 lacs in May and reaching an
unprecedented high of 70 lacs in the summer’s hottest month of June. Given
the correlation between weather and soap sales, it is not unreasonable to
conclude that demand is greatest during the summer.
Question- 3- The line graph given below breaks down the number of
cars produced in Standard Automobile Company from 2015 to 2020.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main
features. Make comparisons where necessary.

Ans. The line-graph above gives an overview of the production numbers of

Standard Automobile Company from 2015 to 2020. In 2015.
A modest 15 lacs cars were manufactured; this number saw a 33 percent
growth and rose to 20 lacs in 2016. The following year was incredibly
successful as it marked a 100 percent increase with 40 lacs vehicles being
produced. Unfortunately, 2018 was the lowest point in the production list
with 10 lacs cars being made.
This all changed in 2019 when 50 lacs automobiles were manufactured, and
the company reached its peak. But 2020 saw another dip in production
numbers that reduced it to 20 lacs again. It’s apparent that during 2016-
2017 and 2018-2019, the production was ideal while 2017-2018 and 2019-
2020 witnessed the least number of cars being made by the company.
All things considered, large fluctuations were observed in Standard
Automobile Company’s automobile manufacturing process over a six year
period.

Let’s take a look at the solved examples of Analytical Paragraphs

for class 10 Board Exam-
Analytical Paragraphs Based on PIE CHARTS
What is a Pie chart- Pie Charts/Graphs represent data by using a circle
divided into segments or sections. Each segment or section represents a
certain percentage or proportion.
A Pie chart is a graphical representation of data in which the individual
components are represented as slices of a circle. Pie charts can be used to
represent various aspects of a data set, such as the number or percentage of
particular categories or proportions between different categories.
It is an effective way of displaying information and making comparisons
between categories easily accessible.

Analytical Paragraphs Solved Examples Based on Pie Charts

Question- 1- The following pie chart represents the distribution of

the overseas tourists and their age profile respectively. Study the
chart carefully and write an analytical paragraph giving the general
trends and other necessary details. Don’ forget to compare the
segments where relevant.

Ans. The analysis of the pie graph implies that the younger people are, the
less likely they are to go abroad: with only 8% in the youngest age group. As
we move up through the ages, the percentage of overseas trips gradually
increases, reaching 12% for those aged 25-30 and 20% when combining
both these age groups. However, it’s clearly evident that those between 30-
45 years are much more likely to travel overseas, making up 30% of all
tourists. The highest portion is obviously held by those above 45 – two out of
every five travellers falls in this age group. This suggests that older folks not
only have more free time and money for such journeys but perhaps a greater
inclination as well. In contrast, younger people appear to lack either or both
resources.

Question- 2-An analysis of the pie-chart below illustrates how

internet users aged 17+ browse the web most often. Write an
analytical paragraph giving details and the general trend.

Ans. The survey reveals that internet users aged 17 and above have
different preferences for browsing the web. Smart Phones are their most
popular choice, with almost every third person opting for them. Closely
following behind is the Laptop with thirty percent of users turning to it
instead. Tablet users come in at number three, with one in five people
preferring this option.
The Desktop Computer is next in the race, with fourteen percent of those
surveyed expressing a preference for it. Other devices account for only four
percent of use by people 17 and over. It’s clear that Smart Phones and
Laptops are the favorites among this age group when it comes to accessing
the internet, while Tablets and Desktops lag behind as far as popularity goes.

ANALYTICAL PARAGRAPHS ON NUMERICAL TABLES

Tips to solve the Analytical Paragraph based on Numerical Table
Describe briefly what the given table is all about and what it aims to
accomplish.
As a result of studying the table, give the general trend/overall view that
emerges.
Don’t forget to compare or contrast things or items where relevant or
necessary for your analytic interpretation of the table.
Your analytical paragraph should conclude with a relevant but effective
conclusion.
Language should be simple, grammatically correct, and appropriate, with
relevant words and phrases.

Question- 2- The given table records the number of employees

working in Golden Automobiles in various departments from 2015 to
2019. Give an analytical description of the table in your own words.
Also give necessary comparisons and contrasts wherever possible.
Advertisement

Ans. Over a five-year period, from 2015 to 2019, the table above illustrates
the number of employees working at Golden Automobiles in various
departments. The study also provides adequate data to compare how the
numbers increased or decreased in Production, Sales, Corporate, and
accounting departments.
Only the Corporate department is an exception. The overall trend indicates
that the number of employees in Sales and Accounts is directly proportional
to production.
In 2015, the production department began with 1500 employees. Its
employees rose and fell independently irrespective of production figures. The
lowest numbers were in 2015.
The Sales and Accounts departments had the least number of employees at
250 and 450 respectively. Comparatively, Corporate peaked in 2015 at 500
employees while production, Sales, and Accounts hit their lowest point. In
2019 however, it was 5050 in Production, 750 in Sales, and 1300 in Accounts
that made up the highest number of employees excluding Corporate.
The latter hit its minimum count in 2017 with 300. It is clear that except for
Corporate, Golden Automobiles’ staff level relies on production levels; when
more is produced, greater employee numbers are required across Production
and other related departments. The Corporate department stands alone as
an independent entity unaffected by the demands of other working areas.
The given table illustrates some revealing facts about seven
most popular languages in the world. The table allows
comparison between the number of people who study a
language versus those who speak it as a mother tongue. It
also shows how many countries have speakers of both A and
B.
The dominance of English is quite evident. 1.5 billion people
are learning English all over the world. Chinese and Hindi,
here, hold poor second and third positions. 230 million and
120 million are the number of people learning Chinese and
Hindi respectively. French is the fourth popular language
that is being learnt by 82 million people.
Chinese and Hindi dominate so far as the number of native
speakers is concerned. 1.3 billion native speakers speak
Chinese while Hindi has about 640 million native speakers.
English is a poor third at 527 million and Spanish holds the
fourth position with 389 million pushing back French at
number 4 with 118 million native speakers. Italian and
Japanese are at the lowest legs of the ladder.
English shows its prominence as a true global language. It is
spoken and studied in more than a hundred countries.
French and Chinese follow English with their presence in 51
and 33 countries respectively. Spanish, Italian, Japanese and
Hindi are spoken in 31, 29, 25 and 23 countries respectively.
Overall, more people are learning English than all the other
languages combined, together. However, Chinese is getting
popularity among the learners. Hindi is being studied more
than Spanish, Italian and Japanese combined together.
English seems to be unbeatable as it is studied and learnt in
101 countries.
PASSAGE 1
Read the following passage carefully.
1. Few guessed that this quiet, parentless girl growing up in New York City would
one day become the First Lady of the United States. Even fewer thought she would
become an author and lecturer and a woman much admired and loved by people
throughout the world.
2. Bom Anna Eleanor Roosevelt in 1884 to wealthy, but troubled parents who both
died while she was young, Roosevelt was cared for by her grandmother and sent to
school in England. In 1905, she married her distant cousin, Franklin Delano
Roosevelt. She and her husband had six children. Although they were wealthy, her
life was not easy and she suffered several personal tragedies. Her second son died
when he was a baby. In 1921, her strong athletic husband was stricken with polio,
which left him physically disabled for life.
3. Eleanor Roosevelt was a remarkable woman who had great intelligence and
tremendous strength of character. She never let things get her down. She nursed
her husband back to good health and encouraged him to remain in politics. She
then helped him to become Governor of New York, and in 1933, President of the
United States.
4. While her husband was President, she took a great interest in all the affairs of the
country. She became her husband’s legs and eyes; she visited prisons and
hospitals; she went down into mines, up scaffoldings and into factories. Roosevelt
was tireless and daring. During the depression she travelled all over the country
bringing goodwill, reassurance and help to people without food and jobs. During
World War II she visited American soldiers in camps all over the world. The United
States had never known a First Lady like her.
5. Roosevelt also kept in touch with the American people through a daily newspaper
column called ‘My Day’. She broadcast on the radio and delivered lectures, all first
for a First Lady.

Questions
On the basis of your understanding of the above passage answer the following
questions:
(a) How was Eleanor Roosevelt’s personality in contrast to what she became?
(b) Apart from being the First Lady what else did she have to her credit?
(c) What challenges did she face in her personal life but remained unfazed?
(d) Eleanor was a strong woman who helped her husband become the President of
America. How?
(e) What does the statement: ‘she became her husband’s legs and eyes’ mean?
(f) What was her special contribution during the depression?
(g) How did she motivate soldiers during World War II?
(h) What did she do for the first time for a First Lady?
(i) What side of her personality is reflected in this passage?

PASSAGE 2
Read the passage given below and answer the questions given after the passage.
Milkha Singh, also known as The Flying Sikh, was an Indian track and field
sprinter who was introduced to the sport while serving in the Indian Army. He is
the only athlete to win gold in 400 metres at the Asian Games as well as the
Commonwealth Games. He also won gold medals in the 1958 and 1962 Asian
 Games. He represented India in the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, the
1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo) He
was awarded the Padma Shri, India’s fourth-highest civilian honour, in recognition
of his sporting achievements
The race for which Singh is best remembered is his fourth-place finish in the 400
metres final at the 1960 Olympic Games. He led the race till the 200 m mark
before easing off, allowing others to pass him. Singh’s fourth-place time of 45.73
seconds was the Indian national record for almost 40 years.
From beginnings that saw him orphaned and displaced during the partition of India,
Singh became a sporting icon in the country. In 2008, journalist Rohit Baijnath
described Singh as “the finest athlete India has ever produced”.
He was disappointed with his debut performance at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics.
*1 returned to India, chastened by my poor performance in Melbourne. I had
been so excited by the prospects of being part of the Indian Olympics team, but,
hadn’t realized how strong and professional the competition would be. My
success in India had filled me with a false sense of pride and it was only when I
was on the track that I saw how inconsequential my talents were when pitted
against superbly fit and seasoned athletes. It was then that I understood what
competition actually meant, and that if I wanted to succeed on the international
arena, I must be prepared to test my mettle against the best athletes in the
world.”
Then he decided to make sprinting the sole focus of his life. “Running had thus
become my God, my religion and my beloved”. My life during those two years
was governed by strict rules and regulations and a self-imposed penance. Every
morning I would rise at the crack of dawn, get into my sports kit and dash off to
the track, where I would run two or three miles cross-country in the company of
my coach.”
On how he pushed himself through the tough days of vigorous training. “I practiced
so strenuously that often I was drained of all energy, and there were times when
I would increase my speed to such an extent that after my rounds, I would vomit
blood or drop-down down unconscious through sheer exercise. My doctors and
coaches warned me, asked me to slow down to maintain my health and
equilibrium but my determination was too strong to give up. My only focus was to
become the best athlete in the world. But then images of a packed
stadium filled with cheering spectators, wildly applauding me as I crossed
the finishing line, would flash across my mind and I would start again,
encouraged by visions of victory.”
(i) What is Milka Singh known as? What realization did Milkha Singh have when he
was on the track during the Melbourne Olympics?
(ii) List any two of Milkha Singh’s achievements.
(iii) What strict rules and regulations did Milkha Singh follow?
(iv) State two consequences of his hard and strenuous practice.
(v) What motivated Milkha Singh to become the best athlete in the world?
(vi) Explain the phrase ‘I would start again’ in the last sentence.

PASSAGE 3
Read the passage given below and answer the questions/complete the statements
that follow by choosing the most appropriate options out of the given ones.
Around 194 million birds and 29 million mammals are thought to be killed each year
on European roads, according to a new study that has ranked the most vulnerable
species. The research has found that the species killed most often were not
necessarily the endangered species. This means action to preserve wildlife when
new roads are built risks being targeted at the wrong species based on current
methods. Road densities in Europe are among the world’s highest, with 50% of the
continent within 1.5 km of a paved road or railway. Roads are therefore a significant
threat to wildlife and evidence shows deaths on them could even cause some
species to disappear completely.
Despite this, the long-term protection of species is not currently considered when
assessing the impact of new roads on wildlife, meaning we risk giving support to
only the endangered species, doing nothing to help those most at risk. A better
understanding of which species are most vulnerable to roads is therefore important
if we are to take a more effective action of protection.
A research team based in Lisbon calculated road-kill rates for 423 bird species and
212 mammal species. They found that small animals with high population densities
and which mature at an early age were most likely to be killed on roads. Nocturnal
mammals and birds with a diet of plants and seeds were also shown to have higher
death rates.
The study also used the road-kill surveys to rank the bird and mammal species
whose long-term survival was most threatened by road-kill. The hazel grouse and
ground squirrel were found to be the most at risk of local extinction. Both are
common in Europe but are classified as species of Least Concern Red List of
Threatened Species.
The most vulnerable animals classified as threatened by IUCN were the red-
knobbed Coot, Balcan mole and Podolian mole. The study revealed that roadkill
hotspots were not the areas with the highest population of endangered species. For
example, house sparrows had a high road-kill rate (2.7 per km/ year) but were
ranked 420th of 423 bird species for vulnerability. Conversely, the hazel grouse had
a low predicted road kill-rate (0.2 per km/yr) but was most vulnerable of all birds
studied.
Study the following statements:
(A) Roads are killers for animals.
(B) Both birds and mammals are killed on roads.
(C) Species most killed are necessarily the endangered ones.
(a) (A) is correct and (B) is false.
(b) (B) is correct and (C) is false.
(c) Both (a) and (A) are correct.
(d) (C) is correct and (A) is false.
Study the following statements:
(A) Roads have covered 50% of land in Europe.
(B) Road traffic causes a great risk to wild life.
(C) Some species can survive all kinds of traffic on roads.
(a) (A) is correct and (B) is false.
(b) (B) is correct and (C) is false.
(c) (C) is correct and (A) is false.
(d) Both (A) and (B) are false.
Which of the following points clearly depicts the message of the given paragraph?
(a) While planning roads we should see which species to protect.
(b) We are doing a lot to protect those most at risk.
(c) 50% of Europe is covered only with roads.
(d) Small animals even with low population density are most at risk.
Which of the following given points is the correct statement?
(a) More mammals than birds are killed on the roads.
(b) Small animals generally keep away from roads.
(c) Number of road-kills depends upon the population density of small animals
(d) Animals that come out only at night are saved.
(A) The surveys ranked the road-kill rate of birds and mammals.
(B) The finding puts grouse and squirrel at great risk.
(a) (A) is an assertion and (B) is the response.
(b) (B) is an assertion and (A) is the response.
(c) Both (A) and (B) are false.
(d) Both (A) and (B) are unrelated to each other.
Hazel grouse and ground squirrel are classified as species of least concern.
The statement is:
(a) a logical conclusion.
(b) a piece of good news.
(c) ironical.
(d) a pleasant surprise.
The title of the study should be:
(a) A Birds and Mammals survey
(b) Road-kills (c) Road density in Europe
(d) Need for conservation.
The purpose of the study is:
(a) how to prevent road-kills.
(b) to see who is more at risk on the roads.
(c) how to plan better roads.
(d) to estimate the number of road accident victims

PASSAGE 4
Read the following passage carefully.

1. As the family finally sets off from home after many arguments, there is a moment
of lull as the car takes off. “Alright, so where are we going for dinner now?" asks the
one at the driving wheel. What follows is a chaos as multiple voices make as many
suggestions.
2. By the time order is restored and a decision is arrived at, tempers have risen,
feelings injured and there is at least one person grumbling.

3. Twenty years ago, you would step out of home, the decision of meal and venue
already made with no arguments or opposition and everybody looked forward to the
meal with equal enthusiasm. The decision was made by the head of the family and
the others fell in line. Today every member of the family has a say in every decision
which also promotes a sense of togetherness and bonding.

4. We empower our kids to take their own decisions from a very early age. We ask
them the cuisine they prefer, the movie they want to see, the holiday they wish to
go on and the subjects they wish to study.

5. It's a closely connected world, out there where children consult and guide each
other. A parent's well – meaning advice can sound like nothing more than
unnecessary preaching. How then do we reach our children through all the
conflicting views and make the voice of reason be heard? Children today question
choices and prefer to go with the flow.
6. What then is the best path to take? I would say the most important thing one can
do is to listen. Listen to your children and their silences. Ensure that you keep some
time aside for them, insist that they share their stories with you. Step into their
world. It is not as complicated as into it sounds; just a daily half an hour of quality
time would do the trick.

I) On the basis of your reading of the, above passage, answer the following;
questions in 30 -40 words each:

(a) Write one advantage and one disadvantage of allowing, every family member to
part; of the decision-making process.
(b) In today's world, what are parents asking their kids?
(c) Which two pieces of advice does the writer give to the parents?
(d) The passage supports the parents. How far do you agree with the author's
views? Support your view with a reason.

On the basis of your reading of the above passage, answer the following:
(a) The synonym of 'hurt' as given in paragraph 2 is_________

(b) The word which means the same as 'a style or method of cooking' in paragraph
4 is _
(i) cuisine
(ii) gourmet
(iii) gastric
(iv) science

(c) The antonym of 'agreeable' as given in paragraph 5 is

(d) The antonym of 'simple' as given in paragraph 6 is
(i) difficult
(ii) complicated
(iii) easy
(iv) tricky
PASSAGE 5

Kausani is situated at a height of 6,075 feet in the Central Himalayas. It is an

unusually attractive little town. It covers just about 5.2 sq. kms. It lies to the
north of Almora in Uttarakhand's picturesque Kumaon region.
Kausani provides the 300-km wide breathtaking view of the Himalayas. It is
the most striking aspect of the place. Snow-capped peaks are spread in a
stately row. They stare at you in silvery white majesty. The most famous
peak on view is Nanda Devi, the second highest mountain in India. It is
situated at a height of 25,645 feet and 36 miles away as the crow flies. The
other famous peaks on view are Choukhamba (23,420 feet) and Trishul
(23,360 feet). Then there are also Nilkanth, Nandaghunti, Nandaghat, and
Nandakot. On a clear day, the blue of the sky makes a splendid background
to these peaks. At sunrise and at sunset, when the color changes to a golden
orange, the scene gets etched in your memory. When Gandhiji visited this
place in 1929, its scenic beauty held him spellbound. He named it the
'Switzerland of India'. He prolonged his two-day stay to fourteen days,
making time to write a book, 'Anashakti Yoga'. The place where he was
staying was originally a guest-house of the tea estate. It was renamed
'Anashakti Ashram' after the book. Kausani is the birthplace of
Sumitranandan Pant, India's poet laureate. Its natural surroundings inspired
many of his poems. Its tea gardens mingle with dense pine forests and fruit
orchards. The area is also host to many fairs and religious ceremonies. If
Uttarakhand is the abode of gods, Kausani is God's own backyard. There is
no traffic, no one is in a hurry. If serenity could be put on a canvas, the
picture would resemble Kausani.

On the basis of your reading of the above passage, answer the

following questions.
(a) Where is Kausani located?
(b) What is the most striking aspect of Kausani?
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(c) Which is the most famous peak in a view from Kausani?
(d) How did Kausani influence, Sumitranandan Pant?
(e) When does the view of peaks become so memorable?
(f) How can we say that Gandhiji was greatly charmed by the natural beauty
of Kausani?
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(g) What makes Kausani a calm and quiet place?
(h) Why do you think Kausani is known as God’s own backyard?
STD 9 ANALYTICAL PARAGRAPH EXAMPLES
Global weather is warming leading to Arctic meltdown. Study the
following pie chart and write a brief paragraph on factors affecting
global warming, in about 100 words.
Global warming is primarily a result of the greenhouse effect
caused by too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which acts
as a blanket, trapping heat

The given pie chart represents the amount of money spent by a

family on different items in a month. Write an analytical
paragraph using the information given in the chart.

Answer: The pie chart provides information about the amount

of money a family has spent on different items in a month. On
an average, the family has spent majorly on grocery which is
twenty-three percent of the total expenses. Whereas it has
spent 20 percent on education which shows that it’s the second
priority for the family.
The other item on which it has spent the most is clothes and
transportation which levels off 19 and 18 percent respectively.
Fifteen per-cent of their expenses were on other items that
might include stationery, cosmetics, accessories, etc. and the
least they had spent was on their rent. The maximum amount
was spent on grocery, education, transportation and clothes.
Overall the data shows that they have not spent much on the
unnecessary items or miscellaneous. After spending on grocery
which is of utmost importance they have spent a significant
amount on education. The least money is spent on
miscellaneous items after spending on their rent which is their
liability. Thus, it is evident that 85% of their total amount of
money was spent on their liabilities whereas only 15 percent
was spent on other items that might not be necessary to spend
on.

The graph given shows estimated sales of gold in Dubai in 2002.

Write an analytical paragraph describing the line graph in around
150 words.
Answer:
The line graph depicts the estimated sales of gold in Dubai for a
period of twelve months in 2002 in millions of Dirhams.
In January 2002, the sales stood at 200 million Dirhams. It steadily
increased through the next month and peaked to 350 million
Dirhams in the third month of the year. However, the gold sales
started to plummet over the next three months and hit 110
million Dirhams in the month of July. Unexpectedly, the sales
doubled in August before coming down to the same level as in
July for the month of September. For the next two months of the
year, the gold sales levelled off to 180 million Dirhams and then
slightly increased in December.
Overall, the estimated gold sales fluctuated in 2002. The sales
were the highest in the month of March and lowest in the months
of July and September. The sales at the end of the year were
almost the same as they were in the beginning of the year.
Here we conclude the topic of Analytical paragraphs. As it is a
new topic added to the syllabus of Class 10, students need to
prepare it well.

Below is a graph given showing birth and death rates in a country

from 1901 to 2101. Write an analytical paragraph (100-150
words).
Answer:
The graph shows birth and death rates starting from 1901 till
2101.
Since 1901, the birth rate has remained more than the death rate
until 2041. Birth rate was 20000 in 1901 and started increasing
gradually. It peaked in 1961 to around 65000. From 1961, birth
rate has fluctuated multiple times between 50000 and 60000. It is
expected to decline for the coming years reaching approximately
42000 by 2101.
On the other hand, the death rate stood at around 10000 in 1901
and then has increased steadily. It is expected to rise strikingly
from 2021 before levelling off to approximately 60000 between
2061 and 2081. The graph indicates a slight decline in deaths in
the year 2101.
The graph shows the huge gap between birth rate and death
during 1961 to 2001. However, this gap is expected to reduce in
the later years. Overall, as opposed to the prevailing trends, the
death rate will be more than the birth rate in the later half of the
21st century.

A research was conducted in order to see the maturity gap

between young people of 15-35 years old and older people of 36-
60 years old. The respondents were asked which of the following
was the most important in order to be successful in life.
Conceptualise the given result in an analytical paragraph having
150-200 words.
The given bar graph represents the research conducted to
observe the difference in the mentality of young and old people.
The respondents were asked which of the following items was the
most important in order to be successful in life. The respondents
ranged from young people of 15-35 years old to older people of
36-60 years old. The bar graph is a grouped type bar graph, which
shows the side-by-side comparison of the two groups.
Both the groups think Hard Work to be the most important item
required for success in life. On the other hand, they think
Contacts to be of lesser importance. The younger group feels
Talent and Intelligence to be the keys to success. The older group
thinks Hard Work, Honesty, Luck and Money to be the major tools
for success. The item Contacts got the same amount of vote,
slightly more from the younger group.
Overall, the older group believes that, using resources in
sufficient amounts like money and with luck and hard work, one
can multiply that money into great amounts. However, the
younger group believes that, even if one does not have a single
penny, with talent, high IQ, and social interaction, one can be
successful.

The Bar graph given below illustrates the popular games and
sports that are played in India and Pakistan. Summarize by
writing an analytical paragraph selecting the main features and
details. Compare wherever relevant.
The data shown in the bar graph illustrates that Cricket is the
most sought-after game amongst Indian and Pakistani sportsmen
in 2019-2020.
In India, it is almost a religion; 45% of people partake in this
game, whereas in Pakistan it stands at 40%. Hockey is no longer
as popular as before in either country; in India 15%, and Pakistan
20% of people play this sport. Interestingly, Football has gained
more traction in Pakistan with 5% more players than its
neighbour. Wrestling seems to be equally enjoyed by Indians and
Pakistanis, but there is a difference – only 5% of sportsmen from
the latter opted for it. On the other hand, Lawn Tennis has been
thrice more popular among Indian than Pakistani players. Cycling
had a higher percentage among Pakistanis; albeit only 5%,
compared to India’s lower 3%.
Clearly, Cricket still reigns supreme over all other games including
Hockey and Wrestling across both countries
Analytical Paragraph – 1
The given pie chart represents the amount of money spent by a family on
different items in a month. Write an analytical paragraph using the
information given in the chart.

Answer: The pie chart provides information about the amount of money a
family has spent on different items in a month. On an average, the family
has spent majorly on grocery which is twenty-three percent of the total
expenses. Whereas it has spent 20 percent on education which shows that
it’s the second priority for the family.

The other item on which it has spent the most is clothes and transportation which
levels off 19 and 18 percent respectively. Fifteen per-cent of their expenses were on
other items that might include stationery, cosmetics, accessories, etc. and the least
they had spent was on their rent. The maximum amount was spent on grocery,
education, transportation and clothes.
Overall the data shows that they have not spent much on the unnecessary items or
miscellaneous. After spending on grocery which is of utmost importance they have
spent a significant amount on education. The least money is spent on miscellaneous
items after spending on their rent which is their liability. Thus, it is evident that 85%
of their total amount of money was spent on their liabilities whereas only 15 percent
was spent on other items that might not be necessary to spend on.
Tenses exercise for class 10 CBSE

1. New techniques …………………………. (are helping / were helping / helps) scientists to predict how,
when, and where major hurricanes ……………………… (will / would / could) occur.
2. Even when scientists ……………………… (can / may / will) figure out where a storm is headed, winds
can change at the last minute, ………………………. (carries / carrying / carry) the storm in a new
direction.

3. Scientists ……………………………. (predict / predicts / predicted) hurricanes with the help of computer
simulations, or models, and knowledge of the past.

4. Scientists ………………………. (are collecting / have been collecting / collect) data about storms for
decades.

5. They ………………………… (noticed / have noticed / notice) patterns that suggest what it
……………………….. (is taking / takes / took) for a strong storm to form in the first place.
6. Storms ………………………… (are developing / develop / developed) over tropical waters in different
parts of the world.

7. For a hurricane to get ………………………… (organize / organized / organizing), ‘conditions have to be

just right’.

8. First, the ocean water ………………………….. (needs / is needing / need) to be warm enough so that
the winds can take up evaporated water which rises into the air.

9. As it rises, the vapor …………………………. (cool / cools / cooled) and turns back into liquid. This
process ……………………… (release / releases / releasing) heat and it drives the formation of a
hurricane.

10. If wind speeds inside the swirling mass ………………………… (reach / reached / have reached) 40
miles per hour, the system ………………………….. (classified / is classified / is classifying) as a ‘tropical
storm’, and it gets a name.

Answers

1. New techniques are helping scientists to predict how, when, and where major hurricanes will
occur.
2. Even when scientists can figure out where a storm is headed, winds can change at the last
minute, carrying the storm in a new direction.
3. Scientists predict hurricanes with the help of computer simulations, or models, and knowledge of the
past.
4. Scientists have been collecting data about storms for decades.
5. They have noticed patterns that suggest what it takes for a strong storm to form in the first place.
6. Storms develop over tropical waters in different parts of the world.
7. For a hurricane to get organized, ‘conditions have to be just right’.
8. First, the ocean water needs to be warm enough so that the winds can take up evaporated water
which rises into the air.
9. As it rises, the vapor cools and turns back into liquid. This process releases heat and it drives the
formation of a hurricane.
10. If wind speeds inside the swirling mass reach 40 miles per hour, the system is classified as a
‘tropical storm’, and it gets a name.
STD 8 Practice Exercise for Tenses
PRESENT TENSE
Exercises for the Simple Present Tense
Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.
1. He ______ to the gym every day. (go)
2. When ____ you go to college? (does)
3. She _______ she is very beautiful. (think)
4. Does he _____ in America? (lives)
5. I ______ a letter to my mom every month. (wrote)
Exercise on Present Continuous Tense
Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.
1. She ________ the dust from the blower. (blow)
2. He _________ on the roller coaster for a ride. (sit)
3. I _________ to London for a business meeting. (go)
4. She _________ too many chocolates at that time. (eat)
5. She _________ a beautiful dress at the party. (wear)
Exercises on Present Perfect Tense
Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.
1. I ______ run very fast in the field. (have/has)
2. Squirrels had ______ nuts for the winters. (store)
3. The sun ____ risen in the east. (have/has)
4. We ______ combed my hair. (have/has)
5. I have ______ french fries. (eat)
Exercise of Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.
1. She _____________ cricket since morning. (play)
2. They ______________ to market. (not go)
3. He ___________ the internet. (surf)
4. They _____________ to tuition. (go)
5. My dad _____________ to the office on foot. (go)
PAST TENSE
Exercises on Simple Past Tense
Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.
1. I _______ to the office Early. (go)
2. I _______ we will win the match. (know)
3. Your dad _______ a movie yesterday. (watch)
4. _______ He clean her bedroom. (do)
5. I _________ a letter to my sister. (write)
Exercise on Past Continuous Tense
Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.
1. They ______ going to market.
2. he _____ playing football.
3. I_____ watching a movie.
4. she_____ talking about yourself.
5. children _______ coming to the classroom.
Exercise of Past Perfect Tense
Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.
1. I had ______ the bill yesterday. (pay)
2. I had ______ notes with my classmates. (forget)
3. She had _____ a decent song. (sing)
4. He had ________ a Facebook password. (take)
5. We had _______ up early in the morning. (play)
past perfect continuous tense statement.
1. She _____________ an essay since morning. (write)
2. My father had been ________ for many years. (work)
3. I _________ video games. (play)
4. he had been ________ junk food. (eat) (negative sentence)
5. We had been ________ for the exam test. (prepare)
6. He _____________ cosmetic cream for a week. (use) (negative sentence)
7. I had been _________ my birthday for many years. (celebrate)
8. _____ he been __________ a song since a morning. (sing)(question/interrogative
sentences)
FUTURE TENSE
Exercise of simple Future Tense
Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.
1. I ____ wake up early in the morning.
2. We _____ eat apples tonight.
3. She _____ write a letter to her brother.
4. They _____ love them forever.
5. I _____do it again.
Exercises for the Simple Past Tense
Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.
1. She will be ________ our communication skills. (improve)
2. They will be _______ dinner. (cook)
3. He will be ________ at the playground. (run)
4. My dad will be _______ in the office. (work)
5. She will be ________ at the bus stop. (wait)
Exercise on Future Perfect Tense
1. She will have ______ more than 90% in the next semester. (score)
2. I will have _______ cricket next Sunday. (play)
3. We will have ______ to tour this week. (go)
4. Tina will have ________a good singer. (became)
5. I will have _______ all money this month. (spend)
Exercise Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.
1. She will have been ______ for four hours. (study)
2. They will have been ______ since Morning. (ran)
3. He will not have been _____ to Market. (went)
4. My mom will have been _________ for two hours. (work)
5. We will have been ________to the hill station next month. (go)
PRESENT TENSE

Exercises for the Simple Present Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

He ______ to the gym every day. (go)

When ____ you go to college? (does)

She _______ she is very beautiful. (think)

Does he _____ in America? (lives)

I ______ a letter to my mom every month. (wrote)

Answers

He goes to the gym every day. (go)

When do you go to college? (does)

She thinks she is very beautiful. (think)

Does he live in America? (lives)

I write a letter to my mom every month. (wrote)

Exercise on Present Continuous Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

She ________ the dust from the blower. (blow)

He _________ on the roller coaster for a ride. (sit)

I _________ to London for a business meeting. (go)

She _________ too many chocolates at that time. (eat)

She _________ a beautiful dress at the party. (wear)

Answers

She is blowing the dust from the blower. (blow)

He is sitting on the roller coaster for a ride. (sit)

I am going to London for a business meeting. (go)

She is eating too many chocolates at that time. (eat)

She is wearing a beautiful dress at the party. (wear)

Exercises on Present Perfect Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

I ______ run very fast in the field. (have/has)

Squirrels had ______ nuts for the winters. (store)

The sun ____ risen in the east. (have/has)

We ______ combed my hair. (have/has)

I have ______ french fries. (eat)

Answers

I have run very fast in the field. (have/has)

Squirrels had stored nuts for the winters. (store)

The sun has risen in the east. (have/has)

We have combed my hair. (have/has)

I have eaten french fries. (eat)

Exercise of Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

She _____________ cricket since morning. (play)

They ______________ to market. (not go)

He ___________ the internet. (surf)

They _____________ to tuition. (go)

My dad _____________ to the office on foot. (go)

Answers

She has been playing cricket since morning. (play)

They have not been going to market. (not go)

He has been surfing the internet. (surf)

They have been going to tuition. (go)

My dad has been going to the office on foot. (go)

PAST TENSE

Exercises on Simple Past Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

I _______ to the office Early. (go)

I _______ we will win the match. (know)

Your dad _______ a movie yesterday. (watch)

_______ He clean her bedroom. (do)

I _________ a letter to my sister. (write)

Answers

I went to the office Early. (go)

I knew we will win the match. (know)

Your dad watched a movie yesterday. (watch)

Did he clean her bedroom? (do)

I wrote a letter to my sister. (write)

Exercise on Past Continuous Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

They ______ going to market.

he _____ playing football.

I_____ watching a movie.

she_____ talking about yourself.

children _______ coming to the classroom.

Answers

They were going to market.

he was playing football.

I was watching a movie.

she was talking about yourself.

children were coming to the classroom.

Exercise of Past Perfect Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

I had ______ the bill yesterday. (pay)

I had ______ notes with my classmates. (forget)

She had _____ a decent song. (sing)

He had ________ a Facebook password. (take)

We had _______ up early in the morning. (play)

Answers

I had payed the bill yesterday. (pay)

I had forgotten notes with my classmates. (forget)

She had sung a decent song. (sing)

He had taken a Facebook password. (take)

We had played up early in the morning. (play)

past perfect continuous tense statement.

She _____________ an essay since morning. (write)

My father had been ________ for many years. (work)

I _________ video games. (play)

he had been ________ junk food. (eat) (negative sentence)

We had been ________ for the exam test. (prepare)

He _____________ cosmetic cream for a week. (use) (negative sentence)

I had been _________ my birthday for many years. (celebrate)

_____ he been __________ a song since a morning. (sing)(question/interrogative

sentences)

Answers

She had been writing an essay since morning.

My father had been working for many years.

I had been playing video games.

he had been eating junk food.

We had been preparing for the exam test.

He had been using cosmetic cream for a week.

I had been celebrating my birthday for many years.

Had he been singing a song since a morning.

FUTURE TENSE

Exercise of simple Future Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

I ____ wake up early in the morning.

We _____ eat apples tonight.

She _____ write a letter to her brother.

They _____ love them forever.

I _____do it again.

Answers

I shall wake up early in the morning.

We shall eat apples tonight.

She will write a letter to her brother.

They will love them forever.

I shall do it again.

Exercises for the Simple Past Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

She will be ________ our communication skills. (improve)

They will be _______ dinner. (cook)

He will be ________ at the playground. (run)

My dad will be _______ in the office. (work)

She will be ________ at the bus stop. (wait)

Answers

She will be improving our communication skills.

They will be cooking dinner.

He will be running at the playground.

My dad will be working in the office.

She will be waiting at the bus stop.

Exercise on Future Perfect Tense

She will have ______ more than 90% in the next semester. (score)

I will have _______ cricket next Sunday. (play)

We will have ______ to tour this week. (go)

Tina will have ________a good singer. (became)

I will have _______ all money this month. (spend)

Answers

She will have scored more than 90% in the next semester.

I will have played cricket next Sunday.

We will have gone to tour this week.

Thet will have become good singers.

I will have spent all money this month.

Exercise Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

She will have been ______ for four hours. (study)

They will have been ______ since Morning. (ran)

He will not have been _____ to Market. (went)

My mom will have been _________ for two hours. (work)

We will have been ________to the hill station next month. (go)

Answers

She will have been studying for four hours.

They will have been running since Morning.

He will not have been going to Market.

My mom will have been working for two hours.

We will have been going to the hill station next month

MODALS
 Fill in the blanks with an appropriate modal auxiliary verb.
1. I don’t think that I ………………………… pass the test. (will / would / can)
2. If you improve your communication skills, you …………………………. get a better
job. (will / would / could)
3. If we don’t get the money what ……………………………. we do? (will / would /
could)

4. You …………………………….. have locked the door before going out. (should /
would / can)

5. He ………………………….. not come unless you invite him. (will / would / could)
6. …………………………. we depend on them? (Can / Will / Would)

7. …………………………. I do the washing up? (Shall / Should / Would)

8. …………………………… you open the window? (Can / Shall / Should)

9. Where ……………………………. they have gone? (should / could / would)

10. If you had run faster, you …………………………….. have won. (will / could /
should)

11. If I lose the job, we ………………………….. be in trouble. (will / would / could)

12. …………………………. I open the window? (Will / Shall / Would)

13. If you worked harder, you ……………………………. pass the test. (would / will /
should)

14. ………………………….. you like something to drink? (Would / Could / Should)

15. …………………………. I know who you are. (May / Can / Will)

Answers

1. I don’t think that I will pass the test.

2. If you improve your communication skills, you will get a better job.
3. If we don’t get the money what will we do?
4. You should have locked the door before going out. (Use should have + past
participle to criticize people for not doing things.)
5. He will not come unless you invite him.
6. Can we depend on them?
7. Should I do the washing up?
8. Can you open the window?
9. Where could they have gone?
10. If you had run faster, you could have won. (Use could have + past participle to
talk about unrealized past ability.)
11. If I lose the job, we will be in trouble. (Use will to make future predictions.)
12. Shall I open the window? (Use shall I/we to ask for suggestion or
recommendation.)
13. If you worked harder, you would pass the test.
14. Would you like something to drink? (Use would in polite offers.)
15. May I know who you are? (Use may to ask for permission.)

Fill in the blanks with an appropriate modal auxiliary verb.

1. She ………………………. speak Spanish. (ability)

2. ………………….. I borrow your car? (Permission)

3. …………………… you come with me? (request)

4. We ……………………… watch a movie in the afternoon. (suggestion)

5. We …………………….. talk to the manager. (recommended action)

6. There was a time when I …………………… walk for miles on end. (past ability)

7. You ……………………….. have told him. (obligation)

8. ……………………. I open the windows? (permission)

9. We ……………………… buy a new car next month. (future possibility)

10. We ……………………… get the first prize. (prediction)

11. I …………………….. look after your dog when you are away. (willingness)

12. It is raining so we …………………… cancel the picnic. (intention)

13. ……………………… you like some more rice? (Polite offer)

14. He ……………………… spend hours playing video games. (past habit)

15. ……………………… I help you? (Offer)

16. You ……………………… listen to your parents and teachers. (advice /

recommendation)

17. You ……………………….. not break the law. (obligation)

18. You ………………………. lose weight. (necessity)

Answers
1. She can speak Spanish.
2. Can I borrow your car?
3. Can you come with me?
4. We could watch a movie in the afternoon.
5. We should talk to the manager.
6. There was a time when I could walk for miles on end.
7. You should have told him.
8. Can I open the windows?
9. We might buy a new car next month.
10. We will get the first prize.
11. I will look after your dog when you are away.
12. It is raining so we will cancel the picnic.
13. Would you like some more rice?
14. He would spend hours playing video games.
15. Shall I help you?
16. You must / should listen to your parents and teachers.
17. You should not break the law.
18. You should / must lose weight.

PRONOUN WORKSHEET

Fill in the blanks with appropriate pronouns

Read the following sentences and use the appropriate pronouns.

Murat is a good boy. __ always listens to__ teacher.

Amit and Sumit are twin brothers. ___ take the same bag to school.

Milly and I are very good friends. ___ have known each other since childhood.
The mangoes are very sour. Where did you buy ___?

I love watching Tom and Jerry. __ reminds me of my childhood days.

I bought this book for my sister. __ often read it together.

This is Steve. Do you know __?

There are many windows here. But all of ___ are jammed.

The army has reached __ destination.

My aunt and uncle live in Delhi. ___ often visit ___.

While playing basketball, I hurt ____.

The children locked ___ up in the cupboard while playing hide and seek.

I bought __ flowers for my anniversary.

All the boys participated in the race and ___ one of them got a prize.

___ of the witnesses were present in the court.

I met Peter ___ just returned from Belgium.

Raju set for ___, a target which was difficult to achieve.

The criminals ___ admitted their crime.

This is the girl __ identified the burglar.

The book is Anne’s. It is __ favourite book.

Answers for Exercise 1

He, his

They

We

Them

It

We
Him

Them

Their

We, them

Myself

Themselves

These

Each

None

Who

Himself

Themselves

Who

Her

Exercise 2 – Use the correct form of pronouns

Choose the correct pronoun and use it in the sentence.

(Me/I) feel like taking a short trip to the Maldives

(I/me) think you should participate in the debate.

Wuthering Heights is (her/hers) favourite book.

Those papers are (mine/my).

The box was lying around. Is (it/its) yours?

The dog almost choked (himself/itself).

Natasha was all by (yourselves/herself)

I got (me/myself) all wet.

(That/this) book lying here is mine.

(Each/neither) of us were given a gift hamper.

Do you want (that/it) pen?

I lost the toy you gave (me/myself)

This house is (ours/our).

It was (their/theirs) car.

Do you know (his/him)?

Answers for Exercise 2

Her

Mine

It

Itself

Herself

Myself

This

Each

That

Me

Ours

Their

Him
NOUN WORKSHEET
Common Noun Worksheet/Exercise for class 8
Underline the common lines in the Presented Sentences:
Divya is a girl.
My brother is a doctor.
Many people recognize this theory.
I will give you all information about the company project.
I love rabbits but not more than you.
Apart from maths, she also teaches language at home.
I want my jacket because it’s too cold outside.
She was only a talented woman here.
I use to live in this country 3 years ago.
Her father is a government officer in Delhi.
Answers
Girl
Brother
Theory
Project
Rabbits
Language
Jacket
Woman
Country
Father
Proper Noun Exercise for class 8
One noun in each of the following sentences has been bold for you. Write
“common noun” or “proper noun” in the given area:
Vihaan played with his best friend in society park. ______
How many books you have to buy for her. ________
Sakshi’s birthday is in June. ________
Lucy lives in the United States of America. _______
Daniel got a job in another company. _________
I saw Deadpool last weekend. _________
He was passed out from the Cambridge University last year. ______
Our new classmate is a good dancer. ______
I used to go temple every Monday. _______
My favorite dog is named Snoopy._______
Answers
Proper noun
Comm0n noun
Proper noun
Pronoun noun
Common noun
Proper noun
Proper noun
Common noun
Proper noun
Common noun

ABSTRACT NOUN
Identify the abstract noun in a respective sentence:
The teacher gives punishment to all the seniors.
Mr.Steven was well noted for his kindness.
My father is chock-full of wisdom.
Her mother sacrifices everything.
My nature is to remain silent in front of elders.
Captain was awarded for his bravery.
For girls, happiness is to buy new clothes.
Jealousy made Peter angry.
Bunny had a fear.
Mansi is doing this all to get sympathy.
Answers
Punishment
Kindness
Wisdom
Sacrifices
Silent
Bravery
Happiness
Angry
Fear
Sympathy

Identify the Adjectives

Read the given sentences below and circle the adjectives.

The homeless beggar hasn’t eaten in days.

The fox is a sly animal.

Mary had a little lamb.

The selfish giant didn’t allow the children to enter his garden.

The foolish dog barked at its reflection and lost its food.

The family didn’t have enough food for the winter.

The girl is a state-level boxer.

The brave army marched through the streets.

I had no idea such a fantastic place existed.

Some oranges are pretty sour.

The ship sustained heavy damage.

I have called Sam several times.

The teacher called your name twice.

Naomi won the second prize.

I haven’t seen Mr Thomas for several days.

The soldier died a glorious death.

I had an eventful day.

King Solomon was a wise king.

Penny saw the accident with her own eyes.

What colour shirt do you like?

Answers –

Homeless

Sly

Little
Selfish

Foolish

Enough

State-level

Brave

Fantastic

Some

Heavy

Several

Twice

Second

Several

Glorious

Eventful

Wise

Own

What
Final do as directed
EXERCISE 1
1. I disliked the idea of making Omelette. [Make it Negative.]
2. Mother was not at home. [Add a question tag.]
3. As soon as Dave had begun his second year when he heard himself hopelessly swamped.
[Use -'No sooner---than]
4. Don't lose faith. [Add a question tag]
5. I used to spend hours under it. [ use- Modal Auxiliary'would']
6. He was treated with respect. [Change the voice]7. I have tried getting you into the kitchen.
[Identify the tense]8. She has played the role in Hollywood . [Rewrite in Present Perfect
Continuous Tense.]9. He may have laughed in the company of his friends. [What does the
underlined word indicate -Permission OR Possibility]10. The science class--(start) when Satish---
(reach) the college. [Use suitable tense forms]11. This is the greatest lesson in life. [ Change the
degree]12. Are they free from the burden of parental aspiration? [Rewrite as Assertive]13. Let us
resolve to give our children the freedom of childhood. [Add a question tag]14. He is the right
person to do this. [Make it Rhetorical]15. Dean had been feeding him fresh rabbit's legs. [Identify
the tense]16. The problem was so difficult that I could not solve it. [Use-'too']17. Girls and boys
are given equal opportunity. [ Use-'not only-but also']18. There was no electricity; no primary
school. [ Use -'neither-nor']19. What a pleasant idea! [Make it Assertive]20. My father's moods
were as hot as Chennai's climate. [Change the degree]Exercise
21. Hitlar was the cruellest ruler in modern history.(Change the degree)2. That is not the way
a gentleman should behave.(Make it Rhetorical)3. How great Shivaji Maharaj was! (Make
assertive)4. What a witty remark it is! ( Make assertive)5. This is a very interesting novel.
(Rewrite as exclamatory)6. These boys are very brave. (Rewrite as exclamatory)7. The boy was
too exhausted to get out of the pool. (Use - 'so ---that')8. This sum is difficult. (Make it negative)9.
This is not a slow local train. ( Make it affirmative)10. There was --- tree on the hill. --- tree was
lonely. ( Fill in the blanks with articles)11. I received your kind letter. (Change the
voice)12. ....young should come forward to shoulder responsibility.(Fill in the blank with
articles)13. She put some water into the dog's dish. (Indentify the tense)14. What a beautiful
piece it is! (Rewrite as assertive)15. He was an awful looking man. (Rewrite as exclamatory)16.
She set the alarm. (Begin the sentence with 'The alarm...')17. Would he answer me?( Rewrite as
assertive)18. Sankalp has helped a total 22 SHGs. ( Change the voice)19. The complaint was
taken seriously.(Begin the sentence with 'Police took.....')20. You didn't help her. (Change the
voice)
 Highlight

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KEY 11. I did not like the idea of making Omelette.2. Mother was not at home, wasn't she?3. No
sooner had Dave begun his second year than he heard himself hopelessly swamped.4. Don't
lose faith, will you?5. I would spend hours under it.6. We treated him with respect.7. Present
Perfect Tense.8. She has been playing the role in Hollywood .9. Possibility10. The science class
had started when Satish reached the college.11. COMP: This is greater than any other lesson in
life.POSI: No other lesson in life is as great as this.12. They aren't free from the burden of parental
aspiration.13. Let us resolve to give our children the freedom of childhood, shall we?14. Isn't he
the right person to do this?15. Past Perfect Continuous Tense16. The problem was too difficult to
solve.17. Not only boys but also girls are given equal opportunity.18. There was neither electricity
nor primary school.19. It was a very pleasant idea.20. Chennai's climate was not hotter than my
father's moods.1. COMP: Hitlar was crueller than any other ruler in modern history.POSI: No other
ruler in modern history was as cruel as Hitler.2. Is that the way a gentleman should behave?3.
Shivaji Maharaj was very great.4. It is indeed a witty remark.5. What an interesting novel this is!
6. How brave these boys are!7. The boy was so exhausted that he could not get out of the
pool.8. This sum is not easy.9. This is a fast local train.10. There was a tree on the hill. The tree
was lonely.11. Your kind letter was received by me.12. The young should come forward to
shoulder responsibility.13. She put some water into the dog's dish. Simple Past Tense14. It is a
very beautiful piece.15. What an awful looking man!16. The alarm was set by her.17. He would
not answer me.18. A total 22 SHGs have been helped by Sankalp.19. Police took the complaint
seriously.20. She was not helped by you.
Adjective Comparativ Superlative Example Sentences
e

Good Better Best – This is a good book.

– I think this one is better than the others.
– This is the best book I’ve ever read.

Bad Worse Worst – This is a bad situation.

– Things are getting worse by the minute.
– This is the worst thing that could have happened.

Far Farther/ Farthest/ – The store is far from here.

Further Furthest – I had to walk farther/further than I expected.
– This is the farthest/furthest I’ve ever been from
home.

Little Less Least – That’s a little dog.

– He’s less shy than he used to be.
– That’s the least you could do for me.

Many More Most – There are many books in the library.

– I need more time to finish this project.
– This is the most important thing I’ve ever done.

Much More Most – I don’t have much money.

– I need more information about this.
– This is the most beautiful sunset I’ve ever seen.

Late Later Latest/Last – He was late for the meeting.

– Let’s meet later at the restaurant.
– This is the latest/last news we have on the subject.

Near Nearer/Closer Nearest/ – The store is near my house.

Closest – I prefer this hotel because it’s nearer/closer to the
city center.
– This is the nearest/closest hospital to my home.

Old Older Oldest – This is an old car.

– My brother is older than me.
– This is the oldest building in the city.

Young Younger Youngest – She’s a young actress.

– His sister is younger than him.
 – This is the youngest team in the league.

Heavy Heavier Heaviest – This is a heavy bag.

– I need a heavier coat for the winter.
– This is the heaviest weight I’ve ever lifted.

Light Lighter Lightest – This is a light suitcase.

– Can you give me a lighter book to read?
– This is the lightest cake I’ve ever tasted.

Big Bigger Biggest – This is a big house.

– I need a bigger room for my family.
– This is the biggest city in the country.

Small Smaller Smallest – This is a small coffee shop.

– I prefer a smaller car.
– This is the smallest island in the archipelago.

Short Shorter Shortest – This is a short book.

– I need a shorter pencil.
– This is the shortest route to the airport.

Tall Taller Tallest – This is a tall tree.

– My sister is taller than me.
– This is the tallest building in the world.

Wide Wider Widest – This is a wide road.

– I need a wider screen for my computer.
– This is the widest river in the country.

Narrow Narrower Narrowest – This is a narrow street.

– I need a narrower belt.
– This is the narrowest gap I’ve ever seen.

Deep Deeper Deepest – This is a deep pool.

– I need a deeper bowl for the soup.
– This is the deepest part of the ocean.

Shallow Shallower Shallowest – This is a shallow pond.

– The water gets shallower as we move closer to the
shore.
– This is the shallowest river I’ve ever seen.
Rich Richer Richest – He is a rich businessman.
– The country has become richer in recent years.
– This is the richest chocolate cake I’ve ever tasted.

Poor Poorer Poorest – He is a poor farmer.

– The country has become poorer in recent years.
– This is the poorest area in the city.

Full Fuller Fullest – This is a full glass of water.

– Can you pour me a fuller glass?
– This is the fullest I’ve ever felt after a meal.

Empty Emptier Emptiest – This is an empty room.

– Can you find an emptier container?
– This is the emptiest parking lot I’ve ever seen.

High Higher Highest – This is a high mountain.

– I need to climb higher to get a better view.
– This is the highest point in the state.

Low Lower Lowest – This is a low chair.

– Can you put it lower so I can reach it?
– This is the lowest temperature we’ve ever had.

Hot Hotter Hottest – This is a hot day.

– Can you make it hotter in here?
– This is the hottest sauce I’ve ever tasted.

Good- Better- Best-looking – He is good-looking.

looking looking – He is better-looking than he was before.
– He is the best-looking guy in the room.

Well- Better- Best-behaved – The kids are well-behaved.

behaved behaved – The kids are better-behaved than they were last
year.
– The kids are the best-behaved students in the
school.

Fast Faster Fastest – That car is fast.

– That car is faster than the one we saw yesterday.
– That is the fastest car I have ever seen.

Slow Slower Slowest – He is slow.

– He is slower than he used to be.
 – He is the slowest runner on the team.

Hard Harder Hardest – This task is hard.

– This task is harder than the one we did yesterday.
– This is the hardest task I have ever completed.

Soft Softer Softest – That pillow is soft.

– That pillow is softer than the one I had before.
– That is the softest pillow I have ever felt.

Easy Easier Easiest – That quiz is easy.

– That quiz is easier than the one we had last week.
– That is the easiest quiz I have ever taken.

Short Shorter Shortest – He is short.

– He is shorter than his brother.
– He is the shortest person in his class.

Tall Taller Tallest – He is tall.

– He is taller than his brother.
– He is the tallest person in his class.

Early Earlier Earliest – He is early.

– He arrived earlier than he said he would.
– This is the earliest he has ever been.

Strong Stronger Strongest – He is strong.

– He is stronger than he was last year.
– He is the strongest person on the team.

Weak Weaker Weakest – He is weak.

– He is weaker than he was last year.
– He is the weakest person on the team.

Clean Cleaner Cleanest – The room is clean.

– The room is cleaner than it was before.
– The room is the cleanest it has ever been.

Dirty Dirtier Dirtiest – The floor is dirty.

– The floor is dirtier than it was yesterday.
– The floor is the dirtiest it has ever been.

New Newer Newest – She has a new phone.

 – She has a newer phone than the one I have.
– She has the newest phone on the market.

Cold Colder Coldest – The water is cold.

– The water is colder than it was before.
– This is the coldest water I have ever felt.

Dry Drier Driest – The towel is dry.

– The towel is drier than it was before.
– This is the driest towel I have ever used.

Wet Wetter Wettest – The clothes are wet.

– The clothes are wetter than they were before.
– This is the wettest day of the year.

Bright Brighter Brightest – The sun is bright.

– The sun is brighter than it was yesterday.
– This is the brightest day of the year.

Dark Darker Darkest – The room is dark.

– The room is darker than it was before.
– This is the darkest room I have ever been in.

Good- Better- Best-natured – He is good-natured.

natured natured – He is better-natured than he was before.
– He is the best-natured person I know.

Great Greater Greatest – That is a great idea.

– That idea is greater than the one we had yesterday.
– That is the greatest idea I have ever heard.

Terrible More terrible Most terrible – That is a terrible idea.

– That idea is more terrible than the one we had
yesterday.
– That is the most terrible idea I have ever heard.

Merry Merrier Merriest – She is a merry person.

– She is merrier than she was yesterday.
– She is the merriest person at the party.

Sad Sadder Saddest – He is sad.

– He is sadder than he was yesterday.
– He is the saddest person in the room.
Brave Braver Bravest – She is brave.
– She is braver than she was before.
– She is the bravest person I know.

Cowardly More Most cowardly – He is cowardly.

cowardly – He is more cowardly than he was before.
– He is the most cowardly person I have ever met.

Kind Kinder Kindest – She is kind.

– She is kinder than she was before.
– She is the kindest person I know.

Unkind Unkinder Unkindest – He is unkind.

– He is unkind to her than he was before.
– He is the unkindest person I have ever met.

Wise Wiser Wisest – She is wise.

– She is wiser than she was before.
– She is the wisest person I know.

Foolish More foolish Most foolish – He is foolish.

– He is more foolish than he was before.
– He is the most foolish person I have ever met.

Few Fewer Fewest – There are few people at the party.

– There are fewer people at the party than there were
last year.
– This is the party with the fewest people I have ever
been to.
SAMPLE LETTERS FOR YOUR REFERENCE
LETTER 1
Letter to the Editor of Indian Express to Highlight the Effects of Air Pollution
(Sender’s address Drishya/ Deep Raghunath, 56C, Uppal, East Hyderabed,
Hyderabad 500095)

Drishya/Deep Raghunath
56 C, Uppal
East Hyderabad
Hyderabad – 500095

3rd January, 2022

The Editor
The Indian Express
Hyderabad – 500003

Subject: Increase of air pollution in East Hyderabad

Respected Sir/Ma’am,

I am Drishya, a member of NGO Prada. I am writing to you to bring to your

notice the increasing effect of air pollution in our neighbourhood and in the
surrounding areas.

East Hyderabad has seen a rapid increase in the use of private

transportation and the number of industrial sectors that have come up in
recent years. This has increased the risks of serious health hazards, including
breathing difficulties, chronic diseases, lung damage, nausea, fatigue, etc.
The hospitals around the area have already seen an unexpected rise in the
number of patients showing symptoms of chronic illness, and it is important
that people and government authorities are made aware of this dangerous
situation at the earliest.

Owing to the seriousness of this situation, I request you to kindly highlight

the issue so that some action can be taken to curb the effect of air pollution
and decrease the risk of people being affected by it.

Thanking you

Yours sincerely,
(Signature)
DRISHYA/DEEP RAGHUNATH
Member of NGO Prada

LETTER 2
You are Linda/ Leo Rodrigues, Address – 28 C, KK Nagar, Chennai- 600012
write a Job Application Letter for the Post of High School English Teacher to
DAV Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Chennai 600012.
Linda/ Leo Rodrigues
28 C, K K Nagar
Chennai- 600012

12th January, 2022

The Principal
D A V Matriculation Higher Secondary School
Chennai – 600012

Subject: Job application letter for the post of High School English Teacher

Respected Principal Sir/ Ma’am,

I am Linda/ Leo Rodrigues residing in Ambattur, Chennai. I am writing to you
to express my interest in the job opening for the post of High School English
Teacher in your prestigious institution. I have reviewed the roles and
responsibilities in the job description you have posted on the Naukri
employment portal dated dd/mm/yy.

I am a MA English graduate. I have also completed my Masters in Education.

I have a teaching experience of three years at the Indian Public School,
Coimbatore. I have handled students from Class VI to X. I have experience in
teaching the IGCSE syllabus. I have also been a part of the curriculum
development team. I am looking for better opportunities where I can use my
skills and expertise to help and mold students and their communication
skills. I believe that I can do well and play a good role in providing quality
education. I am looking forward for this opportunity as I am shifting to
Chennai next month.

I have attached my resume and experience certificate for your kind perusal.
Looking forward to hearing from you.

Thank you for taking the time to review my application.

Yours sincerely,

(Signature)
LINDA/ LEO RODRIGUES

Enclosed: Updated Bio-date.

LETTER 3

You are Anwesha/ Ankit Biswas Accounts Coordinator, in Rockers Media

Group, 1334 Sunflower Lane, Pune, 410012. Write a resignation letter to your
current organization. Recipient’s details Sameer Sharma, Accounts Manager.

Anwesha/ Ankit Biswas,

12, Yellow Bungalow,
Pune- 410011

Date: 13th August 2023

Sameer Sharma,
Accounts Manager,
Rockers Media Group,
1334 Sunflower Lane,
Pune, 410012

Subject: Resignation from the post of Accounts Coordinator.

Dear Mr. Sameer Sharma,

I, Anwesha/ Ankit Biswas working as Accounts Coordinator with you since

past 2 year, with deep regret submitting you the official resignation letter.

I am thankful for all the inspiration, motivation and support I received during
the tenure of my work. I am resigning from my work as my family is shifting
from Pune City to Mumbai next month. Kindly consider 12 th September 2023
as my last working day, which is one month notice period as per terms of the
company rules.

If required we can schedule a meeting to discuss this further. Thank you for
your continued support and for taking time to read this letter.
Your sincerely,
(SIGNATURE)
Anwesha/ Ankit Biswas

With the help of the format given for formal letter writing, write a letter on
each of the following topics:

You are Sakshi/ Saksham Singh, Warden of Rose Hostel, New Delhi, 110012.
Place an order of 12 Geysers, 12 Microwave Ovens, 12 Fans and 24 LED
Bulbs to Sagar Electronics, Saket, New Delhi, 110011.

You are Neha/ Nayan Sundar, residing at 11, P building, Mumbai 400101.
Write a letter to Miss Poonam Satya, Manager of Pathways Limited, Mumbai
400104 write a letter of Job Application for the post of Data entry Clerk.

Write a letter of resignation to The CEO of Surya Technologies, Kolhapur. You

are Akash/ Anshu Patil working as General Manager in the company.
(Address- C-24, Sitara Apartments, Kolhapur)

Write a letter to Editor of Hindustan times to highlight the problem of water

scarcity in Chinchwad area of Pune. Sender’s details- Sona Kamble,
Bungalow no. 3- Sai Nagar, Chinchwad, Pune.
Some examples of formal letter for placing order
STD 8 INFORMAL LETTER SAMPLE
LETTER 1
You are Sharada/ Sharad Deve write a Letter to Your Mother from
your Hostel, who is Worried about your Health during Rainy Season.

Patil Hostel,
Pune 412101

Date: 27th September 2023.

Alka Deve
22, Deve house,
Amba Nagar, Solapur,
440011

My dear mother,

I received your letter. I am glad to know that you are in good health. You
have inquired me about my health. In the month of August, I had a sudden
attack of typhoid. Dr. Tej Vani treated me for ten days. I took my medicine
regularly during the course of my illness. After complete bed rest for 10 days
I have recovered. Now I am feeling alright and healthy. I am taking good care
of my diet and exercise, also doctors have prescribed me multivitamins for 3
months. I am going to school regularly. You need not worry about me.

Your Loving Son/ Daughter,

Sharada/ Sharad Deve.
(Signature)
LETTER 2
You are Rashi/ Rishi Mahant write a Letter to Your Sister Veena
Mahant congratulating her on Success in the MBA Examination
1123, Oscar Apartments,
Bhandup, Mumbai 400600

Date: 27th September 2023

Veena Mahant,
Maruti Hostel, RR Road,
Bengaluru 580011

My Dear Sister Veena,

I am very happy to know that you have passed the Final examination of
Masters in Business Administration with distinction. I congratulate you on
your brilliant success. I am sending you the gift of a smart wrist watch. May
you succeed in every sphere of life. With all this excitement do not forget to
take care of your health and eat food on time. All the very best to you for
your job search.

With best wishes.

Yours affectionately,
Rashi/ Rishi Mahant
(SIGNATURE)
Format of informal letter

Like any letter, there is a format to write an informal letter in English. Unlike a formal letter, an
informal letter does not need to state something specific. It can be written in an easy,
conversational style. They are in the nature of a friendly chat, so it can include a variety of
topics. It can have all that you want to tell your dear one about. You can use colloquial
expressions, unlike formal letters. There are a few easy guidelines that you can follow to be able
to write impressive informal letters.

The format of an informal letter to a friend should include the following things:

Address of the sender

Date of writing a letter

Address of receiver

Salutation/Greeting

Body of the letter

Conclusion

Signature of the sender

Address and Date:

To get your informal letter format right, you have to begin it with the sender’s address. The
address is written on the left-hand side of the paper. It is necessary that you write the complete
address so that the receiver can write back to you. So, see to that you give the correct address
along with the pin code. In case you are writing to someone in a different country, make sure you
include your country in the address. For example, 29, NBC Garden Coimbatore, India –
641053This is followed by the date. Writing the date is important as it would help the receiver
know when exactly you had written the letter. You can write the date in either of the following
formats: For example,
15/11/2021 or 15th November, 2021 or November 15, 2021

Forms of Greeting/Salutation:
In informal letters to friends and family, you can address them by their names prefixed by
qualifying terms such as Dear, My dear, Dearest, etc. You can also address them by their pet
names (Eg: Dearest Rosy, Dear Andy, My dear Sweety…) or by their relationship with you
(Dear Uncle, Dearest Grandma, My dear Cousin…). If you are writing to an ordinary friend who
is older than you are, or of superior rank, it is respectful to use prefixes such as Mr, Mrs, Ms, etc.
For example, Dear Mr Reddy.

Introduction and Body of the Letter:

The words you use determine the nature of your letter. You can start your informal letter with an
introduction to set the tone of the matter that is going to be discussed. You can begin by
enquiring about the health and well-being of the recipient. For instance, I hope this letter of mine
finds you in the pink of health. You can then explain the reason behind the letter and provide the
details as elaborate as you wish to, unlike formal letters. The letter can be more like a friendly
chat than an essay. You can write in a very casual and personal tone. If you are writing to an
older person, do not use disrespectful terms or sentences.

Conclusion:
End the informal letter on a friendly note. Use words in such a way that the recipient feels like
they have had a wonderful time chatting with you. See to that you make sure you let them know
that you would be awaiting their response to your letter.

Forms of Subscription/Signature:
You can use the following in informal letters to relatives and near friends: Yours affectionately,
Yours lovingly, Your loving friend, With love, etc., followed by your name (mostly your first
name).If you are writing to a close acquaintance whom you have addressed as Dear Mr,
Mrs, etc., you can use Yours sincerely, Kind regards, etc.

Informal Letter Format Samples

Letter to a Friend about Arranging a Get-together

BB Street,

Allahabad – 211005

12/02/2020

Dear Surya,

Hope you are keeping well, and everyone at home is keeping safe and healthy. It has been a long
time since all of us have met, so I was thinking we could all meet up. I have planned to have a
get-together next month. I would love to discuss more about it.

All of us could meet on Friday evening and stay over the weekend at a resort in Munnar. The
climate in Munnar is great and it will be a good stress reliever. We could also go around the
tourist spots if everyone is interested. If you are ready, we could talk to the others also. I will
visit you next weekend to discuss more on this.
Awaiting your reply and hoping to meet you soon.

Love,

Sreya

Informal Letter Format – Reply Regretting Inability to Join

144, Stark Lane

Mumbai – 400054

15/02/2020

Dear Sreya,

It is extremely thoughtful of you to plan a get-together for all of us. I wish I could join you, but I
am sorry to say that I have a project starting next month, and it would not be possible for me to
be there. If there is any way of preponing the get-together to any time before the month-end, I
can definitely make it to our gthering.

I hope we can reschedule the get-together and not miss the chance to meet up. Waiting to hear
from you.

With love,

Surya

Read the following comprehension for the Class 8 exam carefully and answer the given
questions: (5 Marks)

About the year 1900, a small, dark-haired boy named Charles Chaplin was often seen waiting
outside the back entrances of London theatres. He looked thin and hungry but his blue eyes were
determined. He was hoping to get work in show business. He could sing and dance. His parents
were music-hall performers and he had been born into the life of the theatre. And, although his
own boyhood was painfully hard, he knew how to make people laugh.

His own father had died from drinking too much. And his mother was not really able to look
after Charles and his older half-brother, Sid. She was often sick in mind and had to be sent to
hospital.
1.1 Choose the right option. (1 X 5 = 5)

Q 1) The boy Charles Chaplin was __________.

a) brown-haired

b) dark-haired

c) red-haired

d) light-haired

Q 2) Chaplin thought to get a job in __________.

a) soap business

b) hotel business

c) show business

d) hospital business

Q 3) His parents were __________.

a) music-hall performers

b) actors

c) singers

d) directors

Q 4) His father had died due to __________.

a) an illness

b) accident

c) drinking

d) suicide

Q 5) The meaning of ‘determined’ is ___________.

a) mind made up

b) mind turn up

c) mind fade up

d) mind turn down

CBSE Class 8 English Unseen Passage – Passage 2

Read the following comprehension passage for the Class 8 exam and answer the questions
briefly: (12 Marks)

A 92 year -old lady, who is fully dressed each morning by eight o’clock with perfect make-up,
even though she is blind, moved to an old age home. Her husband recently passed away. She
didn’t even have children too. After many hours of waiting patiently in the lobby she smiled
sweetly when she was ready. She was provided a visual description of her tiny room.

“l love it,” stated with the enthusiasm of an eight-year-old having just been presented with a new
puppy.

“But………but Mrs. Jones, you haven’t seen the room, ” said the attendant. “That doesn’t have
anything to do with it,’ she replied. “Happiness is something you decide, I have already decided
to love it. tt s a decision I make every morning I wake up. I can spend the day in bed, recounting
the difficulty I have with the parts of my body that don’t work. , or get out of bed and be thankful
for the ones that do. Each day is a gift, and as long as I am alive l’ll focus on the new day and all
the happy memories I’ve stored away, just for this time in my life. ‘The attendant was touched
by the elderly woman’s sense of cheer and boundless enthusiasm.

2.1 On the basis of the reading of the passage, answer the questions: (2 X 4 = 8)

Q 1) Why did the old woman move to an old age home?

Q 2) How did she react when the attendant gave a description of the room she had to live in?

Q 3) What resolution did she make when she woke up every morning?

Q 4) What does the story tell about the old woman?

2.2 From the passage, find out the one-word substitute for the following explanations: (2 Marks)
1) Give an account of

2) Unlimited

2.3 Find the antonym of the following words from the passage: (2 Marks)

1) Whole

2) dead

CBSE Class 8 English Comprehension Passage – Passage 3

Read the passage given below and answer carefully: (7 Marks)

One day the old emperor Shahjahan became ill. His son Aurangzeb, who always wanted to be the
emperor, put his father in a jail. Jahanara Begum, the eldest child of Shahjahan, did not leave her
father and went to jail along with him. She said, “ I shall share the suffering of my father. He
needs me in his old age, and I shall never leave him.” Shahjahan lived in the jail for seven years
and then he died. During that period, Princess Jahanara stayed with him and took care of him.
After the death of her father, she returned to her own palace. She continued to live there and
spent the rest of her life serving the needy and the poor. Before her death, she gave away all her
money to the poor and the needy. She was highly educated and well-versed in Persian and
Arabic, as well as a writer, painter and poet. Jahanara was Shahjahan’s preferred child. Legend
says that once when Aurangzeb was severely sick, Jahanara took care of him. Jahanara died on
September 5, 1681, at the age of 67. Upon her death, Aurangzeb gave her the posthumous title:
Sahibat-uz-Zamani (mistress of age).

3.1 On the basis of your reading of the passage, answer the questions: (1 X 7 = 7 Marks)

Q 1) What was Aurangzeb’s aim in life?

Q 2) Who was the eldest child of Shahjahan?

Q 3) Pick out and write the line from the passage which shows that Jahanara Begum was a caring
daughter.

Q 4) What did Aurangzeb do when his father became ill?

Q 5) Jahanara was a kind lady. Explain.

Q 6) What did Jahanara do before her death?

Q 7) Find words in the passage which mean the same as:

(a) King (b) Sick

Unseen Passage for Class 8 English – Passage 4

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below. (1 X 5 = 5 Marks)

Lakshadweep is an archipelago located 200 – 400 km west of the coast of Kerala in the Arabian
Sea. The archipelago consists of 36 main islands and many smaller islands, coral atolls and coral
reefs. It is the smallest union territory in India. Lakshadweep means a hundred thousand islands
in the local language, Malayalam. Earlier the name Lakshadweep referred to the three
archipelagos in the Indian Ocean, the present Lakshadweep, Maldives and Suvadives. Only —
ten of the Lakshadweep islands are inhabited and more than 90 percent of the indigenous
population is Muslims. The main economic activities are fishing, coconut cultivation and coir
twisting. Tourism is an emerging industry. Tourists require an entry permit to visit
Lakshadweep; the permit is issued in Kochi (in Kerala). Foreign nationals are allowed only in
kadmat, Bangaram and Agatti islands. Coconut is the main crop cultivated on the island.
Lakshadweep is India’s largest producer of coconuts. About 2,598 hectares are under coconut
cultivation and the productivity per hectare is 22,310. Coconuts cultivated in the Lakshadweep
are also rich in coconut oil.

4.1 Complete the following sentences as briefly as possible.

Q 1) _____________ is the smallest union territory in India.

Q 2) Lakshadweep is situated in _____________.

Q 3) __________________ are the main economic activities of Lakshadweep islands.

Q 4) Malayalam is the language of _______________.

Q 5) Foreigners can visit only ___________________.

Format Of Essay Writing For Class 9:

The format of essay writing for class 9 is similar to other essay formats, with some slight
variations. The following is the standard format for essay writing:
Introduction:
The introduction should be a brief paragraph that provides an overview of the topic, its
relevance, and the thesis statement. The thesis statement should be a clear statement that presents
the central idea of the essay.

Body:
The body of the essay is where the arguments and evidence are presented to support the thesis
statement. The body should be divided into paragraphs, each addressing a specific point related
to the thesis statement. Each paragraph should start with a topic sentence that introduces the
point of discussion.

Conclusion:
The conclusion should summarize the main points of the essay and restate the thesis statement in
a different way. The conclusion should also provide a final thought on the topic.
TYPES OF VERBS

Verbs Referring to Actions

Verbs referring to action (action verbs) are those that involve the movement of
one’s body in one way or the other. Some examples of verbs referring to actions are
as follows:

Walk

Run

Talk

Sit

Read

Write

Jog

Cough

Sleep

Jump

Sing

Drink

Teach

Present

Build

Break

Tow

Toss

Hug

Fight
Verbs Referring to Experiences or Feelings

These are verbs that refer to something that you can feel or experience and do not
necessarily involve a movement of any kind. Some examples of verbs referring to
feelings and experiences are as follows:

Love

Hate

Envy

Believe

Trust

Feel

Entrust

Experience

Care

Cherish

Sense

Know

Recognise

Understand

Comprehend

Like

Need

Adore

Loathe

Appreciate
Verbs Referring to a State or Condition

These verbs are those that refer to situations or the state of being. All forms of ‘to
be’ verbs belong to this category. Some examples of verbs referring to a state or
condition are as follows:

Am

Is

Are

Was

Were

Have

Has

Will be

Appear

Seem

Become

Been

Being

The Various Types of Verbs with Examples

Verbs can be classified into numerous types according to their function or role in a
sentence or context. Let us look into the various types of verbs and some examples
of each type of verb.

Auxiliary Verbs/Helping Verbs

Auxiliary verbs or helping verbs, as the name suggests, is a verb that is used to help
another verb sound sensible and meaningful. It is used to change the other verb’s
tense, mood or voice. So, every time an auxiliary verb is used, you always have one
more verb, which acts as the main verb in a sentence.
Examples of auxiliary verbs are as follows:

Am

Is

Are

Was

Were

Have

Has

Do

Will

Can

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs are those verbs that are used to denote the possibility, probability,
capability or necessity of something happening. Modal verbs, unlike other auxiliary
verbs, cannot be used as a main verb in a sentence.

Examples of modal verbs are as follows:

Can

Could

Will

Would

May

Might

Should

Must
Ought to

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs include phrases that are formed by combining two or more parts of
speech that performs the same function as a verb in a sentence. In most cases, a
phrasal verb results from a combination of a verb and a preposition.

Some examples of phrasal verbs are as follows:

Go by

Lay off

Log in

Get off

Run out

Go all out

Think through

Fed up

Taken aback

Act on

Back away

Back up

Look up

Mix up

Opt out

Pop in
Check out the list of phrasal verbs and exercise on phrasal verbs.

Linking Verbs
A linking verb, just like the name suggests, is a type of verb that is used to link the
subjects in a sentence to the other parts of the sentence so that it is meaningful. It
connects the subject to the object, an adjective and even a prepositional phrase. All
‘to be’ forms of verbs and verbs like ‘seem’ and ‘become’ can act as linking verbs.

Examples of linking verbs include: to be, to become, and to seem. These three
examples are always linking verbs. In addition, you have a linking verb: to appear,
to feel, to look, to smell, to sound, and to taste. These words act as either action
or linking verbs, depending on whether they express an action or not. Here are
some linking verb examples.
Pete is my favorite dog.
That car was incredibly fast.
I am happy that I passed my math exam!
The house smells like the ocean breeze.
Nancy feels a bit sick today.
100 Irregular Plural Nouns List

addendum addenda or addendums

aircraft aircraft
alumna alumnae
alumnus alumni
analysis analyses
antenna antennae or antennas
antithesis antitheses
apex apices or apexes
appendix appendices or appendixes
axis axes
bacillus bacilli
bacterium bacteria
basis bases
beau beaux or beaus
bison bison
bureau bureaux or bureaus
cactus cacti or cactus or cactuses
château châteaux or châteaus
child children
codex codices
concerto concerti or concertos
corpus corpora
crisis crises
criterion criteria or criterions
curriculum curricula or curriculums
datum data
deer deer or deers
diagnosis diagnoses
die dice or dies
dwarf dwarves or dwarfs
ellipsis ellipses
erratum errata
faux pas faux pas
fez fezzes or fezes
fish fish or fishes
focus foci or focuses
foot feet or foot
formula formulae or formulas
fungus fungi or funguses
genus genera or genuses
goose geese
graffito graffiti
grouse grouse or grouses
half halves
hoof hooves or hoofs
hypothesis hypotheses
index indices or indexes
larva larvae or larvas
libretto libretti or librettos
loaf loaves
locus loci
louse lice
man men
matrix matrices or matrixes
medium media or mediums
memorandum memoranda or memorandums
minutia minutiae
moose moose
mouse mice
nebula nebulae or nebulas
nucleus nuclei or nucleuses
oasis oases
offspring offspring or offsprings
opus opera or opuses
ovum ova
ox oxen or ox
parenthesis parentheses
phenomenon phenomena or phenomenons
phylum phyla
quiz quizzes
radius radii or radiuses
referendum referenda or referendums
salmon salmon or salmons
scarf scarves or scarfs
self selves
series series
sheep sheep
shrimp shrimp or shrimps
species species
stimulus stimuli
stratum strata
swine swine
syllabus syllabi or syllabuses
symposium symposia or symposiums
synopsis synopses
tableau tableaux or tableaus
thesis theses
thief thieves
tooth teeth
trout trout or trouts
tuna tuna or tunas
vertebra vertebrae or vertebras
vertex vertices or vertexes
vita vitae
vortex vortices or vortexes
wharf wharves or wharfs
wife wives
wolf wolves
woman women
Singular and plural nouns

Regular nouns

Most singular nouns form the plural by adding -s.

Test your knowledge
Examples

Singu Plur
lar al

boat boats

house hous
es

cat cats

river rivers

A singular noun ending in s, x, z, ch, sh makes the plural by adding-es.

Examples

Singu Plur
lar al

bus buse
s
 Singu Plur
lar al

wish wishe
s

pitch pitch
es

box boxe
s

A singular noun ending in a consonant and then y makes the plural by dropping the y and
adding-ies.
Examples

Singu Plura
lar l

penny penni
es

spy spies

baby babie
 Singu Plura
lar l

city cities

daisy daisie
s

Irregular nouns

There are some irregular noun plurals. The most common ones are listed below.

Examples

Singular Plural

woman Women

man Men

child children
Singular Plural

tooth Teeth

foot Feet

person People

leaf Leaves

mouse Mice

goose Geese

half Halves

knife Knives

wife Wives
Singular Plural

life Lives

elf Elves

loaf Loaves

potato potatoes

tomato tomatoes

cactus Cacti

focus Foci

fungus Fungi

nucleus Nuclei
Singular Plural

syllabus syllabi/
syllabuses

analysis analyses

diagnosis diagnoses

oasis Oases

thesis Theses

crisis Crises

phenomen phenomena
on

criterion Criteria

datum Data
Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural.
Examples

Singu Plur
lar al

sheep shee
p

fish fish

deer deer

specie speci
s es

aircra aircra
ft ft

Irregular verb/noun agreement

Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb.

 Plural nouns used with a Sentence
singular verb

News The news is at 6.30 p.m.

Athletics Athletics is good for young

people.

Linguistics Linguistics is the study of

language.

Darts Darts is a popular game in

England.

Billiards Billiards is played all over

the world.

Some nouns have a fixed plural form and take a plural verb. They are not used in the
singular, or they have a different meaning in the singular. Nouns like this include: trousers,
jeans, glasses, savings, thanks, steps, stairs, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages,
spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits

Plural noun with Sentence

plural verb

Trousers My trousers are too

Plural noun with Sentence
plural verb

tight.

Jeans Her jeans are black.

Glasses Those glasses are

his.
PRESENT TENSE

Exercises for the Simple Present Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

He ______ to the gym every day. (go)

When ____ you go to college? (does)

She _______ she is very beautiful. (think)

Does he _____ in America? (lives)

I ______ a letter to my mom every month. (wrote)

Exercise on Present Continuous Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

She ________ the dust from the blower. (blow)

He _________ on the roller coaster for a ride. (sit)

I _________ to London for a business meeting. (go)

She _________ too many chocolates at that time. (eat)

She _________ a beautiful dress at the party. (wear)

Exercises on Present Perfect Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

I ______ run very fast in the field. (have/has)

Squirrels had ______ nuts for the winters. (store)

The sun ____ risen in the east. (have/has)

We ______ combed my hair. (have/has)

I have ______ french fries. (eat)

Exercise of Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

She _____________ cricket since morning. (play)

They ______________ to market. (not go)

He ___________ the internet. (surf)

They _____________ to tuition. (go)

My dad _____________ to the office on foot. (go)

PAST TENSE

Exercises on Simple Past Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

I _______ to the office Early. (go)

I _______ we will win the match. (know)

Your dad _______ a movie yesterday. (watch)

_______ He clean her bedroom. (do)

I _________ a letter to my sister. (write)

Exercise on Past Continuous Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

They ______ going to market.

he _____ playing football.

I_____ watching a movie.

she_____ talking about yourself.

children _______ coming to the classroom.

Exercise of Past Perfect Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

I had ______ the bill yesterday. (pay)

I had ______ notes with my classmates. (forget)

She had _____ a decent song. (sing)

He had ________ a Facebook password. (take)

We had _______ up early in the morning. (play)

past perfect continuous tense statement.

She _____________ an essay since morning. (write)

My father had been ________ for many years. (work)

I _________ video games. (play)

he had been ________ junk food. (eat) (negative sentence)

We had been ________ for the exam test. (prepare)

He _____________ cosmetic cream for a week. (use) (negative sentence)

I had been _________ my birthday for many years. (celebrate)

_____ he been __________ a song since a morning. (sing)(question/interrogative

sentences)

FUTURE TENSE

Exercise of simple Future Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

I ____ wake up early in the morning.

We _____ eat apples tonight.

She _____ write a letter to her brother.

They _____ love them forever.

I _____do it again.

Exercises for the Simple Past Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.
She will be ________ our communication skills. (improve)

They will be _______ dinner. (cook)

He will be ________ at the playground. (run)

My dad will be _______ in the office. (work)

She will be ________ at the bus stop. (wait)

Exercise on Future Perfect Tense

She will have ______ more than 90% in the next semester. (score)

I will have _______ cricket next Sunday. (play)

We will have ______ to tour this week. (go)

Tina will have ________a good singer. (became)

I will have _______ all money this month. (spend)

Exercise Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Fill in the correct form of the verb as shown in the above sentences.

She will have been ______ for four hours. (study)

They will have been ______ since Morning. (ran)

He will not have been _____ to Market. (went)

My mom will have been _________ for two hours. (work)

We will have been ________to the hill station next month. (go)

MODALS
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate modal auxiliary verb.
1. I don’t think that I ………………………… pass the test. (will / would / can)
2. If you improve your communication skills, you …………………………. get a better
job. (will / would / could)
3. If we don’t get the money what ……………………………. we do? (will / would /
could)

4. You …………………………….. have locked the door before going out. (should /
would / can)

5. He ………………………….. not come unless you invite him. (will / would / could)
6. …………………………. we depend on them? (Can / Will / Would)

7. …………………………. I do the washing up? (Shall / Should / Would)

8. …………………………… you open the window? (Can / Shall / Should)

9. Where ……………………………. they have gone? (should / could / would)

10. If you had run faster, you …………………………….. have won. (will / could /
should)

11. If I lose the job, we ………………………….. be in trouble. (will / would / could)

12. …………………………. I open the window? (Will / Shall / Would)

13. If you worked harder, you ……………………………. pass the test. (would / will /
should)

14. ………………………….. you like something to drink? (Would / Could / Should)

15. …………………………. I know who you are. (May / Can / Will)

Fill in the blanks with an appropriate modal auxiliary verb.

1. She ………………………. speak Spanish. (ability)

2. ………………….. I borrow your car? (Permission)

3. …………………… you come with me? (request)

4. We ……………………… watch a movie in the afternoon. (suggestion)

5. We …………………….. talk to the manager. (recommended action)

6. There was a time when I …………………… walk for miles on end. (past ability)

7. You ……………………….. have told him. (obligation)

8. ……………………. I open the windows? (permission)

9. We ……………………… buy a new car next month. (future possibility)

10. We ……………………… get the first prize. (prediction)

11. I …………………….. look after your dog when you are away. (willingness)

12. It is raining so we …………………… cancel the picnic. (intention)

13. ……………………… you like some more rice? (Polite offer)

14. He ……………………… spend hours playing video games. (past habit)

15. ……………………… I help you? (Offer)

16. You ……………………… listen to your parents and teachers. (advice /

recommendation)

17. You ……………………….. not break the law. (obligation)

18. You ………………………. lose weight. (necessity)

PRONOUN WORKSHEET

Fill in the blanks with appropriate pronouns

Read the following sentences and use the appropriate pronouns.

Murat is a good boy. __ always listens to__ teacher.

Amit and Sumit are twin brothers. ___ take the same bag to school.

Milly and I are very good friends. ___ have known each other since childhood.

The mangoes are very sour. Where did you buy ___?

I love watching Tom and Jerry. __ reminds me of my childhood days.

I bought this book for my sister. __ often read it together.

This is Steve. Do you know __?

There are many windows here. But all of ___ are jammed.

The army has reached __ destination.

My aunt and uncle live in Delhi. ___ often visit ___.

While playing basketball, I hurt ____.

The children locked ___ up in the cupboard while playing hide and seek.

I bought __ flowers for my anniversary.

All the boys participated in the race and ___ one of them got a prize.

___ of the witnesses were present in the court.

I met Peter ___ just returned from Belgium.

Raju set for ___, a target which was difficult to achieve.

The criminals ___ admitted their crime.

This is the girl __ identified the burglar.

The book is Anne’s. It is __ favourite book.

Use the correct form of pronouns

Choose the correct pronoun and use it in the sentence.

(Me/I) feel like taking a short trip to the Maldives

(I/me) think you should participate in the debate.

Wuthering Heights is (her/hers) favourite book.

Those papers are (mine/my).

The box was lying around. Is (it/its) yours?

The dog almost choked (himself/itself).

Natasha was all by (yourselves/herself)

I got (me/myself) all wet.

(That/this) book lying here is mine.

(Each/neither) of us were given a gift hamper.

Do you want (that/it) pen?

I lost the toy you gave (me/myself)

This house is (ours/our).

It was (their/theirs) car.

Do you know (his/him)?

NOUN WORKSHEET
Common Noun
Underline the common lines in the Presented Sentences:
Divya is a girl.
My brother is a doctor.
Many people recognize this theory.
I will give you all information about the company project.
I love rabbits but not more than you.
Apart from maths, she also teaches language at home.
I want my jacket because it’s too cold outside.
She was only a talented woman here.
I use to live in this country 3 years ago.
Her father is a government officer in Delhi.

Proper Noun Exercise

One noun in each of the following sentences has been bold for you.
Write “common noun” or “proper noun” in the given area:
Vihaan played with his best friend in Society Park. ______
How many books you have to buy for her. ________
Sakshi’s birthday is in June. ________
Lucy lives in the United States of America. _______
Daniel got a job in another company. _________
I saw Deadpool last weekend. _________
He was passed out from the Cambridge University last year. ______
Our new classmate is a good dancer. ______
I used to go temple every Monday. _______
My favorite dog is named Snoopy._______

ABSTRACT NOUN
Identify the abstract noun in a respective sentence:
The teacher gives punishment to all the seniors.
Mr.Steven was well noted for his kindness.
My father is chock-full of wisdom.
Her mother sacrifices everything.
My nature is to remain silent in front of elders.
Captain was awarded for his bravery.
For girls, happiness is to buy new clothes.
Jealousy made Peter angry.
Bunny had a fear.
Mansi is doing this all to get sympathy.

ADJECTIVES
Read the given sentences below and circle the adjectives.

The homeless beggar hasn’t eaten in days.

The fox is a sly animal.

Mary had a little lamb.

The selfish giant didn’t allow the children to enter his garden.

The foolish dog barked at its reflection and lost its food.

The family didn’t have enough food for the winter.

The girl is a state-level boxer.

The brave army marched through the streets.

I had no idea such a fantastic place existed.

Some oranges are pretty sour.

The ship sustained heavy damage.

I have called Sam several times.

The teacher called your name twice.

Naomi won the second prize.

I haven’t seen Mr Thomas for several days.

The soldier died a glorious death.

I had an eventful day.

King Solomon was a wise king.

Penny saw the accident with her own eyes.

What colour shirt do you like?

Exercise 1 – Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs
Go through the following sentences and fill in the blanks with the suitable form of the
verbs given in brackets.

1. All my friends _________ here. (be)

2. I _________ the guitar. (play)

3. They _________ packed all that they will need for the trip. (have)

4. Samantha, Rachel and Sheena _________ eighth-grade students. (be)

5. Sam _________ Dutch. (speak)

6. It _________ good that you _________ people around here. (be, know)

7. Doctors _________ a problem and _________ a cure. (recognise, suggest)

8. The news of the accident _________ very disturbing. (be)

9. Manu _________ to school every day. (walk)

10. Brittany _________ beautifully. (dance)

Answers for Exercise 1

1. All my friends are here.

2. I play the guitar.

3. They have packed all that they will need for the trip.

4. Samantha, Rachel and Sheena are eighth-grade students.

5. Sam speaks Dutch.

6. It is good that you know people around here.

7. Doctors recognise a problem and suggest a cure.

8. The news of the accident is very disturbing.

9. Manu walks to school every day.

10. Brittany dances beautifully.

Exercise 2 – Correct the sentences

Read through the following sentences, locate the errors and correct them so as to have
the verb agree with the subject.

1. She get very nervous every time she see a needle.

2. Artie use a wheelchair to move from one place to another.

3. Neither you nor your brother are a singer.

4. There are a box of chocolates.

5. Sylvester and her sister is going to the same school.

6. Rahul, along with his friend Aakash, has signed up for the debate competition.

7. Quinn wear a coat along with all her dresses.

8. Teenagers uses social media applications on a regular basis.

9. My dad and my mom is teachers.

10. She work as a journalist at the Indian Express.

Answers for Exercise 2

1. She gets very nervous every time she sees a needle.

2. Artie uses a wheelchair to move from one place to another.

3. Neither you nor your brother is a singer.

4. There is a box of chocolates.

5. Sylvester and her sister are going to the same school.

6. Rahul, along with his friend Aakash, have signed up for the debate competition.

7. Quinn wears a coat along with all her dresses.

8. Teenagers use social media applications on a regular basis.

9. My dad and my mom are teachers.

10. She works as a journalist at the Indian Express.

Exercise 3 – Rewrite the sentences by using the right

verb forms
Check out the following sentences, and rewrite the sentences by replacing the
underlined verbs with the right form of the verb so that it agrees with the subject.

1. Neither your hair clip nor your shoes matches your dress.

2. The performance of William McKinley High School were great.

3. The little boy love mangoes.

4. Your heartbeat are not normal.

5. All of my toys has been donated.

6. Don’t you think 150 kilometers are a little too long for us?

7. Here is the books you asked for.

8. The picture at the bottom look clear.

9. Mathematics are a subject that needs a lot of practice.

10. One of the children play the piano. Do you know who it is?

Answers for Exercise 3

1. Neither your hair clip nor your shoes matches your dress.

Neither your hair clip nor your shoes match your dress.
2. The performance of William McKinley High School were great.

The performance of William McKinley High School was great.

3. The little boy love mangoes.

The little boy loves mangoes.

4. Your heartbeat are not normal.

Your heartbeat is not normal.

5. All of my toys has been donated.

All of my toys have been donated.

6. Don’t you think 150 kilometres are a little too long for us?

Don’t you think 150 kilometres is a little too long for us?

7. Here is the books you asked for.

Here are the books you asked for.

8. The picture at the bottom look clear.

The picture at the bottom looks clear.

9. Mathematics are a subject that needs a lot of practice.

Mathematics is a subject that needs a lot of practice.

10. One of the children play the piano. Do you know who it is?

One of the children plays the piano. Do you know who it is?
GRAMMAR PRACTICE (PAST QUESTION PAPER)
What Is an Adverb?
Like an adjective gives us more information about the noun in a
sentence, an adverb is used to provide more information about
the verb or the action in the sentence. It also has the property of
describing the adjective or another adverb.

Definition of an Adverb
An adverb, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is “a
word that adds more information about place, time, manner,
cause or degree to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or another
adverb.” The Cambridge Dictionary defines an adverb as “a word
that describes or gives more information about a verb, adjective,
adverb, or phrase.”

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary provides a similar definition. It

defines an adverb as “a word used to modify a verb, an adjective,
or another adverb and often used to show degree, manner, place,
or time.” According to the Collins Dictionary, an adverb is defined
as “a word such as ‘slowly’, ‘now’, ‘very’, ‘politically’, or ‘
fortunately’ which adds information about the action, event, or
situation mentioned in a clause.”

Types of Adverbs
Adverbs are categorised into different types according to their
functions when used in a sentence. Given below are the different
types of adverbs.

Adverbs of Manner

Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of Place

Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of Degree

Conjunctive Adverbs

Different Types of Adverbs with Examples

Let us now take a look at each of these adverb types in detail.

Adverbs of Manner: These adverbs are those that describe the

manner in which an action is done. Basically, it can be said that
the adverbs of manner answer the question ‘how’.
Examples of adverbs of manner:

Quickly, promptly, clearly, slowly, gradually, eventually, rapidly,

seriously, instantly, keenly, etc.

Adverbs of Time: As the name suggests, the adverbs of time

are used to tell the reader when some action is occurring.
Adverbs of time include general time periods and specific times.
We can identify an adverb of time by asking the question ‘when’.
Examples of adverbs of time:

Now, soon, today, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next month,
recently, forever, etc.

Adverbs of Place: These adverbs are used to indicate where the

action mentioned in the sentence is taking place. Adverbs of
place can be identified by asking the question ‘where’.
Examples of adverbs of place:

Somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, here, outside, inside, wherever,

elsewhere, left, right, north, east, south, west, etc.

Adverbs of Frequency: These adverbs are used to denote how

often an action or event is happening. The adverbs of frequency
can be recognized by asking the question ‘how often’.
Examples of adverbs of frequency:
Seldom, rarely, never, often, weekly, monthly, yearly, annually,
usually, sometimes, occasionally, constantly, frequently, etc.

Adverbs of Degree: These adverbs are used to indicate how

intense an action of quality is. It is used to describe adjectives
and adverbs. For instance, an adverb of manner expresses how
fast or how slow a vehicle is moving, how hot or cold the weather
is, how interesting or boring a movie is and so on.
Examples of adverbs of degree:

Very, too, extremely, much, more, most, little, less, incredibly,

totally, greatly, hardly, deeply, barely, etc.

Conjunctive Adverbs: Conjunctive adverbs perform a little

differently from the other types of adverbs. These adverbs are
seen to act like a conjunction to link two sentences or clauses
together and hence the name, ‘conjunctive adverbs’.
Examples of conjunctive adverbs:

However, nevertheless, meanwhile, therefore, instead, likewise,

notably, subsequently, rather, namely, on the other hand,
incidentally, in addition to, etc.

Examples of Adverbs
Now that you know what adverbs are and how there are different
types of adverbs, let us look at some adverb examples to see how
they can be used effectively in sentences.

How Adverbs are Used in Sentences

Unlike other parts of speech, adverbs can be placed at any part of
the sentence (beginning, middle or end), and make complete
sense without sounding absurd. Another characteristic is that
multiple adverbs can be used in a sentence. Have a look at the
following examples to have a clear understanding of the same.

Check Your Knowledge of Adverbs

Identify the most suitable adverb from the list given below and
use them to complete the following sentences.

(slightly, too, very, anywhere, instantly, quarterly, soon, never,

rarely , seldom, monthly, extremely, seriously, sometimes,
weekly)

1. The weather here is _____ cold.

2. I am _________ sorry for the delay.

3. You will receive an OTP and on entering it, your account will be
_________ activated.

4. The journal is published ______________.

5. Can you please finish it ______ so that I can use the table.

6. She _______ goes to the salon.

7. Oshin did not find the blue file ________.

8. __________, I like to go on a trip alone just to clear my mind and

have a break from this busy schedule.

9. This seems to be ________ absurd.

10. The teacher asked her students to take the project _________
as it would be considered for internal marks.

You have probably got all of it right. Let us find out. Note that
some adverbs can be used interchangeably.

1. The weather here is too/very/extremely cold.

2. I am extremely sorry for the delay.

3. You will receive an OTP and on entering it, your account will
be instantly activated.
4. The journal is published weekly/monthly/quarterly.

5. Can you please finish it soon so that I can use the table.

6. She seldom/rarely/never goes to the salon.

7. Oshin did not find the blue file anywhere.

8.Sometimes, I like to go on a trip alone just to clear my mind

and have a break from this busy schedule.

9. This seems to be too/very absurd.

10. The teacher asked her students to take the

project seriously as it would be considered for internal marks.

EXAMPLES OF ADVERBS

I was planning to go to the supermarket to buy some

groceries. However, I did not find the time to go. So I ordered
online.

My mom did not cook breakfast today. Therefore, we ended up

making noodles for everyone.

Normally, we go to church on Sundays.

Don’t you think the coffee is too sweet?

Do not worry. You will gradually learn how to do it.

The song I was listening to yesterday was very soothing.

He kept talking to me for such a long time but I barely knew him.

It is extremely hot outside today.

How often do you work out?

STD 10 Determiner? – Meaning and Definition
A determiner is a word that is used to modify or introduce the noun in a sentence. It
mostly acts like an adjective in that it refers to the noun. Determiners include articles,
adjectives of quantity, demonstrative adjectives, possessive adjectives, etc. A
determiner need not always be in the beginning of a sentence; it can be used with
nouns placed anywhere in the sentence.

THE MAIN FUNCTION OF DETERMINER IS TO REFER OR TO QUANTIFY

WHERE IS THE NOUN

HOW MANY NOUNS DO WE HAVE

WHO DOES THE NOUN BELONG TO

A determiner, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is defined as “a word such

as the, some, my, etc. that comes before a noun to show how the noun is being used”,
and according to the Cambridge Dictionary, a determiner is “a word that is used before
a noun to show which particular example of the noun you are referring to”. The Merriam-
Webster Dictionary defines a determiner as “a word (such as an article, possessive,
demonstrative, or quantifier) that makes specific the denotation of a noun phrase”, and
the Collins Dictionary defines it as “a word which is used at the beginning of a noun
group to indicate, for example, which thing you are referring to or whether you are
referring to one thing or several.”

Types of Determiners
Determiners are classified into four main types namely,

Articles (such as ‘a’, ‘an’, and ‘the’)

Possessive Determiners (such as ‘my’, ‘your’, ‘his’, ‘her’, ‘its’, ‘our’ and ‘their’)

Demonstrative Determiners (such as ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘those’ and ‘these’)

Quantifiers (such as ‘some’, ‘a few’, ‘many’, ‘a little’, ‘little’, ‘few’, ‘none’, etc)

Distributive Determiners (such as ‘every’, ‘each’, ‘either’, ‘neither’, ‘both’, ‘all’, ‘half’, etc.)
Examples of Determiners – Learn How They Are Used
Here are a few examples of determiners to help you learn how exactly they are used in
sentences.

My house is being renovated.

This movie is interesting.

I bought some apples and mangoes.

She gifted me an autographed copy of my favourite book.

Vanessa liked the dress I gave her.

Santana and Brittany sang a song together.

The Glee Club of William McKinley High School won the International Acapella Championship.

Rachel offered to make the dessert.

A few girls have gone to practise for the Teachers day programme.

I need those books I had given you last month.

Check Your Understanding of Determiners in English

Go through the following sentences and fill in the blanks by choosing the most suitable
determiner from the box given below.

The, this, a, that, a few, a, some, every, the, any, an,

1. There are ___________ students who have not brought their science records.

2. We have ___________ document you asked for.

3. Can you sing ___________ song for me?

4. ___________ comic is really intriguing.

5. Nobody understood anything ___________ teacher taught.

6. I just had ___________ apple and ___________ milk.

7. Do you have ___________ food left?

8. Does Lily have ___________ pet?

9. ___________ story you told me was very moving.

10. Tina forgot to bring ___________ spectacles to work.

Now, check out the following section to see if you have filled in the blanks with the
correct determiner.

1. There are a few students who have not brought their science records.

2. We have every document you asked for.

3. Can you sing a song for me?

4. This comic is really intriguing.

5. Nobody understood anything the teacher taught.

6. I just had an apple and some milk.

7. Do you have any food left?

8. Does Lily have a pet?

9. That story you told me was very moving.

10. Tina forgot to bring her spectacles to work.

ERROR AND CORRECTION
Dolphins and killer whales has learned elaborate routine [Error:
has; Correction: have]
to entertain aquarium audiences. They are thought
by men to being even more scientifically (a) [Error: ________;
Correction: ________;]
intelligent then me. In scientific (b) [Error: ________; Correction:
_______ ;]
experiments they had showed great (c) [Error: ________;
Correction: ________;]
skill for distinguishing between objects. (d) [Error: ________;
Correction: ________;]

Community service sensitise people to (a) [Error: ________;

Correction: ________;]
other’s needs and supports inclusive (b) [Error: ________;
Correction: ________;]
development to the underprivileged (c) [Error: ________;
Correction: ________;]
sections with society. Courses about social (d) [Error: ________;
Correction: ________;]
work prepares frontline workers to (e) [Error: ________; Correction:
________;]
takes up assignments in social welfare (f) [Error: ________;
Correction: ________;]
organizations. Practical work including (g) [Error: ________;
Correction: ________;]
50 hour of structured internship to man projects.(h) [Error:
________; Correction: ________;]
Madhubani Painting is one in the many traditional (a) [Error:
________; Correction: ________;]
Indian art forms. It is but known as Mithila or Godhna (b) [Error:
________; Correction: ________;]
Paintings. This art developed by Mithila or Madhubani district (c)
[Error: ________; Correction: ________;]
of Bihar or then spread to villages around Madhubani (d) [Error:
________; Correction: ________;]

SUBJECT VERB CONCORD

Exercise 1 – Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs
Go through the following sentences and fill in the blanks with the
suitable form of the verbs given in brackets.

1. All my friends _________ here. (be)

All my friends are here.
2. I _________ the guitar. (play)
3. They _________ packed all that they will need for the trip. (have)
4. Samantha, Rachel and Sheena _________ eighth-grade students.
(be)
5. Sam _________ Dutch. (speak)
6. It _________ good that you _________ people around here. (be,
know)
7. Doctors _________ a problem and _________ a cure. (recognise,
suggest)
8. The news of the accident _________ very disturbing. (be)
9. Manu _________ to school every day. (walk)
10. Brittany _________ beautifully. (dance)

Exercise 2 – Correct the sentences

Read through the following sentences, locate the errors and

correct them so as to have the verb agree with the subject.

1. She get very nervous every time she see a needle.

She gets very nervous every time she sees a needle.
 2. Artie use a wheelchair to move from one place to another.

3. Neither you nor your brother are a singer.

4. There are a box of chocolates.

5. Sylvester and her sister is going to the same school.

6. Rahul, along with his friend Aakash, has signed up for the
debate competition.

7. Quinn wear a coat along with all her dresses.

8. Teenagers uses social media applications on a regular basis.

9. My dad and my mom is teachers.

10. She work as a journalist at the Indian Express.

Exercise 3 – Rewrite the sentences by using the right verb

forms
Check out the following sentences, and rewrite the sentences by
replacing the underlined verbs with the right form of the verb so
that it agrees with the subject.

1. Neither your hair clip nor your shoes matches your dress.
Neither your hair clip nor your shoes match your dress.

2. The performance of William McKinley High School were great.

3. The little boy love mangoes.

4. Your heartbeat are not normal.

5. All of my toys has been donated.

6. Don’t you think 150 kilometers are a little too long for us?

7. Here is the books you asked for.

8. The picture at the bottom look clear.

9. Mathematics are a subject that needs a lot of practice.

10. One of the children play the piano. Do you know who it is?

REPORTED SPEECH EXERCISES

Change as directed
Read the following sentences and change them into reported
speech.

Mimi said, “I have been writing this letter.”

ANSWER: Mimi said that she had been writing that letter

I said, “Sam’s driving the car.”

My uncle said, “I am cooking lunch.”

My brother said, “I had already eaten.”

The old lady said to the girl, “Where do you come from?”

Jon said, “I like to play rugby.”

My mother said, “I get up early every morning.”

The maths teacher said, “Three divided by three is one.”

Mohit said, “Switzerland is a very beautiful country.”

Ruben said, “It is very cold outside.”

The teacher said, “The French Revolution took place in 1789.”

Uma said, “I saw a Royal Bengal Tiger in the zoo.”

Luke said, “I can do this homework.”

Aswini said to her mother, “I have passed the test”.

Daphne said to Antony, “I will go to London tomorrow.”

The boy said, “My father is sleeping.”

The traffic police said to us, “Where are you going?”

The man shouted, “Let me go.”

Shivina said, “Alas! I am lost.”

“I know her contact number,” said Helena.

Stefen said, “My granny is making pasta.”

Raj said to Simran, “Have you ever been to the National

Museum?”

Anish said to Sid, “Please lend me the book.”

The teacher said to the parents, “Shelly is working very hard.”

Joshua said, “I have completed my assignment.”

I said to Alka, “How long will you stay here?”

The child told his dad, “I want an ice cream.”

Meera said, “I am not feeling well.”

The teacher said to Vivek, “Draw the diagram of the plant’s

parts.”

Irin said, “I am playing the piano.”

My mother said to me, “Help me carry this bag.”

Rahul said, “My sister is very helpful.”

The news reporter said, “The flight will be delayed by a few hours
due to heavy rains.”

Urmi said to her mother, “I want a slice of pizza.”

I said to Daniel, “Are you reading this book?”
ERROR AND CORRECTION ANSWERS

Dolphins and killer whales has learned elaborate routine [Error: has; Correction: have]
to entertain aquarium audiences. They are thought
by men to being even more scientifically (a) [Error: ________; Correction: ________;]
intelligent then me. In scientific (b) [Error: ________; Correction: _______ ;]
experiments they had showed great (c) [Error: ________; Correction: ________;]
skill for distinguishing between objects. (d) [Error: ________; Correction: ________;]

Community service sensitize people to (a) [Error: ________; Correction: ________;]

other’s needs and supports inclusive (b) [Error: ________; Correction: ________;]
development to the underprivileged (c) [Error: ________; Correction: ________;]
sections with society. Courses about social (d) [Error: ________; Correction:
________;]
work prepares frontline workers to (e) [Error: ________; Correction: ________;]
takes up assignments in social welfare (f) [Error: ________; Correction: ________;]
organizations. Practical work including (g) [Error: ________; Correction: ________;]
50 hour of structured internship to man projects.(h) [Error: ________; Correction:
________;]
Madhubani Painting is one in the many traditional (a) [Error: ________; Correction: ________;]
Indian art forms. It is but known as Mithila or Godhna (b) [Error: ________; Correction:
________;]
Paintings. This art developed by Mithila or Madhubani district (c) [Error: ________; Correction:
________;]
of Bihar or then spread to villages around Madhubani (d) [Error: ________; Correction:
________;]

Exercise 1 – Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs

Go through the following sentences and fill in the blanks with the suitable form of the
verbs given in brackets.

1. All my friends _________ here. (be)

2. I _________ the guitar. (play)

3. They _________ packed all that they will need for the trip. (have)

4. Samantha, Rachel and Sheena _________ eighth-grade students. (be)

5. Sam _________ Dutch. (speak)

6. It _________ good that you _________ people around here. (be, know)

7. Doctors _________ a problem and _________ a cure. (recognise, suggest)

8. The news of the accident _________ very disturbing. (be)

9. Manu _________ to school every day. (walk)

10. Brittany _________ beautifully. (dance)

Answers for Exercise 1
1. All my friends are here.

2. I play the guitar.

3. They have packed all that they will need for the trip.

4. Samantha, Rachel and Sheena are eighth-grade students.

5. Sam speaks Dutch.

6. It is good that you know people around here.

7. Doctors recognise a problem and suggest a cure.

8. The news of the accident is very disturbing.

9. Manu walks to school every day.

10. Brittany dances beautifully.

Exercise 2 – Correct the sentences

Read through the following sentences, locate the errors and correct them so as to have
the verb agree with the subject.

1. She get very nervous every time she see a needle.

2. Artie use a wheelchair to move from one place to another.

3. Neither you nor your brother are a singer.

4. There are a box of chocolates.

5. Sylvester and her sister is going to the same school.

6. Rahul, along with his friend Aakash, has signed up for the debate competition.

7. Quinn wear a coat along with all her dresses.

8. Teenagers uses social media applications on a regular basis.

9. My dad and my mom is teachers.

10. She work as a journalist at the Indian Express.

Answers for Exercise 2

1. She gets very nervous every time she sees a needle.

2. Artie uses a wheelchair to move from one place to another.

3. Neither you nor your brother is a singer.

4. There is a box of chocolates.

5. Sylvester and her sister are going to the same school.

6. Rahul, along with his friend Aakash, have signed up for the debate competition.

7. Quinn wears a coat along with all her dresses.

8. Teenagers use social media applications on a regular basis.

9. My dad and my mom are teachers.

10. She works as a journalist at the Indian Express.

Exercise 3 – Rewrite the sentences by using the right

verb forms
Check out the following sentences, and rewrite the sentences by replacing the
underlined verbs with the right form of the verb so that it agrees with the subject.

1. Neither your hair clip nor your shoes matches your dress.

2. The performance of William McKinley High School were great.

3. The little boy love mangoes.

4. Your heartbeat are not normal.

5. All of my toys has been donated.

6. Don’t you think 150 kilometers are a little too long for us?

7. Here is the books you asked for.

8. The picture at the bottom look clear.

9. Mathematics are a subject that needs a lot of practice.

10. One of the children play the piano. Do you know who it is?

Answers for Exercise 3

1. Neither your hair clip nor your shoes matches your dress.

Neither your hair clip nor your shoes match your dress.

2. The performance of William McKinley High School were great.

The performance of William McKinley High School was great.

3. The little boy love mangoes.

The little boy loves mangoes.

4. Your heartbeat are not normal.

Your heartbeat is not normal.

5. All of my toys has been donated.

All of my toys have been donated.

6. Don’t you think 150 kilometres are a little too long for us?

Don’t you think 150 kilometres is a little too long for us?

7. Here is the books you asked for.

Here are the books you asked for.

8. The picture at the bottom look clear.

The picture at the bottom looks clear.

9. Mathematics are a subject that needs a lot of practice.

Mathematics is a subject that needs a lot of practice.

10. One of the children play the piano. Do you know who it is?

One of the children plays the piano. Do you know who it is?
PREPOSITION

What Is a Preposition?
A preposition is a short word that is employed in sentences to show the relationship
nouns, pronouns or phrases have with other parts within the respective sentences.
Prepositions are normally found positioned in the latter part of the sentence, but before
a noun or pronoun.

Uses of Prepositions
Prepositions are seen to show some key characteristics and perform some vital
functions when used in sentences. Let us look at the various uses of prepositions in
English.

They are used to show the direction of something.

They can refer to the time of something happening.

They can be used to denote the position or location of an object in the sentence.

They are also used to represent spatial relationships.

Prepositional phrases, in particular, can be used to do all of these when used in sentences.

Types of Prepositions
Based on the different uses and functions of prepositions, they can be divided into four
main types. They are as follows:

Prepositions of Time – used to show when something is happening.

For example:

We will be meeting on Friday.

The supermarket will be closed from 9 p.m. to 9 a.m.

Can you come after some time?

We have been asked to work from home until the end of May.
The whole country was asked to stay home during the pandemic to ensure safety and well-being.

Prepositions of Place – indicate the place or position of something.

For example:

I have kept the book I borrowed from you on the table.

Henry hid behind the door.

The dog jumped over the fence.

Can you place the red roses in between the white daisies?

He was waiting in front of the EB office.

Prepositions of Direction – used to denote the direction in which something travels or moves.

For example:

The girl ran toward her father the moment she saw him.

Jerry jumped into the river to help his sister.

Veena passed the book to Priya.

When will Salvia be returning from London?

Neena lives across the street.

Prepositions of Location – employed to denote the location of a particular object.

For example:

Kenny would be staying at his cousin’s place for the weekend.

Make sure you keep all the toys back in its place after you play.

I lay on the floor for a really long time.

Prepositions of Spatial Relationship – used to denote an object’s movement away from the
source and towards a source.

For example:
Navya sat leaning against the wall.

The circus was stationed opposite the children’s park.

Lakshmi sat beneath the trees.

Shankar sat beside the stairs.

We spent the evening walking around the lake.

Prepositional Phrase – a combination of a preposition and a noun (the object it is affecting).

For example:

See to it that you reach the venue on time.

The medicines you asked for are out of stock.

Why don’t we try taking classes outside for a change.

Make sure you fill in all the forms at once.

Salmaan was able to finish it only with the help of his friends.

Examples of Prepositions Used in Sentences

To know how exactly prepositions can be used in sentences, check out the following
sentences.

I will be going to church in the morning.

She placed the plates on the dining table.

Baskar found the cat hiding under the bed.

Will you be with Raimy or Mazeeka?

I love sitting on the beach at night.

Rachel met Phoebe by the lake.

Finn stood opposite Lisa.

The grocery store is right in front of the bus stop.

My brother climbed onto the roof.

It feels great to sit beneath the trees and read.

What Are Conjunctions?

Conjunctions are used to combine two or more objects, phrases or clauses. It can also
be termed as connectors as they are employed in sentences to make connections.

Types of Conjunctions
Conjunctions are mainly used to join actions, ideas and thoughts. They are categorised
into three main types:

Coordinating conjunctions – used to combine two independent clauses. Examples of coordinating

conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so.

Subordinating conjunctions – used to combine an independent clause and a dependent clause.

Examples of subordinating conjunctions are if, although, though, after, before, because, as if, unless,
until, when, while, etc.
Correlative conjunctions – used to combine two phrases or parts of the sentence which have equal
importance within a sentence. Examples of correlative conjunctions are not only…but also, either…
or, neither…nor, whether…or, rather…or, if…then, etc.

Examples of Conjunctions
Have a look at the following sentences to understand how conjunctions can be
employed in sentences.

Sruthi and I visited Gokarna last weekend.

Do you have a rough notebook or at least a rough sheet of paper?

I did not go to work today because I was not keeping well.

She did not like the food, yet she ate it.

I will be leaving tomorrow so I am trying to finish all the pending assignments.

List of Most Commonly Used Conjunctions in Daily

Communication
Given below is a list of most commonly used conjunctions that you can use in your daily
communication.
REPORTED SPEECH EXERCISES
Change as directed
Read the following sentences and change them into reported speech.

Mimi said, “I have been writing this letter.”

I said, “Sam’s driving the car.”

My uncle said, “I am cooking lunch.”

My brother said, “I had already eaten.”

The old lady said to the girl, “Where do you come from?”

Jon said, “I like to play rugby.”

My mother said, “I get up early every morning.”

The maths teacher said, “Three divided by three is one.”

Mohit said, “Switzerland is a very beautiful country.”

Ruben said, “It is very cold outside.”

The teacher said, “The French Revolution took place in 1789.”

Uma said, “I saw a Royal Bengal Tiger in the zoo.”

Luke said, “I can do this homework.”

Aswini said to her mother, “I have passed the test”.

Daphne said to Antony, “I will go to London tomorrow.”

The boy said, “My father is sleeping.”

The traffic police said to us, “Where are you going?”

The man shouted, “Let me go.”

Shivina said, “Alas! I am lost.”

“I know her contact number,” said Helena.

Stefen said, “My granny is making pasta.”

Raj said to Simran, “Have you ever been to the National Museum?”

Anish said to Sid, “Please lend me the book.”

The teacher said to the parents, “Shelly is working very hard.”

Joshua said, “I have completed my assignment.”

I said to Alka, “How long will you stay here?”

The child told his dad, “I want an ice cream.”

Meera said, “I am not feeling well.”

The teacher said to Vivek, “Draw the diagram of the plant’s parts.”

Irin said, “I am playing the piano.”

My mother said to me, “Help me carry this bag.”

Rahul said, “My sister is very helpful.”

The news reporter said, “The flight will be delayed by a few hours due to
heavy rains.”

Urmi said to her mother, “I want a slice of pizza.”

I said to Daniel, “Are you reading this book?”

Answers

Mimi said that she had been writing that letter.

I said that Sam was driving the car.

My uncle said that he was cooking lunch.

My brother said that he had already eaten.

The old lady asked the girl where she came from.

Jon said that he likes to play rugby.

My mother said that she gets up early every morning.

The maths teacher said that three divided by three is one.

Mohit said that Switzerland was a very beautiful country.

Ruben said that it was very cold outside.

The teacher said that the French Revolution took place in 1789.

Uma said that she saw a Royal Bengal Tiger in the zoo.

Luke said that he could do that homework.

Aswini told her mother that she had passed the test.

Daphne informed Antony that she would go to London the next day.

The boy said that his father was sleeping.

The traffic police asked us where we were going.

The man shouted to them to let him go.

Shivina exclaimed sadly that she was lost.

Helena said that she knew her contact number.

Stefen said that his granny was making pasta.

Raj asked Simran if she had ever been to the National Museum.

Anish requested Sid to lend him the book.

The teacher told the parents that Shelly was working very hard.

Joshua said that he had completed his assignment.

I asked Alka how long she would stay there.

The child told his dad that he wants an ice cream.

Meera said that she was not feeling well.

The teacher instructed Vivek to draw the diagram of the plant’s parts.

Irin said that she was playing the piano.

My mother asked me to help her carry the bag.

Rahul said that his sister was very helpful.

The news reporter said that the flight would be delayed by a few hours due
to heavy rains.

Urmi said to her mother that she wanted a slice of pizza.

I asked Daniel if he was reading that book.

Std. 10 past question paper grammar
OPTIONS FOR ABOVE QUESTION IS IN THE NEXT
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