Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)

CHAPTER # 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY
SECTION –B
Short Questions

Q#1 Differentiate between physical and analytical Chemistry.

Physical Chemistry Analytical Chemistry
It is the study of fundamental physical principles It is the science of identification and quantification
that govern the way that atoms, molecules and of materials in a mixture.
other chemical systems behave.
It is the branch of chemistry which deals with It is the branch of chemistry which deals with
relationship between composition and physical separation and analysis of kind, quality and
properties of matter with the change in them. It quantity of various components in given
deals with the laws and principles governing the substances.
combination of atoms and Molecules in a chemical
reactions.
It is used in kinetics (study of how fast a chemical It is used in chromatography (way of separating
reaction is), quantum mechanics (how electrons substance based on their characteristics),
are arranged in atoms and molecules) and electrophoresis (technique for separation of ions
thermodynamics. (Study of various forms of energy by rate and direction of migration in an electric
including heat). field), Spectroscopy (Study of analysis between
matter and light).

Q#2 Write down the classification of molecule?

Q#3 Identify differences among the following:

(a) Atom and Ion (b) Molecule and Molecular Ion (c) Compound and Mixture.

(a) Atom and Ion

Atom Ion
Atom is the smallest particle of element. Ion is the smallest unit of Ionic compound.
Atom can or can not exist independently and take Ion can not exist independently and surrounded by
part in chemical reaction oppositely charged ions.
Atom is electrically neutral Ion has negative or positive charge.
Atom is composed of equal number of protons Ion is composed of unequal number of electrons
and electrons and protons.

(b) Molecule and Molecular Ion

Molecule Molecular Ion
Molecule is the smallest particle in a chemical Molecular ion is formed by gain or loss of electrons
element or compound. by a molecule.
Molecule is always neutral. Molecular ion have positive or negative charge .
Molecule is stable unit Molecular ion is reactive species.
Molecule is formed by the combination of atoms Molecular ion is formed by ionization of a
molecule.

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 Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
(c) Compound and Mixture.
Compound Mixture
Compound is formed by a chemical combination of Mixture is formed by the simple mixing of the
atoms of the elements. substances.
Constituent of compound lose their identity and Constituents of mixture retain their properties in
form a new substance with new properties. mixture.
Compounds have fixed composition by mass. Mixture have no composition by mass.
Components cannot be separated by physical The components can be separated by physical
means. means.

Q#4 Define the following terms.

(a) Gram atomic mass (b) Gram molecular mass (c) Gram formula mass

(a) Gram Atomic Mass

The atomic mass of anelement expressed in grams is called gram atomic mass. It is also called 1 mole.
1 gram of oxygen =16.00g-1 mole of oxygen atom.
1 gram of carbon = 12.00g= 1 mole of carbon atom.
1 gram of nitrogen =14.00 g=1 mole of nitrogen atom.
It means 1 gram atom of different elements has different masses.

(b) Gram Molecular Mass:

The Molecular mass of element or a compound expressed in gram is called gram molecular mass. It is also
called 1 mole.
1 gram molecule of oxygen (O2) = 32.00g. 1 mole of oxygen molecule
1 gram molecule of water (H2O) =18.00g- 1 mole of water.
1 gram molecule of ethanol (C2H5OH)=46.00g = 1 mole of ethanol.

(c) Gram Formula Mass:

The formula mass of an ionic compound expressed in grams is called gram formula mass. It is also called 1
mole.
1 gram formula of 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 58. 𝑔 =1 mole of sodium chloride
1 gram formula mass of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 100𝑔 = 1 mole of calcium carbonate.

Q#5 Write down the chemical, empirical and molecular formula of the following:
Sulphuric acid, Carbon dioxide, Glucose, Benzene.

Sulphuric Acid
Chemical Formula : H2SO4 Empirical Formula: H2SO4 Molecular Formula: H2SO4

Carbon dioxide
Chemical formula : CO2 Empirical Formula: CO2 Molecular Formula: CO2

Glucose
Chemical Formula : C6H12O6 Empirical Formula:CH2O Molecular Formula:C6H12O6

Benzene
Chemical Formula : C6H6 Empirical Formula:CH Molecular Formula:C6H6

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 Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
Q#6 What is free Radical?
Free Radical:
Free Radical is an atom and group of atoms having number of unpaired electrons. It is represented by
putting a dot over the symbol of an element.
For Example:
H0, Cl0, H3C0
Free radicals are formed when homolytic breakage of bond between two atoms takes place by the
absorption of heat or light energy.

Q#7 Describe relationship between empirical and molecular formula? Explain with examples.
1. The Formula showing minimum relative numbers of each type of atoms in a molecule is called empirical
formula WHEREAS the formula showing actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule is called
molecular formula.
2. Empirical formula shows simplest ratio of atoms present in a molecule WHEREAS molecular formula
show actual number of atoms in a molecule.
3. Empirical formula does not show the actual number of atoms in a molecule. WHEREAS molecular
formula is derived from empirical formula.
4. The molecular formula is a multiple of empirical formula.
5. General Statement relating molecular formula and empirical formula is: Molecular formula = (empirical
formula)n where: n=1,2,3, etc M.F= (E.F)n
Examples:
1. Benzene has molecular formula C6 H6
It shows the ratio as follows:
C6 H6
6:6
1:1
So the empirical formula of benzene is CH
Now:
M.F=(E.F)n
For Benzene
M.F =(CH)6
= C6H6
2. Glucose has molecular formula C6 H12O6. It shows the ratio as follow:
C6H12O6
6: 12 : 6
1:2:1
C : H2: O
So the empirical formula of glucose is CH2O and have simplest ratio 1 : 2 : 1 of atoms in molecule of
glucose.
Now,
M.F = (E.F)n
for glucose
M.F = (CH2O)6
=C6H12O6

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 Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
Q#8 Explain why hydrogen and oxygen are considered as element whereas water is compound?
Element is a substance made up of same kind of atom and cannot be decomposed into simple substance.
Hydrogen and oxygen are individual element and cannot be further broken down. Each atom of Hydrogen and
oxygen have their own identity as no new substance is formed.
Water is a compound because it is formed from two different elements chemically bonded together in a
fixed ratio by mass. Hydrogen when combines with oxygen, water is formed with entirely new different
properties from those of each individual element (Hydrogen and oxygen)

Q.2 Write down classification of molecule.

Classification of Molecules:
Molecules are classified as follows:
1. Mono-Atomic Molecule: Molecule consists of one atom are called mono-atomic molecule.
E.g: Helium (He) Neon, (Ne) , Argon (Ar) etc.

2. Di-Atomic Molecule: Molecule consisting of two atoms are called di-atomic molecules.
E.g Hydrogen (H2), Oxygen (O2), Chlorine (Cl2)

3. Tri atomic molecule: Molecule consisting of three atoms are called tri atomic molecules.
E.g: water (H2O), Carbon dioxide (CO2) Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

4. Poly-Atomic Molecule: Molecule consisting of many atom are called poly atomic molecule.
E.g : Mehane (CH4) Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) Glucose (C6H12O6)

5. Homoatomic Molecule: Molecule consisting of same type of atoms are called Homoatomic molecule.
E.g Hydrogen (H2) Ozone (O3) Phosphorus (P4) , Sulfur (S8)

6. Hetro Molecule: Molecule Consisting of different type of atoms are called Hetro Molecule.
E.g: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Water (H2O) Ammonia (NH3)

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 Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
SECTION –C
Detailed Questions
Q#1 What do you mean by chemical species, explain ion, molecular ion and free radical?

Chemical Species:
Chemical species is a chemical entity, such as particular atom, ion or molecule. It has a chemical name and
chemical formula.
IONS (Cations, anions)
Ion is an atom or group of atoms having a charge on it. Charge may be positive or negative.
Types of Ions: There are two types of ions.
1. Cations 2. Anions
Cations: positive ions are termed as cations.
They are formed when an atom loses electrons from its outermost shell.
For Example:
The following equation shows formation of cations:
Na ------- Na+ +1e-
K-------- K+ +1e-
Anions: Negative ions are termed as anions.
They are formed by the gain or addition of electrons to an atom.
For example: Cl- and O2- are anions. The following equation shows formation of anions:
Cl+ 1e- - Cl-1
O2 + 2e- ----- 2O2-
Molecular Ions: When a molecule loses or gains electrons, called as “Molecular ions”.
Molecular ions also posses positive or negative charge like any ion.

Types of Molecular Ions: There are two types of molecular Ions.

1. Catioinic Molecular Ions. 2. Anionic Molecular Ions.
1. Cationic Molecular Ions:
If molecular ion has positive charge, they are known as cationic Molecular ions”.
For example: CH4+

2. Anionic Molecular Ions:

If molecular ions have negative charge, they are called “anionic molecular ions”.
For Example: NO3-

Free Radicals: Free radicals are atoms and group of atoms having number of unpaired electrons. It is
represented by putting a dot over the symbol of element.
For Example:
H0 , Cl0 , H3C0
Free Radicals are formed when homolytic breakage of bond between two atoms takes place by the absorption
of heat or light energy. Free radical is very reactive chemical species.

Q#2 Write down the applications of chemistry in daily life.

Chemistry Applications in Daily Life: Chemistry has many application in daily life such as:
 Cooking, eating and digestion of food are purely chemical processes.

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 Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
 Construction, cleaning and washing of our homes are dependable on chemistry.
 The production of fertilizers, glasses, plastic, synthetic fiber, polymer, ceramics, petroleum products, soaps
and detergents are based on chemistry.
 The diseases transmitted through impure drinking water as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, skin and eye
infections can be controlled with the help of chlorine treatment to kill the pathogenic organism to obtain pure
water.
 The chlorine is most important chemical which is used commercially to produce more than one thousand
compounds which are used in chemical industry as bleaching agent, disinfectants, solvents, pesticides,
refrigerates, PVC and drugs are miracles of chemistry.

Q#3 Explain in detail empirical and molecular formula.

Empirical Formula And Molecular Formula:
The compounds are represented by chemical formula as elements are represented by symbols with respect to
valencies. Chemical formula are of two types.
1. Empirical Formula 2. Molecular Formula

Empirical Formula:
The formula showing minimum relative numbers of each type of atoms in a molecule is called empirical formula.
 Empirical Formula shows simplest ratio of each atoms present in a molecule.
 Empirical Formula does not show the actual number of atoms in the molecule.
 Empirical Formula tell us the type of element present in it.
For Example:
1. Hydrogen peroxide has molecular formula H2O2. Which has simplest ratio of hydrogen and oxygen as follow:
H2O2
2 : 2
1 : 1
H : O
So the empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide becomes HO.
2. Acetic Acid has molecular formula C2H4O2. It shows ratio as follows:
C2H4O2
2:4: 2
1 : 2 : 1
C : H2 : O
So the empirical formula of acetic acid is CH2O and have simple ratio 1: 2: 1

Molecular Formula:
The molecular Formula is the formula which shows actual number of atoms of each element present in a
molecule.
 Molecular formula is derived from empirical formula.
 Molecular Formula mass is calculated by adding atomic weights of its atoms.
 Molecular formula of a compound may be same or multiple of empirical formula.
For example:
Molecular Formula of Benzene is C6H6, which have six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms, molecular
formula is integral multiple (1,2,3, etc) of the empirical formula.
Molecular Formula = (Empirical Formula) n
Where n=1,2,3, etc

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 Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
Some Compounds with their empirical and molecular formula
Compound Empirical formula Molecular Formula
Carbon dioxide CO2 CO2
Glucose CH2O C6H12O6
Hydrogen peroxide HO H2O2
Benzene CH C6H6
Acetic Acid CH2O C2H4O2

Q#4 Explain the steps for balancing the equation.

Steps for balancing of chemical equation.
We can balance the equation by following steps:
1. Write the correct formula of all reactants on the left side and products on the right side of an arrow.
2. Balance the number of atoms on each side.
3. If the number of atoms may appear more or less than other side, balance the equation by inspection method.
Multiply the co efficient with formula to make the number of atoms same on the both (reactants and products)
sides of equation.
4. The covalent molecules of hydrogen, nitrogen and chlorine exits as diatomic molecules rather than isolated
atoms in chemical equation.
5. finally check the equation to be sure that number and kind of atom are same on the reactant and product
side. If yes, now equation is balanced.
For Example: Let us consider, in laboratory oxygen (O2) gas is prepared by heating potassium chlorate (KCLO3).
The products are potassium chloride (KCL) and oxygen (O2) gas.
Now balance the equation step wise.
Step No 1: Write correct formula of all reactant on left side and product on right side of an equation.
KClO3(s)  KCl(S) + O2(g)
Step No 2: Balance the number of atoms on each side.
KClO3  KCl+O2
Reactant Products
K=1  K=1
Cl=1  Cl=1
O=3  O=2
We see that K and Cl elements have same number of atoms on both sides of equation but O is not balanced
because three atoms on reactant side and two atoms on product side.
Step No 3: Now multiply the formula (KClO3) with co-efficient 2 on reactant side and 3 in front of oxygen on
product side to balance the oxygen atoms.
2KClO3  KCl+3O2
Reactant Product
K=2  K=1
Cl=2  Cl=1
O=6  O=6
Step No 4: Now again check and balance the equation by placing 2 in front of KCl. On product side.
2KClO3  2KCl +3O2
Reactant Products
K=2  K=2
Cl=2  Cl=2
O=6  O=6

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 Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
Now this chemical equation is balanced.

Q#5 Name the branches of chemistry and discuss any five branches.
Branches of Chemistry: Chemistry is divided in the following main branches.
1. Physical Chemistry 2. Organic Chemistry 3. In Organic Chemistry
4. Biochemistry 5. Industrial chemistry 6. Nuclear Chemistry
7. Enviromental Chemistry 8. Analytical Chemistry 9. Medicinal Chemistry
10. Quantum Chemistry 11. Green Chemistry

1. Physical Chemistry:
It is the branch of chemistry which deals with relationship between composition and physical properties of
matter with the changes in them. It deals with the laws and principles governing the combination of atoms and
molecules in chemical reactions.

2. Quantum Chemistry:
The branch of chemistry which deals with application, mechanics and experiments of physical models in
chemical system. It is also called molecular quantum mechanics.

3. Industrial Chemistry:
The branch of chemistry which deals with the study or chemical process involved in the chemical industries
for the manufacture of synthetic products like fertilizers, glass, cement and medicines is called as industrial
chemistry.

4. Green Chemistry:
The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of process and designing products, which are
composed of less hazardous substances. It is also known as sustainable chemistry.

5. Environmental Chemistry:
It is the branch of chemistry which deals with separation and analysis of kind, quantity and quality of given
substances. It is used in chromatography, electrophoresis and spectroscopy.

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 Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
SECTION –D
Numerical
Q#1 Balance the following equations by inspection method.
(a) NH3+O2  NO+H2O
Reactants Products
N=1  N=1
H=3  H=2
O=2  O=2

4NH3+5O2  4NO+6H2O
Reactants Products
N=4  N=4
H=12  H=12
O=10  O=10

(b) KNO3  KNO2+O2

Reactants Products
K=1  K=1
N=1  N=1
O=3  O=4

2KNO3  2KNO2+O2
Reactants Products
K=2  K=2
N=2  N=2
O=6  O=6

(c) Ca+H2O  Ca(OH)2+H2

Reactants Products
Ca=1  Ca=1
H=2  H=4
O=1  O=2
Ca+2H2O  Ca(OH)2+H2
Reactants Products
Ca=1  Ca=1
H=4  H=4
O=2  O=2

(d) NaHCO3  Na2CO3+H2O+CO2

Reactants Products
Na=1  Na=2
H=1  H=4
C=1  C=2
O=3  O=6
2NaHCO3  Na2CO3+H2O+O2
Reactants Products

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 Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
Na=2  Na=2
H=2  H=2
C=2  C=2
O=6  O=6
(e) CO+O2  CO2
Reactants Products
C=1  C=1
O=3  O=2
2CO+O2  2CO2
Reactants Products
C=2  C=2
O=4  O=4
Q#2 Calculate the formula mass (a.m.u) of the following?
Al2O3
Mass of Al=27
Mass of O=16
AL2O3
27×2 + 16×3
54 + 48
102 a.m.u
MgCl2
Mass of Mg=24
Mass of Cl=35.5
Mg Cl2
24+35.5×2
24 + 71
95 a.m.u
NaCl
Mass of Na=23
Mass of Cl=35.5
NaCl
23+35.5
58.5 a.m.u

KNO3
Mass of K=39
Mass of N=14
Mass of O=16
KNO3
39+14+16×3
39+14+48
101 a.m.u

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 Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
Q#3 Calculate the molecular mass (a.m.u) of the following:
C2H5OH
Mass of Carbon = 12
Mass of Hydrogen =1
Mass of Oxygen =16
C2 H5OH
12×2+1×5+16×1+1×1
24+5+16+1
46 a.m.u
H2O
Mass of Hydrogen =1
Mass of Oxygen. =16
H2O
1×2+16
2+16
18 a.m.u
NH3
Mass of Nitrogen = 14
Mass of Hydrogen =1
NH3
14+1×3
14+3
17 a.m.u
CO2
Mass of Carbon = 12
Mass of Oxygen = 16
CO2
12+16×2
12+32
44 a.m.u

Q# 4 How many moles are required to prepare 40 gm of H2SO4

Data:
Moles=??
Known mass of substance = 40gm
Molar mass of H2SO4 = 1×2+32+16×4
= 2+32+64
= 98g
Formula:
𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Solution:
40
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 98
= 0.408

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 Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
Q#5 Calculate the number of moles and number of molecules present in the following.
(a) 16gm of H2CO3
Data:
Known mass ofH2CO3 = 16gm
Molar mass of H2CO3 = 1×2+12+16×3
= 2+12+48
= 62 g
Number of moles=??
Number of Molecules=??
Solution:
Number of moles
𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
16
=
62
= 0.258
Number of Molecules
Number of Molecules = Number of moles ×Avogadro’s number
=0.258×6.02×1023
=1.553×1023
(b) 20g of C6H12O6
Data:
Known mass of C6H12O6 = 20 g
Molar mass of C6H12O6 = 12×6+1×12+16×6
= 72+12+96
=180 g
Number of moles=??
Number of molecules=??

Solution:-
Number of Moles
𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 C6 H12 O6
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 C6 H12 O6
20
=
180
= 0.111
Number of Molecules
Number of Molecules = Number of moles ×Avogadro’s number
=0.111×6.02×1023
=6.682×1022

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 Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
CHAPTER 2
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
SECTION-B
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q#1 Draw the structure of isotopes of chlorine to justify the definition of isotopes.
Ans:

Q#2 An atom has 5 electrons in M shell than:

(a) Find out its atomic number?
(b) Write electronic configuration of atom?
(c) Name the element of an atom?
Ans:
(a) Find out its atomic number?
Ans: Atomic number of an atom is 15.
(b) Write electronic configuration of atom?
Ans: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p3
(c) Name the element of an atom?
Ans: Name of an element is “phosphorus”.

Q#3 Justify that Rutherford atomic model has defects.

Ans: Defects of Rutherford Atomic Model
1. Rutherford did not explain the stability of an atom.
2. In Rutherford atomic model electrons revolving around the nucleus in circular path continuously emits energy
and due to continuous loss of energy ultimately falls into the nucleus.
3. If the revolving electron continuously emits energy, then there would be a continuous spectrum but in
contrast to it electron of an atom gives line spectrum.

Q#4 Describe wave particle duality of electron of De Broglie hypothesis.

Ans.
Introduction:
In 1923 Louis De Broglie extend the wave particle duality to electron and propose a hypothesis.
Statement:
All matter has particle as well as wave nature at sub microscopic level.

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 Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
Explanation:
De Broglie combine the Einstein and Plank equations and argued that if,
E=hγ Plank’s equation
(Where E= energy, h=plank constant, γ=frequency of light)
E=mc2 Einstein equation
(Where E= energy, m=mass, c= speed of light)
Combining both the equations:
𝒉𝒚 = 𝒎𝒄𝟐
c is speed of light so De Broglie substituted it with v, velocity of light because real particles do not travel
with speed of light
𝒉𝒚 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 /𝒉
For De Broglie wavelength, he constituted v/λ(lambda) and arrived at the final expression that relates
wavelength and particle with speed:
𝒉𝒚 = 𝒎𝒗/𝝀
Hence
𝝀 = 𝒉𝒗/𝒎𝒗𝟐 = 𝒉/𝒎𝒗
According to De Broglie a light, or any other electromagnetic wave, can also exhibit the properties of a
wave, and those two nature are interchangeable.

Q#5. What are limitations of Bohr’s Atomic Model?

Ans. Limitations of Bohr’s Atomic Model:
1. It failed to explain the Zeeman Effect (effect of magnetic field on the spectra of atoms).
2. It also failed to explain the Stark effect (effect of electric field on spectra of atoms).
3. It deviated the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.
4. It could not explain the spectra obtained from the large atoms.
5. It explain the mono electronic species like H+1 , Li+2, B+3.

Q#6 Differentiate between shell and sub shell with examples?

Ans.
SHELL SUB SHELL
1. The Energy level or shell or orbit are all the 1. The pathway in which main shells are divided
possible paths on which electrons are revolving and electrons revolve within a shell is called sub
around the nucleus. shell or sub energy level.
2. These shells are named as K, L, M, N, O, P. 2. These sub shells are named as s, p, d, f.
3. Can hold up to maximum of 32 electrons 3. Can hold up to maximum of 2 electrons in each
sub shell.
4. They are in increasing order of energy from K to 4. Energy is divided in different sub shells.
P.
5. Number of shell is represented by its value of ‘n’ 5. Number of subshells in each shell is according to
quantum number. the value of ‘n’ of that shell.
6. First shell holds maximum of 2 electrons, second 6. First sub shell can hold up to maximum 2
shell holds maximum of 8, third shell can hold up electrons, second sub shell hold up to 6, third one
to 18 and fourth shell can have maximum 32 can hold up to 10 and fourth one can hold up to 14
electrons. electrons.
7. Example 1: Electronic arrangement in terms of 7. Example 1: Electronic arrangement in terms of
shells in oxygen atom is as follow: sub shells in oxygen atom is as follows:
Atomic number of oxygen is 8 so its arrangement Atomic number of oxygen is 8 so its arrangement

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 Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
of electrons is: of electrons is:
K=2, L=6 1s2, 2s2, 2p4
Example 2: Electronic arrangement of Neon with Example 2: Electronic arrangement of Neon with
atomic number 10 is: atomic number 10 is:
K=2, L=8 1s2, 2s2, 2p6

𝟏𝟔
Q#7 How the atoms of 𝐎𝟏𝟕 𝟖 and 𝐎𝟖 are similar or different from each other?
Ans:
Similarity:
O17 16
8 and O8 are the isotopes (atoms of the same element having same atomic number but different mass
number) of oxygen atom.
Difference:
Isotopes of an element differ in number of neutrons whereas number of electrons remains same in them.
Number of neutrons increase inside nucleus can also make nucleus unstable and as a whole that isotope
becomes unstable.
Difference in number of neutron in both the isotopes is given as follows:
16
O8 = electrons: 8, protons: 8, neutrons: 16-8=8
17
O8 = electrons: 8, protons:8, neutrons: 17-8=9

Q#9 Write down the names of sub- atomic particles their masses in a.m.u with their unit charges.
Ans:
Name of particle Mass in a.m.u Unit charge
1.electron 0.000549 -1
2.proton 1.00728 +1
3.neutron 1.00867 0

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SECTION-C
DETAILED QUESTIONS
Q#1. Discuss Rutherford gold metal foil experiment in the light of structure of atom.
Ans. Rutherford Atomic Model
Introduction:
Lord Rutherford in 1911, carried out series of experiments and proposed a new model for the atom.
Experiment:
He took a thin sheet of gold and bombarded it with alpha particles obtained from a radioactive element
(like Polonium). These rays scattered from the atom and examined on a zinc sulphide (ZnS) screen.

Observations:
1. Most of the particles passed straight and un-deflected through the sheet and produced illumination on the
zinc sulphide screen.
2. Very few alpha particles undergo small and strong deflection after passing through gold sheet.
3. A very few alpha particles (one out of 8000) retracted their path.

Conclusion:
1. According to Rutherford an atom consists of two parts (i) nucleus and
(ii) extra nuclear part.
2. Most of the space inside the atom is empty because most of the alpha particles passed through the gold foil
without getting deflected.
3. Centre of an atom consists of heavy dense body called nucleus having positive charge on it because of
deflection of alpha particles being positive.
4. Very few alpha particles deflected from their path indicating that positive charge of atom occupies very little
space.
5. The whole mass of an atom is concentrated in nucleus and electrons are distributed in different areas around
the positive charge.
6. The electrons are revolving around the nucleus in extra nuclear part in specific areas called orbits or shells or
energy levels.

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Rutherford Postulates
1. An atom consist of positively charged dense and very small nucleus containing protons and neutrons (heavier
particles of atom). The entire mass of an atom in concentrated in nucleus.
2. The nucleus is surrounded by large space which is called extra nuclear part where probability of finding
electron is maximum.
3. The electrons are revolving around the nucleus in circular paths with high speed (velocity).
4. These circular paths are known as orbits or shells or energy levels.
5. An atom is electrically neutral because it has equal number of protons and electrons.
6. The size of the nucleus is very small as compared to the size of its original atom.

Q#2 Write down the application of isotopes in daily life.

Ans Applications of isotopes in daily life
1. Radio isotopes like phosphorus 32 or strontium 90 are used for treating skin cancer.
2. Cobalt 60, radioactive isotope of cobalt due to its more penetrating power is used in treatment of body
cancer.
3. Iodine isotopes in radiotherapy are used for detestations of thyroid gland in the neck.
4. Another radio isotope technetium is used for monitoring bone growth in fracture healing.
5. Gamma ray of cobalt 60 are used for sterilization of medical instruments and dressings from harmful bacteria.
6. In the field of safety measure and industries, Americium-241 is used in back scatter gauges, smoke detectors
and measuring ash content of coal.
7. In sewage and liquid waste movement for water pollution radio isotopes gold-198 and technetium-99 are
used in tracing waste causing ocean pollution and sand movement in rivers and oceans.
8. Uranium-235 in power generation field is used in conversion of water energy from steam to generate
electricity.

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9. Plutonium-238 in the field of medicine is used to stimulate a regular heart beat in heart pace maker.
10. Carbon-14 in the archaeology and geology is used to estimate the age of fossils.

Q#3 Explain how Bohr’s atomic model is different from Rutherford atomic model.
Ans: Neil Bohr Atomic Model
Introduction:
In 1913 Neil Bohr proposed another atomic model. This atomic model was different in this manner that it
show two folds, first to remove the Rutherford atomic model and second explain the line spectrum of hydrogen
based on quantum theory of Max Plank.

Postulates of Neil Bohr’s Atomic Model

1. The atom has fixed orbit in which negatively charged electron is revolving around positively charged nucleus.
2. These orbits which are also called shells or energy levels named as K, L, M, N possess certain amount of
energy.
3. The energy levels are represented by integer (n= 1, 2, 3………) known as quantum number, this number range
starts from nucleus side, where n=1 is lowest energy level.
4. Electrons while revolving in specific orbit do not radiate or absorbs energy.
5. When electron jumps from lower energy orbit(E1) to higher energy orbit (E2), it absorbs energy.
6. When electron jumps from higher energy orbit (E2) to lower energy orbit (E1), it radiates energy.
7. The emission or absorption is discontinuous in the form of energy packet called Quantum or Photon.
8. The (ΔE) Difference in energy of higher (E2) to lower (E1) energy level is:
ΔE = E2-E1
ΔE = h γ = 1 photon
Here h is called planks constant, its value is 6.63x10-34 Js and γ is a frequency of light.
9. Stationary states were present in those orbits only in which angular momentum of electron would be integral
multiple of h/2л.
Angular momentum = mvr = nh/2л
Where n = number of orbits
h = planks constant
m = mass of electron

Q#4 Prove that modern theory of De Broglie is related with Einstein and Plank’s equations.
Ans:
Introduction:
In 1923, a French Physicist, Louis De Broglie proposed a hypothesis to explain the theory of the atomic
structure. By using a series of substitution De Broglie hypothesizes particles to hold properties of waves. Within
a few years, De Broglie’s hypothesis was tested by scientists shooting electrons and rays of light through slits.
What scientists discovered was the electron stream acted the same was as light proving De Broglie correct.

De Broglie Wavelength:
De Broglie derived his equation using well established theories through the following series of substitution.
De Broglie first used Einstein’s famous equation relating matter and energy:
E = mc2
Where, E = energy
m = mass
c = speed of light

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Using plank’s theory which states every quantum of a wave has a discrete amount of energy given by Plank’s
equation:
E = hγ
Where, E = energy
h = plank’s constant (6.63x10-34 J s)
γ = frequency
Since De Broglie believed that particles and wave have the same traits, he hypothesized that two energies
would be equal:
mc2 = hγ
Because real particles do not travel at the speed of light, De Broglie submitted velocity (v) of light for the
speed of light (c)
mv2 = hγ
Through the equation λ, De Broglie substituted γ/λ for v and arrived at the final expression that relates
wavelength and particle with speed
mv2 = hγ / λ
Hence
λ = hγ / mv2 = h/mv = h/p
where p = momentum (mv) so,
λ = h/p

The wave nature of a particle is quantified by De Broglie wavelength defined as λ = h/p where p is the
momentum of particle.
According to De Broglie a light, or any other electromagnetic wave, can also exhibit the properties of a
particle, similarly a particle should also exhibit the properties of a wave, and those two nature are
interchangeable.

Q#5 How are cathode rays produced? What are their major characteristics
Ans. Introduction:
Cathode rays were discovered by J.J. Thomson and William Crooks in the year 1897.

Instrumentation:
The apparatus used for this type of experiment is called discharge tube which consists of glass tube fitted
with two metal electrodes connected to a high voltage source and a vacuum pump.

Experiment:
When electrodes inside discharge tube are connected with high voltage source at very low pressure (1mm
of Hg), as the high voltage current passing between electrodes a streak of bluish light originate and travel in
straight line from cathode (-ve electrode) to anode (+ve electrode), which cause glow at the wall of opposite
end. These rays are called cathode rays because of emerging from cathode.

Conclusion:
J.J. Thomson justified that these rays were deflected towards positive plate in electric and magnetic field
which shows that these rays possess negative charge due to this negative charge, this particle was named
electron. These electrons were obtained from the gas in the discharge tube which proves that electrons are
constituent of all matter.

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Properties of cathode rays
1. They move from cathode towards anode in straight line.
2. They produce sharp shadow of an opaque object placed in their path.
3. They have negative charge and bend towards positive plate in electric and magnetic field.
4. These rays when strike with glass and other material cause material glow.
5. The (e/m) charge mass ratio of cathode particles is 1.7588x108 coulomb per gram. This is same for all
electrons, regardless of any gas in the discharge tube.
6. They can produce mechanical pressure indicating they possess kinetic energy (K.E).

constituent of all matter.

Q#6 Describe the Schrodinger atomic model.

Ans. Schrodinger Atomic Model

Introduction:
In 1926 Erwin Schrodinger, an Australian Physicist, took the Bohr’s atomic model one step forward. He used
mathematical equations to describe the likelihood of finding an electron in a certain position. This atomic model
is known as the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
Schrodinger model is just an improvement of Bohr’s atomic model. He took an atom of hydrogen because it
has one proton and one electron. He proved mathematically that electron can be find in different position
around the nucleus and determined by probability.

Key Points:
1. The quantum mechanical model determines that electron can be find in various location around the nucleus.
He found electrons in orbits as an electron cloud.
2. Each energy sub shell in an orbit have different shapes which determine the presence of electron.
3. Different sub shells of orbitals are named s, p, d and f with different shapes as ‘s’ is spherical and ‘p’ is
dumbbell shaped.
4. The number and kind of atomic orbitals depends on the energy sub shell.

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Electron Probability
According to quantum mechanical model probability of finding an electron within certain volume of space
surrounding the nucleus can be represented as a fuzzy cloud. The cloud is denser the probability of finding
electron is high which are called atomic orbitals.

Q#7. Describe briefly the experiments which provide clue and evidencesof electron, proton and neutron.
Ans.1. Crooks tube experiment for discovery of electron:
Electron is the lightest particle carrying negative in an atom discovered by J.J. Thomson and William Crooks.
This is also called as discharge tube experiment because apparatus used for this is glass discharge tube
fitted with two metal electrodes. Discharge tube is connected to a high voltage source with very low pressure (1
mm of Hg) inside it. As current is passed through the source, streak of bluish light is observed passing between
two electrodes and traveling in straight line from cathode (-ve terminal) to anode (+ve terminal) caused glow at
the wall of the opposite end.
As these rays originate from negative end towards positive end exhibiting negative charge, named as
electrons obtained from gas in the tube.

2. Discharge tube experiment for the discovery of proton

The proton is positively charged particle of atom discovered by Goldstein in 1886 and their properties were
investigated by J.J. Thomson in 1897.
Protons were observed in same apparatus of cathode rays but with perforated cathode. Goldstein
observed that along with negatively charge cathode rays positively charge rays are also moving in opposite
direction by perforating cathode. These positive rays passes through the holes of cathode, where they strike
cause the glow of tube. These rays were named as Canal rays (protons).
Canal rays are not emitted by anode, but they are result of striking of electron with residual gas molecules
in discharge tube.
Goldstein justified that atoms are electrically neutral while electrons carry negative charge so there must
be one equivalent positive charge to neutralize that electron. This particle is called proton and it is also a
fundamental particle of an atom.

3. Chadwick experiment for the discovery of neutron

In 1920 Rutherford predict that atom must possess another neutral particle with equivalent mass of
proton. Later on in 1932 James Chadwick become successful to discover neutron.
Chadwick found that when alpha particles bombarded on beryllium some penetrating radiations were
given out. He suggested that these rays were due to material particles with mass comparable to hydrogen atom
but have no charge. These radiations (particles) are called Neutrons. It can be expressed as:
9
Be4 + 4He2 → 12C6 + 1n0
The neutron is fundamental particle of an atom present in nucleus with proton and include in atomic mass.

Q#8 How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in the following:
1.56Fe26
Electrons = 26
Protons = 26
Neutrons = mass number – atomic number
= 56-26 = 30
17
2. O8
Electrons = 8

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Protons = 8
Neutrons = 17 – 8 = 9
3. 37Cl17
Electrons = 17
Protons = 17
Neutrons = 37 – 17 = 20
4. 235U92
Electrons = 92
Protons = 92
Neutrons = 235 – 92 = 134
5. 14C6
Electrons = 6
Protons = 6
Neutrons = 14-6 = 8

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CHAPTER # 3
Periodic Table
SECTION-B
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q#1 Distinguish between groups and periods.
Ans:
GROUPS PERIODS
1. Vertical Columns in periodic table are called Horizontal rows in periodic table are called
groups. periods.
2. There are 18 groups in periodic table, divided There are 7 periods in periodic table.
into A and B subgroups.
3. Elements in groups have similar properties. Elements in a period have different properties.
4. Group number of an element indicate total no Period number of an element indicates total
of electrons in valance shell. number of shells in its structure.
5.In a group physical and chemical properties In a period physical and chemical properties
remain same from top to bottom. changes from left to right.

Q#2 Describe the trend of electro negativity within group and period with examples.
Ans: Trend of electro negativity within period.
Electro negativity increases from left to right in period due to increase in nuclear charge which decrease
the distance from nucleus to shared electron pair. Nuclear charge increase the power to attract the shared pair
of electrons.
For Example:
The following table indicates increase in electro negativity along period.
Elements of 2nd period 3
Li 4
Be 5
B 6
C 7
N 8
O 9
F
Electro negativity 1.0 1.6 2.0 2.6 3.0 3.4 4.0

Trend of electro negativity in Groups.

In group electro negativity decreases because size of atom increases and attraction for shared electron pair
decreases.
For Example:
Electro negativity of halogens is shown as below:

Elements of 17th groups (Halogens) Electro negativity

9
F 4.0
17
Cl 3.2
35
Br 3.0
53
I 2.7

Q#3 Explain similarity of chemical and physical properties of the elements in the same family.
Ans: Similarity of chemical properties in same family (Groups)
The group is also known as family or column. There are 18 groups or families in periodic table. All the
elements in a particular group have similar chemistry.
The chemical properties depends upon the number of electrons in the outer or valance shell since these
electrons participate in chemical bond formation with other elements the elements are arranged in the periodic
table in such a way that the elements having same number of electrons in valence shell are grouped together.
Therefore the chemical properties in the same group are similar.

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As for example, the halogens (Group VII) made up of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and astatine, in fact
since they all exhibit seven electrons in their valence shell, they are therefore called as halogens. All halogens
exhibit similar chemical properties. It is true all other groups.

Similarity of Physical properties in same family (Groups)

The physical properties like melting point, boiling point partially depend on the valence shell and it also
depend on the interaction between atoms of the elements.
Thus to some extent it shows similarity along a group.

Q#4 Justify the periodicity of properties dependent upon the number of protons in an atom.
Ans.
Periodicity:
Periodicity means “Repetition of something after final interval”. The periodicity of properties means that
elements are arranged in an order where properties of elements repeat after some period.

Periodicity dependent on number of protons:

Modern periodic law describes the dependence of periodicity of properties on the number of protons or
proton number (atomic number). It states that “Physical and chemical properties of element are periodic
function of their atomic number or proton numbers”
Atomic number implies the number of electron in extra nuclear part or the number of protons in the
nucleus.
Since the nucleus is deep-seated in an atom and is also shielded by electrons in the extra nuclear part, therefore,
the atomic mass has little effect on the chemical properties of the elements.
Electrons are exposed to environment. Hence, they can interact with the reagent. As a result, the physical
and chemical properties of the elements depend upon their proton number or atomic number or atomic
number & rather than the atomic masses.

Q#5 Identify that which halogens exist as gases, liquid and solid?
Halogens State at room temperature
Flourine (F) Gas
Chlorine (Cl Gas
Bromine (Br) Liquid
Iodine (I) Solid
Astatine (At) Solid

Q#6 Why alkaline earth metals show irregular melting and boiling point?
Ans. Irregular Trend IN Alkaline earth metals Melting and Boiling points:
Alkaline earth metals (Group IIA) are highly electro positive metals and as solids they adopt different types
of crystal lattices. Due to the difference in packing of atoms in crystal lattices these elements do not display any
regular trend in their melting and boiling points. The presence of 2+ charge on alkaline earth metals in their
metallic structure produce greater binding forces which results in strong crystal lattice and hence irregularity in
melting and boiling point occurs.

Q#7 Why ionization energy, electron affinity and electro negativity exhibits same trend in period and groups?
Trends In Periods:

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Electron affinity, Electro negativity and ionization potential exists because of the similar atomic structure of
the elements within their respective group (families) or periods, and because of the periodic nature of the
elements.

Electron Affinity, Ionization, Potential, Electronegativity Trend in Periods:

Electron affinity and ionization potential shows same trend in periods. They both increase across period
because both are highly related to atomic size. Large atoms have low ionization energy and low electron affinity
as compare to smaller ones.
Electro negativity also increase across period like electron affinity and ionizatonal potential, following the
same trend. In period electro negativity increases from left to right due to increase in nuclear charge which
decrease due to the distance from nucleus to shared electron pair.

Electron Affinity, Ionization, Energy and Electro negativity Trend in Groups:

Electron affinity and ionization potential follow same trend in group due to the addition of shells. These
shells reduce the electrostatic force between electrons of valence shell and nucleus.
Electro negativity follows the same trend as of electron affinity and ionization potential in groups because
of increase in atomic size due to increase in number of shells. As atomic size decreases, attraction for shared
pair of electron decreases and hence electro negativity decrease.

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SECTION-C
DETAILED QUESTIONS

Q#1 Discuss in detail the long form of periodic table.

Modern Periodic Table OR Long Form of Periodic Table.
Ans: In Modern Periodic Table Also known as Bohr’s long form of periodic table, elements are arranged in order
of their increasing atomic number. As modern periodic table is based on modern periodic law put forwarded by
an English Physicist Moseley in 1913.
The elements having similar properties are repeated at regular intervals. As atomic number is related to the
number of protons in an atom, so the real basis of periodicity of properties is due to recurrence of similar
valency shell configuration of the next element in the same group. It contains 18 vertical columns called group
and 7 horizontal rows called Periods.
Groups in Modern Periodic table.
Modern Periodic table.
FLOW CHART
Group
Modern Periodic Table
BLOCK (Four Blocks)
S-Block- Group IA (Alkali metals)
Group II A {Alkaline Earth Metals.
P-Block -> Groups IB-VII B (Transition Metals)
d-Block-Group III A to VIII A includes metals, non metals and metalloids.
f-Block
Inner Transition (Lanthanide) outer transition (Actinides)
Modern Periodic Table
PERIOD (Seven horizontal rows)
1st Period  Shortest period  2 elements  H-He Filling of K Shell.
2nd Period  Short period  8 elements  Li to Ne filling of L and M Shells.
3rd Period  Short period  8 elements  Na to Ar  Filling of L and M Shells.
4th Period Long Period  18 elements  K to Kr filling of M and N Shells.
5th Period Long period  18 elements  M and N Shells Rb to Xe  filling of M and N Shells.
6th Period Longest Period  32 elements Cs to Rn  Special series of Lanthanides.
7th Period  Incomplete period  starts from Fr upto end  special series actinides.

Q#2 Determine the demarcation of periodic table into s, p , d and f block.

Demarcation of periodic table into s, p , d and f block.
Ans: The periodic table has been divided into four blocks s, p, d, and f on the basis of electronic configuration.
Noble Gases:
They are colorless, unreactive and diamagnetic. They are placed in zero group. Their electronic
configuration is ns2, np6 and are exceptionally stable.
Representative elements:
It includes metals and non-metals. Some are diamagnetic and some are paramagnetic and marked as S
block and P block elements.
1. S-block elements:
In S block elements electrons occupy in ns orbital. The elements of group IA and II A are S block elements.
Their electronic configuration varies from ns1 to ns2.

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2. P-block elements:
In P block elements electrons begin to fill np1 to np6. Elements of group IIIA to VIII A are p block elements.
D - Block Elements(outer transition elements):
The elements exhibit common oxidation. In these elements electrons fills in ns2 (n-1)d1-10 orbital. D-block
elements consist of three series.
F - Block Elements(outer transition elements):
The elements in which inner f-Orbital filled, are called f-block elements. They exhibit electronic
configuration. ns2(n-1)d1 (n-2)f1-14. There are two series called Lanthanides and Actinides.

Q#3 Identify the electronic configuration of the following elements

Na (Sodium), Ca (Calcium)
F (Flourine), Si (Silicon)
1. Na (atomic number 11)
1s2 , 2s2 , 2p6 , 3s1
2. Ca (atomic number 20)
1s2 , 2s2 , 2p6 , 3s2 , 3p6 , 4s2
3. F ( atomic number 9)
1s2 , 2s2 , 2p5
4. Si ( atomic number 13)
1s2 , 2s2 , 2p6 , 3s2 , 2p1

Q#4 Determine the location of families on periodic table.

Location of families on periodic table.
1. Alkali Metals:
Group 1(IA), 1 Valance electron with 1+ charge also called sodium family, S-block elements. Main or
Representative elements.
2. Alkaline Earth Metals:
Group 2(IIA), Beryllium family, 2 valence electrons with 2+ charge, S-block elements. Main or
representative elements.
3. Transitions Metals:
Group 3 to 12 (IB to VIII B). All are metals, d and f block elements.
4. Boron Family:
Group 13( III A ), Main or representative elements, 3 valence electrons with 3 + charge, p=block elements.
5. Carbon Family:
Group 14( IV A ) also called “Tetrals”, 4 valence electrons with 4+ or 4- charge, p block elements.
6. Nitrogen Family:
Group 15 (V A) also called “Pnicogens”, 5 valence electrons with 3- charge, p- block elements.
7. Oxygen Family:
Group 16 (VI A) also called “Chalcogens”, 6 valence electrons having 2- charge, p- block elements.
8. Flourine Family:
Group 17 (VII A) also called “Halogens”, 7 valence electrons, highly electronegative elements with 1- charge,
p- block elements.
9. Noble Gases:
Group 18 (VIII A) also called zero group elements, 8 valence electrons, inert gases.

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Q#8 Discuss that Mendelevee Periodic Law provide a base for modern periodic table.
Systematic Study of Chemistry:
Mendeleeve’s periodic table categorized the elements for the first time in a symmetric way. By knowing
the properties of one element, the properties of other elements and their compounds in the group are guessed.
This made the study of elements easier for modern periodic table.

Systematic Study of Chemistry:

At the time when mendeleev’s periodic table was formulated, only 63 elements were known. Therefore
while arranging the elements according to their properties, Mendeleev’s left some blank gaps (Places). These
gaps represented unknown elements. Further Mendeleev predicted the properties of these unknown elements
on the basis of their position.
For Example: Gallium and germanium were not known at the time of Mendeleev named these elements
Eka-aluminium and Eka- Silicon because he believed that they would resemble aluminium and silicon,
respectively, in their properties of Eka-aluminum discovered and named as gallium by De-Baisdaubron, and the
properties of Eka-Silicon, discovered & named as germanium by winkler is corresponds to properties predicted
by Mendeleev.
Correction of Atomic Masses:
Correction atomic masses of many elements was determined with the use of mendeleev’s periodic table.
For Example: atomic mass of beryllium was given as 14.8 by dulong and petit’s law. But Mendeleev gave
the correct atomic mass of beryllium. As a.

Q#6 Explain how shielding effect influence the periodic trends?

Shielding Effect:
“Electrons Present in the inner shells shield the force of attraction of nucleus felt by the valence shell
electrons is called shielding effects.
Shielding effect Trend in Groups:
Shielding effect increases down a group because the nuclear core is feather removed from the valence
electrons. As we go down the group, number of shells in every atom continues to increase and no of complete
electron shells between the nucleus & valence shell also increases with effective nuclear charge.
The electrons present between the nucleus and valence shell of atom reduce the nuclear charge of electron
present in outermost shell. As a result valence electron experience less nuclear charge than the actual charge.
Shielding Effect in Periods:
With any period, the shielding effect remains constant perhaps it becomes more stronger from left to right
across the periodic table.
From left to right in periodic table, nuclear charge increases but the number of shells remains same.
Increase in effective nuclear charge reduces the shielding effective.

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CHAPTER # 4
Chemical Bonding
SECTION-B
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q#1 Draw dot and cross diagrams to show how different types of chemical bonds are formed when fluorine
reacts with
(a)Hydrogen (b) Potassium
Ans:
(a) Hydrogen Flouride

(b) Potassium Flouride

Q#2 What is meant by octet rule & duplet rule?

Octet:
Ans: Atom with 8 electron in its outermost shell is called outlet.
Octet Rule:
The tendency of an atom to acquire 8 electrons in its outermost shell in order to attain noble gas
configuration and become stable.
Atoms having 7 or less than 7 electrons in its valence shell should follow octet rule.
Duplet Rule:
Atoms with 2 electrons in its outermost shell is called, duplet.
Duplet Rule:
The tendency of an atom to acquire 2 electrons in its outermost shell.
Atoms with low atomic number such as hydrogen and helium followed the duplet rule.

Q#3 Can you draw an ion which is formed by the atom losing three electrons?
Aluminium is the ion losing three electrons towards chlorine.

Q#4 How oxygen forms an anion?

Ans: Atomic number of oxygen is 8. It contains 6 electrons in its outermost shell.

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Its electrons arrangement is 2,6. And need to gain two electrons to complete its outermost or valence shell
and achieve an octet. The oxide ion will have a charge of -2 as a result of gaining of 2 electrons.

Q#5 What is the differentiate between Ione pair and bond pair?
Bond Pair Lone Pair
Bond pair is attracted by two nuclei of the atoms Lone pair is attracted by only one nucleus of the
atom
Bond pair are present in a bond. Lone pairs have not bonded electrons.
Consists of two electrons belonging to the two Consists of two electrons belonging to the same
atoms. atom
Bond pair is formed through sharing of two Lone pair pair is formed due to the un existence of
electrons through the two atoms. empty orbitals.
It is involved in bond formation. It is not involved in bond formation can also be
called as non bond pair.

Q#6 Explain why table salt has a very high melting point?
Ans: Table salt (Sodium Chloride) is an ionic compound formed by loss and gain of electrons which results in
strong electrostatic attraction. Opposite ions in a compound accounts for strong electrostatic attraction which
held compound in a specific crystalline solid shape. This strong ionic bond formed between sodium and chlorine
accounts for high melting and boiling point.

Q#7 How is electronegative value determined the formation of chemical bond?

Ans: Difference between the electro negativities of two bonded atoms helps to determine the nature of
chemical bond.
If the difference between electro negativities of two bonded atoms is 0, than the bond formed will be pure
or non polar covalent.
If the difference between electro negativities of two bonded atoms is greater than 1.7, than ionic bond wil
be formed.

Q#8 Why is it easy for magnesium atom to lose two electrons?

Ans: Elemental magnesium has 2 electrons in its outermost shell. Atomic number of magnesium is 12. Its
electronic arrangement is 2,8,2. Electrons in valence shell are more far away from nucleus having less pull
towards it. Magnesium when bonds with non-metals always loose two electrons because it has electrons
towards itself. So in order to be stable like noble gases, it is easier for magnesium to loose 2 electrons and forms
cation with 2+ charge.

Q#9. Atoms of a metallic elements can form ionic bond, but they are not very good to form covalents bonds.
Why?
Metallic atoms have low ionization energy. Electronegative power i-e tendency to attract electron towards
itself is low of metals. In order to become stable and to achieve noble gas configuration they loose their
electrons.
Ionic bond is formed when a non-metal and metal exchange electrons of valence shells.

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Ionic bond is formed between a cation and anion. Cation is always formed by metals while non-metals
forms anions(negative ions) Covalent bond is always formed between two non metals. Non metals have high
ionization energies and electronegative value which make them pulling the incoming electron towards
themselves.

Q#10 How does an ion differ from an atom?

Atoms are neutral i-e having no charge, they contain same number of protons and electrons. Where as an
ion is defined as “electrically charged particle” produced by either removing electrons from a neutral atom to
give a positive ion named as “Cation” or by adding electrons to a neutral atoms to give a negative ion named as
anion. When ion is formed number of protons does not changed but number of electrons do change, either
increase or decrease when atom forms positive ion, number of electrons are reduced. When an atom forms
negative ion (anion), number of electrons increases.

Q#11 Describe the dipole-dipole forces:

Dipole – Dipole Interaction:
Dipole-Dipole interactions result when the two dipolar molecules interact with each other. When partially
negative portion of one polar molecule is attracted to the partially positive portion of other polar molecule, the
electrostatic attraction is created between two molecules. These attractive forces are called Dipole-Dipole
interactions are represented as below:

“𝛿” is read as (delta) means slightly.

Example: Dipole-Dipole interactions can be seen in hydrogen chloride. Chlorine atoms are much more
electronegative than hydrogen atoms. A partial negative is created on chlorine and in turn a partial positive
charge on hydrogen due to electronegative difference.
When two molecules of hydrogen chloride come close to each other, slightly negative end of one molecule
is attracted to the slightly positive end of another molecule. These attractive forces are simply called dipole-
dipole interaction as represented below:

Q#12 Write uses of adhesive material.

Uses of Adhesive
1. Adhesives are used to reattach the broken objects.
2. It is used in fixing of soles to the bodies of sloes and wood working.
3. White glue is an adhesive used in book binding.
4. Natural rubber is used in self-adhesive envelopes.
5. Conductive adhesive is commonly use in electronics to repair equipments.
6. Amino resins are water soluble are used in bonding of layers in plywood.
7. Epoxy resin (adhesive) is used in the construction of vehicles, trucks, boats, and aircrafts.
8. Bridges, dams and power stations are coated with epoxy resins.
9. Adhesives are used in door and window manufacturing whether they are made of wood, PVC, fiber glass or
hybrid aluminum.
10. Epoxy glue from strong bonds with glass, plastic, plywood, laminated boards and ceramics.
11. Epoxy resin is applied in decorative flooring.
12. Epoxy resins are used where water resistance is required.
Q13. Why intermolecular forces are weaker than intra molecular forces?

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Ans: Intermolecular Forces: The set of all the forces that occur between two neighbouring molecules are called.
“intermolecular forces”
Intramolecular Force:
The forces between atoms within a single molecule are called “intra molecular forces”

Reason: Intermolecular forces are weaker than intramolecular forces because they are created by
electrostatic attraction between positive and negative of two different or neighbouring molecules. They
do not involve sharing or transfer of electrons. Which bind atoms together in a molecule WHERE AS
intra molecular forces involve 10 ss/gain or sharing of electrons and makes a strong bond and requires
more energy to break.
Q14. Write Characteristics of metallic bond:
Characteristics of metallic bond:
1.The valance electrons of metal atoms can be made as a sea of electrons.
PIC
2. The metal electrons are mobile and can drift freely from one part of the metal to another.
3. Metallic bond consists of the attraction between the free-floating valence electrons and positively
charged metal ions.
4. occurs between ions of the same metal or different metals.
5. The Strength of metallic bond varies considerably among different metals. Thus, it is much stronger in
irons than in sodium or potassium.
Q.15 Covalent bond are stronger and hard to break but why most of the covalent compounds have
low melting & boiling points?
Covalent compounds exists in all three states. Some are solids, some are liquids and mostly they are
gases. Solid, covalent compounds like diamond and graphite are hard due to compact structure and
crystalline shapes, but most of the covalent compounds exits in liquid and gas state. They have weak
intermolecular attractions i-e electrostatic attractions due to which they have low melting and boiling
points.
Q.16. Write characteristics of ionic compounds:
Characteristics of Ionic Compounds:
1. Ionic compounds are solid at room temperature.
2. They have high melting and boiling points due to strong electrovalent bond existing between the ions.
3. Ionic Solids do not conduct electricity as ions are not free to move.
4. Ionic compounds when dissolved in water conducts electricity.
5. Ionic Compounds are usually soluble in water.
Q.17. Why ionic compounds are solid?
The crystal structure of ionic compound is strong and rigid as a result of strong bonds between their
oppositely charged ions which lock them into place in the crystal. It takes a lot of energy to break all
those bonds. As a result, ionic compounds are solids with high melting and boiling points.
Q.18. How is hydrogen bond affecting the physical properties of compounds?
The compounds having hydrogen bond show abnormally high melting and boiling points. The high
melting and high boiling point of the compound containing hydrogen, bonds is due to the fact that some
extra energy is needed to break these bonds.
Q.19 Complete the chart

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Atomic Number No. of Protons No. of Electrons Electronic No. of valence
configuration electron
11 11 11 2,8,1 1
12 12 12 2,8,2 2
13 13 13 2,8,3 3
14 14 14 2,8,4 4
15 15 15 2,8,5 5
16 16 16 2,8,6 6

CHAPTER 4: Periodic Table

SECTION- C
DETAILED QUESTIONS
Q1. Define ionic bond. Discuss the formation of sodium chloride. (Nacl)
Definition: The force of attraction that hold the oppositely charged ions together are called, as ionic or
electrovalent bond.
Formation of Sodium Chloride:
Sodium is a metal of 1A group of the periodic table and has only one electron in the outermost shell. The
electron arrangement of sodium metal is 2,8,1 . By losing one electron from outmost shell sodium forms
cation (Na+). Whereas chlorine atom is non-metal of VII A group and has seven electrons in its
outermost shell. The electron arrangement of chlorine atom is 2,8,7. Since chlorine atom has seven
electrons in its valence shell, it needs one electron to complete its outermost shell, by gaining one
electron, chlorine atom now has eight electrons in its outermost shell and a chloride ion 𝐶𝑙 − is formed.
𝑁𝑎 → 𝑁𝑎+ + +1𝑒 −
2,8,1 → 2, 8
−
𝐶𝑙 + 𝑒 → 𝐶𝑙 −
2,8,7 → 2, 8, 8

Formation of Sodium Chloride

Ionic Bond
Q.2 Explain element attain stability.
To achieve greater stability, atoms, will tend to completely fill their outer shells and will bond with other
elements to accomplish this goal by sharing electrons, accepting electrons from another atom or
donating electrons to another atom.
Q.3 Describe the formation of a covalent bond between two non-metalic atoms.

Single Covalent Bond:

A Covalent bond which is formed by the mutual sharing of one bond pair is called a single covalent bond
and it is represented by a single short line.
Example:

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(1)Formation of hydrogen molecule:

Hydrogen atom has one electron in its outermost shell (duplet). It needs one more electron to complete
its duplet to achieve stable duplet electronic configuration.

This covalent bond in 𝐻2 molecule is shown by single line(-)

2. Formation of chlorine molecule:
Chlorine atom has seven electrons in its outermost shell. It needs one more electron to complete its
outlet to achieve a stable outlet electronic configuration

Cl-cL
This covalent bond in 𝐶𝑙2 molecule is shown by single line.
Double Covalent Bond: A covalent Bond which is formed by mutual sharing of two bond pair is called a
double covalent bond.
Example: 𝑶𝟐 and 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟒

Formation of 𝑶𝟐 molecule:
Oxygen atom has six electrons in its outermost shell. It need two more electrons to achieve a stable
octet electronic configuration. Each oxygen atom will share two of its outer electrons with another
oxygen atom to form an oxygen molecule.

This covalent bond in 𝑶𝟐 molecule is shown by double short line.(=)

Formation of double covalent bond in ethane 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟒.

Formation of double covalent bond between two Carbon atoms is shown by two short line(=)
Triple Covalent Bond: A covalent bond which is formed by the mutual sharing of three bond Paris is
called a “Triple Covalent Bond” and is represented by three short line (=)

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Examples: 𝑵𝟐 and 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟐
Formation of nitrogen molecule:
Nitrogen has five electron in its outermost shell. It needs three electrons to complete its outermost
shell to achieve stable octet electronic configuration. Each nitrogen atom share three of its outer
electrons with another nitrogen atom to from nitrogen molecule.

Formation of 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟐 Molecule.

Q.4 How are electrons arranged in molecular compound? Draw electron Dot and cross structures
for the following atoms.
(a) 𝑯𝟐 𝑶(b) 𝑵𝟐 (c) 𝑪𝑯𝟒 (d) 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟐 (e) 𝑪𝒍𝟐 (F) 𝑯𝟐
Atoms are arranged in molecular compound in set proportions via bonds, where outer electrons or
valence electrons from each atom are shared between two atoms. They are arranged through the
chemical bonds.
When two or more atom combines it share the valence electrons then formation of molecular
compound takes place.
(i) 𝑯𝟐 𝑶

(ii) 𝑵𝟐

(c) 𝑪𝑯𝟒

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(d) 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟐

(e) 𝑪𝒍𝟐

(F) 𝑯𝟐

Q.5 Define metallic bond. How are metallic bonds formed?

Metallic Bond Definition:
Metalic Bond is defined as the combination of electrostatic attraction between the electrons and
positive nuclei of atoms.
Formation of Metallic Bond:
Most of the metals have less than four valence electrons. These electrons are not confined to any
particular atom, instead they move freely from one atom to another atom. Hence the atoms are
considered to be positively charged ions. Therefore electrons act as cohesive force which hold the atoms
together & form a metallic bond.

Q.6 What is coordinate covalent bond. Explain with two examples:

Definition: It is a covalent bond in which the shared pair of electron is donated by one atom.
Coordinate covalent bond are shown in structural formulas as arrows. They point from the atom
donating the pair of electrons called the donor to the atom receiving it called the acceptor.
Examples:
(1) Formation of Hydronium Ion (𝑯𝟑 𝑶+)
The 𝑯+ions (or protons) provided by acids on dissolving in water accept a pair of electrons from oxygen
in water molecules & form a 𝑯𝟑 𝑶+(Hydronium ions). Here the oxygen atom of 𝑯𝟑 𝑶+ acts as a donor
and hydrogen ion ( 𝑯+) acts as an acceptor.

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(2) Formation of Ammonium Chloride 𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑪𝒍
The ammonium ion is formed when a hydrogen ion is attracted to the unshared electron pair (orlone
pair) of an ammonium chloride.

Q.7 What do you understand about ionic character of covalent bond?

Ionic Character of a covalent bond.
1. When covalent bond is formed between two different elements, it exhibits ionic character due to
electronegative difference.
2. Polarity of a covalent bond gives it a partial ionic character, electronegative values are used to
determine ionic character in covalent bonds.
3. Higher electronegative difference makes a covalent bond more ionic in character, the shared pairs of
electrons are not attracted equally in molecules formed by combination of two different atoms.
4. A more electronegative element attracts the shared pair of electrons slightly towards itself as a result
partial negative charge comes on it.
5. The less electronegative elements develops a partial positive charge.
6. The ends of the molecule with partial positive and negative charges are called dipoles and the bond
formed by them is called a polar covalent bond.

Q.8 Differentiate the properties of polar and non polar compounds.

Properties of Polar Compounds Properties of Non-polar compounds
They are soluble in water They are generally insoluble in water.
These compounds conduct electricity due to the These compounds do not conduct electricity in the
formation of ions with water. solid, molten or aqueous solution.
These compounds are insoluble in non-polar These compounds are soluble in non-polar
solvent like petrol, benzene etc solvents. Like petrols benzene etc.
Examples of polar covalent compounds are 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 Examples of non –polar covalent compounds are:
, 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 , 𝑯𝑪𝒍 , 𝑯𝑭, 𝑯𝑰, 𝑯𝑩𝒓 𝑪𝑶𝟐 , 𝑪𝑯𝟒 , 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟔 etc

Q.9 Explain the importance of glues and epoxy in our society.

Importance of glues:
1. Polyvinyl acetate is a common white glue. It is used in book binding.
2. Polyurethane glue is a flexible adhesive. It is used in fixing of soles to the bodies of shoes and wood
working.
3. Natural rubber bond to substrate on contact. It is used in self adhesive envelopes.
4. Conductive adhesive is commonly used in electronics to repair equipment.
Importance of Epoxy Resins:
1. Epoxy resin form strong bonds with glass, plastics, plywood, laminated boards and ceramics.
2. Epoxy resins are used in the decorative flooring applications.
3. Epoxy resins are used in the construction of vehicles, trucks, boats and air crafts.
4. Bridges, dams, power stations are also coated with epoxy resins.

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CHAPTER 5: Physical States of Matter
SECTION- B
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q1. Define allotropy with examples.
Definition: The existance of an element in more than one crystalline forms is known as “Allotropy”.
These forms of the elements are called allotropes or allotropic forms.
Examples:
Allotropes or allotropic forms of carbon include:
1. Diamond 2.Graphite 3. Graphene 4.Fullerencs
Allotrops of phosphorous includes:
1. White phosphorous 2.Red Phosphorous 3.Black Phosphorous
Allotropes of tin include:
1. Gray tin 2.White tin.
Q2. What is effusion, explain with examples.
Definition:
Escaping of gas molecules through a tiny hole into a space with lesser pressure is called effusion.
Examples: Leakage of air through tyre pin hole.
Leakage of helium through gas balloons.
Q3. Define the following
(1)Boiling Point (2)Melting Point (3) Freezing Point
(1)Boiling Point: The temperature at which vapour pressure of liquid become equal to atmospheric
pressure is called boiling point of the liquid.
(2)Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid starts melting and coexist in equilibrium with liquid
state is called melting point.
(3) Freezing Point: The temperature at which vapour pressure of liquid state becomes equal to the
vapour pressure of its solid state is known as freezing point of liquid.
Q,4 What is density? How the density of liquid is affected by temperature and pressure?
Density: Density of liquid is defined as “mass per unit volume”
Effect of temperature on density: Liquids are less affected by the temperature as by increasing
temperature liquids increase their volume which decrease density.
Effect of Pressure On Density:
Liquids are slightly affected by increase the density but liquids are not readily compressed due to this
density change is negligible.
Q.5 Explain plasma with daily life examples:
Definition: A physical state of matter which exists at extremely high temperature in which all molecules
are dissociated and atoms are ionized.
Explanation: English scientist William Crookes identify the fourth state of matter as plasma. It was
discovered by adding energy to a gas. As a result some electrons left their atoms and formed positive
and negative ions by ionization. In plasma these charged particles react strongly to electric and magnetic
field.
Daily life examples of plasma:
The Lightening makes plasma naturally.
The Artificial (Man Made) uses of plasma include fluorescent light bulbs, Neon signs.
The use of plasma display of television or computer screens.
The plasma lamps and globes are popular in children’s toys and room decoration.
Q.6 Justify that atoms of Bose Einstien condensate are super un excited and super cooled.

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Condensation happens when several gas molecules come together & form a liquid. It all happens
because of energy loss. Gases are really excited or energetic atom when they loose energy, they slow
down and begins to gather, they can gather into one drop.
The BEC happens at low temperatures. When we get a temperature near absolute zero (Temperature
where motion of all gases ceases to exist) all molecular motion stops due to depletion of energy, and
atoms begin to dump. The result of this dumping is the BEC. In common we can not see this state in
observable nature, because it is very difficult to reach at very low temperature under normal lab
condition.
Q.7 How Kinetic theory differentiates state of matter.
Ans: Kinetic theory deals with the arrangement and movement of particles of different state of matter.
State of Matter Arrangement and Movements of Particles.
SOLID
Has a fixed volume and shape. The particles are packed closely together in an
orderly manner.
Can not be compressed There are strong forces between the particles.
The particles can only vibrate and rotate about
their fixed positions.
LIQUID
Has fixed volume does not have fixed shape (takes The particles are packed closely together in an
the shape of container) orderly manner.
Can not be compressed easily Held together by strong forces but weaker than
forces in a solid.
The particles can vibrate, rotate and move through
out the liquid.
They collide against each other.
GAS
Does not have a fixed shape or volume The particles are very far apart from each other
and in a random motion
Can be compressed easily Weak force between the particles.
The particles can vibrate, rotate and move freely.
The rate of collision in gas is greater than the rate
of collision in a liquid.

SECTION- C
DETAILED QUESTIONS
Q1. Discuss the property of evaporation in liquids? What factors affect the evaporation process?
Evaporation in liquids:
The molecules of liquids are in constant and continuous motion, they collide with each other but all the
molecules do not have some kinetic energy. Majority molecules have average kinetic energy and few
have more than average kinetic energy over come the attractive forces among the molecules and
escape from the surface. It is directly proportional to temperature and increase with increase in
temperature.
Factor affecting evaporation:
Surface Area: The evaporation is a surface based process. Greater the surface area greater is
evaporation.
For Example: Water left in bowl evaporate slowly than water left in a large tub.
A saucer is used to cool the tea quickly than the tea cup.
Temperature:

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The rate of evaporation increase with the increase in temperature. Because temperature increases the
kinetic molecular energy which over come the intermolecular force and makes evaporation rapidly.
For Example: Clothes dry quickly in a sunny day than in cloudy day.
Inter Molecular Forces: The rates of evaporation increases with less intermolecular forces if
intermolecular forces are stronger evaporation is lesser.
For Example: Perfume have lesser intermolecular force than water therefore it evaporates quickly.
Q.2 Describe Boyle’s Law with examples:
Introduction: In 1662 Robert Boyles proposed gaseous law about the relations ship between volume
and pressure of a gas at constant temperature.
Statement:
It states that “The Volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure, at constant
temperature.”
Mathematical representation of Boyle’s Law:
According to Boyle’s Law the volume (V) of given mass of a gas decreases with the increase of pressure
(P) at constant temperature.

1
𝑉∝
𝑝
𝐾
𝑉=
𝑝
Where K is constant.
𝑃𝑉 = 𝐾
Explanation:
The product of pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature is always constant where K is
same as amount of given gas. Therefore product of pressure and volume of a fixed mass of gas is
constant at constant temperature.
If initial pressure is 𝑃1 and initial volume is 𝑉1 than
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝐾
And changed pressure is 𝑃2 and changed volume is 𝑉2 than 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝐾
As both the equations have same constant therefore their variable are also equal to each other so,
𝑃1 𝑃1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
This equation establish a relationship between pressure and volume.
Example 1:
The pressure of a gas sample is 3 atm and the volume is 5 liters, if the pressure is reduced to 2atm,
what will be the new volume?

Data:
𝑃1 = 3 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑉1 = 5 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑃2 = 2 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑉2 =? ? 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
Formula:
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑃1 𝑉2
𝑉2 =
𝑃2
Solution:

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3𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 5𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
𝑉2 =
2𝑎𝑡𝑚
15
𝑉2 = 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
2
𝑉2 = 7.5 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒

The volume will be 7.5 liters

The increase in volume is due to decrease in pressure.
The Increase in volume is due to decrease in pressure.
Example 2: The 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒎𝟑 of gas is enclosed in a container under a pressure of 650mm of Hg. If the
volume is reduced to 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝒄𝒎𝟑 , what will be the pressure than?
Data:-
𝑉1 = 700𝑐𝑚3
𝑃1 = 650 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
𝑉2 = 350𝑐𝑚3
𝑃2 =? ? 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
Formula:
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑃2 =
𝑉2
Solution:
650𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 × 700 𝑐𝑚3
𝑃2 =
350
455,000 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
𝑃2 =
350
𝑃2 = 1300𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
The Pressure is increased by decreasing volume.
Q.3 Differentiate between amorphous and crystalline solids.
Amorphous Solids Crystaline Solids
They do not have definite geometrical shape They have characteristic geometrical shape.
Amorphous solids do not have particular melting They have sharp melting point.
point. They melt over a wide range of
temperature.
Amorphous solids are isotropic Crystalline solids are anisotropic.
They are unsymmetrical They are symmetrical.
They do not break at fixed cleavage planes. They are along particular direction at fixed
cleavage planes.

Q.4 Define and explain Charle’s Law of gases?

Introduction:In 1787 French Scientist J. Charles Proposed his law to explain the relationship between
volume and temperature keeping the pressure constant.
Statement: He states that “The volume of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature if the pressure is kept constant.”
Mathematical Representation: According to Charles Law if temperature of a gas is increased its volume
will also increase. Mathematically it is represented as:
𝑉 ∝ 𝑇 (P Constant)
Or

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𝑉 = 𝐾𝑇
𝑉
=𝐾
𝑇
Where K is proportionality constant. Then when temperature increase, volume also increases.
Explanation: The ratio of volume and temperature of given mass of gas at constant pressure is always
constant.
𝑉1 𝑉2
If 𝑇1
=𝐾 Then 𝑇2
=𝐾
𝑉1 = initial Volume
𝑇1 = initial Temperature
𝑉2 = Changed or final Volume
𝑇2 = Changed or final Temperature
As both the equations have same constants therefore their variable are also equal to each other so,
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
This equation establish a relationship between volume and temperature at constant pressure.
For Example: If the temperature is doubles from 300 K to 600 K, at constant pressure, the volume of a
fixed mass of the gas will become double.
For example: A 600 ml sample of gas is heated from 2700 𝐶 to 770 𝐶 at constant pressure. What is the
final volume?
Data:
𝑉1 = 600 𝑚𝑙
0
𝑇1 = 27 𝐶 = 27 + 273 = 300𝐾
𝑇2 = 770 𝐶 = 77 + 273 = 350𝐾
𝑉2 =? ? 𝑚𝑙
Formula:
By the equation
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

Or
𝑉1 . 𝑇2
𝑉2 =
𝑇1
Solution:
600𝑚𝑙 × 350𝐾
𝑉2 =
300𝐾
210,000𝑚𝑙
𝑉2 =
300
𝑉2 = 700 𝑚𝑙
The Volume will become 700ml, which shows increase in volume with raising the temperature.
Q.5 Describe the process of diffusion in liquids. State the factors which influence it.
Diffusion in Liquids: As the molecules of liquid are in cluster and bounded with strong intermolecular
binding forces, the liquid molecules are in continuous motion. They move from high concentration to
low concentration and mix up with molecules of other liquids from homogenous mixture.
Liquids have less intermolecular spaces as compare to gases so diffusion in liquids is less rapid than
gases.
For Example:

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When few drops of ink are dropped in water filled flask, the molecules move around and after a while
spread in whole of flask.
Factors affecting Diffusion:
1. Inter molecular Forces:
Liquids have weak intermolecular forces than solids due to this they diffuses faster than solids but less
rapidly than gases.
2. Size of Molecules: Diffusion depends upon size of molecules. Molecules of smaller size diffuses faster
than bigger ones. For Example: Diffusion is slow in water than in alcohol.
3. Shape of Molecules: Molecules of irregular shape diffuses slowly while regular shaped molecules
diffuse faster because the can easily slop over and move faster.
4. Temperature: Diffusion increases by increasing temperature because at high temperature
intermolecular forces become weak due to high kinetic energy of molecules.
Q.6 How boiling point is affected by different factors?
Factors affecting boiling point:
1. Atmospheric pressure: The boiling point is directly proportional to atmospheric pressure. Boiling
point can be increased by increasing atmospheric pressure.
For Example: Working of Pressure cooker.
2. Nature of Liquid: the boiling point depends upon the nature of liquid as polar liquids have high boiling
point than non polar liquids, because polar liquids have stronger intermolecular forces than non-polar
liquids.
3. Intermolecular Forces: The intermolecular forces play very important role in the boiling points of
liquids. Substances having stronger intermolecular forces have high boiling points of liquids. Substances
having stronger intermolecular forces have high boiling points because such liquids attain a level of
vapour pressure equal in external pressure at high temperature.
Q.7 Define vapour pressure and justify that it is visible in a close system.
Definition: The pressure exerted by vapours in equilibrium with its pure liquid at a particular
temperature is called vapour pressure.
Vapour pressure takes place in a closed system because in open system or open surface liquid molecules
evaporates and mix-up with air.
Evaporation is followed by condensation in a closed system. Evaporated molecules start gathering over
the liquid surface. Initially the vapour condense slowly to return to liquid after sometimes
condesnsation process increases and a stage reaches when the rate of evaporation become equal to the
rate of condensation. At that stage the number of molecules evaporate will be equal to the number of
molecules condensate (coming back) to liquid. At this point where pressure exerted by the vapour is
called vapour pressure.
SECTION – D Numericals
Q.1 Convert the following units:
A) 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑪 𝒕𝒐 𝑲
Formula:
𝐾 = 273 + 0𝐶
𝐾 = 273 + 100
𝐾 = 373
𝟎
B) 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑪 𝒕𝒐 𝑲
Formula:
𝐾 = 273 + 0𝐶
𝐾 = 273 + 150

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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
𝐾 = 423
𝟎
C) 𝟕𝟖𝟎 𝒕𝒐 𝑪
Formula:
0
𝐶 = 𝐾 − 273
0
𝐶 = 780 − 273
0
𝐶 = 507
𝟎
D) 𝟏𝟕𝟎 𝒕𝒐 𝑪
Formula:
0
𝐶 = 𝐾 − 273
0
𝐶 = 170 − 273
0
𝐶 = −103
Q.2 It is desired to increase the volume of a fixed amount of gas from 90.5 to 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 while holding
the pressure constant. What would be the final temperature if initial temperature is 𝟑𝟑𝟎 𝑪 ?
Data:
𝑉1 = 90.5 𝑐𝑚3
𝑉2 = 120 𝑐𝑚3
𝑇1 = 330 𝐶
𝑇1 = 33 + 273
𝑇1 = 3060 𝐾
𝑇2 =? ?
Formula:
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑉2 . 𝑇1
𝑇2 =
𝑉1
Solution:
120𝑐𝑚3 × 306𝐾
𝑇2 =
90.2𝑐𝑚3

36,720𝐾
𝑇2 = 𝐾, 𝑇2 407.09𝐾
90.2
Q.3 A 78ml sample of gas is heated from 𝟑𝟗𝟎 𝑪 to 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑪 at constant Pressure. What is the final
volume?
Data:
𝑉1 = 78𝑚𝑙
𝑇1 = 3 0𝐶
𝑇1 = 35 + 273𝐾
𝑇1 = 308𝐾
𝑇2 = 80 0𝐶
𝑇2 = 80 + 273 𝐾
𝑇2 = 353𝐾
𝑉2 =? ?
Formula:
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇2 𝑇2
78𝑚𝑙 × 353𝐾
𝑉2 =
308𝐾
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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
27.534
𝑉2 = 𝑚𝑙
308
𝑉2 = 89.39 𝑚𝑙
Q.4 A gas occupies a volume of 40 𝒅𝒎 at standard temperature 𝑶𝟎 𝑪 and pressure (1atm), when
𝟑

pressure is increased up to 3 atm unchanged temperature, what would be new volume?

Data:
𝑉1 = 40 𝑑𝑚3
𝑃1 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃2 = 3 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑉2 =? ? 𝑑𝑚3
Formula:
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑉2 =
𝑃2
Solution:
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 40 𝑑𝑚3
𝑉2 =
3 𝑎𝑡𝑚
40
𝑉2 = 𝑑𝑚3
3
𝑉2 = 13.33 𝑑𝑚3
Q.5 The 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝑪𝒎𝟑 of a gas is enclosed in a container under a pressure of 750mm. if the volume is
reduced to 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝑪𝒎𝟑 , What will be the pressure?
Data:
𝑉1 = 800 𝑐𝑚3
𝑉2 = 250 𝑐𝑚3
𝑃1 = 750 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
𝑃2 =? ? 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
Formula:
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑉2 =
𝑃2
Solution:
750 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 × 800 𝑐𝑚3
𝑃2 =
250 𝑐𝑚3
600000
𝑃2 = 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
250
𝑃2 = 2400 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔

Q.8 The pressure of a sample of gas is 8 atm and the volume is 15 liters. If the pressure is reduced to 6
atm what is the volume?
Data:
𝑃1 = 8 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑉1 = 15 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑃2 = 6 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑉2 =? ? 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
Formula:
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2

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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑉2 =
𝑃2
Solution:
8 𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 15 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑉2 =
6 𝑎𝑡𝑚
120
𝑉2 = 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
6
𝑉2 = 20 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
CHAPTER 6: SOLUTIONS
SECTION- B
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q1. Explain the solute-solvent interaction to prepare sodium chloride solution.
Sodium chloride is an ionic compound. When Sodium chloride (NaCl) is placed in water, it dissolves
quickly. The negative end of water molecules is attracted to sodium ions and positive end of water
molecules is attracted to chloride ions. In this case, solute-solvent attractions are more in comparison
with solute-solute interaction, therefore solution of sodium chloride is formed. These attractive forces
of water are stronger enough to over come the attraction between 𝑁𝑎+ and 𝐶𝑙 − ions in Nacl.
Q2. Differentiate between saturated end unsaturated solution.
Saturated Solution Un Saturated solution
1. In saturated solution maximum amount of In un saturated solution more amount of solute
solute that can be dissolved at particular than can be dissolved at particular temperature.
temperature.
2. Solution has high concentration than Solution has low concentration than saturated
unsaturated solutions. solution.
3. There is no formation of precipitation at the There is also no preciptation at the bottom of the
bottom of container container.
4. Solution having 20.9 g of sodium sulphate per Solutions having amount of salt less than 20.9g per
100𝑐𝑚3 of water at 200 C is the example of 100𝑐𝑚3 of water at 200 C is the example of
saturated solutions. unsaturated solutions
Q3. Define solutions and explain the major components of solutions.
Definition: Solution is a hmomogenous mixture of two or more substances to form a single phase.
Components of Solutions:
The two major components of solution are:
1.Solute 2. Solvent
Solute: The component of solution which is always present in smaller amount is called solute.
A Solute is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution.
Solvent: The component of the solution which is present in larger amount is called solvent. Solvent
dissolves solute to in it to make a soultuion.
Q4. What do you mean by mass (Volume percent)?
Mass by Volume percent (M/V %)
It is the mass of the solute in grams dissolved per 100𝑐𝑚3 of the solution.
For Example:
5 % m/v sugar solution means that 5 grams of sugar in 100𝑐𝑚3 of the solution.
Q5. Define with example one molar Solution.
Definition: One mole (Molar mass) of a solute is dissolved in a sufficient amount of water so that the
total volume is 𝟏 𝒅𝒎𝟑 . The Solution is said to be one molar solution.
For Example:
1.0 M solute of Nacl in 1𝑑𝑚3
Q6. Why does colloidal show tyndall effect?
In Colloid, the particles are larger than those present in a true solution, but smaller than the particles
that make up a suspension, therefore they will not settle to the bottom of the container and remain
dispersed in the medium. The dispersed particles of colloids cannot be seprated by filtration, but they
scatter the beam of light. This phenomena is called the Tyndall effect.
Q7. Define the following Terms:
1.Dilution 2. Concentration 3. Solubility 4. Molarity.

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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
1.Dilution: It is the process of reducing the concentration of a solute in solution usually simply by mixing
with more solvent.
2.Concentration: The amount of solute present in a given amount of solvent or solution. OR the ratio of
amount of solute to the amount of solution or solvent.
3. Solubility: The maximum quantity of solute than can be dissolved in 100 grams of solvent to prepare
saturated solution at a particular temperature.
4. Molarity: The number of moles of solute dissolved in one 𝑑𝑚3 of the solution.
Q.8 Polar and ionic solutes easily dissolves in polar solvent. Why?
Ans: “Like dissolves like” is the general principles of solubility. It means that two substances with similar
intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in one another that’s why polar & ionic solute easily
dissolves in polar solvent.
Q.9 Why does polar solute not dissolve in non-polar solvent?
Ans: “Like dissolves Like” is general principle of solubility which means that two substance with similar
intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other. Polar solute like sugar and non polar solvent
like benzene are not soluble because they both have different intermolecular forces.
Q.10 How are solutions beneficial for community?
Ans: Solutions have great importance and influence in our daily life.
1.Many of our daily life substances such as air, soft drinks, beverages, medicines, butter, tooth pastes,
natural gases and even water are solutions.
2. When we stir sugar in a cup of tea, we are making a solution.
3. Most of chemical reactions takes place in the bodies of living organisms occur in presence of water as
a solvent.
4. The food assimilation process in our bodies also occurs in solution.
5. Silver and tin amalgams are widely used to make dental fillings.
Q.11 Why salt dissolves in water?
Ans: Salt dissolves in water due to strong solute-solvent attractions. As salt is placed in water, it
dissolves quickly, because the negative end of water molecules is attracted to sodium ions and the
positive end of water molecule is attracted to chloride ion of salt and solution of sodium chloride is
formed.
Q.12 Air is a solution containing oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and other gases. Which one of the
gas is called solvent and why?
Ans: Air is a solution which contain different gases in different proportions, Nitrogen has highest
proportion in air, its percentage is 78% in air so it acts as solvent for this solution. As the component
present in solution in larger amount is solvent so it is nitrogen in case of air.
Q.13 Why gasoline does not dissolve in water?
Ans: Gasoline and water are two different substances with different nature and dissimilar inter molecula
forces and they both when mixed do not follow general principle of solubility which is “like dissolves
like”. Gasoline is a non-polar substance and water is polar that’s why they do not dissolve in each other.

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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
SECTION- C
DETAILED QUESTIONS
Q1. Describe how to prepare dilute solution from concentrated solution.
Preparing Dilute Solution:
Dilute solution can be prepared from concentrated solution by using formulas:
Concentrated Solution=dilute solution
𝑀1 𝑉1 = 𝑀2 𝑉2
Where
𝑀1 = Molarity of Concenteated solution
𝑉1 = Volume of Concenteated solution
𝑀2 = Molarity of Dilute Solution
𝑉2 = Volume of Dilute Solution
For Example:
To prepare 100 ml of 0.40 M
𝑀𝑔 𝑆𝑂4 From a stock solution of 2.0 𝑀𝑔 𝑆𝑂4
Data:
𝑀1 = 0.40𝑀 𝑀𝑔 𝑆𝑂4
𝑀2 = 2.0𝑀 𝑀𝑔 𝑆𝑂4
𝑉1 = 100 𝑚𝑙
𝑉2 = ? ? 𝑚𝑙
Formula:
Concentrated Solution = Dilute Solution
𝑀1 𝑉1 = 𝑀2 𝑉2
𝑀1 𝑉1
𝑉2 = 𝑀2
0.40𝑀 ×100 𝑚𝑙
𝑉2 =
2.0 𝑀
40
𝑉2 = 𝑚𝑙, 𝑉2 = 20 𝑚𝑙
2.0
Q2 Define the term solubility. How does nature of solute and solvent determine the extent of
dissolution?
Definition of Solubility:
It is defined as “the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in 100 grams of solvent to
prepare saturated solution at a particular temperature.”
Nature of Solute & Solvent:
Generally, polar solvents dissolve ionic and polar solutes, and non polar solvent dissolve non-polar
solutes (Like Dissolves Like)
Example: A polar solvent like water is a good solvent for polar gas like HCl, a polar liquid like 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
or an ionic solid like NaCl. Therefore the polar or ionic nature of these substances creates particularly
strong dipole-dipole or ion dipole solute solvent interactions, and thus favours solubility.
Solvent- Solute Combination
Solvent Type Solute type Likely or not?
Polar Polar Yes
Polar Non-Polar No
Non-polar Polar No
Non-ploar Non-polar Yes

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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
Q3 Why the solubility of a salt increases with this increases in temperature?
Ans: Solubility is directly proportional to the temperature in solid and liquid. Solubility is increased by
increasing the temperature because hot water molecules have greater kinetic energy and collide with
solid solute more vigorously.
Salt is an ionic compound which dissolves in water easily but if temperature is increased the hot water
molecules collide with solid salt more vigorously and hence its solubility increase with increase in
temperature.
Q4 Explain the attraction of 𝑵𝒂+and 𝑪𝒍− ions for water molecules.
Water molecules has two polar ends, one positive end 𝐻 + ions and one negative end 𝑂𝐻− ion. 𝑁𝑎+ ions
of water molecule and 𝐶𝑙 − ions of salt are attracted towards positive are attracted towards positive end
𝐻 + of water molecule. This attraction is due to the general solubility principle “like dissolves Like”. As
water is a polar solvent and salt (𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙) is an ionic solute so they show attraction for each other due to
same intermolecular forces. Solute –solvent attraction are more in comparison to solute-solute
interaction in this case. These attractive forces of water are stronger enough to overcome the attraction
between 𝑁𝑎+ and 𝐶𝑙 + ions in 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙.
Q5 Explain the solubility with reference to “like dissolves like”
General Principles of Solubility.
Generally principle of solubility is “like dissolves like” which means that two substances with similar
intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in one another. It has been observed that:
* Ionic and polar solutes dissolves in polar solvents . For Example: 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 and NaCl are polar and
dissolved in water which is also polar.
* Non-polar Solute dissolves in non-polar solvents. For Example: Oil and paints are non-polar, they are
dissolved in ether as both are non-polar similarly waxes and fats dissolve in benzene and not in water.
* Non-polar compounds are not soluble in polar solvents (Water) For Example: Petrol, benzene are non-
polar, they are not dissolved in water because water is polar.
Q6 What is the difference among solution, colloids and suspension?
Solution Suspension Colloid
Particle size is less than 1 nm Particle size greater than 1000 Particle size 1 to 100 nm
nm
Homogenous (particle dissolves Hetrogenous (Particle settle Homogenous (particles do not
uniformly) down after some time) settle down for long time)
Particles cannot be distinctly Particles are big enough but can Colloidal particles can not be
seen with naked eye. be seen with naked eyes. seen with naked eye but can be
seen through ultra microscope.
Clear, transparent and Cloudy, but uniform and non- Cloudy, hetrogenous, at least
homogenous homogenous. two substances visible.
Transparent but often coloured Translucent and often opaque Often opaque, but can be
but can be transparent transparent.
Can not be seprated Can not be separated Can not be separated easily
Don not scatter light Scatter light, but are not Scatter light (Tyndall effect).
transparent
Particles can pass through filter Particles do not pass through Particles pass through filter
paper filter paper paper.

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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
SECTION- D
NUMERICALS
Q1. What is the molarity of the solution prepared by dissolving 1.25g of HCl gas into enough water to
make 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 of Solution?
Data:-
M=??
Mass of Solule =1.25g
Molar mass of solute 𝑯𝑪𝒍 = 𝟏 × 𝟏 + 𝟑𝟓. 𝟓 × 𝟏
= 𝟏 + 𝟑𝟓. 𝟓
= 𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝒈
𝟑
Volume of solution = 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎
Formula:
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆(𝒈) × 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑
Solution:-
𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒈 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝑴) = 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑
𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍 × 𝟑𝟎
𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝑴= 𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒄𝒎𝟑
𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟓
𝑴 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒄𝒎𝟑
Q2. A solution of potassium chloride was prepared by dissolving 2.5 g of potassium chloride (KCl) in
water and making the volume up to 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 . Find the concentration of solution in 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒄𝒎𝟑 ?
Data:-
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑐𝑚3 =? ?
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐾𝐶𝑙 = 2.5𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐾𝐶𝑙 = 39 × 1 + 35.5 × 1
= 39 + 35.5
= 74.5𝑔
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 100𝑐𝑚3
Formula:-
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 × 1000
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑀 =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑔 × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙
Solution:
2.5𝑔 × 1000
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑀 =
74.5𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 100 𝑐𝑚3
25𝑔
𝑀=
74.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 /𝑐𝑚3
𝑀 = 0.335 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑐𝒎𝟑
Q3 A flask Contain 0.25 M NaOH Solution what mass of NaOH is present in per 𝒅𝒎𝟑 of Solution?
Data:
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍/𝒅𝒎𝟑
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 = 𝟏 × 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟏 × 𝟏
= 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟏
= 𝟒𝟎 𝒈
𝟑
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟏 𝒅𝒎
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 =? ? 𝒈𝒎
Formula:

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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
𝑴×𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 ×𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆(𝒈) =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟎.𝟐𝟓 × 𝟒𝟎 × 𝟏
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆(𝒈) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎
Q4 What volume of 0.5 M acid is needed to neutralize 200 ml of 4 M base?
Data:
𝑴𝟏 = 𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒄𝒊𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑴
𝑴𝟐 = 𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 = 𝟒 𝑴
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒆𝒅 =? ?
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒏𝒆𝒖𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒆𝒅 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍
Formula:
𝑴𝟏 𝑽 𝟏 = 𝑴𝟐 𝑽 𝟐
𝑴𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑴𝟏
𝟒𝑴×𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍
𝑽𝟏 =
𝟎.𝟓 𝑴
𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍
𝑽𝟏 =
𝟎.𝟓
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒍

Q5 A mineral water bottle contains 28 mg of calcium in 100 cm3 of solution. What is concentration in
𝒈/𝒅𝒎𝟑 ?
Data:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 28 𝑚𝑔
28
=
1000
= 0.028 𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑔 = 40 𝑔
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚3 = 100𝑐𝑚3 = 0.1𝒅𝒎𝟑
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑑𝑚3 𝑀 = ? ?
Formula:-
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 ×
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑀 =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Solution:
0.028 × 1000
𝑀=
40 × 0.1𝑑𝑚3
28
𝑀= 𝑔/𝑑𝑚3
4
𝑀 = 7 𝑔 /𝑑𝑚3
Q6 A Solution of 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 of alcohol is dissolved in 80 𝒄𝒎𝟑 of water. Calculate the concentration (v/v)
of this solution.
Data:
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝑨𝒍𝒄𝒐𝒉𝒐𝒍 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟖𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑
% 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒗/𝒗 = ? ?
Formula:-
𝒗 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 (𝒄𝒎𝟑 )
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒗 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝒄𝒎𝟑 )

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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
Solution:
𝒗 𝟐𝟎
% 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒗 𝟖𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒗
= 𝟐𝟓 %
𝒗
Q7 How much (NaOH). Sodium hydroxide is required to prepare 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑 of 0.3 M solution.
Data:
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑴 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝑴
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒈 = ? ?
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒈
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑
Formula:-
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔) × 1000
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑀) =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑔 × 𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 =
1000
Solution:
0.3 × 40 × 400
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑔 =
1000
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 4.8 𝑔

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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
CHAPTER 7: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
SECTION- B
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q1. Define oxidation, reduction reactions with example.
Oxidation Reaction: The electrochemical reaction in which atom molecule or ion loses electron and its
oxidation number increases is called oxidation number.
Example: 𝐶𝑢 → 𝐶𝑢2+ + 2𝑒 −
Reduction Reaction: The electrochemical reaction in which atom molecule or ion accepts electron and
its oxidation number decreases is called reduction reaction.
Example: 𝑆 + 2𝑒 → 𝑆 2−
Q2. Why ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten or in aqueous solutions only?
Ans: An electrolyte consists of free moving ions and conduct electricity. Ionic compound when heated
or melted their ions become free to move, once they got free from each other they are in state of
conducting electricity and become excellent electrolytes.
Q3. What is electrolytic cell. Explain with diagram.
Electrolytic Cell: The type of cell which uses electricity for a non spontaneous reaction to occur is called
“electrolytic cell”.
An electrolytic cell consists of electrolyte in a vessel, electrodes and a battery.

Q4. Define oxidizing and reducing agent with examples.

Oxidizing agent: Oxidizing agents are substances that accept electrons.
Example 1 : 𝑆 + 2𝑒 − → 𝑆 2−
Example 2 : 𝐴𝑙3+ + 3𝑒 − → 𝐴𝑙
Example 3 : 2𝐻 + + 2𝑒 − → 𝐻2

Reducing agent: Reducing agents are substances which loses electrons.

Example 1 : 𝑆𝑛 → 𝑆𝑛2+ + 2𝑒 −
Example 2 : 𝑆𝑛2+ → 𝑆𝑛4+ + 2𝑒 −
Example 3 : 𝐴𝑙 → 𝐴𝑙 3+ + 3𝑒 −

Q5. Examine the following equations and identify:

1. Oxidizing Agent 2.Reducing Agent
3. Substance undergoes Oxidation 4. Substance undergoes reduction

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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
1. 𝑍𝑛 + 𝐶𝑙2 → 𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙2 2. 𝐵𝑟2 + 𝐻2 𝑆 → 2𝐻𝐵𝑟 + 𝑆
3. 2𝐶𝑎 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐶𝑎𝑂 4. 2𝐿𝑖 + 𝑆 → 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆
Ans:
1. 𝑍𝑛 + 𝐶𝑙2 → 𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙2
Chlorine is oxidizing agent
2. 𝐵𝑟2 + 𝐻2 𝑆 → 2𝐻𝐵𝑟 + 𝑆
Sulphur is reducing agent
3. 2𝐶𝑎 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐶𝑎𝑂
Calcium undergoes Oxidation
4. 2𝐿𝑖 + 𝑆 → 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆
Sulphur undergoes reduction

Q6 Identify the alloy

Components Alloy
𝐶𝑢 − 𝑍𝑛 Brass
𝐶𝑢 − 𝐴𝑙 − 𝑀𝑔 − 𝑁𝑖 Duralumin
𝐶𝑢 − 𝑍𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛 Bronze
SECTION- C
DETAILED QUESTIONS
Q1. Describe the dry cell with diagram.
Dry Cell:
It is also leclanche cell. It is a type of primary cell which produce electricity using redox reaction between
their chemical substances present in it. It is used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy.
Construction:
It uses zinc as an anode, magnesium dioxide as cathode and aqueous ammonium chloride (𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙)or
zinc chloride (𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙2 ) as electrolyte.
A copper cap is fixed on the top of the carbon rod for conduction of electricity.

Zinc and graphite are then connected by a metal wire as a result following chemical reaction occurs:

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Reaction at anode:

𝑍𝑛 → 𝑍𝑛2+ + 2𝑒 −

Reaction at Cathode:

2𝑁𝐻4+ + 2𝑀𝑛𝑂4 + 2𝑒 − → 𝑀𝑛𝑂 + 2𝑁𝐻3 + 𝐻2 𝑂

It produces a potential of 1.5 volt.
Q2. What is battery? How lead storage battery works?
Battery Definition:
A battery is a device which produces electricity through electrochemical reactions.
Lead Storage Battery:
It is an example of secondary cell in which chemical changes can be reserved.
Working: It has several voltaic cells connected in series. It contain lead plates which serve as anode and
lead oxide (PbO) which acts as cathode. These electrodes are immersed in electrolytic solution of dilute
sulphuric acid (𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ) Chemical changes during charging and discharging process can be shown as:
𝑃𝑏 + 𝑃𝑏𝑂 + 2𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ⇌ 2𝑃𝑏𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐻4 𝑂
Q3. Explain process of electrolysis in an electrolytic cell.
The electrolysis involves redox reactions and carried out in electrolytic cell. In electrolysis current passes
through an electrolyte due to which migration of positive and negative ions towards cathode and anode
takes place. As a result ions are discharged at their respective electrodes.
The type of cell which uses electricity for a non spontaneous reaction to occur is called electrolytic cell.
An electrolytic cell consists of electrolyte in a vessel, electrodes and battery.
The electrons from battery enter through cathode at which positive ions are reduced by accepting
electrons. At anode negative ions loses electrons and undgergoes oxidation. It means at cathode
reduction occurs and oxidation takes places at anode.
At Cathode:
𝑀+ + 𝑒 − → 𝑀 (𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠. )
At Anode:
𝑋 − → 𝑋 + 𝑒 − → 𝑀 (𝑂𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠. )

Electrolysis in Electrolytic Cell

Q4. What is Alloy? Explain its classification with examples.
Definition of Alloy:
Alloy is the mixture of metal with metal or metal with non metal.
There are 7000 alloys which are use for different purposes in the world.
Alloys can be prepared by mixing elements in different proportions. In alloys it becomes difficult for
layers of metals atoms to slide over each other. So alloy is harder and stronger than pure metal.

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Classification of Alloys:
Alloys are classified into two different types. There are listed below
1.Ferrous alloys.
2. Non- ferrous alloys
1. Ferrous alloy:
A ferrous alloy is the alloy that contains the iron, carbon and other elements like manganese, nickel,
chromium, copper, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten etc.
2. Non-Ferrous Alloy:
A non ferrous Alloy is the alloy that contains no iron in combinations of mixture.
Some important alloys with compositions and uses
Name of Alloy Components Applications
Bell metal Cu(Copper) Casting of bell.
Sn (Tin)
Brass Cu (Copper –Zinc) Door nobes, and hand nails, due to anti
bacterial nature, Hose nozzles, stamping
dyes etc.
Bronze Cu (copper) Coins, medals, tools etc
Zn (Zinc)
Sn (Tin)
Monel Ni (Nickel) Corrosion resistant containers
Cu (Copper)
Fe (Iron)
Duralumin Al (Aluminium) Boat, Aircraft etc
Cu (Copper)
Mg (Magnesium)
Ni (Nickel)
Solder Sn (tin) Joining electrical components into circuits.
Pb (Lead)
Cu (Copper)
Sb (antimony)
Alnico Fe (Iron) Magnets used in loudspeakers.
Al (aluminium)
Ni (Nickel)
Co (Cobalt)
Amalgam Hg(mercury) Dental filling
Ag (silver)
Cu (Copper)
Zn (Zinc)
Cupronickel Cu (copper) Coins
Ni (Nickel)
Mn (Manganese)
Sterling silver Ag (Silver) Cutlery set,
Cu (Copper) Medical tools

Q5. What is rusting? Ho it can be prevented?

Corrosion:
Metals react with oxygen in presence of moisture and can form harmful metal oxide. These metal oxide
layers are porous with oxygen to form harmful metal oxide. It is called corrosion of metal.”

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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
Rusting of Iron
Corrosion of iron is an electro-chemical process. Iron undergoes redox reaction in presence of air or
water to form iron (III) oxide (𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 . 𝑛 𝐻2 𝑂) called “rusting of iron”
Prevention from corrosion:
All metals can be prevented from corrosion by following methods.
1.Alloying: Formation of alloy prevents metal from corrosion by reducing its ability of oxidation.
Example: Iron (Fe) can be change into stainless steal by mixing with chromium (Cr) and Nickle (Ni). Thus
iron (Fe) is prevented from corrosion.
2. Metallic Coating (electroplating)
All metals can be protected from corrosion by coating its surface with other metal by electrolytic
process is called electroplating. Metals like iron can be electroplated with chromium (Cr) Nickle (Ni) and
Silver (Ag)
Cathodic Protection:
It is applied to protect underground pipes , tanks ,oil rigs etc from corrosion by making these material as
cathode. The active metal like magnesium (Mg) or aluminum (Al) is used as Anode and connected with
iron (Fe). These active metals itself oxidizes and prevent other metal from corrosion.
4. Coating with paint: A metal is commonly coated with paint to protect it from corrosion. Paint
prevents the reaction of metal with oxygen moisture and other harmful chemical agents.

Q6. What is electroplating ? How steel object can be electroplated with Tin, Zinc, and Silver?
Electroplating: The process of depositions of metal at the surface of other metal through electrolysis is
called electroplating.

1. Tin plating:
Steel spoon can be tin plated by using acidified tin sulfate as electrolyte. Tin (sn) metal is used as anode
and steel spoon is used as cathode. When current passes through electrolyte, tin ions ( 𝑠𝑛2+) deposits at
cathode as tin (Sn) Metal. Tin (Sn) electrode is then changes into tin ion ( 𝑆𝑛2+)
𝑆𝑛𝑆𝑂4 → 𝑆𝑛2+𝑆𝑂42−
Anode Reaction:
𝑆𝑛 → 𝑆𝑛++ + 2𝑒
Cathode Reaction:
𝑆𝑛2+ + 2𝑒 → 𝑆𝑛
2. Zinc plating:
The process in which zinc is electrolytically coated at the surface of other base metal is called galvanizing
Potassium Zinc cyanide is used as electrolyte to produce zinc ions (𝑆𝑛+2 ). Zinc (Zn)metal serves as anode
and steel object is used as cathode. During Electrolysis 𝑍𝑛 ++ deposits at cathode and zinc (Zn) anode is
then changes into zinc ion.
Following reactions occur during zinc electroplating.
Reaction at Anode :
𝑍𝑛 → 𝑍𝑛 2+ + 2𝑒
Reaction at Cathode:
𝑍𝑛 2+ + 2𝑒 → 𝑍𝑛
3. Electroplating of silver:
In this process Silver (Ag) is coated electrolytically at the surface of steel or other metal. It is called silver
plating. In this process aqueous solution of silver (AgCl) is used as electrolyte to produce silver (𝐴𝑔+)

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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
ions. Silver (Ag) metal is used as anode and steel object like spoon are reduced at cathode by accepting
electron. Silver anode loses electron and oxidized to silver (𝐴𝑔+)ion.
Following chemical changes takes place.
𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙 → 𝐴𝑔+ + 𝐶𝑙 −
Reaction at Cathode:
𝐴𝑔+ + 𝑒 → 𝐴𝑔

Reaction at Anode :
𝐴𝑔 → 𝐴𝑔+ + 𝑒
Q7. State and explain faraday’s first and Second Law of electrolysis.
Faraday’s First Law of Electrolysis:
Statement: It states that “amount of any substance that is deposited or liberated at an electrode during
electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte.
Mathematical Statement:
𝑾∝𝑨×𝒕
𝑊 =𝑍𝐴𝑡
Or in this equation
W= weight of substance deposited or liberated at electrode
A= Current in ampere
t= Time in Second
but:
Ampere (A)× time (t) =Coloumb (C)
A=1 Ampere, t=1 Sec then W=Z
Z(electrochemical equivalent)
Electrochemical equivalent is the weight of the substance collected at the electrodes when one columb
of electric charge is passed through the electrolyte.
Faraday’s Second Law of Electrolysis
Statement: The amount of different substance deposited or liberated due to passage of same quantity
of current through different electrolytes are proportional to their chemical equivalent masses.
For an element
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔 𝑕𝑡
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Example:
27
𝐶𝑕𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙 = 3
= 9𝑔
108
𝐶𝑕𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑔 = 1
= 108 𝑔
Faraday:
Quantity of charge which deposits or liberates 1 gm equivalent weight of Substance is called 1 Faraday
(F).
1f=96,500 Columbs
Example:
Take three solution of silver nitrate, Copper sulphate and aluminium nitrate in three electrolytic cells
and same quantity of current (96,500 Columbs) is passed through them. As a result 108 gm of silver,
31.75 gm of copper and 9 gm of aluminium are collected at their respective electrodes.

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CHAPTER 8: CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
SECTION- B
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q1. Identify the elements as Metals, non-metals and metalloids.
Elements:
C, Ca, Sb, S, Sr, Si, K, P, Ba, Ge

Ans: Metals:
Ca( Calcium)
K (potassium)
Ba (Barium)
Sr (Strontium)
Non-Metals:
C ( Carbon)
S (Sulphur)
P (Phosphorous)
Metaloids:
Sb ( antimony )
Ge (Germanium)
Si (Silicon)
Q2. What are alkali metals? Write names & symbols of Alkali Metals.
Ans: Alkali Metals:
Elements of group I are called alkali metals.
Name of alkaline earth metals Symbol
Lithium Li
Sodium Na
Potassium K
Rubidium Rb
Cesium Cs
Q3. What are alkaline earth metals? Write names and symbols of alkaline earth metals.
Ans: Alkaline Earth Metals:
Elements of group II A are called alkaline earth metals.
Name of alkaline earth metals Symbol
Beryllium Be
Magnesium Mg
Calcium Ca
Strontium Sr
Barium Ba
Q4. What are Halogens? Write names and symbols of elements.
Ans: Halogens
Elements of group VII A are called “Halogens”. Halogens means salt formers.
Name of Halogens Symbol
Flourine F
Chlorine Cl
Bromine Br
Iodine I
Astatine At

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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
Q5. Write names and symbols of any three metalloids.
Ans:
Name of Boron metalloids Symbol
Baron B
Silicon Si
Germanium Ge

Q6. Define the following with examples. 1.Cation 2. Anion

Ans: 1.Cation: When atom or molecule losses electron then it changes into positively charged ion known
as “Cation”
Examples:
𝐴𝑙 → 𝐴𝑙3+ + 3𝑒
𝑁𝑎 → 𝑁𝑎+1 + 1𝑒 −
2. Anion:
When an atom or molecule gains electrons then it changes into negatively charged ion known as “anion”
Example:
𝐶𝑙 → 𝑒 − + 𝐶𝑙 −1
𝑂2 + 2𝑒 → 𝑂2−
Q.7 Explain why alkali metals do not exist free in nature?
Ans: Alkali metals have low ionization energy values. Hence they readily loose their valence electrons
and are highly reactive. Hence, in nature they do not exist in free state.
Q.8 Explain inertness of noble metals:
Ans: Inertness of Noble metals.
Noble metals are less electropositive so they are difficult to oxidize. Therefore they show no reaction
with atmospheric gases and resist corrosion. This helps noble metals so noble metals like Ag (Silver), Au
(gold) Pt (Platinum) are used to make ornaments.

Q9. Write names and symbols of some noble metals.

Names Symbols
Gold Au
Silver Ag
Platinum At
Osmium Os
Rhodium Os
Ruthenium Ru
Palladium Pd
Iridium Ir
Q10. Explain Electronegative characters of non-metals.
Electronegative Characters.
A non metal has a property to accept electron easily. It is called electronegative character.
𝑋 → 𝑒− + 𝑋−
Negative ions move towards anode during electrolysis so they are termed as anions.
Electronegative character increases across the period because atomic size decreases and nuclear charge
density increase.
It decrease down the group due to increasing atomic size.
Halogens easily accept electrons due to their high electronegative character.
𝐶𝑙 → 𝑒 − + 𝐶𝑙 −

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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
SECTION- C
DETAILED QUESTIONS
Q1. Explain importance of Silver
Importance of Silver.
Importance of Silver (Ag)
It is widely used in society.
2. It is used in Jewelery, decorative items, silver tableware because it does not tarnish and maintain its
silver shiny appearance.
3. It is used to make mirror because it is best reflection of visible light.
4. Silver forms compounds of Significant importance.
5. Silver Nitrate (𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 ) or lunar caustic is used in detection of Halogen.
6. Light sensitive material Ag Br are Ag I are used in Photographic films.
Q2. Explain the importance of Gold.
Importance of Gold (Au)
1.Gold has importance in our Society. It is used in Jewellery because it has very high luster, yellow color
and tarnish resistance.
2. Gold is used in electronic components because it is highly efficient conductor of current and cannot
corrode.
3. Gold is used in connecting wires,connection strips, switches and relay contacts to make electronic
devices highly reliable.
4. Gold is used in computers for rapid and accurate transmission of digital information.
5. Gold is used in dentistry because it is chemically inert, non-allergical and easy for dentist to work.
6. Gold coated polyester films are used in space vehicles to reflect infrared radiation and stabilize the
temperature. Of space vehicle.
7. The helmet of astronaut is coated with thin film of gold which reflect intense solar radiation and
protect eyes, skin of astronaut.
8. Glass surface coated with gold will reflect solar radiations outward and keep the buildings cool in
summer.
9. Gold is used in cell Phones, Global positioning system (GPS), Calculators etc.
10. Gold symbolizes purity, beauty and stability so it is used in making medals, trophies, awards, etc.
Q3. Explain the Experiment to test 𝐶𝑙 − and 𝐼 − ions.
Experiment
Test for 𝐶𝑙 − ions.
S# Experiment Observation Result
1 Few ml of salt solution+dil 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 + White ppt 𝐶𝑙 − may be present
𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3
2 White ppt + 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 + 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 White ppt soluble in 𝐶𝑙 − ion is present
𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻
−
Test for 𝐼 ions.
S# Experiment Observation Result
1 Few ml of salt solution+ few drops of Yellow ppt 𝐼 − may be present
dil 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 + Few drops of 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3
2 Yellow ppt + 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 solution Yellow ppt insoluble in 𝐼 − ion is present
excess 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻

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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
Q4. Explain Electropositive character of metal.
Electropositive character (Cation formation)
Metals are highly electropositive due to this property they easily loose their valence shell electrons.
When an atom or molecule loses electron then it changes into positively charged ion known as cation.
𝑨𝒍 → 𝑨𝒍𝟑+ + 𝟑𝒆−
Electropositive character of metal increases down the group with increasing size. Alkali metals have
large atomic size and low ionization potential values. The nucleus force on valence shell is very weak so
they can lose their valence electron easily. Hence they are highly reactive, highly electropositive,
powerful reducing agents and cannot exist free in nature.
The valence shell electronic configuration of alkali metals is 𝒏𝒔𝟏 .
They lose one electron and form monovalent cations.
Example: 𝑳𝒊+𝟏 , 𝑵𝒂+𝟏 , 𝑹𝒃+𝟏 , 𝑪𝒔+𝟏
Q5.Explain the position of Magnesium in periodic table and its importance.
Position: It is 8th most abundant element found in earth’s crust. Magnesium belongs to II – A group and
3rd period of periodic table.
Importance:
1. It is used in flares and photographic flash blubs because it burns to produce brilliant white light.
2. It is used for manufacturing of mobile phones, laptop and tablet computers because of light weight
and electrical properties.
3. The use of magnesium reduces the weight of vehicle by replacing steel components of vehicle.
4. Magnesium alloys are used in aviation industry, space crafts and missile because they are light weight
and remain stable at high temperature.
5. Magnesium can be changed into intricate (twisters, Knotty) shapes, so it is used in tennis rackets and
handles of archery bows.
Q6. Explain the position of sodium in periodic table and its importance
Ans: Position: It is the sixth most abundant element and constitutes 2.87% at earth’s crust. It belongs to
I A group, 3rd Period of periodic table.
Importance:
1. It is an excellent heat transfer fluid so it is used as coolant in nuclear reactors.
2. It is used in detergent preparation.
3. It is used in street lights and gives yellow colours.
4. It is used as reducing agent in the extraction of Calcium, Zirconium and Titanium.
Q7. Arrange the following Halogen Acids in increasing order of their Acidic Strength.
HBr, HCL, HI, HF
HF < HCl < HBr < HI
Explain the electronegative character of non-metals.
Electronegative Characters:
A non metal has a property to accept electron easily. It is called electronegative character.
𝑋 → 𝑒− + 𝑋−
Negative ions move towards anode during electrolysis so they are termed as anions.
Electronegative character increases across the period because atomic size decreases and nuclear charge
density increase.
It decrease down the group due to increasing atomic size.
Halogens easily accept electrons due to their high electronegative character.
𝐶𝑙 → 𝑒 − + 𝐶𝑙 −

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Chemistry (Test Edition) Class - IX Session (2021-2022)
Q9. Differentiate between Sodium and iron as soft and hard metal.
Sodium Iron
It is a soft metal It is hard metal.
It has large atomic size It has smaller ionic radii.
It has low value (0.5) on moh scale It has high value (4.5) on moh scale.
It has weak metallic bonding so it is a soft metal. It has strong metallic bonding so it is a hard metal
It can be cut easily with knife It is hammered to form sheet and wires.
It is light due to its low density It is heavier metal due to its high density
(7.87𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 )
It has low melting and boiling point values. It has high melting and boiling point values.
Melting point = 980 𝐶 Melting point = 15350 𝐶
Boiling point = 890 𝐶 Boiling point = 24500 𝐶
Discuss the reactivity of Halogens.
Reactivity of Halogens Comparioson:
Halogens belong to VII – A group and consists of fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I) and
Astaline (At). Halogens exist in molecular form Reactivity of halogens decreases down the group because
atomic size increases and electro negativity decreases down the group.
1. Halogens acts as oxidizing agents, because they easily accept electrons
𝟐𝑵𝒂 + 𝑪𝒍𝟐 → 𝟐𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍
𝟐𝑲 + 𝑰𝟐 → 𝟐𝑲𝑰
Power of Halogens as oxidizing agent decrease in the following order:
𝑭𝟐 > 𝑪𝒍𝟐 > 𝐵𝒓𝟐 > 𝑰𝟐
It means fluorine can displace other Halogens due to its highest oxidizing power.
2. More reactive Halogen can displace less reactive Halogen from a solution of its salt.
Example:
𝟐𝑲𝑰 + 𝑪𝒍𝟐 → 𝑲𝑪𝒍 + 𝑰𝟐
Chlorine is more reactive Halogen than Iodine so Chlorine displaces iodine.
4. Reaction of Hydrogen with Halogen form Halogen Acid.
𝑯𝟐 + 𝑿𝟐 → 𝟐𝑯𝑿
𝑿𝟐 = 𝑭𝟐 , 𝑪𝒍𝟐 , 𝑩𝒓𝟐 , 𝑰𝟐
𝑯𝑿 = 𝑯𝑭, 𝑯𝑪𝑳, 𝑯𝑩𝒓, 𝑯𝑰
HI is very strong acid because HI easily breaks up and form 𝑯+ ion in water due to weak covalent
Bonding.
HF is very weak acid because it has strong Covalent Bonding so it does not break up easily to form 𝑯+
Ion in water. 𝑯+ ion reacts with water molecule to form Hydronium ion ( 𝑯𝟑 𝑶+) Ion.

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