Number System

conversions
Number Systems
 There are four systems of arithmetic which are often
used in digital electronics.

◦ Decimal Number System

◦ Binary Number System
◦ Octal Number System
◦ Hexa Decimal System
Decimal Number system

 Decimal number system contains 10 digits:

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9; and that is why its base or radix is
10.
 Here radix means total number of digits used in any
system.
Decimal Number System
 The decimal number system is a positional
number system.

 Example:
 5 6 2 1 1 X 100 = 1
 103 102 101 100 2 X 101 = 20
 6 X 102 = 600
 5 X 103 = 5000
Binary Number System
 The binary number system is also a positional
numbering system.

 Instead of using ten digits, 0 - 9, the binary system

uses only two digits, 0 and 1.
Binary Number System
 The binary number system is also known as
base 2. The values of the positions are
calculated by taking 2 to some power.

 Why is the base 2 for binary numbers?

oBecause we use 2 digits, the digits 0 and 1.
Examples: Binary number system:
11001010
11111111
Octal Number System

 Also known as the Base 8 System

 Uses digits 0 - 7
 Readily converts to binary
 Groups of three (binary) digits can be used to
represent each octal digit
Hexadecimal Number System
 Base 16 system
 Uses digits 0-9 &

letters A,B,C,D,E,F
 Groups of four bits

represent each
base 16 digit
Binary Numbering Scale
Base 2 Number Base 10 Equivalent Power Positional Value

000 0 20 1
001 1 21 2
010 2 22 4
011 3 23 8
100 4 24 16
101 5 25 32
110 6 26 64
111 7 27 128
Significant Digits

Binary: 11101101

Most significant digit Least significant digit

Hexadecimal: 1D63A7A

Most significant digit Least significant digit

Converting From Decimal to
Binary
 Make a list of the binary place values up to the number being
converted.
 Perform successive divisions by 2, placing the remainder of 0
or 1 in each of the positions from right to left.
 Continue until the quotient is zero.
 Example: 4210

25 24 23 22 21 20
32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 0


DECIMAL TO BINARY
CONVERSION
 There are two methods to convert it:-

i. Revese of Binary-To-Digital Method

 Decimal number write as the sum of square
 0 & 1 is writen on the byte

Example 1: Convert decimal 45 to the binary

value
Solve = 4510 = 32 + 8 + 4 + 1
= 25 0 23 2 2 0 2 0

= 1 0 1 1 0 12
ii. Repeat division method
 The numbers is divide by 2.
 Balance for the question is written until the last answer.

Example : convert 2510 to binary

Solve = 2510 = ?2
= 25 12 balance 1 LSB
2
= 12 6 balance 0
2
= 62 3 balance 0

= 32 1 balance 1

= 12 0 balance 1 MSB

... Answer = 110012

Decimal to Binary Conversion
 The easiest way to convert a decimal number to its
binary equivalent is to use the Division Algorithm

 This method repeatedly divides a decimal number by

2 and records the quotient and remainder

◦ The remainder digits (a sequence of zeros and ones) form

the binary equivalent in least significant to most
significant digit sequence
Division Algorithm
Convert 67 to its binary equivalent:
6710 = x2
Step 1: 67 / 2 = 33 R 1 Divide 67 by 2. Record quotient in next row

Step 2: 33 / 2 = 16 R 1 Again divide by 2; record quotient in next

row

Step 3: 16 / 2 = 8 R 0 Repeat again

Step 4: 8 / 2 = 4 R 0 Repeat again

Step 5: 4 / 2 = 2 R 0 Repeat again

Step 6: 2 / 2 = 1 R 0 Repeat again

Step 7: 1 / 2 = 0 R 1 STOP when quotient equals 0

1 0 0 0 0 1 12
Decimal to binary (fractional)
 Examples:
 Convert the decimal number (12.0625)10 into binary number.
Solution:
Fractional part:
0.0625 x 2 = 0.1250 0
0.1250 x 2 = 0.2500 0
0.2500 x 2 = 0.500 0
0.500 x 2 = 1.000 1

(12.0625)10 = (1100.0001)2
Decimal to Octal Conversion

Examples:

 (315)10 = (473)8

8 315 3 LSD
8 39 7
8 4 4 MSD
0
 DECIMAL TO OCTAL
CONVERSION
 Convert from decimal to octal by using the repeated division
method used for decimal to binary conversion.
 Divide the decimal number by 8
 The first remainder is the LSB and the last is the MSB.

Example : convert 35910 to Decimal Value

Solve = 35910 = ?8
= 359 44 balance 7 LSB
8
= 44 5 balance 4
8
= 58 0 balance 5 MSB
... Answer = 5478
Decimal to Octal Conversion

Convert 42710 to its octal equivalent:

427 / 8 = 53 R-3 Divide by 8; R is LSD

53 / 8 = 6 R-5 Divide Q by 8; R is next digit
6 / 8 = 0 R-6 Repeat until Q = 0

6538
Decimal to Octal (fractional)
 Examples:
 Convert the decimal number (225.225)10 into octal number.
Solution:
Fractional part:
0.225 x 8 = 1.800 1
0.800 x 8 = 6.400 6
0.400 x 8 = 3.200 3
0.200 x 8 = 1.600 1
0.600 x 8 = 4.800 4

(225.225)10 = (341.16314)8
Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion

◦ Examples

 (315)10 = (13B)16

16 315 B LSD
16 19 3
16 1 1 MSD
0
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Conversion
Convert 83010 to its hexadecimal equivalent:

830 / 16 = 51 R-14
51 / 16 = 3 R-3 = E in Hex

3 / 16 = 0 R-3

33E16
Decimal to Hexadecimal (fractional)
 Examples:
 Convert the decimal number (225.225) into hexadecimal
10
number.
Solution:
Fractional part:
0.225 x 16 = 3.600 3
0.600 x 16 = 9.600 9

(225.225)10 = (E1.39)16
Converting from Binary to
Decimal

 Example of a binary number and the values of the

positions:
 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Converting from Binary to
Decimal
 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 X 20 = 1
 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 0 X 21 = 0
 1 X 22 = 4
 20 = 1 24 = 16 1 X 23 = 8
 21 = 2 25 = 32 0 X 24 = 0
 22 = 4 26 = 64 0 X 25 = 0
 23 = 8 1 X 26 = 64

 Answer: 7710
Binary to Decimal Conversion
 The easiest method for converting a binary number to
its decimal equivalent is to use the Multiplication
Algorithm

 Multiply the binary digits by increasing powers of

two, starting from the right

 Then, to find the decimal number equivalent, sum

those products
Multiplication Algorithm

Convert (10101101)2 to its decimal equivalent:

Binary 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
x x x x x x x x
Positional Values
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

Products 128 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 1

17310
Converting from Binary to Decimal

Practice conversions:

Binary Decimal

11101
1010101
100111
Converting From Decimal to
Binary

Practice conversions:

Decimal Binary

59
82
175
binary to hexadecimal system

 Group the digits of the binary number by four starting from

the right.
 Replace each group of four digits by an equivalent
hexadecimal digit.

Convert 101101012 into a hexadecimal number.

1011 01012 = B516

B 5
Exercise

 Convert 1010002 into a hexadecimal number.

 Convert 111011112 into a hexadecimal number.

Octal to Decimal Conversion

Convert 6538 to its decimal equivalent:

Octal Digits 6 5 3
x x x
Positional Values
82 81 80
Products 384 + 40 + 3

42710
 OCTAL TO BINARY
CONVERSION
 Convert from octal to binary by converting each octal digit
to a three bit binary equivalent
Octal digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Binary 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
Equivalent

 Convert from binary to octal by grouping bits in threes

starting with the LSB.
 Each group is then converted to the octal equivalent
 Leading zeros can be added to the left of the MSB to fill out
the last group.
Octal to Binary Conversion
Each octal number converts to 3 binary digits

To convert 6538 to binary, just substitute

code:

6 5 3

110 101 011

Hexadecimal to Decimal
Conversion

Convert 3B4F (Hexadecimal) to its decimal equivalent:

Hex Digits
3 B 4 F
x x x x
Positional Values
163 162 161 160
Products 12288 +2816 + 64 +15

15,18310
 HEXADECIMAL TO binary
 To convert a hexadecimal to binary number, convert each hexadecimal
digit to its 4 bit equivalent using the hexa number.

 Example: (23.AB)16 = ()2

Solution: (23.AB)16 = 2 3 . A B

0010 0011 1010 1011

(23.AB)16 = (00100011.10101011)2
Hexadecimal Number System

Binary Decimal Hexadecimal Binary Decimal Hex

0 0 0 1010 10 A
1 1 1 1011 11 B
10 2 2 1100 12 C
11 3 3 1101 13 D
100 4 4 1110 14 E
101 5 5 1111 15 F
110 6 6
111 7 7
1000 8 8
1001 9 9

37
Exercise
 Practice conversions:
Binary Decimal Octal Hex
01111101
1110101
1101010111
 Practice conversions:
Decimal Binary Octal Hex
72
92
185
 Convert 110111112 into a hexadecimal number.
Answer Exercise
 Practice conversions:
Binary Decimal Octal Hex
01111101 125(10) 175(8) 7D(16)
1110101 117(10) 165(8) 75(16)
1101010111 855(10) 1527(8) 357(16)
 Practice conversions:

Decimal Binary Octal Hex

72 1001000(2) 110(8) 48(16)
92 1011100(2) 134(8) 5C(16)
185 10111001(2) 271(8) B9(16)
 Convert 110111112 into a hexadecimal number.

11011111(2) = DF(16)
 Any
Questions ????????

End of Session
End of Session