Data Communication

and
Networking 1
EEE 4551

Prof. Dr. Khondokar Habibul Kabir

Professor, EEE, IUT

01768-451-451
habib@[Link]
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

Engineering means
Designing, building and testing systems

Computer Engineering Electrical Engineering

Hardware system design Communications Network Hardware
Software design and Power and electromagnetic systems
development Semiconductor devices and circuits

In this course we will learn The design of computers

It all starts with numbers
How data represent information
Building circuits
How computers perform computations
Building computing machines
How hardware and software work together
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

Message are digital or analog. Digital messages are ordered combination of finite symbols or
codewords. For example,
• Printed English consists of 26 letters, 10 numbers, a space, and several punctuation marks. Thus, a
text document written in English is a digital message, because it is from the ASCII keyboard of
128 symbols.
• Human speech is also a digital message, because it is made up from a finite vocabulary in a
language (without considering the pronunciation and variation of pitch).

• Music notes are also digital, even though the music sound itself is analog. ***
• A Morse-coded telegraph message is a digital message constructed from a set of only two
symbols- dash and dot. Its a binary messages,
• A digital message constructed with M symbols is called an M-ary message.

Analog messages, on the other hand, are characterized by data whose values vary over a
continuous range and are defined for a continuous range of time.
• For example, the temperature, atmospheric pressure.
• A piece of music recorded by a pianist is also an analog signal. ***
• Similarly, any particular speech waveform has amplitudes that vary over a continuous range is
analog.

The human speech signal from a microphone contains all the details of pronunciation and variation of pitch and is
therefore an analog signal.
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

Analog and Digital signal

Any Signal outside of the

device is Analog

010101010101

Analog Digital Analog

アナログ デジタル アナログ

Analog (continuous values)

Real world signals ( sound, light,
temperature, pressure) Digital domain
Analog domain

Digital (discrete sets of values) Real world

A/D and D/A Digital signal
Numerical representation of the conversion processor
analog signals.
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

Digital System

Digital systems offer several important advantages compared to analog system, for
example. higher performance, greater versatility, and higher security,

Definition of Digital in this course

A method of storing, processing and transmitting information through the use of
distinct electronic or optical pulses that represent the
binary digits 0 and 1.

Easy to represent binary values electrically

Voltages and/or Currents
Can be implemented using circuits
Create the building blocks of modern computers
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

Why do we use 10 digits, anyway?

Decimal numbers are made

of decimal digits (10)

Feedback 1 Q1: Why digital communication has two numbers?

 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

Recommended Text Books

1. Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach (6th Edition)

James F. Kurose (Author), Keith W. Ross (Author)

2. Data Communications and Networking

Behrouz A Forouzan (Author)

3. Computer Networks (4th Edition)

Andrew S. Tanenbaum(Author)

7
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

Growth of Computer Networking

Computer networking has grown explosively

Since the 1970s, computer communication has changed from a research

topic to an essential part of infrastructure

Networking is used in every aspect of our lives:

• Business
• Advertising
• Production
• Shipping, Shopping
• Planning
• Billing
• Accounting

Educational institutions are using computer networks

to provide students and teachers with access to online information

Federal, state, and local government offices use networks

8
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

Growth of Computer Networking

In short, computer networks are everywhere

In 1980, the Internet was a research project that involved a few dozen sites

Today, the Internet has grown into a communication system that reaches all of the world

The advent and utility of networking has created dramatic economic shifts
Feedback 2 • Network has made Telecommunications available to Individuals.
Q2: What has made
• It has changed business communication telecommunications
available to individuals?
• An entire industry emerged that develops networking technologies, products, and
services

Feedback 3 • The importance of computer networks has Produced a Demand in all

industries for people with more networking expertise Q3: What kind of demand
network has produced?
• Companies need workers to plan, acquire, install, operate, and manage
the hardware and software systems for networks
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

10

How networks impact our daily lives

 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

11

How networks impact our daily lives

Using information networks to

share and collaborate improves
teaching and learning
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

12

What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view

PC
Millions of connected computing devices
server Create intranet Mobile
• Hosts, End systems, Edge systems Network
wireless • running network apps
laptop wireless

smartphone Q4: Write down examples of end systems.

Global ISP
Any smart devices

Communication Media
• fiber, copper, radio, satellite, infrared
wireless • transmission rate: bandwidth
links
wired Usually, the connections between computers in a
links network are made using physical wires or cables
Home Regional
Network ISP
However, some connections are wireless, using
radio waves or infrared signals
Q5: Write down examples of Communication media.

Packet switches: forward packets (chunks

of data)
router ▪ routers and switches
Institutional
Network
Q6: Which devices forward the data.
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

13

What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view

A computer network is defined as the interconnection of Mobile
two or more computers. Network

It is done to enable the computers to communicate and

share available resources. Global ISP
A Computer is any device which can compute.
Q7: What is Computer Network?

Internet is called “network of networks”

– Connects different networks like Mobile
Network, Home Network, Institutional Network
together. Home Regional
Network ISP
– Interconnected ISPs (internet service provider)
Q8: Why is Internet called “network of networks”?

Protocols control sending, receiving of messages

– e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11
Institutional
Internet standards Network
– RFC: Request for comments
– IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

14

Network composes of Hardware and Software

Cable Network Card Broadband Router

Switch/Hub Wireless Network Adapter

Router
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

15

A closer look at network structure

Mobile
Network

Network edge: Global ISP

• Hosts: clients and servers

• Servers often in data centers

Access networks, physical media:

Wired, wireless communication links
Home Regional
Network ISP

Network core:
• Interconnected routers
• Network of networks

Institutional
Network

15
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

16

What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view

Mobile
Network
Components Of Computer Network
• Two or more computers
• Cables as links between the computers Global ISP

• A network interfacing card(NIC) on each computer

• Switches/Routers
• Software called operating system(OS)

Regional
APPLICATIONS of Network: Home
Network ISP
i. Sharing of resources such as printers
ii. Sharing of expensive software's and database
iii. Communication from one computer to another
computer
iv. Exchange of data and information among users
via network
v. Sharing of information over geographically wide Institutional
areas. Network
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

17

Network Applications (Software) and Network Programming

Network services are provided by an application software

• an application on one computer communicates across a network with an
application program running on another computer

Network applications span a wide range, such as:

• email
• file transfer
• web browsing
• voice telephone calls (VoIP)
• distributed databases
• audio/video teleconferencing

Each application offers a specific service with its own form of user interface
• But all applications can communicate over a single, shared network

Q9: Write down some name of Network Applications.

17
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

18

Data Communications

Data communications refers to the study of low-level mechanisms and technologies

used to send information across a physical communication medium
• such as a wire, radio wave, or light beam

Data communications focuses on ways to use physical phenomena to transfer

information
• the subject may only seem useful for engineers who design low-level
transmission facilities
o However, we will see that several key concepts that arise from data
communications influence the design of many protocol layers

Q10: How does Data communication work?

Data communications provides a foundation of concepts on which the rest of

networking is built

Q11: Why Data communication is important for Networking?

18
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

19

Packet Switching and Networking Technologies

In 1960s, the packet switching concept revolutionized data communications

Early communication networks had evolved from telegraph and telephone systems
• A physical pair of wires between two parties to form a dedicated circuit

Although mechanical connection of wires was being replaced by electronic switches,

but the underlying paradigm remained the same:
• form a circuit and then send information across the circuit

Q12: What is Circuit Switching in Data Communication?

19
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

20

Packet Switching and Networking Technologies

Packet switching changed networking in a fundamental way

Some Features of Packet Switching

• It provided the basis for the modern Internet

• Packet switching allows multiple users to share a network

• Packet switching divides data into small blocks, called packets

• It includes an identification of the intended recipient in each packet

• Devices throughout the network each have information about how to reach each
possible destination

Q13: Write down some features of Packet Switching in Data Communication?

20
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

21

Simultaneous Transmission of Several Signals

We can use various audio signals to modulate different carrier frequencies, thus
translating each signal to a different frequency range.

If the various carriers are chosen sufficiently far apart in frequency, the spectra of the
modulated signals will not overlap and thus will not interfere with each other.

At the receiver, one can use a tunable band-pass filter to select the desired station or
signal.

This method of transmitting several signals simultaneously is known as frequency-

division multiplexing (FDM).

Here the bandwidth of the channel is shared by various signals without any
overlapping.
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

22

Example:

FDM 4 users

frequency

Time Channel
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

23

Simultaneous Transmission of Several Signals

Another method of multiplexing several signals is known as time-division multiplexing (TDM).

This method is suitable when a signal is in the form of a pulse train (as in PCM).

The pulses are made narrower, and the spaces that are left between pulses are used for pulses
from other signals.

Thus, in effect, the transmission time is shared by a number of signals by interleaving the pulse
trains of various signals in a specified order.

At the receiver, the pulse trains corresponding to various signals are separated.
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

24

FDM versus TDM

Example:

FDM 4 users

frequency

Time Channel

TDM

frequency

Time Channel

Combination of FDM and TDM can accommodate more users.

 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

25

Circuit Switching
Dhaka Khulna
Switch Switch

Caller Caller

It’s the method used by the telephone

network processing delay at switch

A call has three phases: propagation

delay
Establish circuit from end-to-end between
(“dialing”), (1) caller and
Communicate, and Boston
switch
Close circuit (“tear down”).
(2)
If circuit not available: “busy signal”
DATA

(3)

Time

25
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

26

Circuit Switching: Multiplexing/Demultiplexing

Switch Frames

Slots = 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

One way for sharing a circuit is TDM:

• Time divided into frames and frames divided into slots

• Relative slot position inside a frame determines which conversation the data belongs to
• E.g., slot 0 belongs to the red conversation
• Need synchronization between sender and receiver

26
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

27

Packet Switching

• To improve the efficiency of transferring information over a shared communication line,

messages are divided into fixed-sized, numbered Packets
• Network devices called Routers are used to direct packets between networks
Q13: What is Packets?
Messages sent by packet switching

27
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

28

Packet Switching
• Used in the Internet Host 1 Host 2
• Data is sent in Packets (header
contains control info, e.g., source and Node 1 Node 2
destination addresses)

Header Data propagation

delay
between
• Per-packet routing transmission
Host 1 &
Node 2 processing
• At each node the entire packet is time of Packet 1 Packet 1 delay of
received, stored, and then forwarded at Host 1
Packet 2 Packet 1 at
(store-and-forward networks) Packet 1 Node 2
Packet 3
Packet 2
Packet 1
Packet 3
Packet 2

Packet 3

28
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

29

Packet Switching: Multiplexing/Demultiplexing

Router
Queue

• Multiplex using a queue

• Routers need memory/buffer
• Demultiplex using information in packet header
• Header has destination
• Router has a routing table that contains information about which link to use to reach a destination
Queues introduce
• Variable Delay
• Delay = Queuing Delay + Propagation Delay + Transmission Delay + Processing Delay
• Losses:
• When packets arrive to a full queue/buffer they are dropped
Q14: Write down 4 delays occurred in Packet switching
29
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

30

Packet switching also show reordering

Packets in a flow may not follow the same path (depends on routing as we
will see later) → packets may be reordered
Host C

Host A Host D

Node 1 Node 2

Node 3

Node 5

Host B
Host E
Node 7
Node 6
Node 4

30
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

31

Differences Between Circuit & Packet Switching

Circuit-switching Packet-Switching
Guaranteed capacity No guarantees (best effort)
Capacity is wasted if data is bursty More efficient

Before sending data establishes a path Send data immediately

Different packets might follow
All data in a single flow follow one path
different paths
No reordering; constant delay; no pkt Packets may be reordered, delayed,
drops or dropped

31
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

32

Internet Connections

• Internet backbone A set of high-speed networks that carry Internet traffic

Internet service provider (ISP) A company that provides other companies or individuals
with access to the Internet

There are various technologies available that you can use to connect a home computer to
the Internet
• A phone modem converts computer data into an analog audio signal for transfer
over a telephone line, and then a modem at the destination converts it back again
into data
• A digital subscriber line (DSL) uses regular copper phone lines to transfer digital data
to and from the phone company’s central office
• A cable modem uses the same line that your cable TV signals come in on to transfer
the data back and forth
• Broadband A connection in which transfer speeds are faster than 128 bits per second

Q15: Write down all 6 blue bold line terms.

32
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

33

Access net:
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

central office telephone

network In DSL, either voice or internet data
can be transmitted

DSL splitter In ADSL, both voice and internet

modem DSLAM data can be transmitted
simultaneously
ISP
voice, data transmitted Q16: What are DSL and ADSL?
at different frequencies over DSL Access
dedicated line to central office Multiplexer

• Use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net

33
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

34

Access net: Cable Network

cable headend

cable splitter
modem
Q17: What kind of Cable is used in Cable Network?

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
Coaxial Cable D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels

Frequency Division Multiplexing: different channels transmitted

in different frequency bands

34
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

35

Access net: Cable Network

cable headend
…

cable splitter
modem CMTS Cable Modem
Termination
System
data, TV transmitted at different
frequencies over shared cable
distribution network ISP

• HFC: Hybrid Fiber Coax

• asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream transmission rate, 2 Mbps upstream
transmission rate
• network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
• homes share access network to cable headend
• unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office

35
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

36

Access net: Home Network

wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office

often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (100 Mbps)

36
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

37

Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)

institutional link to
ISP (Internet)

institutional router

Ethernet institutional mail,

switch web servers

• typically used in companies, universities, etc

• 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates

• today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch

Q18: What is the name of the Enterprise access Network?

37
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

38

Host: sends packets of data

Host Sending Function:

• takes application message
two packets,
• breaks into smaller chunks, known L bits each
as packets, of length L bits

• transmits packet into access

network at transmission rate R 2 1
– link transmission rate, i.e., link
capacity, i.e., link bandwidth R: Link Transmission Rate
host

Packet Time needed to L (bits)

Transmission = Transmit L-bit =
Delay Packet into link R (bits/sec)
Q19: Packet Transmission Delay equation.
38
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

39

Physical media

• Bit propagates between

transmitter/receiver pairs
• physical link: what lies between transmitter &
receiver

Twisted Pair (TP)

• two insulated copper wires are
twisted
• Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gpbs
Ethernet
• Category 6: 10Gbps

Q20: Write down the name of this Physical Media.

39
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

40

Physical media: coax, fiber

Coaxial Cable: Fiber Optic Cable:

❖ glass fiber carrying light pulses, each
• two concentric copper conductors pulse a bit
• bidirectional ❖ high-speed operation:
▪ high-speed point-to-point
• broadband: transmission (e.g., 10’s-100’s
• multiple channels on cable Gpbs transmission rate)
• HFC ❖ low error rate:
▪ repeaters spaced far apart
▪ immune to electromagnetic
noise

Q21: Write down the names of these 2 Physical Medias.

40
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

41

Wireless access networks

• Shared wireless access network connects end system to router

• via base station i.e., “wireless access point” (WAP)

Wide-area Wireless Access

Wireless Lans (WLAN):
▪ provided by telco (cellular)
▪ within building (100 ft) operator, 10’s km
▪ 802.11b/g (WiFi): 11, 54 Mbps ▪ between 1 and 10 Mbps
transmission rate
▪ 3G, 4G: LTE

to Internet
to Internet
Q22: Write down the name of this Wireless network.

41
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

42

Packet-switching: store-and-forward

L bits
per packet

source 32 1
destination
R bps R bps

one-hop numerical example:

• takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) ▪ L = 7.5 Mbits
L-bit packet into link at R bps
▪ R = 1.5 Mbps
• store and forward: entire packet must
arrive at router before it can be ▪ one-hop transmission delay = 5
transmitted on next link sec

❖ end-end delay = 2L/R (assuming zero

propagation delay)

Q23: What is Store-and-Forward.

42
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

43

Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss

C
A R = 100 Mb/s

D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
E
queue of packets
waiting for output link

Packet queuing and loss:

❖ If arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds transmission rate of link for a period of time:
▪ Packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link
▪ Packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up

Q24: What is Packet Queuing and Packet Loss.

43
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

44

How do loss and delay occur?

packets queue in router buffers

• packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link capacity
• packets queue, wait for turn

packet being transmitted (delay)

B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers

44
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

45

Four sources of packet delay

transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dprocess: nodal processing dqueue: queueing delay

▪ check bit errors ▪ time waiting at output link for
transmission
▪ determine output link ▪ depends on congestion level of
▪ typically < msec router

Q25: What are the four sources of Packet Delay?

45
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

46

Four sources of packet delay

transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay:

▪ L: packet length (bits) ▪ d: length of physical link
▪ R: link bandwidth (bps) ▪ s: propagation speed in medium
▪ dtrans = L/R (~2x108 m/sec)
▪ dprop = d/s
dtrans and dprop
very different

Q25: What are the four sources of Packet Delay?

46
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

47

Packet Loss

• queue (buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacity

• packet arriving to full queue dropped (lost)
• lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end system, or not
at all

buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A

B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost

47
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

48

Throughput

• Throughput is the rate (bits/time unit) at which bits transferred between

sender/receiver
• instantaneous: rate at given point in time
• average: rate over longer period of time

server, with link capacity link capacity

file of F bits Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
to send to client

server sends bits pipe that can carry pipe that can carry
(fluid) into pipe fluid at rate fluid at rate
Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)

Q26: What is Throughput?

48
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

49

Throughput

• Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

❖ Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

bottleneck link

link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput

49
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

50

Throughput: Internet scenario

• per-connection end-end
throughput: min(Rc,Rs,R/6)
Rs
• in practice: Rc or Rs is often
bottleneck Rs
Rs

Rc Rc

Rc

6 connections (fairly) share backbone

bottleneck link R bits/sec

50
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

51

Two key network-core functions

Routing is determines source-destination Forwarding moves packets from router’s

route taken by packets input to appropriate router output
▪ Routing Tables

routing algorithm

local forwarding table

header value output link
0100 3 1
0101 2
0111 2 3 2
1001 1

destination address in arriving

packet’s header

Q27: What is Routing Table?

51
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

52

Assignment to be Announce
Packet Switching and Networking Technologies
Many designs for packet switching are possible
But there is a need for answers to basic questions:
• How should a destination be identified?
• How can a sender find the identification of a destination?
• How large should a packet be?
• How can a network recognize the end of one packet?
• How can a network recognize the beginning of another packet?
• If a network is shared, then how can they coordinate to insure that each receives a fair
opportunity to send?
• How can packet switching be adapted to wireless networks?
• How can network technologies be designed to meet various requirements for speed,
distance, and economic cost?, and economic cost

Many packet switching technologies have been created to meet various requirements for
speed, distance, and economic cost

52
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

53

Classification Of Area By Their Geography

NETWORK

PAN LAN CAN MAN WAN

Q28: Write down the classification of Area Network.

53
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

54

LOCAL AREA NETWORK(LAN)

• LAN is a network which is designed to operate over a small physical area such
as an office, factory or a group of buildings.
• LAN’s are easy to design and troubleshoot
• Exchange of information and sharing of resources becomes easy because of
LAN.

• In LAN all machines are connected to a

single cable.

• Different types of topologies such as star,

tree, bus, ring, etc., can be used.

• It is usually a privately owned network.

Q29: What is LAN?

54
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

55

Types of Networks
• Various configurations, called topologies, have been used to
administer LANs
• Ring topology A configuration that connects all nodes
in a closed loop on which messages travel in one
direction
• Star topology A configuration that centers around one Ring topology
Star topology
node to which all others are connected and through
which all messages are sent
• Bus topology All nodes are connected to a single
communication line that carries messages in both
directions
• Mess Topology A mesh topology is a network setup
where each computer and network device is Bus topology
interconnected with one another.

A bus technology called Ethernet has become the industry standard Mess Topology
for local-area networks

Q30: Write down some names of Topology?

55
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

56

• Wide-area network (WAN)

A network that connects two or more local-area networks
(LAN) over a potentially large geographic distance
Q31: What is WAN?
gateway

Often one particular node on a LAN is set up to serve as a

gateway to handle all communication going between that
LAN and other networks
Q32: What is Gateway?
gateway
Communication between networks is called internetworking

The Internet, as we know it today, is essentially the ultimate

wide-area network (WAN), spanning the entire globe

gateway

56
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

57

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK(MAN)

• It is in between LAN & WAN technology that covers the entire city.
• It uses similar technology as LAN.
• It can be a single network such as cable TV network, or a measure of connecting a
number of LAN’s o a large network so that resources can be shared LAN to LAN as
well as device to device.

57
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

58

CAMPUS AREA NETWORK(CAN)

• The campus area network is made up of an interconnection of LAN with

limited geographical area.
• Network equipments such as switches, routers and the transmission media i.e.
optical fibre etc are almost entirely owned by the campus owner.

58
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

59

PERSONAL AREA NETWORK(PAN)

• A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network organized around an

individual person.

• It generally consists of a mobile

computer, a cell phone or personal
digital assistant. PAN enables the
communication among these
devices.

• It can also be used for

communication among personal
devices themselves for connecting
to a digital level network and
internet. Medical devices.

• The PANs can be constructed using

wireless or cables.

Q33: What is PAN?

59
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

60

Comparison Between LAN,WAN,MAN

PARAMETERS LAN WAN MAN

Ownership of
Private Private or public Private or public
network

Geographical area
Small Very large Moderate
covered

Design and
Easy Not easy Not easy
maintenance

Coaxial cables,
Communication Coaxial cable, WiMax or satellite
optical fibre,
medium wireless, fibre optic links
cables, wireless

Bandwidth Low High moderate

Data rates(speed) High Low moderate

60
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

61

Network Classification By Their Component Role

Local Area Network

Peer To Peer (P2P) Network Client Server Network

Q34: Write down two names of LAN classification by their component role
61
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

62

62
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

63

Client/Server Network
• In client-server network relationships, certain computers act as server and other act as clients.
• A Server is simply a computer, that available the network resources and provides service to other computers
when they request it.
Q35: What is Server?

• A client is the computer running a program that requests the service from a server.
Q36: What is Client?
• Local area network(LAN) is based on client server network relationship.
• A client-server network is one which all available network resources such as files, directories, applications and
shared devices, are centrally managed and hosted by Server and then are accessed by Client.
• Client serve network are defined by the presence of servers on a network that provide security and
administration of the network.

63
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

64

TYPES OF SERVERS

SERVERS

Application Message Database

File server Print server Web Server
server sever server

Q37: Write down examples of Servers.

64
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

65

TYPES OF SERVERS

• File server: These servers provide the services for storing, retrieving and moving
the data. A user can read, write, exchange and manage the files with the help
of file servers.
• Printer server: The printer server is used for controlling and managing printing
on the network. It also offers the fax service to the network users.
• Application server: The expensive software and additional computing power
can be shared by the computers in a network with he help of application
servers.
• Message server: It is used to co-ordinate the interaction between users,
documents and applications. The data can be used in the for of audio, video,
binary, text or graphics.
• Database server: It is a type of application server. It allows the uses to access
the centralised strong database.

Web server A computer dedicated to responding to requests (from the browser

client) for web pages

65
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

66

Peer To Peer Network

• In peer to peer network each computer is responsible for making its own
resources available to other computers on the network.
• Each computer is responsible for setting up and maintaining its own security
for these resources.
• Also each computer is responsible for accessing the required network
resources from peer to peer relationships.

• Peer to peer network is useful for a small network

containing less than 10 computers on a single
LAN .
Feedback 38 • In peer to peer network each computer can
function as both client and server.
• Peer to peer networks do not have a central
control system.
• There are no servers in peer networks.

66
 Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

67

Public and Private Parts of the Internet

The Internet consists of parts that are owned and operated by individuals or organizations

From ownership point of view, we can categorize networks

• Public Networks
• Private Networks

A Public network is run as a service that is available to subscribers

• Any individual or corporation who pays the subscription fee can use
• A company that offers service is known as a service provider
• Public refers to the general availability of service, not to the data being transferred

A Private network is controlled by one particular group

• network use is restricted to one group
• a private network can include circuits leased from a provider

Q39: Write the categories of Network considering the Ownership.

67
 Dr. K. Habibul Kabir Prof. Dr. Habib Kabir

68

Please read each question carefully before answering.

Answer each question or each sub-question according to the given mark.

Answer each question to the point by arranging/managing Total Exam time.

Wish you all the best For the Mid Semester

68