R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry. 1

 Frames:
 Frames are arranged in
the short direction. Short direction
 Spacing of frames is
typically 4 to 6 meters.

Long direction
Spacing of frames

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

Roof secondary beams:

 Secondary beams are
used to reduce the slab Short direction
thickness.
 Spacing of secondary
beams is typically 3 to
4 meters. Secondary
Long direction

beams
Spacing of frames

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry. 2

 Wall beams:
 Divide walls (15-25m2).
 Fix windows & doors.
Short direction
 Reduce buckling length
of columns.
 Provide out of plane
lateral load resistance.

Long direction
Spacing of frames
Wall beams

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

End frames:

End frame

column beam Intermediate frame

End frame
Intermediate frame

Intermediate frame

Intermediate frame End frame

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry. 3

 Expansion joints:
 Expansion joints reduce the effect of thermal expansion.
 Maximum distance between joints is:
(40m - 45m) in locations of mild weather
(30m - 35m) in locations of hot weather

Expansion joint (20mm)

Short direction

Long direction
R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry. 4

 Gravitational loads:
1) Own weight of frame girders (DL)
(Similar to a beam own weight)
t

h
h-t
Own wt.

b
Own wt. = b (h-t) γc

h = span / (12~16)

b ≥ 300mm

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

Gravitational loads:
2) Slab loads (DL+LL)
(Similar to loads on beams)

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry. 5

 Gravitational loads:
3) Secondary beam loads (DL+LL)
wshear

s s

R=1.1 wshear s

s
≈R/2 R R R ≈R/2

s
R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

Gravitational loads:
Equivalent uniform loads s
s

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry. 6

 Lateral loads:
1) Wind load
Suction

Pressure Suction

ww ww= p × spacing
Equivalent load

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

Lateral loads:
2) Earthquakes

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry. 7

 Structural analysis:
Relative inertia:
I2
 Relative inertia has to be accounted
for. I1 I1
 For T and L sections, the flange
width is taken equal to half the value
previously considered in stress h/2 N.A.
calculations. h
h/2
i.e. for T-section:
B=b+8t or B=b+L2/10
 Effect of cracking may be
y1
approximately considered: N.A.
h y2
(0.5 for girders)
(0.7 for columns)
R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

Structural analysis:
Methods of analysis:

 Analytical methods: moment distribution, virtual work, column

analogy, ….etc.
 Numerical methods: stiffness, slope deflection, finite element,
…..etc.
 Formulas and tables based on analytical and numerical methods

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry. 8

 Structural analysis:
For exams and exercises:
w

f I2
H may be given as a formula.
h I1 I1
H H

1.0 kN/m

H may be given as a value

corresponding to unit load.
H H

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

Cases of loading:
 Loads are placed at positions producing maximum values for the
internal forces.

 Ultimate loads:
U = 1.4 D + 1.6 L
or
U = 0.8 ( 1.4 D + 1.6 L + 1.6 W )

 Minimum loads equal ( 0.9 D )

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry. 9

 Cases of loading:
wmin
I) Gravitational loads:
3
2
1) Minimum loads (wmin=0.9D) are 1
placed over the entire frame. Case 1

wu-wmin
2) The difference between the
ultimate loads (wu=1.4D+1.6L) and
the minimum loads for each span
(wu-wmin=0.5D+1.6L) is placed Case 2
individually for as many cases of
loading as required. wu-wmin

3) Critical sections are labeled.

Case 3

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

Cases of loading:
I) Gravitational loads:
4) Internal forces (M, N and Q) are calculated for each section.
5) Internal forces are summed to obtain the following:
Mmax and Ncor , Mmin and Ncor , Qmax

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case … Design

forces (I)
Sec.
M N M N Q
M N Q M N Q M N Q
max cor min cor max
1
2
3
..

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry. 10

 Cases of loading:
II) Wind loads:

1) Wind ultimate load (1.6W) is placed individually both from left

and right side directions.

3
2
1
Wind L Wind R

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

Cases of loading:
II) Wind loads:
2) Internal forces (M, N and Q) are calculated for each section.
3) Wind forces are summed with design forces I and multiplied
by (0.8) to obtain the following design forces II:
Mmax and Ncor , Mmin and Ncor , Qmax

Design Design
Wind L Wind R
Se forces (I) forces (II)
c. M N M N Q M N M N Q
M N Q M N Q
max cor min cor max max cor min cor max
1
2
3
..
R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry. 11

 Cases of loading:
Final design forces:

 The final design forces is selected from design forces I and II.

Design Design Final design

Se forces (I) forces (II) forces
c.
M N M N Q M N M N Q M N M N Q
max cor min cor max max cor min cor max max cor min cor max

1
2
3
..

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

Max B.M.D.:

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry.

R.C. structures, Dr. Hazem Elbakry. 12