SQL Keywords

Keyword Description

ADD Adds a column in an existing table

ADD Adds a constraint after a table is already created

CONSTRAI
NT

ALL Returns true if all of the subquery values meet the condition

ALTER Adds, deletes, or modifies columns in a table, or changes the data

type of a column in a table

ALTER Changes the data type of a column in a table

COLUMN

ALTER Adds, deletes, or modifies columns in a table

TABLE

AND Only includes rows where both conditions is true

ANY Returns true if any of the subquery values meet the condition

AS Renames a column or table with an alias

ASC Sorts the result set in ascending order

BACKUP Creates a back up of an existing database

DATABASE

BETWEEN Selects values within a given range

CASE Creates different outputs based on conditions

CHECK A constraint that limits the value that can be placed in a column

COLUMN Changes the data type of a column or deletes a column in a table

CONSTRAI Adds or deletes a constraint

NT
CREATE Creates a database, index, view, table, or procedure

CREATE Creates a new SQL database

DATABASE

CREATE Creates an index on a table (allows duplicate values)

INDEX

CREATE OR Updates a view

REPLACE
VIEW

CREATE Creates a new table in the database

TABLE

CREATE Creates a stored procedure

PROCEDUR
E

CREATE Creates a unique index on a table (no duplicate values)

UNIQUE
INDEX

CREATE Creates a view based on the result set of a SELECT statement

VIEW

DATABASE Creates or deletes an SQL database

DEFAULT A constraint that provides a default value for a column

DELETE Deletes rows from a table

DESC Sorts the result set in descending order

DISTINCT Selects only distinct (different) values

DROP Deletes a column, constraint, database, index, table, or view

DROP Deletes a column in a table

COLUMN

DROP Deletes a UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, or CHECK constraint

CONSTRAI
NT

DROP Deletes an existing SQL database

DATABASE

DROP Deletes a DEFAULT constraint

DEFAULT

DROP Deletes an index in a table

INDEX

DROP Deletes an existing table in the database

TABLE

DROP VIEW Deletes a view

EXEC Executes a stored procedure

EXISTS Tests for the existence of any record in a subquery

FOREIGN A constraint that is a key used to link two tables together

KEY

FROM Specifies which table to select or delete data from

FULL Returns all rows when there is a match in either left table or right table
OUTER
JOIN

GROUP BY Groups the result set (used with aggregate functions: COUNT, MAX, MIN, S
AVG)

HAVING Used instead of WHERE with aggregate functions

IN Allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause

INDEX Creates or deletes an index in a table

INNER JOIN Returns rows that have matching values in both tables

INSERT Inserts new rows in a table

INTO
INSERT Copies data from one table into another table
INTO
SELECT

IS NULL Tests for empty values

IS NOT Tests for non-empty values

NULL

JOIN Joins tables

LEFT JOIN Returns all rows from the left table, and the matching rows from the right table

LIKE Searches for a specified pattern in a column

LIMIT Specifies the number of records to return in the result set

NOT Only includes rows where a condition is not true

NOT NULL A constraint that enforces a column to not accept NULL values

OR Includes rows where either condition is true

ORDER BY Sorts the result set in ascending or descending order

OUTER Returns all rows when there is a match in either left table or right table
JOIN

PRIMARY A constraint that uniquely identifies each record in a database table

KEY

PROCEDUR A stored procedure

E

RIGHT JOIN Returns all rows from the right table, and the matching rows from the left table

ROWNUM Specifies the number of records to return in the result set

SELECT Selects data from a database

SELECT Selects only distinct (different) values

DISTINCT
SELECT Copies data from one table into a new table
INTO

SELECT Specifies the number of records to return in the result set

TOP

SET Specifies which columns and values that should be updated in a table

TABLE Creates a table, or adds, deletes, or modifies columns in a table,

or deletes a table or data inside a table

TOP Specifies the number of records to return in the result set

TRUNCATE Deletes the data inside a table, but not the table itself
TABLE

UNION Combines the result set of two or more SELECT statements (only distinct values

UNION ALL Combines the result set of two or more SELECT statements (allows duplicate val

UNIQUE A constraint that ensures that all values in a column are unique

UPDATE Updates existing rows in a table

VALUES Specifies the values of an INSERT INTO statement

VIEW Creates, updates, or deletes a view

WHERE Filters a result set to include only records that fulfill a specified condition