~s- Office ot NI Quality IIPA-450/4-90-007C

ErwlnMm1e1ul Plamlng and Standlnla JUNE 19110

Pro1Kllon An nroll Trlllngle Parle, NC 27711
""'1W:'I

AIR

SEPA USER'S GUIDE FOR THE

URBAN AIRSHED MODEL

Volume III: User's Manual for the

Diagnostic Wind Model
1. ftEPORT NO.
. .
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
{Pl- rad Jnsuuctimu on th~ , _ lwfott compl~tinK)
13. RECIPIENT-S ACCESSION NO.
,2.
EPA--450/4-90-007C ~

4. TITos~P1't'IJtM FOR THE uRsAN AIRsHrn MODEL 5. REPORT OATE

Volume III: Users Manual for Diagnostic Wind Model
June 1990
16. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION cooe

7. AUTHOR(S)Sh 18. PERFORMING ORGANIZAnON REPORT NO.

aron G. Douglas, Robert C. Kessler, and ,·

Ed. L. Carr
... PERFORMl'!iGysO~GANI~ Tl~N1ca
NAromr. AifR~ESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
e111s pp 1 , •
101 Lucas Valley Road 11. CONTRA.. <l<iRAN-Y NO.
San Rafael, CA 94903
.
l:Z. SPONSOR! u~ t?T8~ WdtliaM\'ttfoPFM:ect ion Agency 13. TYPE 01' ftE".OftT ANO PERIOD <;oVEftED

Office of Afr Quality Planning and Standards 14. SP0NS0ft1NG A'!l!NCY CODE . .
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 277711

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT
Diagnostic Wind Model which
This document serves as a manual for the components for the Urban
produces three-dia,ensional wind speed and direction
Airshed Model.

In. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS

la. DESCRIPTORS b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS c. COSATI Field/Group

.
Ozone
Urban Airshed Model
Photochemistry
Diagnostic Wind Model

18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 19. SECURITY CLASS 1n1is R~port/ 21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (n1is pag~J 22. PRICE

EPA Fann 2220-1 (Rev. 4-771 PR EVIOUS EOITION IS OBSOLETE

 EPA-450/4-90-007C

USER'S GUIDE FOR THE

URBAN AIRSHED MODEL

Volume III: User's Manual for the

Diagnostic Wind Model

By

Sharon G. Douglas
Robert C. Kessler
Ed L. Carr

Systems Applications, Inc.

101 Lucas Valley Road
San Rafael, CA 94903

EPA Project Officer:

Richard D. Scheffe

OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27711

JUNE 1990
 Notice

This material has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency under contracts 68-02-4352 and 68D90066 to Systems Applica-
tions, Inc. It has been subject to the agency's review, and it has been approved for
publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

i
90008 1~
, .

II
 Preface

This user's guide for the Urban Airshed Model (UAM) is divided into five volumes as
follows:

Volume I-User's Manual for UAM(CB-IV)

Volume II- User's Manual for the UAM(CB-lV) Modeling System (Preprocessors)
Volume III-User's Manual for the Diagnostic Wind Model
Volume IV--User's Manual for the Emissions Preprocessor System
Volume V-Description and Operation of the ROM-UAM Interface Program
System

Volume I provides historical backgrou~d on the model and describes in general the
scientific basis for the model. It describes the structure of the required unformatted
(binary) files that are used directly as input to UAM. This volume also presents the
formats of the output files and information on how to run an actual UAM
simulation. For those user's that already possess a UAM modeling data base or have
prepared inputs without the use of the standard UAM preprocessors, this volume
should serve as a self-sufficient guide to running the model.

Volume II describes the file formats and software for each of the standard UAM
preprocessors that are part of the UAM modeling system. The preprocessor input
files are ASCII files that are generated from raw input data (meteorological, air
quality, emissions). The preprocessor input files are then read by individual
preprocessor programs to create the unformatted (binary) files that are read directly
by the UAM. Included in this volume is an example problem that illustrates how
inputs were created from measurement data for an application of the UAM in
Atlanta, The preprocessers available for generating wind fields and emission
inventories for the UAM are described separately in Volumes [II and IV, respectively.

Volume III is the user's manual for the Diagnostic Wind Model (DWM). This model is
a stand-alone interpolative wind model that uses surface- and upper-level wi.id
observations at selected sites within the modeling domain of interest to provide
hourly, gridded, three-dimensional estimates of winds using objective techniques. It
provides one means of formulating wind field inputs to the UAM.

Volume IV describes in detail the Emission Preprocessor System (EPS). This software
package is used to process anthropogenic area and point source emissions for UAM
from countywide average total hydrocarbon, NOx, and carbon monoxide emissions
available from national emission inventories, such as the National Emissions Data
System or the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. An appendix to this
volume describes the Biogenic Emissions inventory System (BElS), which can be used

iii
90008 14
to generate gridded, speciated biogenic emissions. Software for merging the
anthropogenic area, mobile, and biogenic emission files into UAM input format is
also described in this volume.

Volume V describes the ROM-UAM interface program system, a softare package that
can be used to generate UAM input files from inputs and outputs provided by the
EPA Regional Oxidant Model (ROM).

iv
90008 I"
 Acknowledgements

Since its initial conception in the early 1970s, many individuals have contributed to
the development of the Urban Airshed Model. This document reflects the latest
methodology and software development and provides a guide for new user's of the
model. Based on the past efforts of the orginal developers of the UAM and the
authors of the original L978 user's manual, the first four volumes were written by the
following individuals from Systems Applications, Inc.:

Volume I Ralph E. Morris, Thomas C. Myers, Jay L. Haney

Volume II Ralph E. Morris, Thomas C. Myers, Edward L. Carr, Marianne C.

Causley, Sharon G. Douglas, Jay L. Haney

Volume III Sharon G. Douglas, Robert C. Kessler, Edward L. Carr

Volume IV Marianne C. Causley, Julie L. Fieber, Michele Jimenez, LuAnn

Gardner

Volume V, containing the ROM-UAM Interface Program Guide, as well as Appendix D

in Volume IV (Biogenics Emission Inventory System) were written by the following
individuals of Computer Sciences Corporation and EPA's Atmospheric Science
Modeling Division: ·

Volume V Ruen-Tai Tang, Susan C. Gerry, Joseph S. Newsom, Allan R. Van

Meter, and Richard A. Wayland (CSC); James M. Godowitch and
Ken Schere (EPA)

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency provided support for the preparation of
this document. We also acknowledge the support of the South Coast Air Quality
Management District for the initial documentation of the UAM (CB-IV). Richard D.
Scheffe, Ned Meyer, Dennis Doll, and Ellen Baldridge of the U.S. EPA's Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards contributed to this document with their insightful
technical reviews. Henry Hogo and Tom Chico of the South Coast Air Quality
Management District also reviewed the documents and provided their comments.

Others at Systems Applications that have contributed to the continued development

of the UAM in the last few years include Dr. Gary Whitten and Mr. Gary Moore. The
technical editing of this manual was performed by Mr. Howard Beckman. We would
Like to acknowledge him for his excellent work in reviewing, editing, and clarifying
the text of this manual for easier readability. Finally, we would like to acknowledge
Rita Beacock, Jo Ann Moennighoff, and Cristi-Ann Griggs for their work in producing
the document.

90008 l'+
 Contents

Preface ............................................................. iii

Acknowledgements •••.••••••• , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • . • • . • • v

l INTRODUCTION .•..............•.....•.•..•.•••••.•..•. , ...•... l

2 THE DIAGNOSTIC WIND MODEL ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3

2.1 Vertical Coordinates ........................... , ........... . 3

2.2 Divergence-Minimization Procedure ••••••••••••••••••••••••.• 3
2.3 Step l Formulation .........•.....•••..••................... 4
2.3.l Kinematic Effects of Terrain ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4
2.3.2 Slope Flows ....................................... . 5
2.3.3 Blocking Effec~s •••••.•..••••••••••••••••....••••••• 6
2.4 Step 2 Formulation ........................................ . 7
2.4,l Interpolation Scheme ..............•................. 7
2.4.2 Smoothing of the Interpolated Wind Field , •••••••••••••• &
2.4.3 Computation of the Vertical Velocity •••••••••••••••••• &
2.4.4 Minimization of the Three-Dimensional Divergence •••••• 9

3 PREPROCESSING THE SURFACE AND UPPER-AIR DATA 11

3.1 Surface Data ••...••.•. , ... • •..•••...••••.....•..•..•••.•.• 11

3.2 Upper-Air Data ••••......•......•.•.....••.•.•............. l&

GENERA TING WIND FIELDS WITH THE WIND MODEL •••• , • • • • • • • • • 27

4.1 Units, Coordinates and Time Conventions •••••••••••••••••••••• 27

4,2 Inputs ................................................... 27
4.2.l Simulation-Specific Data •••••••••••••••••••••.••.•. , • 27
4.2.2 Hourly Specific Data ......... , ........... , ......... . 3&
4.3 File Structure ............................................. 39
4.4 Data Specified within the Model ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.• 39
4.5 Output ................................................... 39
4.6 Conversion of DWM Files to UAM Input Format •••••••••••••••• 39
References . . . . . • • • . . . . . • . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . • • . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • • 53

90008 l~ vii
 i; •

Viti
 Tables

3-1 PRESFC input data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3-2 File structure far PRESFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3-3 PREUPR input data ...... , , ................. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3-4 File structure for PREUPR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4-1 Diagnostic Wind Model internal units,,............................. 28

4-2 Diagnostic Wind Model input parameter control file • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 30

4-3 Input and output files for the Diagnostic Wind Model ••.••••••••••• , , • 40

4-4 Data specified within the DWM •••••••••••••.• , • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • 41

Figures

1-1 Flow diagram for the Diagnostic Wind Model •••.•••••••• ,........... 2

4-1 Flow diagram for using the Diagnostic Wind Model,.,., •• , ••• ,, ••••• , 29

ix
90008 :a
X
 Exhibits

3-1 Sample input file for the surface data preprocessor (PRESFC) • . • • • • • • • • • 13

3-2 Output from PRESFC used as surface data input file

for the Diagnostic Wind Model .••••••..•••....••..•..........•.... _.. l5

3-3 Sample input file for the upper-air data preprocessor (PREUPR) •••• , • • • • 20

3-4 Output from PREUPR used as the upper-air data file

for the Diagnostic Wind Model ....•........................... , . . . . . 23

4-1 Parameter input file for the Diagnostic Wind Model .•••••••• , , •••• , • . • • 35

4-2 Sample printed output file from the Diagnostic Wind Model • • • • . • • • • • • • • 42

xi
30008 l'>
 1 INTRODUCTION

The Diagnostic Wind Model (DWM) is used to generate gridded fields of the hori-
zontal wind components, u and v, at several user-specified vertical levels at a
specified time. The model incorporates local surface and upper-air wind
observations, where available, while providing some information on terrain-induced
air flows in regions where local observations are absent.

The DWM requires gridded terrain heights, domain-mean wind data, and domain-scale
stability information (dT /dz). The model will also accept surface and upper-air wind
observations.

The generation of the wind field is a two-step procedure. Step l is based on the
approach taken in the Systems Applications, Inc. Complex-Terrain Wind Model, as
described by Liu and Yocke (1980). A domain-mean wind is adjusted for the kine-
matic effects of terrain (lifting and acceleration of the airflow over terrain
obstacles), thermodynamically generated slope flows, and blocking effects. Step l
produces a spatially varying gridded field of u and v for each vertical layer within
the modeling domain.

Step 2 involves the addition of observational information to the Step l (u,v) field. An
objective analysis scheme is used to produce a new gridded (u,v) field. The scheme is
designed so that the observations are used to define the wind field within a user-
specified radius of influence while the step l (u,v) field is used in subregions in which
observations are unavailable. If local observations are unavailable, step 2 is omitted;
step l alone will produce a gridded wind field grossly representative of the mesoscale
perturbation of a mean flow by the aforementioned terrain effects, Conversely, if
observations are available throughout the domain, step 2 alone will produce a gridded
mass-consistent wind field reflecting the information contained in the observations.
Figure 1-1 shows the information flow diagram for the Diagnostic Wind Model,

The Diagnostic Wind Model is described in Section 2. The surface and upper·-air data
preprocessors are described in Section 3. The generation of wind fields using the
wind model is outlined in Section 4. The input parameters are described and some
guidelines for the specification of these parameters are offered.

90008 15
l
 Diagnostic Wind Model
Step l
·····························
: Parameterization of
Domain-mean
.: terrain effects
(kinematic effects,
wind • blocking, slope flows)
•............. r ........... .
-~~P.~ ...... ! ........... .
: Objective analysis
Surface and
upper-air daJa
~---+41~: (observational information
: is added to the
[ Tmain-adjusted flow field
............................

.....
:····························
Minimii.ation of
.. the divergence
••.••.........•.....••••...•

FIGURE 1-1. Flow diagram for the Diagnostic Wind Model.

EE:~90008

2
 2 THE DIAGNOSTIC WIND MODEL

2.1 VERTICAL COORDINATES

The Diagnostic Wind Model is formulated in terrain-parallel vertical co.ordinates.

This allows computation of the wind vectors at constant heights above ground, and
also allows variable vertical resolution, The horizontal position variables (x,y) and
velocity variables (u,v) are invariant upon transformation from Cartesian to terrain-
parallel coordinates. If h denotes terrain height, z denotes the Cartesian vertical
position variable, and Z represents the terrain-parallel position variable, then

Z = z - h(x,y). (2-1)

If w denotes Cartesian vertical velocity, and W denotes terrain-parallel vertical

velocity,

W = w -·u dh/dx - v dh/dy, (2-2)

In terrain-parallel coordinates, the incompressible conservation-of-mass equation

becomes

du/dx + dv/dy + dW /dZ = O. (2-3)

2.2 DIVERGENCE-MINIMIZATION PROCEDURE

The divergence minimization procedure exercised in both step I and step 2 is nearly
identical to the procedure described by Goodin et al. ( 19&0), The inputs to the pro-
cedure are a three-dimensional (u,v) field and a three-dimensional W field; the latter
is defined at points vertically staggered with the (u,v) levels. Assuming the W field
is invariant, the divergence-minimization procedure performs an iterative adjust-
ment of the (u,v) field until the centered-difference approximation of the in~quality,

du/dx + dv/dy + dW /dZ <t , (2-4)

is satisfied at all grid points. t is the maximum allowable three-dimensional diver-

gence specified by the user.

90008 15
3
The iterative adjustment is carried out as follows. At each grid point {i,j,k) the
three-dimensional divergence D(i,j,k) is computed:

D(ijk) = W(i 1 J1 k + 1/2) - W(i 1 J1 k - 1/2) + u(i + 11 J 1 k) - u(i - 11 J1 k)

AZ 2Ax

+ v(i,l + 1 1 k) - v(i,J - 1 1 k) (2-5)

2Ay

Velocity components at the surrounding grid points are adjusted so that O(i,j,k) is
zero. The adjustment at a given grid point adds divergence at surrnunding grid
points; thus the whole grid must be scanned iteratively until the divergence minimi-
zation criterion is met at all points, The adjustments take the form
.
u'(i + 1, J, k) = u(i + l, j, k) + UT

u'(i - I, j, k) = u(i - I, j, k) - u1
(2-6)
v'(i, j + 1, k) = v(i, j + 1, k) + vr

v'(i,.j - 1, k) = v(i, j - 1, k) - vr
In making this adjustment, it is assumed that u1 = vp Given constant horizontal grid
spacing, one can then show from Equation 2-5 that

ur = - D Ax/2 (2-7)

2..3 STEP 1 FORMULATION

2.3.1 Kinematic Effects of Terrain

The treatment of kinematic·terrain effects follows that of Liu and Yocke (1980).
Assuming a domain-mean wind, V, and terrain height, h(x,y), a terrain-forced
Cartesian vertical velocity of the form

w = (V • grad h) exp(-kz) (2-8)

is calculated. Herek is a coefficient of exponential decay that increases with atmo-

spheric stability. Liu and Yocke assume that

k:: N/IVI (2-9)

90008 15
4
where N is the Brunt-Vaisala fr~ncy and IVI is the magnitude of the mean wind.
N is defined as [ (g/8)(d8/dz)) where e is potential temperature. This formula
is only used under stable conditions where de/dz >0.

In the current model the Cartesian w of Equation 2-8 is transformed to a terrain-

parallel Was in Equation 2-2 using the domain-mean wind. Thus dW /dZ = dw/dz.
Using the domain-mean wind as a first-guess gridded (u,v) field, the divergence-
minimization scheme is exercised to produce a gridded wind field, (u,v)k, that has
been adjusted for the kinematic effects of terrain.

2.3.2 Slope Flows

At each grid point in regions of complex terrain, the DWM computes a slope flow
vector (u,v)s. This vector is added to the gridded wind field (u,v\ to obtain a new
field (u,v\s·

The slope flow is calculated as follows, Let hx and hy denote ah/dx and
ah/dy, respectively, We define the slope angle, a,

(2-10)

The drainage direction ad, is computed as in Allwine and Whiteman (1985). An angle,
a', is defined as

(2-11)

A second angle, a", is defined as follows:

Condition h x -- 0 hx <o
hy = 0 * s' + 180 s' + 360
hy < 0 270 a'+ 180 B + 360
hy > 0 90 s' + 1&0 s'

* Terrain is flat, no drainage direction.

The final ~efinition of sd (in degrees) is

sd = 90 - s", 0 < S" < 90

(2-12)
sd = 450 - s", 90 < s" < 360

90008 I5 5
The slope flow vector is oriented in the drainage direction. The speed of the slope
flow component is determined by the details of the parameterization; a positive
speed in this discussion denotes upslope flow.

Analytic solutions for downslope flows under highly idealized conditions have been
obtained by Prandtl (19lf2) and, more recently, by Mahrt 0982) and Fitzjarrald
(198/f). However, analysis of upslope flow has received much less attention, perhaps
because the presence of turbulent mixing over a heated slope complicates the analy-
sis. Although analytic solutions provide useful insight into the physics of slope flow,
their direct application to complex-terrain situations is beyond the scope of diag-
nostic wind modeling. In the DWM the slope flow is parameterized as follows.

The speed, S, of the parameterized slope flow is defined as

(2-13)

50 is the slope flow amplitude based on the domain-scale temperature lapse rate and
is an estimate of the maximum slope flow speed. The function f 1 is a specified
function of time of day that, in general, is assigned a_value of -1 for downslope flow
and +l for upslope flow. The function f 2 describes the variability of the slope flow
speed with slope angle. This slope flow parameterization does not account for the
nonlinear interaction of slope flow with ambient flow.

2.3.3 Blocking Effects

The treatment of terrain-blocking effects in the DWM follows that of Allwine and
Whiteman (1985). From the gridded wind field, (u,v), the available atmospheric
stability information, and the gridded terrain heights, a local Froude number,

Fr = S/(N tih) (2-14)

is computed at each grid point. Here S is the grid-point wind speed, N is the Brunt-
Vaisala frequency as defined in the previous section, and tih is the "effective
obstacle height" at the given grid point. If Fr is less than a critical Froude number,
Frc (usually equal to 1), and (u,v)ks at the given grid point has an uphill component,
(u,v\s is adjusted so that the flow is in a terrain-tangent direction, with no change in
speed. If Fr> Frc, the flow is not adjusted. Thus a new gridded wind fiela (u,v) 1 is
obtained that reflects both the kinematic effects of terrain and thermodynamic
blocking effects.

90008 15
6
We assume that

dh(x,y,Z) = hmax<x,y) - z(x,y,Z) (2-15)

where dh is the elevation (above MSL or some reference height) of the "obstacle
top"; z is the elevation of the grid point; and hmax<x,y) is the largest value of the
terrain height, h, within a specified radius of the given grid point. This radius should
be determined by the dominant horizontal scale of the terrain.

2.4 STEP 2 FORMULATION

,
Step 2 of the DWM combines the gridded wind field {u,v) 1 generated in step l with
available observational data to produce a final gridded wind field (u,v) 2• This
involves four substeps: (l) interpolation, (2) smoothing of the analyzed field, (3)
computation of a vertical velocity field, and (4) minimization of the three-dimen-
sional divergence.

2.4.1 Interpolation Scheme

The procedure for interpolating both the surface and upper-air data is a modified
inverse-distance weighting scheme based on procedures utilized by Goodin and co-
workers ( 1980), Godden and Lurmann {1983), and Ross and Smith ( 1986). The interpo-
lation is carried out separately for each model level. Unless otherwise specified, all
surface wind observations are incorporated into the lowest model level. Upper-air
observations are first vertically and temporally interpolated to model levels and
desired simulation times.

For the purpose of discussion, (u 0 ,v0 \ denotes an observed wind at station k, and rk
denotes the horizontal distance from station k to a given grid point. At each grid
point the wind vector is thus updated as follows:

(2-16)

This procedure weights the step l wind field, (u,v) 1, heavily in regions far removed
from observations; the degree of influence exerted by (u,v) 1 is inversely related to
the value of the parameter, R 1• The exponent controls the relative influence of
observations distant from a given grid point. Goodin and co-workers suggest that
this exponent should be 2 for a relatively dense set of observations, and l for a rela-
tively sparse set of observations.

90008 15
7
Several constraints can be placed on the evaluation of Equation 2-16. A maximum
radius of influence Rmax is specified such that if rk > Rmax• the observation at sta-
tion k is excluded from the interpolation. If observations are densely spaced and
representative of the spatial variability of the air flow, Rmax should be relatively
small; otherwise, evaluation of Equation 2-16 may result in unwanted smoothing
effects.

A parameter, Kmax' is also specified that limits the number of stations to be

included in the interpolation at a grid point. This allows the effective maximum
radius of influence to increase or decrease depending on local density of the monitor-
ing network.

Finally, the user may construct barriers by specifying end points of 1ine segments in
(x,y) space; if a specified barrier lies between a station and a given grid point, that
station is not considered in the interpolation at that grid point. This technique can
be used to reduce or eliminate deleterious effects on the analysis of stations heavily
influenced by local terrain features (e.g., a canyon),

The parameters R l' Rmax' and Kmax as just defined are specified separately for sur-
face and upper-air observations. Each barrier specification will include the maxi-
mum model vertical grid level at which the barrier is to be applied,

2.4.2 Smoothing of the Interpolated Wind Field

A simple five-point smoother of the form

0.5A(i, j) + 0.12.5[A(i + 1, j) + A(i - 1, j)

+ A(i, j - 1) + A(i, j + 1)) (2-17)

may be applied to the gridded wind field resulting from the objective analysis pro-
cedure. The number of smoothing passes (usually no more than four) is specified for
each vertical model level, Smoothing of the gridded wind field can reduce the dis-
continuities caused by the interpolation when adjacent grid points are influenced by
different observations. It can also speed up the divergence minimization procedure,
However, it should be noted that overuse of such smoothing can eliminate important
air flow features (e.g., a well-defined sea-breeze convergence zone),

2.4.3 Computation of the Vertical Velocity

An initial vertical velocity field in terrain-parallel coordinates, W', is computed from

(u,v)' by integrating the incompressible conservation-of-mass equation (2-3). The
resulting three-dimensional velocity field is thus mass-consistent. However, Godden
and Lurmann (1983) note that vertical velocities obtained from objectively analyzed

90008 15
8
(u,v) fields may be unrealistically large near the top of the model domain. Godden
and Lurmann use a procedure suggested by O'Brien (1970) to modify W':

(2-18)

Note that w2 is zero at the model top, and that W2 is not mass-consistent with
(u,v)'. There may be situations in which use of the O'Brien procedure may not be
desirable; for example, the model top may pass through a well-resolved sea-breeze
convergence zone within which a large W value is realistic. Thus, in this model, the
imposed vertical velocity profile of Equation 2-18 is optional. If the vertical-
velocity adjustment procedure is not invoked, the final product of the model, (u,v) 2,
is equal to (u,v)',

2.4.4 Minimization of the Three-Dimensional Divergence

If the vertical velocity profile is adjusted to ensure that the vertical velocity at the
.top of the model is zero, it is necessary to adjust the objective analysis product,
(u,v)', so that it is mass consistent with W2• The divergence minimization procedure
described earlier is exercised with (u,v)' as the input horizontal wind field and w2
(the adjusted vertical velocity) is held constant. The adjusted horizontal wind field,
(u,v)2, is the final product of the DWM.

90008 1S

9
 3 PREPROCESSING THE SURFACE AND UPPER-AIR DATA

In the preprocessing step, wind observations are converted from wind speed and wind
direction to u and v wind components. The input observations are then interpolated
vertically to model layers and temporally to desired simulation times.

3.1 SURFACE DATA

The surface data are assumed to be valid at a constant height above ground
(generally 10 m), which is given by the diagnostic wind model input parameter
ZSWIND. While surface data are usually available at hourly intervals, some variation
in measurement time may occur. In this case temporal interpolation of the surface
data may be used.

The inputs for the surface data preprocessor (PRESFC) are described in Table 3-1. A
sample input file for the preprocessor is presented in Exhibit 3-1. The user must
specify: (1) the number of surface monitoring stations, (2) the beginning and ending
times of the period for which data are to be processed, (3) a temporal interpolation
range, and (4) the date. The data are processed for each hour during the specified
period. Since surface wind patterns.can be quite variable, it is important that the
temporal interpolation period is not too large. Table 3-2 lists the logical units that
are assigned in the surface preprocessor code to the various input and output files.

The station identifiers and locations (in UTM coordinates) of each of the surface sta-
tions are specified next. The data are then input; each station requires two data
records. Both records contain the date, station identifier, variable name, and a unit
identifier. Variable names are 'WD' for wind direction and 'WS' for wind speed. The
unit identifier for wind direction is 'DEG' (degrees), and for wind speed either 'MPS',
'KTS', or 'MPH' (meters per second, knots or miles per hour, respectively). This is
followed by the hourly wind direction in the first record and the hourly wind speed in
the second record. Note that the hourly wind direction is given in whole degrees and
that the wind speed is given in meters per second times 10. Twenty-four values of
wind speed and wind direction represent the data for an entire day beginning at 0000
LST. Missing data are indicated by -1,

The resulting processed surface data are written to a file (see Exhibit 3-2 for an
example) that is later input to the diagnostic wind model in hourly increments. The

90008 I~
11
TABLE 3-1. PRESFC input data.

Parameter Description Fortran Format

NSTA Number of surface (10X,I5)

monitoring stations

NSTRHR Starting time for the data to (10X,I5)

be processed

NENDHR Ending time for the data (10X,I5)

to be processed

TDIF Temporal influence range (hour) (10X,F5.1)

KYEAR Year (10X,I5)

KMONTH Month (10X,I5)

KDAY Day (10X,I5)

NAMST,UTMXST,UTMYST Surface wind station identifiers ( A4, 3X, F6 . 1,

and UTM coordinates (easting and 1X,F6.1)
northing, lan). Specify all sur-
face stations.

LYEAR,LMONTH,LDAY, Station data: Year, month, day, (3I2,2X,A4,2X,

LSTAT,LVAR,LUNITS, · station identifier, variable, A2,2X,A3,2X,
LDATA unit identifier and hourly 24I3)
surface data.

90008 17

12
......................................................................................................................................................................

NSTA: 4
NSIRHR: 0
NINOHR: 23
TO If: 4.0
~YIU: 84
KNONTH: 6
KOAY; 3
CBA 729. 95 3140.I Charlie Brown Airport. AtlJnta, GA
PIA 749. I? 3152.3 O~kJlb-Pea(htr~e Ai1·po1·t, Atlanta. GA
006 729. 59 315,.5 Dobbins Air rorce Base. GA
OIK 15?.18 3131.0 South Oek•lb Jr. College 0.4 11i S of 1-285
840603 CBA WO O[G 240220 -1 -1280290 -1 -1300360 10290330120260260340330320360 -1 -1 -1 -1
840b03 CHA WS KIS 20 20 - I -1 20 20 - I - I 40 Sil ZS 40 40 40 40 40 25 30 25 20 -1 -1 -1 -1
840603 PTA WO OCG -1 -1 -I -1 -1310330340340330350290310320300340290290310 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
840603 PTA ~S KlS - I -1 - I -1 - I 25 ?5 40 &O IS 50 50 35 40 40 50 50 50 30 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
840603 008 WO OH, 300310310300310320320330330320300310330330310300 -1 -1 -1 -I -1 -1 -1320
840b03 DOB wS KIS 40 30 JU JO 30 25 50 40 50 30 30 JO 25 40 lo ?O -1 · I - I - I -1 -1 -1 30
840603 0£K WO OIG 2902103103003203302802103303303303203203?0290300290290300300300290300310
8~0b03 0[~ WS HPH 20 JU 10 20 10 10 20 ~O 10 40 90 60 60 50 60 50 50 50 40 30 10 04 04 04

.................................................................................................................·.................................................... .
EXHJ:BI'r 3-1. Sanple input file for surface data preprocessor (PRESFC).
 TABLE 3-2. File structure for PRESFC.

Logical
Unit File Contents Format

5 Surface data ASCII

6 Printed output file ASCII

7 Preprocessed surface ASCII

data

90008 17
14
 ······································································································································································

WINO STATION X & y C llA /JO. 0 3740,7

WINU STATION X & y Pf A / 49. / J / ~?. J
WINO STATION X & y UUB 729 .6 37SS.S
WINO SIAI ION X & y OlX 1~7.8 l/JJ.0
SURFAC[ WlNO 0 CBA 1.0 0.9 o.s
Su Rt AO WINO 0 PIA l.0999.0999.0
SURF AC£ WINO 0 006 1.0 1.8 -1.0
Su RF AC[ WINO 0 0I K l. 0 0.8 -0. 3
SURF AC[ WINO 0 I.AST
SuRFACl WINO I C8A 1.0 u. / 0.8
SURF AC [ WINO I PTA 1.0 1.0 -0.8
SURF AC[ WINO I DUB 1.0 I. 2 -1.0
SURF AC[ WINO I OH 1.0 I. 3 0.0
SURtACI WINO I LAST
SURfAC[ WINO 2 CBA l. 0 0.8 0.5
SURI AC[ WINO 2 PTA 1.0 1.0 -0 _8
SURFAC[ WIND 2 008 I. 0 I. 2 -1-0
SURFACI WINO 7 01< 1.0 0.3 -0 _3
S,URFAC[ WINO 2 LAST
SURF AC[ WINO 3 lKA I. 0 0.9 0. l
SURFACI WINO 3 PTA 1.0 1.0 -0.8
SURF AC[ WIND 3 DUB l.U I. 3 -0 .8
SURF AC[ WINO 3 OE< 1.0 o.e -0.4
SURF AC[ WINO 3 LAST
SURF AC[ WINO 4 (BA l. 0 1.0 -0.2
SURtALt WINO 4 PTA 1.0 1.0 -0.8
SURF AC£ WINO 4 DOB l.O I. 2 -l.O
SURtAO WIND 4 IH X I. oJ 0.3 -0.3
SURfAC( WINO 4 LAST
SURFACE WIND ~ CHA I. U 1.0 -0. 4
SURF AC[ WINO 5 PIA 1.0 I. 0 -0. 8
SURfAC[ WIND ~ DUB I. ii 0.8 -1.0
SURF AC[ WINO 5 O(K 1.0 0,2 -0.4
SURF AC[ WINO s LAST
SURF AC[ WINO b CBA l.O I. 2 -0.6
SuRFAC[ WINO 6 PIA i .u O.b -1. I
SURF AC[ WINO 6 008
SURfAC( WIND 6 Of<
~ .) l. 7 -2.0
!. ll 0.9 -0. 2
SURfAC[ WINO 6 LAST
SURIA[I WI Nil !HA . 0 I. S - 0 _8
SURFACE WIND 1 PTA
SURF AC( WINO 1 DIIH ' 0. / -1 .9
: -0
I. U 1.0 -1.8
SURF AC( WIND l OU 1.0 I. 8 0.0
SURfAC[ WINO I LAsl
SURIAC[ WIND 8 CBA I. 0 1.8 -1.0
SURfAC( WINO 8 PIA I .II I.I -2 .9
S~RIACf WIND 8 008 I. 0 I. 3 -2.2
SU Rf AC[ WINO 8 O[X 1-0 I. b . ! . I
SURFACI WIND 8 LA\l
,11RtACf WINO 9 CHA 1.0 0.0 - ? - C,
SURfAC[ WIND 9 PIA 1.0 1.9 - J. l
SURIA[t WINIJ Q llll8 1.0 1.0 . I. l
SURfAC[ WIND 9 O[K 1.0 0.9 . I. 5
SuRFACf WINO 9 I A\ I
SuHFAC[ WINDIO COA 1.0 -0.? -1-3
SURFACE Wl~OlO PTA 1.0 Cl. q ? . ~
SU Rf AC I WINDIU DOU I. 0 1.) -0. B

0 0 0 o o O o O O O O I O O O O O O o O O O O O O O O O O. 0 0 0 0 0 0 o O o o o o o o o O o o O O O O O O o O O o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I. 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o O O • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I O O I O O •• 0 ff e O. f O O f Off O I 0

E:xl-JIBIT 3-2. Output from PRESFC used as surface data input file for the Diagnostic Wind M:ldel.
 o o o • o o I OOOOI O1 • • • • • • • • OI OOo o o o OOOO• OO• I I I I OI I I I o • Io o IO • • o o • o o o Io I t I o I I Io I o I Io I I It 1 1 o I I o 1 1 o oo 1 1 • o o o I I I o1 1 o I I I I • • • I I I OOt I • • •II I I I I IO I I I I I I I
O 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 O O 1 0 O 1 1 1 O 1 0 1 0 O I O O O 1 0 1

SURfACC WIND10 DI• l. 0 2.0 -3. 5

SU Hf A([ WINll Ill I As I
SURfAC[ WI NOl l CBA .0 l. 9 -0.)
SURF ACI WI Nll 11 PIA ,0 ?,4 -0 .9
SURfAC[ WINOl l DOB I. 0 l. 2 -1.0
SURfACl WI ND 11 01, ; .0 I.I -2. l
SURfAC[ WINDl l t AST
SURF AC[ WIN012 CBA .. 0 l. 0 -1.8
SURI AC[ WIN012 PTA I .0 l. 4 - l. 2
SURFAC[ WIN012 DOB 1.0 0.6 -I.I
SuRFACC WIND12 O(K .. 0 l.) -2. l
,uRfA[[ "I NU I:> I A\ T
SURfAC[ WIN013 CBA I, 0 -1.8 1.0
SURfAC[ WINlll1 PTA I. 0 l. J - l. 6
SURF AC[ WlN013 DOU I. 0 l.O -1.8
SURfAC[ WINDIJ DfK I ,0 l. 4 -1.)
SURfAC[ WINDIJ LAST
SURF ACE WIND14 CBA ; ,0 2.0 0.4
,SURfAC[ WIND14 PTA 1.0 l.8 -1.0
SURF AC( WIND14 006 I. 0 1.0 -0.8
SURFACE WIN014 llfK 1.0 2.5 -0.9
SURF AC[ WIN014 LAST
SURF AC[ WIND15 CBA 1.0 2.0 0.4
SURF AC[ WINDIS PTA I. 0 0.9 - 2. 4
SURfACC WINDIS DOB 1.0 0.9 -0.S
SURfACE WIND15 DIK 1.0 l. 9 -1. l
SURfACC WIN015 LAST
5' SURF ACE WIND16 (BA 1.0 0,4 -1. 2
SURF AC[ WIND16 PIA 1.0 2.4 -0.9
SURFAC( WIND16 DOB 1.0 0.9 -0.S
SURF AC[ WIN016 DIK 1.0 2. I -0.8
SU Rf ACE WIND16 LAST
SURFACC WIND!/ CSA 1.0 0.8 -1. 3
SuRFAC( WI ND II PTA 1.0 2.4 -0.9
SURFAC[ WI ND 11 DOB 1.0 0.9 -0,5
SURF AC( WI NO 11 Of• 1.0 2. l -0.8
SuRFACC WINDII LAST
SURfAC( WIND18 CBA 1.0 0.8 -1.0
SURfACC WIND18 PTA 1.0 l. 2 -1.0
SURfACf WI NII 18 DOB I .0 0.9 -0.5
SURfAC[ WIN018 DIK 1.0 1.5 -0.9
Su RF ACE WIND18 LAST
SuRFACC WINOl9 CttA 1.0 0,0 -1.0
SURF AC( WIND19 PIA 1.0 1.2 - l. 0
SURF AC[ WINOJ9 DOB 1.0 0.9 -0.8
SURFACE WIND19 01 • I. 0 l. 2 -0.)
SURIACl WINOl9 LA>!
SURF AC( WIN020 C~A l. 0 0,0 - I .U
SuRfACC WIN 020 PTA 1.0 l. 2 -1.0
SU Rf A[f WlhO?O llUB I. 0 l.O -1.?
SURfAC[ WIND20 O[K 1.0 0.4 -0.2
SURFACl WINO;>O 1Ag
SURF A([ WI Nil? I ( I,,\ 1.0 0.0 -1.0
SURfACE WI ND:I PIA 1.0 I. 2 -1.0
SURFACE Wlh021 008 1.0 1.0 - l. 2
SURFACE WI Nil? I Ill. I. 0 0.l -0. I
SURfACE WI N021 LAST

•••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••1111611e,.1101•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

EXHIBIT 3-2, Continued.

.......................................................................................................................................................................

SURfAC[ WIND22 CBA 1.0 0.0 I. 0

SURF AC£ WIND27 PIA 1.0 I. 2 -1.0
SUKfAC[ WIND22 DOB 1.0 I. 0 - I. 2
SURfAC[ WIND22 OH 1.0 0.2 -0.I
SU~fAC[ WIN0?2 LAST
SURfAC[ WIND23 CBA 1.0 0.0 -1.0
SU Rf ACC WIND23 PIA 1.0999.0999.0
SURF AU WIND23 006 1.0 1.0 -1.2
SURfACC WIND23 OE~ 1.0 o. l -0. I
SURFACl WIN023 LAST

......................................................................................................................................................................
EXHIBIT 3-2. Concluded.
station identifiers and locations of all of the surface stations are also contained in
this file and are read in at the beginning of the simulation.

3.2 UPPER-AIR DATA

The upper-air data are interpolated both vertically and temporally to provide model
inputs for each model level at each hour of the simulation. Two methods of vertical
interpolation are available in the preprocessor (PREUPR). In the first method, the
data are averaged within each model layer •. Here "layer" refers to the area bounded
by two vertical cell interfaces and "level" is the center of the layer or the cell-
center height. Extrapolation to levels below the lowest observation and above the
highest observation is not performed. In the second method the data are linearly
interpolated to the model levels (the heights of cell centers). Data are extended to
levels below the lowest observation height and above the highest observation height
if an observation is within the layer half-width from the level to which it is extrapo-
lated. The vertically interpolated data are then interpolated linearly in time to pro-
vide a smoothly varying wind pattern from one observation time to the next.

The inputs for the upper-air data preprocessor are described in Table 3-3. A sample
input file for the preprocessor is given in Exhibit 3-3. The input file must contain:
(1) the number of upper-air stations, (2) the maximum number of observation levels
in a given sounding, (3) the beginning and ending times of the period for the data to
be processed, (4) the temporal interpolation range, (5) the number of vertical layers
to be used in the model, (6) the date, (7) the interpolation option, and (8) the heights
of the vertical layer interfaces in terrain-following coordinates beginning with O for
the surface. The vertical structure of the diagnostic wind model should be based on
the vertical resolution of the upper-air data. Table 3-4 lists the logical units that
are assigned in the upper-air preprocessor code to the various input and output files.

Upper-air radiosonde soundings of wind speed and wind direction are usually available
twice daily but this can vary, especially during intensive measurement periods.
_Other types of upper-air data, such as pibal data and Doppler acoustic sounder data,
may be available at more frequent intervals. A range of 12 hours is recommended
for interpolation of twice-daily upper-air data.

The station identifiers, UTM coordinates, and elevations of the upper-air stations are
then specified. This is followed by the input data. Each upper-air sounding requires
three input records. Each record contains the date, station identifier, observation
time, and a unit identifier. The unit identifier for height is 'MET' (height in
meters). The first input record contains the observation heights, the second contains
the wind directions, and the third contains the wind speeds. Note that the wind
speeds are multiplied by 10, Missing data are indicated by -1. When this delimiter is
encountered, the remainder of the sounding is disregarded.

90008 15

18
TABLE 3-3. PREUPR input data.

Parameter Description Fortran Format

NSTA Number of upper-air (10X,I5)

monitoring stations

LEVELS Maximum number of levels (10X,I5)

in a given sounding

NSTRHR Starting time for the data (10X,I5)

to be processed

NENDHR Ending time for the data (10X,I5)

to be processed

TDIF Temporal influence range (10X,F5.1)

NCELL Number of vertical layers ( lOX, I5)

CELLZB Heights of the vertical layer ( lOX, 10F6.0)

interfaces in terrain-following
coordinates beginning with O for
the surface (m)

KYEAR Year (10X,I5)

KMONTH Month (10X,I5)

KDAY Day (10X,I5)

IOPT Vertical interpolation option: ( lOX, I5)

1 = for layer averaging.
2 = for linear interpolation
to cell-center heights.

NAHST,UTMXST,UTMYST, Upper-air wind station identifiers, (A4,1X,3F7.1)

ELEV UTM coordinates (easting and
northing, Ian), and elevations.
List all upper-air stations.

LYEAR,LMONTH,LDAY Upper-air data: year, month, day, (3I2,A4,1X,I4,

LSTAT,LHOUR,LUNITS, station identifier, observation 1X, A3, 50 (I 5 ) )
LEVEL time, units, upper-air data.

19
 0 ~ • • o O • 0 • 0 • 0 0 • 0 0 0 f O O I O O O o O o o O O O O O O • 0 0 • • 0 • 0 • 0 o o o • • • o O • • 0 • • 0 I O I I O • 0 0 I I • I O • 0 I • • I IO • I O O • • • • o • o O O O ••IO O O O O O O O O • 0 0 • 0 • 0 • • • o O O • 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 • • 0 • 0 0 • • • • o • • 0 0 0 • 0 I• 0 • 0 I I I IO I I I I IO O O •

HSIA: 4
L(V[LS: 20
NSTRHR: 0
N(NOHR: 23
TOI f.; 12.0
NC!LL: 14
C£LLl8: 0. 2S. 50. 100. I 50. 200. 250. 300. 400. 500.
700. 900. 1100. 1300. 1500.
KY£AR: 84
~MONTH: 6
KOAY: 3
I OPT: 2
1271 940.2 34b4. I 4-1 .0
1222 478.5 3637.8 140.0
7231 840.2 3760.3 246.0
7232 538.6 4009.J 180.0
84 6 31221 100 ME r 44 129 303 610 935 1226 I5I I 1524 1836 2142 2436 2748 31 71 3653 4264 4882 5850 -I .I -I
84 6 31221 100 OfG 220 245 305 320 370 325 320 320 330 350 10 35 115 210 210 220 295 -1 .I -1
84 6 31221 700 MPS 30 50 110 110 90 70 60 60 50 50 50 40 20 30 30 20 40 .I -I -I
8~ 6 31221 1900 HIT 118 280 31 7 621 914 1223 1541 1837 2142 24 35 2741 3176 3661 4272 4891 5789 S850 -1 -t -1
84 6 37221 1900 O[G 26S 260 275 275 270 275 290 300 280 280 290 260 245 255 235 230 225 .l -I .I
84 6 37 221 1900 HPS 30 30 50 50 60 50 30 30 30 30 30 20 20 30 50 60 70 -1 -I -1
N 84 6 412? I 700 Ml I 4-1 129 305 615 914 1222 1520 1826 21 ?O 2423 27?4 3150 3645 4241 4544 4857 5174 5840 .I -1
0 84 6 41221 700 O[G 0 255 295 315 330 290 240 220 190 165 160 185 210 210 215 230 HO 275 .I -I
84 6 41221 700 MPS 0 30 70 60 40 20 30 50 50 60 10 80 80 90 JOO 80 70 60 -I -1
84 6 37 ?22 700 M[T 140 155 321 bl8 913 1216 1550 1833 2136 2438 2148 3175 3b56 4303 4595 4895 5794 5840 -I .I
84 6 37222 100 OfG 40 35 320 320 315 300 305 320 255 220 200 200 200 190 190 195 230 230 .I -1
84 6 J/222 100 MPS lO 20 10 10 60 50 10 10 20 50 90 100 90 70 70 60 60 60 -1 .I
84 6 37 222 1900 M[I 183 612 912 1219 1543 1831 2140 2443 2744 3112 3665 417 3 4880 5850 -I -1 -I .I -I .I
84 6 31222 1900 OfG :, JO 245 2S5 240 240 240 230 220 215 205 215 270 280 300 .I -1 -1 -1 -t -1
84 6 3122 2 1900 MPS 11) 20 20 lO 30 40 50 60 50 40 50 80 60 50 -1 -l -I -I -I .I
84 6 41222 700 H(T 1 '·~ 621 917 1222 1534 1826 2140 2443 2744 3159 3128 4019 4305 4889 5186 5194 5840 -1 -1 -1
84 6 4122? 700 O[G lCt1 220 2.10 135 2 JO 2l5 215 200 195 190 195 195 205 230 245 230 230 -1 -I .I
84 6 41222 100 MPS 30 20 20 30 60 80 70 70 80 60 60 70 80 80 60 60 .I .I -1
84 6 3/231 I 00 MI T ;:1i11 301 b 14 '" 91 l 1221 1524 1531 1839 2135 2440 2142 3112 3667 4264 4883 5789 5850 -1 .I -1
84 6 31231 100 0[ G 7:;,, 290 315 340 320 290 290 300 285 265 255 250 255 255 295 305 295 .I .I .I
84 6 31231 700 MPS so 110 GO 30 60 60 60 40 50 70 80 110 110 70 80 90 .I -I -1
84 6 37231 1qoo MfT ;;:' 128 6?4 917 1211 152S 1843 2JJ9 2441 2145 3162 3681 4267 4813 5183 5840 -1 -1 -1 -1
84 6 31231 1900 DfG
84 6 l/23 I 1900 MP~
270 210
40 10
',-, ZIO 270
10 60
215
60
285
/0
290 285
90 JOO
285
110
285
100
215
70
270
80
255
110
275 2G5
60 70
-I -1 -I -1
'Iii -1 -1 -1 -1
84 6 41231 100 MET .?4, 307 616 915 1222 1528 1854 2149 2441 2142 3051 3156 3613 4269 4888 5184 5820 .I -I -1
84 6 47l31 700 DIG llJ I 320 30 70 100 230 265 270 255 225 220 220 230 240 250 260 255 .I -1 -1
84 6 41231 700 HPS :';1 20 30 20 20 10 40 50 40 50 70 80 110 120 90 90 90 -1 -I -1
84 6 31232 100 H(I .,,-, 610 914 1219 1533 1829 2134 2438 Z/43 3155 3658 3962 4261 4572 4871 5486 5820 -I -I -I
84 6 31232 700 or L 1•;:l 315 31 5 JI 0 285 215 285 210 2LO 2b0 250 245 255 265 260 250 255 .I -I -1
84 6 37 232 700 MPS tO 100 90 80 so 60 90 90 90 100 100 110 110 100 110 120 110 .I -I -I
84 6 31232 1900 HIT 4 :, J 610 914 1219 1533 1829 2134 2438 2743 31S4 3b58 4261 4572 4871 5486 5830 .I -1 .I .I
84 6 31 ?32 1900 Ofli dO 315 305 285 265 255 260 265 2b5 no 210 2611 255 265 280 215 -1 .1 -1 -1
84 6 37 2 32 1900 MPS .iO 40 30 30 40 50 50 60 10 70 100 110 110 110 110 110 -I -I -I -I
84 6 41232 IUO HIT 4:11 610 914 1219 1528 1829 21 34 2438 2743 3142 3658 4267 4817 5810 .I .I -1 -1 .I -1
84 6 41? 32 700 O( L 4ll 155 ?H ?45 240 225 240 255 245 235 220 2?5 245 255 -1 .I -1 -I .I .I
84 6 47232 700 HPS lO 30 20 30 40 30 20 40 60 60 70 90 110 130 -I -1 .I .I .I .I

············~··································································································································~·6·······; ........... .
EXHIBIT 3-3. Sanple input file for the upper-air data preprocessor (PREUPR) •
 TABLE 3-4. File structure for PREUPR.

Logical
Unit File Contents Format

5 Upper-air data ASCII ,

6 Printed output file ASCII

1 Preprocessed upper-air ASCII

data

90008 17

21
The processed hourly upper-air data are output to a file that is read incrementally by
the wind model. The site identifiers and locations of the upper-air stations are also
transferred in this manner to the model. A sample output is given in Exhibit 3-4,

90008 15

22
 o o o o O o o o o o o o O • • o O o o O o o I o • O O O O o O o o O o o o • o o • 0 o o o o o o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O • O O O O O O • • • O • • o • • o • • O • O • • I I O O O IO O O O O O IO O O O O IO O o O IO I o o o Io o I o I I Io O o • o O • I• o O o

WINO STATION X 7221 940.2 3464.1

WINO
WI HO
WINO
STATION X
STATION X &
STATION X & '' 7222
72 31
1232
47~.5 3631.8
840.2 3760.3
538.6 4009.3
UPPER WINO 0 7221 1.0 2.3 2.3 3. I 2.2 4.2 2.1 5.6 0.2 6.8 -2.2 8. I -4. 7 8.9 -6.4 8.4 -6.9 7 .8 -7.6 6.9 -8.l
6. I - 7. 3 5. I -6. 5 4. 0 - 5. 1 3.9 -4.9
UPPER WINO 0 7222 1.0 . I. 2 .J.(, -0. 4 -2. I 0.9 -3.0 2.6 -4. I 4.3 -5.2 4.5 -5 .4 4.5 · 5. 4 4.5 -5.4 4.5 -5.4 4.4 -4.9
4.3 -4.1 4.3 -2.9 3.6 -2.2 2.5 -1.1
UPPER WINO 0 72 Jl 1.0 3.3 -0.8 4.0 . I. 3 4.8 -2.0 5.3 -3.0 5.8 -4.0 6.3 -5.0 6.8 -5.9 7.6 -7.4 6.2 -7.2 l.l -i.l
2.0 -4.2 2.2 -2.3 4. 7 -2. I 5. 5 - 2. 4
UPPER WI NO 0 7212 l.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 O.l 2.0 1.9 -0. 1 4.4 -3. 5 1. 0 • 1. 0 6. 7 -i.7
6. 3 -6. I 6.2 -5.3 5.5 -3.2 5.0 . I. 2
UPP[ R WINO 0 LAST
UPPER WI HO I 1221 1.0 2.3 2.3 3. I 2.2 4.2 2. I 5.6 0.2 6.8 -2.2 8. l -4.7 8.9 -6.4 8.4 -6.9 7.8 -7.6 6.9 -8.l
6.1 - 7. 3 5. I -6. 5 4.0 -5.1 3.9 •4.9
UPPER WINO 1 7222 1.0 - I. l . I. 6 -0.4 - 2. l 0.9 -3.0 2.6 -4. l 4.3 -5.2 4.5 -5.4 4.5 -5.4 4.5 -5.4 4.5 -5.4 4.4 -4.9
4.3 -4. l 4. 3 -2.9 l.6 -2.2 2.5 -1. 1
UPPER WINO 1 7231 1.0 3.3 -0.8 4.0 -1. 3 4.8 -2.0 5.3 -3.0 5.8 -4.0 6.3 -5.0 6.8 -S.9 7. 6 -7.4 6.2 -1.2 3.3 -6.1
2.0 -4.2 2.2 -2.3 4.7 -2. 1 5.5 -2.4
UPPER WINO I 7232 l.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 0.3 2.0 1.9 -0. I 4.4 -3.5 7. 0 - 1 .o 6. 7 -6.7
6. 3 -6.1 6.2 · 5. 3 5.5 · 3. 2 5.0 . I. 2
UPPER WINO I LAST
UPPER WINO 2 1221 I. 0 2.3 2.3 3. I 2.2 4.2 2. I 5.6 0.2 6.8 -2.Z 8.1 -4.7 8.9 -6.4 8.4 -6.9 7 .8 -7 .6 6.9 -8.l
6. I -7.3 5. I -6.5 4.0 · 5. 7 3. 9 -4.9
UPPER WINO 2 1222 1.0 -1. 2 . 1.6 -0.4 -2.1 0.9 -3.0 2.6 -4. 1 4.l -5.2 4.5 -5.4 4.5 -5.4 4.5 -5.4 4.5 -5.4 4.4 -4.9
4. 3 -4. l 4.3 -2.9 3.6 -2. 2 2.5 . I. I
UPPER WINO 2 7231 1.U 3.3 -0.8 4.0 -1. 3 4.8 -2.0 5.J .J.O 5.8 -4.0 6.3 •5.0 6.8 -5.9 , . 6 -7.4 6.2 -7.2 l.3 -6.1
2.0 -4.2 2.2 -2.3 4. I -2. I 5.5 -2.4
l'v UPPER WINO 2 1232 1.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 0.3 2.0 1.9 -0. I 4.4 -3.5 1 .o -7.0 6. 7 -6.7
w 6.3 -6. l 6.2 - 5. 3 5.5 -3.2 5.0 -1. 2
UPPER WINO 2 LAST
UPPER WI NO 3 1221 1.0 2.3 2.3 3. I 2.2 4.2 2. I 5.6 0.2 6.8 -2.2 8. 1 -4.7 8.9 -6.4 8.4 -6.9 1. 8 -7.6 6.9 -8.3
6. I -1. 3 5. I -6. 5 4.0 · 5. I 3.9 -4.9
UPPER WINO 3 7222 1.0 - I. 2 -1. 6 -0.4 -2. I 0.9 -3. 0 2.6 -4. I 4. 3 -5.2 4.5 -5.4 4.S -5.4 4.5 -5.4 4.5 -5. 4 4.4 -4.9
4.J . 4. l 4.3 -2.9 3.6 -2.2 2.5 -1. 7
UPPER WINO 3 7231 1.0 3.3 -0.8 4.0 . I. 3 4.8 -2.0 5.3 -3.0 5.8 -4.0 6.J -5.0 6.8 -5.9 7.6 -7.4 6.Z -1. 2 3.3 -6.1
2.0 -4.2 2.2 -2. 3 4. / - 2. I 5. 5 -2.4
UPPER WINO 3 1232 1.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 0.3 2.0 1.9 -0. I 4.4 -3.5 7 .0 ~7. 0 6. 7 -6.7
6.3 -6. l 6.2 -5.3 5.5 .J.2 5.0 -1. 2
UPPER WI NO 3 LAST
UPPER WINO 4 1221 1.0 2.l 2.3 J. l 2.2 4.2 2. l 5.6 0.2 6.8 -2.2 8. l - 4. 7 8.9 -6.4 8.4 -6.9 7.8 -7.6 6.9 -8.l
6.1 - 7. 3 5. I -6.5 4.0 -5.7 3. 9 -4.9
UPPER WINO 4 1222 1.0 -1. 2 . I. 6 -0.4 -2. I 0.9 -3.0 2.6 -4. I 4.3 -5.2 4.5 -5.4 4.5 -5. 4 4.5 -5.4 4.5 -5. 4 4.4 -4.9
4. 3 -4. I 4.3 -2.9 3.6 -2.2 2.5 -1. 7
UPPER WINO 4 1231 1.0 3.3 -0.8 4 .0 . I. 3 4.8 -2.0 5.3 -3.0 5.8 -4.0 6.3 -5.0 6.8 -5.9 7. 6 -7.4 6.2 -7.2 3.3 -6. 1
2.0 . 4. 2 2.2 -2.3 4. 7 - 2. I 5. 5 -2. 4
UPPER WINO 4 I 2 .ll l.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 0.3 2.0 1.9 -0. I 4.4 · l. 5 7.0 -7.0 6.1 -6.7
6.3 -6. I 6.2 . 5. 3 5.5 -3.2 5.0 . I. 2
UPPER WIND 4 l A~ T
UPPER WINO 5 12 n . 1.0 2.3 2.3 3. I 2.2 4.2 2. I 5.6 0.2 6.8 -2.2 8. 1 -4.7 8.9 -6.4 8.4 -6.9 7. 8 -7.6 6.9 -8.J
b. I ·I. 3 5. l -6.5 4. 0 · 5. 7 3.9 -4.9
UPPER WI HO. 5 ll2Z 1.0 · I . 2 . I. 6 -0.4 -2. I 0.9 -3. 0 2.6 -4. I 4.3 -5. 2 4.5 -5.4 4.5 · 5 .4 4.5 -5.4 4.5 -5.4 4.4 -4.9
4.3 -4. I 4.3 -2.9 3.b · 2. 2 2.5 -I.I
UPPER WINO 5 /lll 1.0 3.3 -0.8 4.0 - I. 3 4.8 -2.D 5.3 -3.0 5.8 -4.0 6.3 · 5. 0 6.8 -5.9 1. t, -7. 4 6.2 -7.2 3.3 -6.1
2.0 -4.2 2.2 -2. 3 4. 7 2. I 5.5 -2. 4
UPPER WINO 5 1232 1.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 0.3 2.0 1.9 -0.1 4.4 -l.5 1. 0 - 1 .o 6. 7 -6.7
6.3 -6.1 6.2 . \· 3 5.5 3.2 5.0 - I. 2

......................................................................................................................................................................
E~JUBIT 3-4. Output fran PREUPR used as the upper-air data input file for the Diagnostic t-lind ltrlel.
 ......................................................................................................................................................................

UPPCR WINO 5 I AS I
UPPCR WINO 6 7221 1.0 2.l 2.l l. I 2.2 4.2 2. I 5.6 0.2 6.8 -2.2 8. I . 4., 8.9 -6.4 8.4 -6.9 ,.8 -7.6 6.9 -8.3
6. l - I. l S. I -6. 5 4. 0 - S. I J.9 -4.9
UPP CR WINO 6 7222 1.0 -1.2 . I. 6 -0.4 -2. I 0.9 -3.0 2.6 -4.1 4.3 -5.2 4.5 -5.4 4.5 -5.4 4.5 -5.4 4.5 -5.4 4.4 -4.9
4.3 -4. 1 4.3 -2.9 3.6 -2.2 2.5 -1. 7
UPP CR WINO 6 72 3 I 1.0 3.J -0.8 4.0 . I. 3 4.8 -2.0 5.J -J.O 5.8 -4.0 6.3 -5.0 6.8 -5.9 7.6 -7.4 6.2 -1.2 3.3 -6.I
2.0 -4.2 2.2 -2.3 4. I -2. I 5.S -2.4
UPPER WINO 6 7232 J.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 O.l 2.0 1.9 .• Q. I 4.4 -3.S 7.0 -7.0 6., -6.7
6.3 -6.1 6.2 -S.3 S.5 · 3. 2 5.0 . I. 2
UPPER WIND 6 LAST
UPPER WINO 1 1221 1.0 2.3 2.3 3. 1 2.2 4.2 2. I 5.6 0.2 6.8 -2.2 8. I - 4. I 8.9 -6.4 8.4 -6.9 ,.8 -1.6 6.9 -8.3
UPPCR WIND ,
6. I - l. l 5. I -6.5 4 .0 - 5. I 3.9 -4.9
7222 1.0 . I. 2 - I. 6 -0.4 -2. I 0.9 -3.0 2.6 -4. I 4.l -5.2 4.5 -S.4 4.S -S.4 4.5 -5.4 4.S -5.4 4.4 -4.9
4.3 -4. I 4.l -2.9 3.6 -2.2 2.S -1. 7
UPPER WIND 7 7231 1.0 l.3 -0.8 4.D -1. 3 4.8 -2.0 S.3 -3. 0 5.8 -4.0 6.3 -S.O 6.8 -S. g , .6 . , . 4 6.2 -1.2 J.3 -6.J
2.0 -4. 2 Z.2 -2.3 4., -2. I s.s -2.4
UPPER WIND 7 1232 J.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 O.l 2.0 1.9 -0.1 4.4 -3.5 1.0 -7.0 6., -6.7
UPPCR WIND ,
6.3 -6.1 6.2 -S. 3 5.5 -l.2 s.o -1. 2
LAST
UPPCR WIND 8 7221 1.0 2.3 2.3 3. 1 2.2 4. I 2.0 S.3 0.2 6.5 -2.0 , . 7 -4 :2 8.6 -S. g 8.1 -6.4 , . 6 -7.0 6.8 -1.6
6.1 -6.7 5.2 -5.9 4. I -S.2 l.9 -4.S
UPPCR WIND 8 7222 1.0 . I. 2 . I. 6 -0.4 -2. 1 0.9 -3.0 2.6 -4.1 4.l -~ .2 4.l -4.8 4.J -4.8 4.J -4.8 4.3 -4.8 4.2 -4.4
4.0 . l., 4.0 -2.7 J.5 -2.0 2.5 . 1.S
UPPER WIND 8 7231 1. 0 3.4 -0.1 4.0 -1. 1 4.8 -1.8 S.3 -2.7 S.8 -3.6 6.3 -4.S 6.8 -S.4 7.5 -6.8 6.] -6.6 l.6 -5.6
2.4 · 3. 8 2.5 -2. I 4.8 -2.0 5.5 . 2. J
UPPCR WINO 8 -7232 l.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0
6.0 . 5. I 5.9 -4.9 5.J -2.9 4.9 -1.0
o.s I .6 1.9 -0.2 4.2 -3. 4 6.7 -6.7 6.3 -6.3
UPPER WINO 8 LAST
UPPER WIND 9 1221 1.0 2.3 2.3 l. I 2.2 4.0 1.8 S. I o.z 6.2 -1.8 , . l - 3.8 8.l -5.4 7.9 -5.9 1.3 -6.4 6.6 - 1 .o
N 6. 1 -6. 1 S.2 -5.4 4. I -4.8 l.8 -4.2
UPPER WIND 9 1222 1.0 . 1.2 -1. 6 -0.4 -2. 1 0.9 .J.O 2.6 - 4. 1 4.J -5.2 4. I - 4. I 4. I -4.2 4. I -4.2 4.1 -4.3 4.0 -4.0
"'" l.8 . 3. 3 l.8 -2.4 l.3 • J. I 2.5 -1. 2
UPPER WINO 9 7231 1.0 3.4 -0.6 4.0 -1.0 4.1 . I. I 5.2 -2.5 5.7 -l.l 6.2 - 4. 1 6., -4.9 7.5 -6.2 6.3 -6.0 3.9 · S. 1
2.8 -l.5 2.9 - I. 9 4.9 -1.8 5.6 -2.2
UPPER WINO 9 7232 J.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 0. 7 1.3 1.9 -0.4 4.1 -3.3 6.3 -6.3 6.0 -5.9
5.7 -S.l 5.6 -4.6 S. 1 -2.1 4.9 -0.9
UPPfR WINO 9 LASI
UPPER WINOlO 1221 1.0 2.3 2.3 3. I 2.2 3.9 I.I 4.9 0.2 S.9 . I. 6 6.8 -3. 4 , .9 -4.9 7 .6 -5.3 7.1 -5.8 6.5 -6.3
6.0 · S. 5 5.2 -4.9 4.2 -4.4 l.8 . 3. g
UPPER WINOIO 7222 1.0 . I. 2 -1.6 -0.4 -2.1 0.9 -3.0 2.6 -4.1 4.J -5.2 3.9 -3.S 3.9 .J.6 3.9 -3.7 l.8 -3.8 3.8 -3.S
J.6 -2.9 J.5 - 2. I J. I . I. 4 2.5 -0.9
UPPER WINOIO 7231 1.0 3.5 -0.6 4.0 -0.9 4.6 - I . 5 5. 1 -2.2 5.6 -3.0 6. 1 -3.1 6.6 -4.5 7.4 -5.6 6.4 -5.4 4.l -4.6
J. I . J. I J. 2 . I. I ·5 .o . I. I 5. I -2. I
UPPER WIND10 7232 J.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 0.8 1.0 2.0 -0.6 3.9 .J.2 6.0 -6.0 5.7 -5.6
5. 4 -5.0 5. J -4. 2 s.o -2.4 4.8 -0.8
UPPER WINOIO LAST
UPPER WINDll 7221 1.0 2.3 2.3 J. 1 2.2 J.8 I. 5 4. I 0.2 5.6 . I. 4 6.4 -2.9 , . 6 -4.4 1.3 -4.8 6.9 -S.2 6.3 -5.6
6.0 -4.9 5. J -4.4 4. 3 · 3. 9 J.8 -3.S
UPPER WINOll 1222 1.0 . I. 2 . I. 6 -0. 4 - 2. I 0.9 .J.O 2.6 -4. I 4.J -5.2 J.8 -2.9 3.1 -l.O 3.1 -3.1 l.6 -l.J J.6 .J.O
3.4 -2.6 J.J -1.8 2.9 -1. 2 2.5 -0.7
UPPER WI NOi i 1231 1.0 3. 5 -0.5 4.0 -0.8 4.6 . I. J 5.0 -2.0 5.S -2.6 6.0 · 3. 3 6.S -4.0 7.J -4.9 6.S -4.8 4.6 -4. I
3.5 -2.8 l. 5 -1.S S. I . I. 5 5. I . I. 9
UPPER WI NOi l 1232 l.0999.0999.0999;0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 1.0 O. I 2.0 -0.7 J.8 -3. I 5.6 -S.6 5.3 -5.2
5. I 4.6 5. J · 3. 8 4.8 -2.2 4. I -0.6
UPPER WI NO 11 LAST
UPPER WIND12 7221 I .0 2. 3 2. 3 3. I 2.2 3. 7 I. 4 4.S 0.2 5.2 . 1. I 6.0 -2. 5 I. J . J. 9 7. 0 -4.2 6.6 -4.6 6.2 -5.0
6.0 -4.J 5. J . J. 8 •4. 4 · 3. 5 3. I · 3. 2

·········································································································:·················. ···········································
E:xHIBIT 3-4. Continued.
 ................• ......................................................................................................................................................
UPPER WINOl2 1222 1.0 . I. 2 -1.6 -0.4 -2. I 0.9 -3.0 2.6 -4. I 4.J - 5. 2 3.6 -2.3 3.6 -2.4 ]. 5 -2.5 3.4 -2., 3.3 -2.6
3.2 -2.2 3.0 -1. 5 2.8 -0.9 2.5 -0.4
UPP{R WINOl2 1231 1.0 3.b -0.4 4.0 -0 .1 4.5 - 1. 2 5.0 -1. 1 5.5 -2.3 6.0 -2.9 6.5 -3.5 1.2 -4.3 6.5 -4.2 4.9 -3.6
3.9 -2.4 3.8 - I. 3 5.2 - I. 4 5.8 - I. 8
UPPER WIND12 /232 l.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999,0999.0999.0999.0999.0 1.2 0.3 2.1 -0.9 3.6 -3.0 5.3 -5.2 5.0 -4.8
4. 7 -4.2 4.8 -3.5 4.6 -1. 9 4.6 -0.5
UPPER WINOl2 LAST
UPPER WINO!) 7221 1.0 2.3 2.3 3. I 2.2 3.6 1.2 4.3 0.3 4.9 -0.9 5.5 -2,1 6.9 -3.4 6.7 -3.7 6.4 -4,0 6.0 -4.3
6.0 -3. 7 5.3 ·3.3 4.4 -3. I 3. 7 -2.9
UPPER WINOl3 1222 J.0 -1. 2 - I. 6 -0.4 -2.1 0.9 -3.0 2.6 -4. I 4.3 -5. 2 3.4 -1.7 3.4 -1.8 3.3 -2.0 3.2 -2.2 3.1 -2.1
3.0 -1.8 2. 7 - I. 2 2.6 -0. 7 2.5 -0.1
UPPER WIND13 7231 1.0 3. 7 -0.4 4.0 -0.6 4.4 -1.0 4.9 -1.5 5,4 -2.0 5.9 -2.5 6.4 -3.0 7.2 -l.7 6.6 -3.6 5.2 -3.l
4.3 -2.1 4. I -1. 2 5.3 - I. 3 5,9 . I.I
UPPER WINOl3 7232 1.0999.0999,0999.0999.0999.0999.0999,0999.0999.0999.0 I. 3 0.0 2.1 -1. I 3.5 -2.9 4.9 -4.9 4.6 -4.4
4, 4 -3.8 4.5 - 3. I 4.5 - I. I 4,6 -0.3
UPPER WI NOIJ LAST
UPPER WINOl4 7221 1.0 2.3 2.3 3, I 2.2 3,5 1.0 4. I 0.3 4.6 -0.7 5. 1 - 1.6 6.6 -2.9 6.4 -l. 1 6.2 -3. 4 5.8 -3.7
5.9 - 3. I 5.4 -2.8 4.5 -2.6 3.7 -2.5
UPPER WINOl4 1222 1.0 -1. 2 - 1.6 -0.4 - 2. I 0.9 -3.0 2.6 -4. I 4.3 -5.2 3.2 -1. I 3.2 - t. 2 l.l - t. 4 3.0 -1. 7 2.9 -1.6
2.8 -1. 4 2.5 -0.9 2.4 -0.4 2.6 0. I
UPPER WIN014 7231 t. 0 3. 7 -0.3 4.0 -0.5 4.3 -0.8 4.8 - I. 2 5.3 -1. 7 5.8 -2. I 6.3 -2.5 7.1 -3. 1 6. 7 -3.0 5.5 -2.5
4. 7 -1. 7 4.4 -1.0 5.4 -1. I 5.9 -1. 6
UPPER WINOl4 7232 l.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999,0999,0999.0999.0999,0 I. 5 -0.3 2.2 -1. 2 3.3 -2.9 4.6 -4.5 4,3 -4.1
4. 1 -3. 4 4.2 -2.7 4.3 - I. 4 4.5 -0.2
UPPER WINOl4 LAST
UPPER WIND15 7221 1.0 2.3 2.3 3. 1 2.2 3.4 0.9 3.8 0.3 4.3 -0.5 4.7 - 1.2 6.3 -2.4 6.1 -2.6 5.9 -2.8 5.7 -3.0
5.9 -2. 5 5.4 · 2. 3 4.6 -2.? 3.6 - 2. 2
UPPER WINOl5 7222 1.0 - I. 2 - I. 6 -0.4 -2. I 0.9 -3.0 2.6 - 4. 1 4.3 -5. 2 3.0 -0.5 3.0 -0.6 2.9 -0.8 2.7 -1.2 2.7 - I. 2
2.6 -1.0 2.2 -0.6 2.2 -0.2 2.6 0,4
UPPER WIN015 1231 1.0 l.8 -0.3 4.0 -0.4 4.3 -0.7 4.7 -1.0 5.2 -1. 3 5.7 -1.7 6.3 -2.0 7. 0 -2.5 6.7 -2.4 5.8 -2.0
5.0 -1. 4 4. 7 -0.8 5.5 -1.0 6.0 -!. 5
N UPPER WINOl5 7232 l.0999.0999.0999,0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 1.6 -0.6 2.2 -1. 4 3.2 -2.8 4.2 -4.2 4.0 -3.7
Vl 3.8 -3.0 3.9 -2.4 4.1 - I. 2 4.4 -0. I
UPPER WINOl5 LAST
UPPER WINOl6 7221 1.0 2.3 2.3 3. I 2.2 3.3 0.7 l.6 0.3 3.9 -0.2 4.3 -0,8 6.0 -1.9 5.8 -2, 1 5.7 -2.2 5.5 -2.4
5.9 -1. 9 5.5 -1.8 4.6 -1.8 3.6 -1. 9
UPPER WIN016 7222 1.0 - I. 2 - 1. 6 -0.4 -2. I 0.9 -l.O 2.6 -4. I 4.3 - 5. 2 2.8 0. I 2.8 0.0 2.7 -0.3 2.5 -0.6 2.5 -0.7
2.4 -0.6 1.9 -0.4 2.0 0. 1 2.6 0. 7
UPP£ R WIN016 7231 1.0 3,8 -0.2 4.0 -0.3 4.2 -0.5 4. 7 -0. 7 5.2 -1.0 5. 7 - I. 2 6.2 -1.5 6.9 -1.9 6.8 -1.8 6.1 -1.5
5.4 -1.0 5. I -0.6 5.7 -0.8 6. I - I. 4
UPPER WIN016 7232 l.0999,0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 1.8 -1.0 2.2 -1. 6 3.0 -2.7 3.9 -3.8 3,6 -3.3
3.5 -2.7 3. 7 -2.0 4.0 -0.9 4.3 0. I
UPPER WIN016 LAST
UPPER WIN017 72ZI 1.0 2.3 2.3 3. I 2.2 3.2 0.6 3.4 0.3 3.6 0.0 3.B -0.4 5.6 - I. 4 5. 6 -1.5 5.5 -1.6 5.4 -1.7
5.8 - I. 3 5.5 -1. 2 4.7 -1.3 3,5 -1.5
UP.PER WIN017 7222 1.0 -1. 2 - 1.6 -0.4 -2. I 0.9 -3.0 2.6 -4. I 4,3 -5. 2 2.7 0. 7 2.6 0.6 2.5 0.3 2.3 -0. I 2.3 -0.2
2.2 -0.3 I. 7 -0. l I. 9 0.4 2.6 1.0
UPPER WIN017 7231 1.0 3. 9 -0. I 4.0 -0.2 4. 1 -0.3 4.6 -0.5 5. 1 -0.7 5.6 -0.8 6. I -1.0 6.9 - 1.2 6.9 -1. 2 6.4 -1.0
5.8 -0. 7 5.4 -0.4 5.8 -0.7 6. I - I. 2
UPPER WIN017 7232 1.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 2.0 - I. 3 2.3 -!. 7 2.9 -2.6 3.5 -3. 5 3.3 -3.0
3.2 -2.3 3.4 -1.6 3.8 -0 .1 4.3 0.2
UPPER WIN017 LAST
UPPER WINOl8 1221 I. 0 7.3 2. 3 3. I 2.2 3. I 0.4 3.2 0.3 3.3 0.2 3.4 0, l 5.3 -0.9 5.3 -1.0 5.2 -1.0 5.2 -!. l
5.8 -0. 7 5.5 -0. 7 4.8 -0.9 .l.5 - I. 2
UPPER WIN018 7222 1.0 - I. 2 - 1.6 -0. 4 -2. I 0.9 -3.0 2.6 - 4. I 4.3 -5. 2 2.5 I. 3 2.4 I. 2 2.3 0.9 2. I 0.4 2.1 0,2
2.0 0.1 1.4 0.2 I. 7 0.6 2.6 I. 2
UPPER WIN018 7231 1.0 3.9 -0. I 4.0 -0. I 4. I -0.2 4,5 -0.2 5.0 -0.3 5.5 -0.4 b.O -0. 5 6.8 -0.6 6,9 -0,6 6.7 -0.5

......................................................................................................................................................................
EXHIBIT 3-4. Continued.
 ......................................................................................................................................................................
6.2 -0.3 5. I -0.2 5.9 -0.~ b.2 -1. I
UPPCR WIN018 7232 1.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 2. I -1. 6 2.3 - I. 9 2. 7 -2.5 3.2 -3.1 3.0 -2.6
2.9 -1. 9 3. I -1. 3 3. 6 -0.4 4.2 0.4
UPPCR WIN018 LAST
UPPCA WIN019 1221 1.0 0.4 0. I 1.3 0.3 3.0 0.3 3.0 0.3 3.0 0.4 3.0 0.5 5.0 -0.4 5.0 -0.4 5.0 -0.4 5. I -0.4
5.8 -0. I S.6 -0.2 4.8 -0. S 3.5 -0.8
UPPCA WIN019 1222 l.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 2.3 1.9 2.2 1.8 2.1 1.4 1.9 0.9 1.9 0. 7
1.8 0.5 I.I 0.5 l. s 0.9 2.6 J.S
UPPfR WINOl9 1231 I. 0 4. 0 o.o 4.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 4.4 0.0 4.9 0.0 S.4 0.0 6.0 0.0 6. 7 0.0 7.0 0.0 7.0 0.0
6.6 0.0 6.0 0.0 6.0 -0.4 6.3 -1.0
UPPU WIN019 7232 1.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 2.3 . 1.9 2.4 -2. I 2.6 -2.4 2.8 -2.8 2,6 -2.2
2.6 -1.5 2.8 -0.9 3.5 -0.2 4. 1 0.5
UPPER WIN019 LAS!
UPPCR WIN020 1221 1.0 0.4 0. I I . 3 0.3 3.0 0.3 3.0 0.3 3. 1 0.3 3.2 0.3 5. I -0.1 5 .0 -0.7 5.0 -0.1 5.0 -0.1
5.5 -0.4 5.3 -0.4 4.6 -0.S 3.4 -0. I
UPPER WIN020 1222 1.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 2.2 2.0 2. I 1.9 2.0 1.5 1.9 I.I 1.9 0.8
1.8 0.6 1.2 0.6 l.S 0.9 2.6 1.5
UPPER WIN020 7231 1.0 3.8 -0. I 3.8 -0. I 3.8 -0. I 4. I - 0. I 4.6 -0.2 5.0 -0.2 5.4 -0.2 6.0 -0.2 6.3 -0.2 6.3 -0. I
S.9 0.0 S.4 0.0 s.s -0.3 S.9 -0.9
UPPCA WIN020 1232 1.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 2. I -1.8 2. I -1.9 2.3 -2. I 2.5 -2.3 2.4 -1.9
2.S - I. 3 2.8 -0. 1 3.4 0.0 4.0 0.6
UPP(A WIN020 LAST
UPP( R WIN021 1221 1.0 0.4 0. I I. 3 0.3 2.9 0.3 3. I 0.3 3.2 0,.2 3.4 0. I 5.2 -0.9 S. I -0.9 5.0 -1.0 4.9 -1.0
5.2 -0. 7 5.0 -0.5 4.4 -0.5 3.3 -0.5
UPPER WIN021 1222 1.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 2. I 2.1 2.1 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.9 1.2 1.8 0.9
1.8 0.6 I. 2 0.6 I. 6 1.0 2.5 1.6
UPP[R WIN021 7231 1.0 3.6 -0.2 3.6 -0.2 3.S -0.3 3.8 -0.3 4.2 -0.3 4.S -0.3 4.9 -0.4 5.4 -0.4 5.6 -0.3 5.5 -0.2
5.2 0.0 4., 0.0 5.0 -0.2 5.6 -0.8
UPPCR WIN021 1232 l.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 I. 8 -1. 7 I. 9 -1.7 2.0 -1.8 Z.2 . 1.9 2.2 -1.5
2.4 -1.0 2.8 -0.S 3.4 0. 1 4.0 0.8
UPPCR WIND21 LAST
,.,N UPPER WIND22 7221
4.9 .1.0 4, 7 .o. 1
1.0 0.4 0. I I. 3 0.3 2.9 0.4 3.2 0.2 3.4 0.0
4. I -0.5 3.2 -0.4
3.6 -0.2 5.3 -1. 1 5.2 . J. 2 5.0 . I. 3 4.8 -1.3
UPPER WIN022 7222 1.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.0 1. 9 1.1 1.8 1.3 1.8 1.0
1.8 0. I I. 3 0. I I. 6 1.0 2.5 I. 6
UPPER WIN022 7231 1.0 3.4 -0.3 3.4 -0.3 3.3 -0.4 3.5 -0.4 3.8 -0.5 4.0 -0.5 4.3 -0.6 4.7 -0.6 4.8 -0.5 4.8 -0.3
4.4 -0. 1 4. 1 0. I 4.S -0.2 S.2 -0.6
UPPER WIN022 1232 1.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 I. 6 -1.6 1.6 -1.6 I. 1 - I. 5 1.8 -1.4 2.0 -1. 2
2.3 -0.8 2.8 -0.4 3.4 0.3 3.9 0.9
UPP[R WIN022 LAS!
UPPfR WIN023 7221 1.0 0.4 0. 1 I. 3 0.3 2.8 0. 4' 3.2 0.2 3.5 -0. I 3.9 -0.4 5.4 - I. 3 5.2 - I. 4 5.0 -1.5 4.7 -1.7
4. 7 - I. 3 4.4 -0.9 3.9 -0.5 3. 1 -0.2
UPPCR WIN023 1222 l.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 I. 9 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.8 I.I
I.I 0.8 I. 3 0. I 1.6 I.I 2.5 I. I
UPPCR WIN023 7231 1.0 3.2 -0.4 3.2 -0.4 3. I -0.5 3.2 -0.6 3.4 -0.6 3.6 -0.7 3.8 -0.8 4.0 -0.8 4. I -0. 7 4. I -0.4
3. 7 -0. 1 3.4 0. I 4.0 -0.1 4.8 -0.S
UPPER WIN023 1232 l.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0999.0 I. 3 - I. s 1.3 -1.4 1.4 -1.2 1.5 -1.0 1.8 -0.8
2.3 -0.6 2.7 -0.2 3.3 0.4 3.8 1.0
UPPER WI N023 LA~I

····································································································································6·································
EXHIBIT 3-4. Coocluded.
 • GENERATING WIND FIELDS WITH THE WIND MODEL

lf.l UNIT~ COORDlNATES AND TIME CONVENTIONS

All calculations are performed in the SI units given in Table 4-1. Terrain heights,
which are initially specified in non-SI units, are converted to meters. The Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system is used to define the horizontal grid.
The vertical coordinate is terrain following. Time is specified according to the O -
2400 hour clock.

4.2 INPUTS

Five files supply the following inputs for the Diagnostic Wind Model: (1) parameters
that govern the simulation, (2) gridded terrain heights, (3) gridded surface-type indi-
cators, (4) hourly surface data, including station identifiers and locations from the
surface data preprocessor, PRESFC, and (5) hourly upper-air data, including station
identifiers and locations, from the upper-air data preprocessor, PREUPR. The flow
of information for executing the OWM is illustrated in Figure 4-1.

4.2.1 Simulation-Specific Data

The controlling parameters for the Diagnostic Wind Model are specified in the pri-
mary input file. These parameters are listed and described in Table 4-2 and an
example parameter input file is presented in Exhibit 4-1. Some guidelines for the
specification of the parameters are given here.

In the first record a descriptive identifier for the simulation (TITLE) is provided.
The next eight records supply information about the grid, including the grid dimen-
sions (NX, NY, NZ), the grid-cell size in km (DXK, DYK), the vertical-layer inter-
face heights in meters (CELLZB), and the grid origin in UTM coordinates (UTMXOR,
UTMYOR). The vertical-layer interface heights are given in terrain-following
coordinates beginning with O for the surface. Next the initial time (TSTART), the
final time (TEND), and the time increment (TINC) for the simulation are specified.
The next two recor9s contain the total number of surface and upper-air stations
(NWIND) and the number of upper-air stations (NUPPER). ZSWIND is the estimated
height of the surface wind measurements.

90008 IS

27
 TABLE 4-1. Diagnostic Wind Model internal units.

Parameter Units

Height (vertical) Meters

Distance (horizontal) Kilometers
Time Hours, minutes, seconds
Temperature Degrees Kelvin

90008 17

28
 PRESFC PREUPR

Gridded Gridded surfoce

feature typCS

Diagnostic
Wind Model

(Optional}

Diagnostic
messages wind files

UAMWND

FIGURE 4-1. Flow diagram for using the Diagnostic Wind Model.

EEE/90C08

29
 TABLE 4-2. Diagnostic Wind Model input parameter control file.

Parameter Description Fortran Format

TITLE Descriptive identifier (A20)

NX Number of grid points in (10X,I5)

the x-direction

NY Number of grid points in (10X,I5)

they-direction

NZ Number of vertical layers ( 10X, I5)

DXK Grid cell size in the (10X,F6.0)

x-direction (km)

DYK Grid cell size in the (10X,F6.0)

y-direction (km)

CELLZB Heights of vertical layer ( 10X, 10F6.0)

interfaces in terrain-following
coordinates beginning with O for
the surface (m)

UTMXOR Easting UTM coordinate of origin {10X,F6.0)

(southwest corner) of grid (km)

UTMYOR Northing UTM coordinate of origin {10X,F6.0)

of grid (km)

TSTART Initial time (Specified as hour (10X,F6.0)

on the 2400-hour clock)

TEND Final time {10X,F6.0)

TINC Time increment (10X,F6.0)

NWIND Total number of wi~d stations (10X,I5).

NUPPER Number of upper-air wind stations ( 10X, I5)

ZSWIND Height of surface wind ( 10X, F6. 0)

measurements (m)
continued

90008 17
30
 TABLE 4-2. continued

Parameter Description Fortran Format

RMIN Minimum radius of influence used (10X,F6.0)

in the interpolation (km)

RMAX1 Maximuin radius of influence over (10X,F6.0)

land in the surface layer (km)

RMAX2 Maximum radius of influence over (10X,F6.0)

land aloft ( km)

RMAX3 Maximum radius of influence over ( 10X,F6 .0)

water (km)

R1 Weighting parameter for the (10X,F6.0)

diagnostic wind field at the
surface ( km)

R2 Weighting parameter for the (10X,F6.0)

diagnostic wind field aloft (km)

NINTRP Maximum number of stations used in ( 10X, 10!5)

the interpolation of data to a
grid point

NZPRNT Number of levels, starting at the ( 10X, I5)

surface, used for printing

!PRO Flag for printing the interpolated ( 10X, I5)

wind component fields (set >0)

IPR1 Flag for printing the terrain- ( 10X, I5)

adjusted surface-wind component
fields (used only with objective
analysis) (set >0)

IPR2 Flag for printing the smoothed ( 10X, I5)

wind component and initial
divergence fields (set >0)
continued

90008 l7
31
 TABLE 4-2. continued

Parameter Description Fortran Format

IPR3 Flag for printing the final (10X,I5)

wind speed and direction fields
(set >0)

IPR4 Flag for printing the final (10X,I5)

divergence field (set >0)

IPR5 Flag for printing the wind fields ( lOX, 15)

after the kinematic effects are
calculated (set >0)

IPR6 Flag for printing the wind fields (10X,I5)

after the slope flows are added
(set >O)

IPR7 Flag for printing the wind fields (10X,I5)

after the Froude number adjustment
is complete (set >0)

ICALC Flag for calculating the wind fields. (10X,I5)

It can be turned off (set ~O) in a
preliminary run to ensure that the
data are being read correctly, then
turned on (set >0) in a subsequent run
to perform the calculations

IOUTD Flag for writing the computed wind ( 1ox, 15)

fields to disk

HTFAC Multiplicative factor used to ( 10X,F10.4)

convert terrain heights to meters

NITER Maximum number of iterations for the ( 10X, 15)

divergence minimization procedure

DIVLIM The convergence criteria for the ( 10X,E10. 1)

divergence minimization procedure
(typical values are 1.E-7 to 1.E-5)
continued

90008 17
32
TABLE 4-2. continued

Parameter Description Fortran Format

IOBR Flag for using the O'Brien vertical- (10X,I5)

velocity adjustment procedure
(set >0)

NUMBAR Number of barriers to interpolation (10X,I5)

I3DCTW 1 = run the diagnostic wind model ( 10X, I5)

0 = run the objective analysis

NSMTH Number of smoothing passes (10X,I5)

IEXTRP Vertical extrapolation control ( 10X,I5)

variable. When ABS(IEXTRP) = 1,
there is no extrapolation from the
surface wind data; when
ABS(IEXTRP) = 2, extrapolation
is done using a power law profile;
when ABS(IEXTRP) ~3, the extra-
polation is done using the values
provided for FEXTRP. When IEXTRP <O,
the layer 1 data at the upper-air
stations is ignored

FEXTRP Extrapolation values for layers ( 10X, 10F6.0)

2 through NZ

The following nine parameters are necessary if only step 1 of the

Diagnostic Wind Model is being run (i.e., no observational data are
included). For an objective analysis (step 2), do not include
these inputs.

GAMMA Domain-averaged temperature lapse- ( 1OX, 8F5. 1 )

rate for each hour of the simulation
day, beginning at O and ending at
2300 (K/lan)

CRITFN Critical Froude number (recommended (10X,F5.1)

value: 1.0)

TERRAD Radius of influence of terrain (10X,F5.1)

features (Ian}
continued

33
 TABLE 4-2. concluded

Parameter Description Fortran Format

TINF Estimated surface temperature ( 1OX, F5. 1)

IFRADJ Flag for calculating Froude number (10X,I3)

adjustment effects (set at 1)

!KINE Flag for calculating kinematic effects (10X,I3)

(set at 1)

ALPHA Empirical parameter that controls (10X,F5.1)

the influence of the kinematic
effects (recommended values 0.1 -
0.3)

UM U-component of the domain-mean wind (10X,8F5.1)

for each hour of the simulation
day, beginning at O and ending at
2300 (m/s)

VM V-component of the domain-mean wind (10X,8F5.1)

for each hour of the simulation day,
beginning at O and ending at 2300
(mis)

The following barrier endpoints need only be specified if NUHBAR > 0.

BARXY UTM coordinates of the barrier (30X,4F10.0)

segment endpoints. Specify east and
north coordinates of the first end
point followed by the east and north
coordinates of the ~econd end point.

Terrain heights are contained in a separate file.

HTOPO Gridded terrain heights (10F6.0)

Surface type is contained in a separate file.

LNDWTR Gridded surface type; 0 = water, (30!2)

1 = land.

90008 17

34
 ......................................................................................................................................................................

Page

ATLANTA 84060J
NX: 40
NY: 40
NI: 14
OH: 4.
on: 4.
CELLIB: 0. ZS. 50. 100. I 50. 200. zso. 300. 400. 500.
100. 900. 1100. 1300. ISOO.
UTHXOR: 660.
UTHYOR: 3665.
!START: o.
TEND: 0.
TI NC: I.
NW I NO: 8
NUPP[R: 4
ISWINO: IO.
RH IN: I.
RHAXI: 40.
RHAX2: 200.
RHAX3: zoo.
RI: 20.
R2: 160.
NINTRP: 4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 z 2 2 z
NIPRNT: 1
!PRO: .1
I PR I: -1
w I PR2: .1
Lil IPR): ,I
IPR4: .1
IPR5: .J
IPR6: -1
IPR/: .\
ICALC: 1
IOUID: I
HTFAC: I.
NI HR: 50
DIVLIH: 1.0(-06
I OBR: 0
NUHBAR: 0
IJULTW: 1
NSMTH: 4
IDTRP: I
flXTRP: 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. o. 0. o. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0.
GAMMA: 2. 5 3. 5 4.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3. I
] . 7 1.0 - 3. 2 -6.0 -7.6 -9.0 .g. 5 .g.e
· 10. 0 -9.8 -9.6 -9.3 -8.6 - I. 3 -5.0 -0.5
CRllfN: 1.0
If RRAO: 50.0
TIH: 300.0
IFRAOJ: I
1K IN!: 1
ALPHA: 0. I
UH: l. 6 ?.6 2.6 2. 6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6
2. 6 2. 7 2.7 2. I 2.8 2.8 7.8 2.9
2.9 • ? .9 3.0 ).0 2,q 2. e 2.6 2.5
VH: -1.5 -1.5 - I. 5 -1.5 - I. 5 . I. 5 -1.S . J. 5
-1. 4 . I.) . J. 1 -1.0 -0.9 -0.8 . o. 6 .o. 5
-0.4 -0. l -0.I 0.0 0. I 0.2 0.3 0.4

······································································································································································
EXHIBIT 4-1. Parameter input file for the Diagnostic Wind H::idel.
The minimum radius of influence (RMIN) and maximum radii (RMAX) for the interpo-
lation are specified next. The minimum is assigned some small value (e.g. 1 km) to
ensure that there is no attempt to divide by zero in the inverse-distance-squared
weighting scheme. The maxima vary with height and with type of surface (land or
water). RMAXl is the maximum radius of influence over land areas in the domain at
the surface. This value should reflect the limiting influence of terrain features on
the interpolation at this level. RMAX2 is the maximum over land and aloft; this
value is generally larger than RMAXl because the terrain effects decrease with
height. RMAX3 is the maximum over water at all levels; it must be large enough so
that all grid points located over water are influenced by at least one observation.
For an objective analysis, only RMAXl need be specified. In this case, the value of
RMAXl must be large enough so that every grid point is influenced by at least one
observation. If this criterion is not met, the simulation is aborted.

The next parameters (Rl and R2) control the relative weighting of the wind field
produced in step l of the wind model (hereafter referred to as the first-guess field)
and the observations. Rl is applied at the surface and R2 is used aloft. The degree
of influence of the first-guess field is inversely related to the values of these para-
meters. When considering a single surface station in the interpolation at a grid
point, Rl is the distance from the station at which the observation and the first-
guess field are equally weighted.

The maximum number of stations to be used in the interpolation (NINTRP) is speci-

fied next. This allows only the NINTRP closest stations to be included in the inter-
polation at a grid point and can be more restrictive than the RMAX parameters. The
NINTRP closest stations are used in the interpolation only if they are located within
the. maximum radius of influence of the grid point. This parameter is a function of
observation density. The effect of increasing NINTRP is similar to smoothing,
except that by increasing NINTRP the observations are represented more accurately
in the resulting wind field.

The next nine parameters control the formatted output from the DWM. The user
first specifies the number of levels for which output is to be printed (NZPRNT) and
then sets flags to generate output during various stages of the simulation. If the
!PRO option is invoked, the interpolated u and v wind component fields are printed
for each hour of the simulation. If the IPR! option is invoked, the terrain-adjusted
surface wind component fields are printed (this procedure is used only with the
objective analysis). If the IPR2 option is invoked, the smoothed wind component
fields and the initial divergence fields are printed. If the IPRJ option is invoked, the
final wind speed and direction fields (calculated from the u- and v-component fields)
are printed. If the IPR4 option is invoked, the final divergence field is printed.
IPR5, IPR6, and IPR7 control the printing of the three-dimensional wind fields during
step 1 of the diagnostic wind model. Output can be generated after the kinematic
effects have been calculated, after the slope flows have been added, or after the
Froude number adjustment has been applied. These three flags also control the

90008 15
36
generation of binary output files that can be used to examine each of these complex-
terrain effects. IPR8 controls the printing of the final three-dimensional wind field.

Two additional flags follow, ICALC determines whether the wind fields are to be
calculated. A preliminary run, in which the ICALC option is not invoked, can be used
to ensure that the data are being read properly. IOUTD controls whether the com-
puted wind fields are written to disk. The next parameter (HTF AC) is a multiplica-
tive factor for converting terrain heights to meters.

The maximum number of iterations to be performed in the divergence-minimization

procedure (NITER) is specified next. This value is normally set at 50. The maximum
acceptable divergence (DIVLIM) is also specified; a typical range for this parameter
is l.OE-7 to l.OE-5, If the IOBR option is invoked, the O'Brien adjustment procedure
is used to adjust the vertical velocity profile. The number of barriers to interpola-
tion (NUMBAR) is specified next. If the I3DCTW option is invoked, the full diag-
nostic wind model is exercised.

The number of smoothing passes (NSMTH) is then specified for each vertical layer.
Smoothing can reduce the discontinuities that result from the interpolation and can
also enhance the divergence-minimization procedure. It is important, however, not
to overuse smoothing since this reduces the accuracy with which the data are repre-
sented in the analyzed field. A maximum of two smoothing passes are applied to the
surface layer wind fields, More smoothing may be applied aloft, where less vari-
ability is expected,

This is followed by the vertical extrapolation parameters. IEXTRP is the control

parameter for the vertical extrapolation of surface winds to upper levels, The avail-
able options are summarized in Table 4-2. If IEXTRP equals +3 (surface winds are
extrapolated), the surface wind is multiplied by the values ofFEXTRP (one for each
level above level 1) to estimate the upper-level winds. This option may be used, for
example, when there are very few upper-air soundings available for an area and the
surface data are extrapolated in the vertical with a specified wind profile (e.g.,
logarithmic wind profile), Use of this option is not recommended if the wind fields
from DWM are to be post-processed and converted to UAM input format with the
UAMWIND conversion program (see Volume II, Section 6.5.2) because the vertical
interpolation is performed by UAMWND.

Certain parameters are specified only when step 1 of the DWM is exercised. For
an objective analysis only, these can be omitted. The domain-mean lapse rate
(GAMMA) is specified for 24 hours beginning at 0000 LST and ending at 2300 LST.
This parameter is an estimate of the lapse rate in that region of the domain where
the complex-terrain effects are expected to have the most influence. It is used in
the calculation of the Froude number and also controls the magnitude of the slope
flows.

90008 15
37
This is followed by the critical Froude number (CRITFN), which is usually equal to
1. The distance over which terrain features (TERRAD) influence the air flow is
given next. This parameter should be governed by the dominant scale of the terrain
features. The surface temperature (TINF) is estimated next; it is not necessary to
specify this parameter accurately. If the IFRADJ option is invoked, the Froude
number adjustment is calculated.

If the IKINE option is invoked, the kinematic effects are calculated~ ALPHA is an
empirical parameter that controls the magnitude of the kinematic effects. Recom-
mended values for this parameter range between 0.1 and 0.3.

The next two input records contain the u- and v-components (UM, VM) of the
domain-mean wind specified for the 24-hour period from 0000 LST to 2300 LST. The
domain-mean wind provides the basic flow that is adjusted for complex-terrain
effects in step l of the DWM. The domain-mean wind can be based upon observa-
tions in the region or it can be derived from the National Meteorological Center's
Limited-Area Fine-Mesh Model (LFM) boundary-layer winds. The influence of the
domain-mean wind is strongest in data-sparse areas o-.:er land.

If barriers are used, the UTM coordinates of the barrier endpoints (BARXY) are
specified.

The gridded terrain heights for the domain are contained in a separate file. The ter-
rain heights are defined at the grid cell centers.

Surface type is specified for each grid cell in a separate file. In this file '0' indicates
that the grid cell is located over water and 'l' indicates that the grid cell is located
over land.

4.2.2 Hourly Specific Data

The surface data file (refer to Exhibit 3-2) is generated by the surface preprocessing
program (PRESFC). This file contains a list of the station identifiers and the UTM
coordinates for each surface station, followed by the surface data for each station
and for each time increment (usually hour) of the simulation given in terms of the u-
and v-components. Missing data are identified by 999. A station identifier, LAST,
indicates the end of the data for each hour.

The upper-air data file (refer to Exhibit 3-4) is generated by the upper-air prepro-
cessing program (PREUA). It contains a list of the upper-air station identifiers and
the locations of each of these stations. The u and v wind components for each model
level are given for each station and for each time increment (usually hour) of the
simulation. Missing data are identified by 999. A station identifier LAST indicates
the end of the data for each hour.

90008 15
38
4.3 FILE STRUCTURE

Table 4-3 lists the logical units that are assigned in the Diagnostic Wind Model code
to the various input and output files.

4.4 DATA SPECIFIED WITHIN THE MODEL

Upper limits for the grid dimensions, the number of stations, and the number of bar-
riers are specified in the model through the use of parameter statements. These
values are listed in Table 4-4.

4., OUTPUT

Three-dimensional hourly fields of the final u and v wind components are output by
the DWM. Two-dimensional hourly fields of the wind components during
intermediate steps are also output if requested by the user. This is primarily a
diagnostic tool with which to examine complex-terrain effects calculated in step l of
the DWM,

An additional output file contains the input parameters, the input data for each hour,
information on the divergence minimization procedure, and a listing of ·the final wind
fields. A sample printed output file is given in Exhibit 4-2. Various output options
may be specified to examine other aspects of the simulation.

4.6 Conversion of DWM Files to UAM Input Format

If desired, the program UAMWND may be used to convert the DWM winds to the
UAM-compatible input file format (Figure 4-1). Because the layers in the DWM are
fixed in time and space, and the layers in the UAM may change temporally and
spatially depending on the top of the region (REGIONTOP) and the mixing height
(DIFFBREAK), the winds must be converted from DWM layers to UAM lay~rs. Sec-
tion 6.5.2 of Volume II provides the details regarding the UAMWND conversion pro-
gram.

90006 15

39
 TABLE 4-3. Input and output files for
the Diagnostic Wind Model.

Logical
Unit File Contents Format

12 Input parameters ASCII

7 Surface data ASCII

8 Upper-air data ASCII

5 Gridded terrain ASCII

heights

4 Gridded surface-type ASCII

indicators

6 Printed output file ASCII

9 2-D final gridded Binary

wind components for
each layer

11 2-D wind components Binary

after kinematic
effects have been
calculated

14 2-D wind components Binary

after slope flows
have been added

13 2-D wind components Binary

after Froude-number
adjustment

90008 l7
40
 TABLE 4-4. Data specified within the DWH. ·

Parameter Description Stored Value

NXMAX Maximum number of grid points 50
in the x-direction

NYMAX Maximum number of grid poin~s 50

in they-direction

NZHAX Maximum number of vertical 15

layers

NWINDM Maximum number of wind 100

stations

NUPPRM Maximum number of upper-air 50

wind stations

HAXBAR Maximum number of user-specified 20

barriers

90008 17
41
o o o o O o o e o < • • e o O O O Io o e o o o o o O O o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O • I• 0 0 0 0 0 O o o • o o o • o o o O O • 0 0 IO I O I • • 0 0 0 I IO O O O o o o o o o O o O o o o o O o o o • O O O O O O O O O • O O O O O o O o o o O o • o o O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I I I O O O O I O O O O O • O I O O

AILANIA 840603

6RID DESCRIPTION
NX • 40 NY• 40 NZ 14
OX• 4000.0 DY= 4000.D oz. 25.0 25.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 100.0 100.0 200.0
DZ 100.0 200.0 100.0 200.0
CELL CENTER HEIGHTS• 12.5 37.5 75.0 125.0 115.0
CELL CENTER HEIGHTS 225.0 275.0 350.0 450.0 600.0
CELL CENTER HEIGHTS• 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0

SIMULA I ION OP! IONS

NOHRS • NWIND • 8
NSURF 4 HUPPER• 4
IPAO• -1 IPRl• -1 IPR2• •I IPR3= -1 IPR4= •1
IPR5• -1 IPR6= -1 IPR/• •I IOUTD• 1 ICALC• I

DIVERGENCE MINIMIZATION CRITERIA

MAXIMUM NUMBER Of ITERATIONS= 50
AGC!PTABL! DIV!RGENCE LIMIT• O.lOOE-05

IOBR = 0 I JDC TW

INTERPOLATION CRITERIA

INFLUENCE RADII or STATION DATA: MINIMUM• 1.00

MAXIMUM SURFACE 40.00 MAXIMUM UPPER• 200.00
MAXIMUM WATER. 200.00

NUMBER Of STATIONS USEO • 4 2 2 2 2

NUMBER Of STATIONS USED 2 2 2 2 2

NUMBER Of STATIONS USEO ? 2 2 2

DIAGNOSTIC WINO MODEL PARAMETERS

R SURF • 20.00 R UPPER= 160.00

GAMMA• O.OOJ 0.004 0.004 0.005 O.DOh o.ou~ 0.004 0.004
0.003 0.001-0.003-0.006-D.008-0.009-0.0I0-0.0IO
-0.0IO~O.OIO-O.OI0-0.009-0.009-0.007-0.005-0.001

·····••<•••••·························································································································································
EXHIBIT 4-2. Sanple printed output file from the diagnostic wind nodel.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • O O O • • • • • • • • • • • O • O • O • • • O O O • O o • o ' • o o • o • • 'o ' ' o • • o • • '• ' o ' o • o o o o o o • o o • o ' ' o ' ' ' • o • o o o o • o ' o • o o o o o o o o o • o o o o o o o O O • • • • • • • • • O O • O • O • • • • • • • • O O O O O • • 0 e O o o O I IO I I I I I e I 0

TINF • 300.0
CRJTFN • 1.0 TCRRAO • 50.0
8ETA2 • -1.00-J.OO-I.OO-l.OO-l.OO-I.00-1.00-J.OO
-1.00-1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 ).00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 ).00 1.00 1.00 1.00
IFRAOJ . I KIN[ ALPHA . 0. 10
UN . 2.6
2.6
2.6
2. 7
2.6
2. 7
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.9
2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5
~N .
-1. 5 -1. 5 -1. 5 -1.S - I. 5 -1.5 -1.5 -1. 5
. I. 4 . I. 3 -1. I -1.0 -0.9 -0.8 -0.6 -0.5
-0.4 -0.3 -0. I 0.0 0. I 0.2 0.3 0.4
ATLANU 840603
HUA IN HEIGHTS (H)
---------------------
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 JI 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
1--+--+--+--+--+--+--t--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--•--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
40 I 29 25 28 31 33 21 20 21 20 21 21 21 25 36 33 33 34 37 45 52 69 74 51 50 47 50 46 43 41 39 41 43 42 48 45 45
39 I 24 25 29 28 30 20 20 21 2J 22 21 2? 25 30 31 34 37 43 45 42 53 b8 52 45 4b 46 46 42 40 38 38 31 39 40 41 40
38 I 26 26 2S 21 25 19 21 20 24 23 21 24 22 28 37 36 39 47 42 40 40 46 48 44 44 43 42 39 38 35 JS 36 38 39 38 36
37 I 24 21 21 20 21 21 23 l l 25 2S 23 23 24 21 35 3/ 47 4b 38 37 37 39 43 41 40 38 40 3/ 3S 33 35 35 38 37 36 35
36 I 22 21 20 20 22 24 26 22 27 25 24 24 26 31 32 37 41 40 3/ 34 35 36 39 38 36 36 35 JS 35 33 35 36 33 34 34 34
35 I 24 22 19 19 22 21 21 24 21 29 21 2S 26 29 36 31 34 38 36 32 32 32 35 33 35 36 37 38 37 35 34 33 34 36 33 30
34 I 24 19 19 20 26 27 28 25 28 28 27 21 31 31 41 33 34 38 JS 30 29 32 31 31 33 36 36 39 40 31 33 34 36 37 33 28
33 I 20 19 20 24 25 24 24 27 27 2S 26 21 35 37 39 31 34 35 32 29 34 33 34 34 JS 37 38 38 37 JS 33 36 37 JS 33 28
32 I 2S 21 20 21 22 21 22 24 24 2S 25 28 32 30 32 30 28 27 30 33 34 35 36 3S 35 40 36 35 33 33 33 3/ 35 33 30 21
31 I 23 21 23 23 21 23 21 23 24 24 23 29 29 28 31 28 29 33 33 31 32 32 34 34 34 36 36 33 33 33 3S 36 34 31 31 28
30 I 23 23 24 24 24 25 23 21 23 23 23 77 28 27 28 27 29 33 31 29 31 32 32 34 34 37 35 33 33 36 37 32 29 30 28 26
29 I 28 27 25 25 25 25 23 21 21 21 21 25 27 28 27 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 32 33 34 35 JI 32 34 35 lb 30 28 21 21 27
28 I 28 29 21 26 25 22 22 21 21 24 26 24 25 27 28 32 29 29 29 30 32 33 34 32 34 33 30 31 31 33 36 33 29 27 25 25
27 I 26 2/ 27 26 74 75 ?b 75 ?S 78 78 25 26 77 29 33 30 30 34 32 33 33 32 32 32 30 29 30 30 33 3S 32 30 29 29 25
26 I 2S 21 28 26 24 26 30 32 28 29 26 28 27 28 31 31 30 32 33 31 29 29 32 31 28 29 31 32 30 33 34 32 30 32 29 21
2S I 76 79 21 26 ?5 26 ?9 3? ?7 29 zq ?9 30 78 32 32 34 33 31 31 28 30 28 28 29 30 30 30 30 33 32 31 30 28 28 27
24 I 27 28 27 27 29 31 35 33 29 21 29 32 32 31 30 31 33 32 30 29 30 32 30 29 30 29 28 29 29 31 30 28 29 28 21 26
73 I 30 32 36 35 31 38 39 36 30 29 31 33 30 29 27 30 32 31 29 28 30 29 30 29 30 28 27 27 29 31 31 29 26 26 26 2S
22 I 34 36 35 35 36 37 38 35 30 32 33 30 29 28 27 29 29 31 29 27 28 29 28 29 32 30 29 21 30 30 30 30 26 25 26 21
~i19 :I ~~32 ~~
35
~,
40
~~ ~~
37 38
~138 ~;36 ~:35 ~~ ~~
33 30
~l30 ~i30 ~:32 ~~
31
~127 ~= ~g ~~ ~: ~~ ~= ~~ ~: ~g ~~ ~g ~, ~~ ~~ ~, ~~ i: ~~ i~ i~-~~
28 26 26 27 28 29 30 30 30 28 28 21 25 25 28 25 24 26 24 23 23
18 I 35 35 38 39 .18 35 34 J4 JS 3J 33 35 33 31 28 24 24 25 28 JO 30 29 29 27 26 26 26 26 24 25 24 22 24 23 23 23
II I 34 3/ 38 39 36 33 33 37 35 33 32 34 30 29 26 24 26 28 28 30 28 26 25 24 24 24 25 2/ 26 24 21 71 23 23 22 22
16 I 3/ 36 36 36 34 32 33 34 32 30 29 28 27 25 23 24 25 27 28 JO 29 27 25 25 24 22 23 24 25 25 22 20 22 23 21 24
15 I 35 34 34 33 33 32 35 36 35 33 28 25 23 26 2~ 24 27 29 30 30 28 28 26 26 25 24 23 23 23 24 24 20 21 22 21 23
14 I 30 32 33 31 30 32 34 33 36 32 25 24 24 27 28 28 29 29 28 29 21 27 ?6 24 23 24 23 21 21 23 24 21 20 21 22 24
13 I 29 32 JI 30 JU 31 31 29 30 26 l2 14 26 29 29 30 29 28 27 27 21 27 27 25 23 12 22 22 21 23 23 22 19 21 23 23
12 I 28 29 JO 30 31 30 32 29 25 23 22 23 26 29 JO 21 27 21 28 26 2~ 27 25 24 23 73 25 22 21 20 20 19 19 21 20 20
II I 21 28 29 32 32 29 21 24 23 21 22 24 25 29 29 21 28 26 27 21 25 27 27 26 26 25 23 22 21 21 20 19 18 19 19 20
JO I 31 31 32 34 29 28 22 22 23 23 25 26 28 29 28 21 28 28 26 21 26 26 28 28 26 25 25 24 23 23 21 18 18 18 19 20
9 I 33 30 JO 32 28 23 23 24 23 23 25 21 21 28 27 26 26 26 26 27 25 26 21 26 21 26 25 23 21 21 21 19 16 16 18 19

• o e o o e e o e o o e o • o e o o o O O O O • a O O O O I O • O O O O o O o a O O o o o O e ea e ••I O • I • 0 • • • 0 • 0 • a O I• 0 I e • I •I• 0 e I IO e e e • e e O e e e • 0 e O e • e e e • 0 e O e • 0 e e e e O e e O • I • I I e I I • I I e I I I I e f I I I e e. I e I e I I e I e I e I If If I e I I I I ff I I

E½HIBIT 4-2. Continued.

'
 ············································································································.··························································
8 32 30 28 27 23 22 ZS 24 ?4 24 21 28 ?/ 27 28 26 ZS 2S 26 21 24 24 26 ZS ?4 ?S 24 24 23 20 21 18 16 17 I 7 19
7 30 28 28 24 22 24 24 23 Z3 23 25 28 27 26 27 21 2S 24 25 25 24 26 21 26 23 22 22 22 23 22 22 19 18 15 17 18
6 JI 26 24 23 21 23 24 23 21 22 25 27 21 26 21 28 28 25 24 24 24 24 26 26 24 23 22 21 22 22 21 20 19 IS 17 IS
s 27 23 22 21 22 23 22 21 22 23 23 26 27 26 25 26 27 25 24 2J 24 25 27 28 26 24 22 21 20 20 19 17 I 7 IS JS 17
4 25 24 23 22 20 21 20 21 23 2J 24 ZS 27 26 24 24 24 24 23 23 25 27 28 21 26 23 23 21 19 20 20 17 15 14 IS 16
3 2J 24 2J 21 19 19 21 22 22 23 2S 2 I 28 21 ZS 23 23 24 23 25 26 27 21 25 24 2S 22 21 19 18 19 19 I 7 14 14 IS
2 22 22 22 21 21 20 22 21 22 ZS 2S 26 27 26 26 2S 23 23 24 26 26 26 26 25 24 2S 23 22 19 16 16 16 16 14 13 14
I 21 22 22 20 19 20 21 22 23 23 25 21 2S 23 23 24 24 23 24 24 2S 25 26 25 23 .2S 22 21 20 19 18 17 15 14 12 14
37 JS 39 40
--•--t---t--t
40 38 40 41 44
39 37 38 41 35
38 JS 39 35 25
37 38 35 29 25
36 JS 30 28 24
35 30 26 24 24
34 26 ZS 23 22
33 2S ZS 2S 26
32 25 27 26 2S
31 24 24 21 26
30 24 24 26 26
29 26 24 23 24
28 24 23 22 2S
21 24 23 22 23
26 26 Zl 24 24
2S 26 26 26 2S
24 24 25 2S 2S
23 24 24 24 24
~
22 26 24 24 23
~
21 25 24 24 23
20 ZS 24 24 23
19 ZS 24 24 22
18 24 23 24 22
17 ZS 22 21 22
16 22 23 21 19
IS 20 21 21 20
14 21 18 20 20
IJ 21 19 18 19
12 19 20 19 18
11 19 l 7 19 I 7
10 17 16 17 I 7
9 18 16 1S 18
8 16 15 15 I 7
7 17 16 16 IS
6 18 17 15 IS
s 18 16 IS IS
4 IS IS IS 14
3 14 IS ls 14
2 IJ 14 IS 14
I 13 14 ls IS
ARRAY HAS BHN SCALlO 81 0.1 !<00 fOR PRINTING
HMAK ARRAY
----------
'

O O O ~ I O O o o o O o o O O O O O , 0 o O o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o O o O O O O O O O O O o o O O O O O • 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 o, 0 t O t t O O O O t O O O O O • t O O t O O O O O O O a t • 0 O O O O • 0 0 0 t • t O O O t • 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0. 0 0 0 0 0. 0 • 0 t O O t • t O O O t O IO t t t O ~ 0 0 • e Ott t. 0 0 t O t

EXHIDIT 4-2. Continued.

......................................................................................................................................................................
l 2 3 4 S b I 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 1S lb JI 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 26 21 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 JS 36
40 1--·--·--·--·-··--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--··-··-··-·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·-········--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·
33 36 31 31 41 41 41 S2 69 74 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 74 74 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 S2 SO
39 33 36 37 41 41 41 47 52 69 14 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 14 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74
74 74 74 S2 50
38 33 36 31 47 47 41 41 S2 69 74 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 )4 74 74 74 74
74 74 14 52 SO
37 33 37 47 47 47 47 47 S2 69 74 74 74 74 14 74 74 74 74 14 74 74 74 74 74 74 14 14 14 14 74 74
74 74 74 S2 SO
36 JS JI 41 41 41 47 41 41 S3 69 74 74 74 74 74 14 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74
74 14 68 52 SO
JS 36 37 47 41 41 41 41 41 S2 69 74 74 74 74 74 14 14 14 74 14 74 74 74 )4 74 74 74 14 14 74 74
74 74 52 SO SO
34 38 39 47 47 47 41 41 47 47 SJ 69 74 74 74 74 74 74 14 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74
74 68 52 50 50
33 39 39 47 41 47 41 41 41 47 S2 69 14 14 74 14 74 14 14 14 14 14 14 74 74 74 74 74 14 74 74 74
74 S2 SO SO SO
32 39 39 47 47 47 41 41 41 41 47 Sl 69 74 74 74 74 14 74 14 14 14 14 14 74 14 74 74 14 74 )4 14
68 52 50 50 48
JI 40 40 47 47 41 47 41 47 41 47 41 53 69 74 14 74 14 74 14 14 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 14 74 68
S2 SO SO 48 48
JO 40 40 40 47 47 47 47 47 41 47 47 47 SJ 69 14 14 14 14 14 14 74 74 74 74 14 14 14 14 14 68 52
SO SO 48 48 48
29 40 40 40 47 41 41 41 47 47 47 47 47 47 S3 68 69 14 )4 14 14 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 69 69 S2 SO
49 49 49 49 48
29 40 40 40 40 47 47 41 41 41 41 41 47 47 41 41 53 68 69 14 14 14 74 74 14 74 68 68 S2 SO 48 48
48 48 48 48 48
21 40 40 40 40 47 47 47 47 41 41 41 47 47 47 47 47 47 Sl 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 52 48 48 46 46 43
42 41 41 41 41
26 40 40 40 40 40 47 47 47 41 41 4) 41 47 41 41 41 41 41 41 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 44 44 43 42 40
40 40 40 40 40
25 40 40 40 40 40 40 47 47 41 41 41 41 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 41 41 47 47 43 43 43 41 40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40 40
24 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 47 47 47 41 47 47 41 47 47 47 47 47 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40 40
23 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 41 41 41 47 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40 40 40 38 JI
22 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 47 41 47 47 47 47 4) 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40 40 J) 37 )7
21 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 39 39 38 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
37 37 37 37 37
20 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 39 39 38 JI ·37 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 JI 37
37 JI JI 37 37
19 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 39 38 38 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37
37 37 37 37 37
18 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 39 38 38 35 JS 31 37 37 31 31 37 31 31 31
JI 37 37 36 36
JI 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 38 39 37 36 JS JS JS JS 36 36 36 36 36 36
36 36 36 36 36
16 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 38 38 37 36 JS JS 35 34 35 35 36 36 36 36
36 36 36 JS JS
15 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 38 38 37 37 36 35 35 35 33 34 34 JS 35 35 35
35 JS JS 34 34
14 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 38 38 )7 31 36 35 35 34 33 33 33 34 34 34 34
34 34 34 33 32
13 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 38 38 37 31 36 36 35 35 33 32 32 33 33 33 33 33
33 33 32 31 31
12 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 38 31 37 31 36 36 35 34 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
32 32 JI 31 JI
II 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 38 JI JI JI 36 36 36 35 33 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
32 JI JI JO 30
10 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 39 37 37 37 31 36 36 3S 34 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 30
30 30 JO 30 29
9 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 39 31 JI JI JI 36 36 36 34 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 30 30 30
29 29 29 28 28
8 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 )9 39 39 37 )7 37 37 )6 36 )6 )4 31 )0 30 30 30 30 30 30 )0 )0 28
28 28 28 28 28
7 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 39 39 39 39 )/ 31 ll 31 36 36 )6 36 32 30 )0 )0 JO 30 30 30 JO 30 Z9 28
28 28 ZS Z8 28
6 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 37 31 37 37 36 36 36 36 36 32 30 30 30 30 30 30 JO 30 30 29 28 28
28 28 Z8 28 28
S )9 )9 39 39 39 )9 )9 31 JI )I )I )6 36 36 36 J6 36 J2 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 JO JO 29 Z8 28 ze 28 28 28 28 28
4 ll 31 37 37 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 32 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 29 29 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28
3 JS 35 JS 36 J6 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 32 30 30 30 30 JO 30 30 30 29 29 28 28 28 28 29 28 28 28 28 28 28
2 34 14 14 14 14 36 Jo 36 36 36 36 l6 34 12 10 30 10 10 30 10 30 10 29 28 28 28 28 Z8 28 28 ze 20 2a 28 20 za
I 34 34 34 34 34 34 J4 34 34 34 34 34 32 30 JO 30 30 30 30 JO 29 29 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 21
31 38 39 40
40 1--·--·--·--·
I50 SO 49 48
39 I 50 SO 48 48
38 I SO 50 48 48
31 I 50 50 48 48
36 I SO 48 48 48
35 I 50 48 48 48
34 I 48 48 48 48
33 I 48 48 48 48
32 I 48 48 48 48
JI I 48 48 48 48
30 I 48 48 48 48
29 I 48 48 48 45

o o o o o o o o • o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o • o o o o o o o o o o o o • o o o o o o o o o o o • • • • • • • o • • o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o • o o o o o o o o o • o • o • o o o • • • • o • o • o o o o o o o o o o o o o o O o o o O O O • 0 o • o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o O o O O t t O O O O O I I I 0

E:XIIIBIT 4-2. Continued.

 •' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • t O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O t O O O O O O O O O O O O O t O O O O O O t O O O O t O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O t O O t O O t O O O O O O t t O O t O O t O t O O t O O O O O O O O O O O • • • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t t O O O O O t O t O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O • 0

28 48 4S 4S 44
21 41 41 41 41
26 40 40 39 39
25 40 38 38 38
24 31 31 31 31
23 31 31 31 31
12 31 31 31 31
21 31 31 31 36
20 31 31 36 36
19 36 36 36 JS
18 36 36 35 34
17 35 35 34 32
16 34 34 32 32
I5 33 32 32 31
14 32 31 31 30
13 31 31 30 30
12 30 30 30 28
11 30 29 26 21
10 28 28 27 27
9 28 21 26 26
8 27 26 25 25
1 27 26 2S 25
6 27 26 25 25
5 26 25 2S 25
4 26 25 24 24
3 26 25 24 24
2 26 25 24 23
I 26 25 23 22
ARRAY HAS BE£• SCALEO BY 0. IE•OO FOR PRINTING
ATLANTA 840603
.,,.
o. SURFACE TYPE
------------
I 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--•--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
40 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
39 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
38 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
31 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
36 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
35 10 10 ID 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
34 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
33 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 IO 10 10 10 10
32 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 I0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 IO IO 10 10 10
31 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 I0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
30 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
29 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
28 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
27 10 10 I0 10 10 10 10 10 10 I0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 I0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
26 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 IO IO 10 10 ·10
25 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
24 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
23 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
22 10 10 10 10 10, 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

......................................................................................................................................................................
E¼UDI'l' 4-2. Continued.
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o o o o o o f o f f • o o o Io I • f o o I o o o o o o o o o o o o o o • o o I Io• f I f f o Io I IO f e I IO I I e I I I If • f o e • I o C I• 0 o o I O e I e I I o f • o o • • e Io f • f • e I O e f f I I If f I I I e I I• • • • • • o o o o • • • • • o • I I If• o • f I I If• I I I I e I If f I I I I I I I e I I

7 10 10 10 10
6 10 10 10 10
5 10 10 10 10
4 10 10 10 10
3 10 10 10 10
2 10 10 10 10
I 10 10 10 10
ARRAY HAS BEEN SCAL£0 BY 0.1£•02 FOR PRINTING

GRIOOEO WINO STATIONS COORDINATES

HO. 1S JS HANE
I 18 19 CBA
2 23 22 PTA
3 18 23 008
4 24 11 OEK
5 71 -49 1221
6 -44 -5 7222
7 46 24 1231
8 -29 81 7232

SUMMARY Of DIVERGENCE NINIHIZATION

L[V[l ITCRATJONS NAXINUN OIVCRG[NC[ (/SEC)
I 30 0.96If-06
2 26 0.979[-06
3 21 0.960[-06
4 13 0.986[-06
5 8 0.962[-06
6 5 0.952[-06
7 4 0. 823£ -06
8 2 0.788[-06
9 I 0.597£-06
10 I 0.230[-06
11 0 0.2b7E-06
12 0 0.694[-07
13 0 0.180[-07
14 0 0.469[-08
ATLANTA 840b03

INPUT DATA AT TIN[ , 0. HOURS (SIMULATION HOUR NO. 1 )

SURFACE WINO DATA

STATION U-CHPI V-CMPT WEIGHTING

M/SEC H/S[C

• • • • • • ., • o • • • • • • o • • o o o o • • o o • o • o • f • f Of f • f f • • f t f f • f • f • • • • f f • t • • • • • o • o o • • • • o' • o • • o ~ • • o • • • • • o • o o • o o o o o o ff • • o o o I o I I • • f • I • • f f I I f • I• f • t f • • f • • • O f O I I I f I • o o I o I f IO f f f I I I IO I IO f I e I

E:XHIBIT 4-2. Continued.

 ............................................................................................................................................... ' ..................... .

CSA 0.9 0.5 1.00

PTA
008
999.0
1.B
999.0 I. Ull '
-1.0 1.00
OEK O.B -0.] I.OU

UPPER AIR WINO DATA

-------------------
STATION
-- . U-CHPT
LE VE L I . -- - - - LIVIL 2 - ..Lt Vt L J . -. - - . LI VIL 4 . .. ... LEVEL 5 ---
V-CHPT U-CHPT V-CHPT U-CHPT V-CHPT U-CHPT V-CNPT U-CHPT V-CHPT
N/S H/S H/S H/S H/S H/S H/S H/S H/S H/S
7221 2.l 2.] l. 1 2.2 4.2 2. 1 5.6 0.2 6.8 -2.2
7?22 - I. 2 - I. 6 -0. 4 -2. 1 0.9 -3.0 2.6 - 4. I 4.3 - 5. 2
7231 3.3 -0.8 4.0 - I. 3 4.8 -2.0 5. l · l. 0 5.8 -4.0
7232 999.0 999.0 999.0 999.0 999.0 999.0 999.0 999.0 999.0 999.0

UPPER AIR WINO DATA

-------------------
--- l IVEL 6 .-- . - . LI VIL 7 --- --- LI VE l 8 ... LIVEL 9 -. - ... LEVEL JO - - -
STATION U-CHPT V-CHPT U-CHPT V-CNPT U-CHPT V-CHPT U-CHP! V-CHPT U-CHPT V-CHPT
H/S H/S H/S H/S H/S H/S H/S H/S H/S H/S
122l 8. 1 - 4. 7 8.9 -6.4 8.4 -6.9 1. 8 -7.6 6.9 -8.3
7222 4.5 -5.4 4.5 -5. 4 4.5 -5.4 4.5 - 5. 4 4.4 -4,9
7231 6.3 -5 .0 6.8 -5.9 7.6 -1. 4 6.2 -1. 2 3.3 -6.1
1232 O.J 2.0 1.9 -0, 1 4.4 .J.5 7. 0 -1.0 6. 7 -6. 7
...,.r., UPPER AIR WIU DATA
-------------------
--- LE VEI 11 ... . .. LI VEL 12 ... .. - LEVEL 13 --- -.- LI VE L 14 . - . . .. L[VEL
STATION U-CHPT V-CHPT U-CHPT V-CHPT U-CHPT V-CHPT U-CHPT V-CHPT U-CNPT V-CHPT
H/S N/S H/S H/S H/S H/S H/S H/S N/S N/S
1221 6.1 -7.J 5. I -6.5 4.0 · 5. 7 J.9 -4.9
7222 4.J -4. 1 4.J -2.9 3 .6 · -2.2 2.5 -1. 1
12 J 1 2.0 -4.2 2.2 -2.3 4. 7 -2. I 5.5 -2.4
1232 6.3 -6. 1 6.2 - 5. 3 5.5 .J.2 5.0 - 1.2
ATLANTA 840603
FINAL WINO FIELD AT TIME 0. (SIMULATION HOUR NO. 1 )
---- - . -- - - --- ---------------------------------------·----------
X-COHPONENT OF WINO (U) AT LEVEL . (H/S[C)
------------------ --- -- -- -- --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------
I 2 J 4 5 6 1 B 9 JO 11 12 13 I 4 I 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2J 24 25 26 27 28 29 JO 31 32 33 34 35 36
- •. +--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--•--•--+--+--+--+--+--+--t--+--+--+--+
40 I1--+- -+--+-
26 26 ··--·--
26 27 26 21·-··--·
25 zz --·~-·---·- .•. -+-
26 24 20 4 5 15 22 22 14 2 1 15 24 29 29 26 24 26 27 26 26 24 22 2J 21 25 26 27
39 I 26 26 26 76 21 26 21 17 24 25 70 4 I 14 20 22 18 1 7 20 22 24 28 29 27 25 26 ?1 71 26 25 24 23 2] 25 26 26
18 I 26 26 26 25 25 25 22 14 21 24 23 13 9 8 12 I 7 17 23 26 26 26 26 21 27 26 26 26 26 26 24 21 19 21 25 26 26
37 I 26 26 26 2 3 22 24 25 I 8 Jl) 24 21 1 1 9 3 6 6 11 24 27 27 26 lb 2b 21 26 75 25 26 25 21 I 3 16 ZZ 25 26 26
36 I 26 25 22 13 10 21 25 22 I 8 24 24 I J 4 0 4 8 18 25 27 26 26 26 26 26 24 22 22 25 26 24 18 21 24·26 26 26
35 I 26 25 ]Q 9 9 19 25 21 12 23 24 20 14 II I 7 20 22 25 2b ?b 26 25 2b 23 11 8 8 20 25 25 23 23 24 26 26 26
34 I 26 24 1 1 • 8 9 21 25 22 14 22 18 8 10 10 22 23 18 24 26 25 24 24 24 18 9 2 I 13 23 24 21 19 21 25 27 27

······································································································································································
EXHIBIT 4-2. Continued.
 • O , O o o o o o o o I o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o O OO I O I I O I O o o O O o o O I O O o O I I
'
O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O I O O O I O O IO O O I I • o o O I O o o o O I o O o o o O I o o O o o Io O O o o o o o o O o 0
0 0 0 0 O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

33 26 21 9 9 17 23 24 22 21 23 17 4 9 11 25 25 21 23 23 24 23 26 27 23 17 13 10 19 24 20 10 16 22 26 27 26
32 26 26 20 16 23 26 25 23 23 21 14 6 17 23 25 24 21 19 16 20 21 21 25 23 17 20 21 24 25 IB 4 10 22 25 26 26
JI 27 28 Z6 25 27 28 26 22 22 21 15 11 21 23 23 20 15 20 20 22 22 22 23 21 17 20 24 24 22 22 18 20 25 26 26 25
30 28 28 28 27 21 28 26 24 24 23 17 17 22 22 20 18 14 20 22 21 21 21 18 14 11 17 23 19 12 19 24 26 26 26 26 25
29 26 27 27 27 25 26 26 26 26 24 20 19 20 17 12 18 JI 20 19 16 19 16 12 14 13 20 23 19 16 21 26 27 26 26 26 26
28 26 26 26 26 25 25 26 21 25 24 24 20 16 12 9 18 19 21 20 17 19 19 18 20 19 23 24 21 22 25 26 26 26 26 26 26
27 26 26 26 26 25 22 23 26 25 24 24 22 16 10 10 18 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 21 22 22 20 15 23 26 26 26 26 26 26 26
26 26 26 26 26 22 10 10 22 24 23 22 22 18 12 15 18 19 18 19 18 18 18 19 19 18 16 20 19 24 26 26 26 26 26 26 21
25 26 26 26 26 25 19 17 23 23 21 20 21 20 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 IB IB 18 18 18 18 20 21 23 25 26 26 26 26 26 27
24 25 26 26 26 26 25 24 25 23 19 14 19 19 18 18 18 18 18 18 11 17 17 17 18 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 26 26 26 27
23 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 25 23 21 18 19 19 18 17 17 17 17 17 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 25 25 26 27
22 26 26 26 26 26 27 21 25 23 ?l 20 19 18 17 16 16 lb 16 16 15 15 16 16 16 16 11 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 25 26 26
21 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 26 23 21 20 19 18 17 15 14 14 13 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 25 26
20 26 26 26 26 27 21 l6 25 22 21 20 19 18 16 15 13 12 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 25 25 26
19 26 26 26 27 21 27 26 25 22 31 20 19 18 16 14 12 11 10 11 12 12 12 11 11 12 13 15 16 18 19 20 21 23 25 25 25
18 26 26 21 21 21 26 26 25 23 21 20 19 18 16 14 13 12 11 11 12 12 11 10 10 11 12 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 25 25 25
17 26 21 21 21 21 26 26 26 23 21 20 20 18 16 15 14 13 12 12 12 12 10 9 9 10 12 13 16 18 19 20 21 22 25 25 25
16 21 21 21 21 26 26 26 26 24 22 21 20 19 17 16 15 14 14 14 13 12 11 10 9 10 12 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 25 25 25
15 27 21 27 27 26 26 27 26 25 23 22 20 19 18 11 16 15 15 15 14 13 12 11 JI 12 13 15 11 18 19 20 21 23 25 25 26
14 27 21 21 27 26 26 27 21 26 24 22 19 19 19 18 17 17 16 16 15 14 13 13 13 13 14 16 11 19 20 21 21 23 25 25 26
13 27 21 21 21 21 21 27 21 26 25 20 15 19 20 19 18 11 11 16 16 15 15 15 15 15 16 II 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 26 26
12 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 26 24 18 14 20 21 21 19 18 18 II 17 11 16 16 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 22 23 25 25 26 26
11 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 26 23 23 21 19 22 23 22 20 20 19 19 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 26
10 21 21 ?1 21 21 21 26 22 15 19 23 24 25 25 24 22 21 20 20 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 22 23 25 25 25 25 26 26
9 21 21 21 21 21 26 26 26 18 12 22 25 26 26 26 25 24 23 22 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 23 25 26 26 25 25 26 26
8 21 21 21 21 24 20 24 26 24 20 25 26 26 26 26 26 2b 25 25 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 25 26 26 26 25 25 26 26
1 21 21 21 26 20 11 22 25 26 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 25 25 26
6 27 21 26 26 22 16 23 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 25 25 26
5 21 21 26 25 22 21 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 21 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 25 25 26
4 21 26 26 26 24 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26
\JI 3 26 26 26 26 25 24 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26
<.:> 2 26 26 26 26 25 24 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26
I 26 26 26 26 26 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26
31 38 39 40
1--t--+- -·--·
40 I 26 26 26 25
39 26 26 26 26
38 26 26 21 26
31 26 21 26 25
36 26 26 25 25
35 26 26 25 25
34 26 25 25 25
33 26 26 26 26
32 25 25 24 26
31 24 22 20 26
30 24 2J 23 26
29 26 26 26 26
28 21 21 26 24
21 21 21 28 21
26 21 21 28 29
25 21 71 28 ?9
24 21 21 28 28
23 71212828
22 27 21 28 28 •
21 21 21 28 28
20 21 21 21 28

•o.Oo I O O • • ~ ~ - 0 OI OO O 00 00 0
OO O O O OoO OOIOIOO I OO OOO O O O OO OOO IO 0 0 0 I O I 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OoOOO I O I O oO I 00 00000 I 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 l o l 1 0 0 o o O 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 OOOQO OOC 4 0 0 o o ~ ~ .. 0 0 0 0 0 1 .. 1< 0
0

E:xHIBI'r 4-2. Continued.

• • • f f • o • o o o o o o o o • • o • • o o • o o o o o • o • o o • • O o • o o o O o o o o o o o o • • o • O • o o of o O • • o o • o O o f o O O o o O • O o O O O O o o o o o o • o o o o o o o o o o O O o O O O o o O o o • o o o o O • o o • o o O f O O • • • • • • • • • • • O O • • O O • a O O O O O O O O O • IO O O O O O I

19 26 2/ 21 ZI
18
17 j~ ~~ 21 21
26 26
16 2S 2S 25 2S
IS 2S 25 2S 2S
14 25 2S 25 25
13 25 25 25 25
12 ZS 25 25 25
11 2S 25 25 25
10 25 25 25 25
9 25 25 25 25
8 25 25 25 25
1 25 75 25 l'J
6 26 25 25 25
s 26 26 25 25
4 26 26 26 26
3 26 26 26 26
2 26 26 26 26
I 26 26 26 26
ARRAY HAS BEEN SCALEO BY 0.1[•02 FOR PRINTIN6
Y-CONPONENT Of WINO (V) Al L[V[L a (H/SEC)

I 2 3 4 5 6 I 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2b 21 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
1--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--t--t--t--+--+--+--•--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·--·
40 l-15-15-15-16-15-JO 5 JO 7 JO 0-20-24-20 -I II 12-12-77-71-19-18-Jl-18-20-Jl-11-l/-1/-lB-21-19-22-19-17-17
39 l-15-15-16-16-15 -8 2 -5 0 -2 -2-11-22-11 -1 8 15 3-14-19-20-19-Jl-17-18-Jl-16-16-16-16-18-18-20-18-17-17
38 l-15-15-16-16-14 -1 I -5 5 -4 I -5-18-22-12 3 10 4-12-16-18-19-11-16-17-Jl-16-16-16-16-19-22-21-17-16-16
37 l-15-15-16-16-10 I 4 9 10 -7 -8 -6 -6-21-23-18-14-ll-15-16-16-17-ll-ll-16-16-16-15-15-16-22-23-18-16-16-16
36 l-15-15-16-18-10 3 -1 8 I -I -5 -2 -8-18-22-23-20-11-16-15-15-16-16-16-16-Jl-16-14-ll -8-19-16-12-14-15-16
35 1-15-14-12-12 I 5 -1 -5-10-11-10 -1 4 I -6-ll-19-18-16-13-JO-ll-13-12-18-23-22-16-15-12-14 -6 0-11-15-16
34 1-14 -9 O -4-10 -8-12-11-19-15-ll-13 -2-I0-12-11-21-18-14 -6 6 3 -3 0-15-22-25-21-17-15 -9 7 7-10-14-15
33 1-13-Jl-13-15-16-15-16-17-18-17-20-23-ll-18-ll-16-18-16 10 3 I 3 2 6 I -1-21-19-17-16-14 l -5-13-15-15
32 1-13 -9-JO-Jl-14-13-15-11-18-20-22-23-19-17-16-14-15-15-12 -1 -7 -9 -2 -9-14-14-11-16-14-l3-18-14-15-15-15-15
ll 1-10 -4 0 -8 -6 -6-10-18-18-19-23-22-ll-15-14-IJ-13 -1-12 -9-13-15-JJ-16-22-20-11-15-JO l -3-14-15-15-15-15
30 I -4 -1 4 2 2 -6-JJ-15-15-14-18-19-16-14-IO -5-ll-10-12-13-13-13-16-21-24-23-18-18-14 2 -7-14-15-15-15-15
29 1-12-10 -6 2 4 -9-13-12 -8 -3 -4-15-16-15-12 -I -4 -8-10· -9 -2 -3-14-19-21-19-18-21-21-12-14-15-15-15-15-15
28 1-15-15-14-10 -1-10-10 -4 l 3 -3-12-14-15-13 -5 -5 -4 -3 -I 2 0-IJ-15-11-15-16-18-18-16-15-15-15-15-15-14
21 l-15-15-15-14-10 -4 -5 -4 2 I -6 -6 -6-13-13 -9 -I -l -l -5 -6 -l-10-12-14-14-15-19-16-15-15-15-15-15-15-14
26 1-15-15-15-14-ll-14-13-12-IO -8 -8 -3 -4-10-10 -9 -8 -1 -7 -8 -9 -9 -9-J0-12-14-13-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-14
25 l-15-15-15-14-13-IJ -5-12-13-11 -6 -3 -4 -5 -8 -9 -9 -9 -9 -8 -I -I -8 -9 -9-ll-12-13-13-14-15-15-15-l5-l5-14
24 l-15-14-14-14-14-13-J0-13-13-JJ-10 -8 -8 -/ -8 -9 -9 -9 -9 -7 -5 -6 -8 -8 -8 -9-ll-12-12-13-14-15-15-15-15-14
73 l-14-14-14-14-15-15-15-14-IO -6 -9 -9 -8 -8 -8 -9 -9 -9 -8 -7 -6 -I -7 -I -8 -8-IO-Jl-12-12-13-14-15-15-14-14
22 l-15-15-15-15-15-16-15-14-11 -8 -9 -9 -8 -I -I -I -7 -7 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -1 -1 -8 -9-JO-ll-12-12-ll-14-15-15-14
21 l-15-15-15-16-16-l6-J6-14-Jl-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -2 -J -4 -5 -5 -6 -6 -1 -8-JO-JJ-IJ-12-13-14-15-15-14
20 1-15-15-15-Jb-16-16-16-14-ll-10 -9 -8 -7 -5 -3 -1 I 2 I -1 -3 -4 -5 -5 -6 -6 -1 -9-10-IJ-12-12-13-14-15-15
19 l-15-IS-15-16-16-16-15-14-11-IO -9 -8 -6 -5 -3 0 2 3 2 -I -2 -4 -4 -4 -5 -6 -1 -9-IO-IJ-ll-12-13-14-15-15
18 l-15-15-lb-lb-16-16-15-14-JJ-10 -9 -8 -7 -5 -3 -1 l 2 I -1 -3 -3 -4 -4 -4 -5 -6 -8 -9-10-11-12-13-14-15-15
11 1-15-15-16-16- 15-15-15- 14-1?-IO -9 -9 -I -5 -4 -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -3 -3 -3 -4 -5 -6 -8 -9-10-ll-12-13-14-15-15
16 1-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-14-12-JJ-10 -9 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -3 -3 -3 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 -5 -b -8 -9-JO-IJ-12-13-14-15-15
15 l-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-14-JI-IO -8 -6 -6 -6 -5 -5 -4 -4 -5 -5 -4 -4 -4 -5 -6 -I -9-10-11- ll-12-13-14-15-15
14 l-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-17-JO . / -1 -6 -/ -b -6 -6 -6 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -6 -1 -8 -9-10-ll-ll-12-13-14-l5-15
13 l-l'J-15-15-15-15-15-15-16-16-13-10-IZ -1 -8 -8 -1 -7 -6 -6 -6 6 -6 -6 -6 -1 -8 .g. J0-11-11-12-13-14-15-15-IS
12 1-15-15-15-15- 15-15-15-16 15 -6 I -9 -9 -9 -9 -8 -8 -I -1 -7 -7 -7 -7 -8 -9 -9-10-ll-ll-l2-12-13-14-15-15-J5
II 1-15-15-15,15-15-15-15-15-14 -6 7 I -8-10-10 9 9 -8 -8 -8 -8 B 9 -9 J0-10-ll-11-12-12-13-14-15-IS-15-15

o f o o t o o o O O O t O O O O O o O O o O O • O o o o O O O • 0 o I O O O O • O O O O O I a • IO • • 0 • • • • 0 • • • 0 • o o • • o o • o • • • • o o • I O O • • I O O • O • o o o o o o o O o • 0 0 I O • • 0 • • 0 0 0 0 0 0 f • • O O • • • o • • O • • O a• 0 • o O o • O o I • f O o O o O • o. • I f I• I • O O O I O O I I 0

E:Xl-lIBIT 4-2, Continued.

 O • o o o o o o O o O o o O O I o I Io o o o o o o o o o O o I I I I o I O I O I I I Io o Io I I I I I I IO I I O o I O I o o I o I I I I O I I Io O I I I o I I I I I IO O O I I I I o o o o I o o O o o o o o o o o o o 1 1 o o o o o o o Io I o o Io o o o o Io I I I o I I I O 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 I 1 1 •
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 l-15-15-15-16-16-14-13-14-13 -4 -6 -8-12-13-12-11-10-10 -9 -9 -9-10-10-ll-11-11-ll-12-12-IJ-14-15-15-15-15-15

9 1-15-15-16-16-14 -9 -3 -6-12-13-14-14-15-15-14-l4-13-12-12-11-ll-11-ll-ll-12-12-12-12-13-14-15-15-15-15-15-15
8 l-15-15-15-15-11 -3 -8-I0-13-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-14-14-13-12-12-12-12-12-12-13-13-14-15-15-15-15-15-15-15
7 1-15-15-15-15-16-14-14-14-14-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15--14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-15-15-15-15-15-15-15
6 1-15-15-15- 15-17-20-16-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-14-14-14-14-14-14-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15
5 1-15-15-15-16-18-17-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-14-14-14-14-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-14-14-14-15-15-15-15
4 l-15-15-15-15-16-15-14-14-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-14-14-14-15-15-15-15-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-15-15-15
3 l-15-15-15-14-14-13-14-14-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-14-14-15-15-15-15-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-1~-14-14-15
2 1-15-15-15-14-IO -4-12-14-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-14-15-15-15-15-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14
1 l-15-15-15-15-13-l0-14-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-14-14-14-15-15-15-15-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14
3) 38 39 40
1--+--+--+--t
40 1-16-16-11-18
39 1-16-16-l/-18
38 1-16-16-11-17
37 1-16-17-16-16
36 1-17-16-15-15
35 1-16-15-14-14
34 1-15-14-12-10
33 1-14 -9 -4 -1
32 1-15-14-11 -9
31 l-16-17-17-12
30 1-16-17-16-13
29 1-14-15-14-14
28 1-14-14-14-16
27 1-13-12-12-13
26 l-13-13-11 -9
V1 25 1-13-13-12-11
N 24 1-13-13-12-12
23 1-13-13-12-12
22 l-13-13-13-12
21 1-14-13-13-13
20 1-14-13-13-13
19 1-14-14-13-13
18 1-15-14-13-13
17 1-15-14-14-14
16 1-15-15-15-15
15 1-15-15-15-15
14 1-15-15-15-15
13 1-15-15-15-15
12 1-15-15-15-15
11 I - I 5 - 15- I 5 - 15
10 1-15-15-15-15
9 1-15-15-15-15
8 1-15-15-15-15
7 1-15-15-15-15
6 1-15-15-15-15
5 l-15-15-15-15
4 1-15-15-15-15
3 1-15-15-15-15
2 1-15-15-15-15
I 1 - 15- 15- 15 - 15
ARRAY HAS BllN SCALED BY 0.1(•02 fOR PRINTING

o o o o o o o o a o o o o I o ~ 1 o o o o o o o o o o o I O o I I I I I O o o O o I o o o o o o O I I I I I I I I I O I I IO O I O I I O O I IO I O O O O •IO I I I I I O O O O O O I I I O I O O O O I I Io I O I O I I I o I O o o I I o o o o o o o I o O I Io o Io I o o o I I I Io o o o 1 1 1 o o 1 1 1 1 1 1 o 1 1 1 1 IO 1

EXHIBIT 4-2" Corcluded_

 References

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53