Muit, MilJune F.

Beronio, Jay Christoffer P.

APPLIED ECONIMICS:

1. Business Concept (Applied Economics):

 Question: Identify a product or service, analyze market demand and competition, and
discuss economic factors influencing the business.
 Solution Process: This section requires market research and economic analysis. To
illustrate, let's assume the chosen product is a mobile phone repair service.
 Product/Service: Mobile phone repair (screen replacement, battery replacement,
software repair).
 Market Demand & Competition: Research local demand for phone repairs. Analyze existing
competitors (their pricing, services offered, customer reviews). Consider factors like
population density, average income, and the prevalence of smartphones.
 Economic Factors: Analyze factors like inflation, consumer spending, unemployment rates,
and the availability of skilled labor. These factors affect pricing strategies, operating costs,
and overall profitability.
 Answer: A mobile phone repair service is chosen due to high demand and a relatively low
barrier to entry. Competition exists, but differentiation can be achieved through specialized
services, faster turnaround times, or superior customer service. Economic factors like
inflation will influence pricing, while unemployment might affect labor costs.
 Key Concepts/Tips: Conduct thorough market research using surveys, competitor analysis,
and economic data. Develop a unique selling proposition (USP) to stand out from the
competition.

2. Financial Planning (Business Finance):

 Question: Create a budget including startup costs, operational expenses, and projected
revenue; determine the break-even point and profit margins; and discuss funding
sources.
 Solution Process: This requires creating a financial model. Using the mobile phone
repair service example:
 Startup Costs: Purchase tools and equipment (e.g., repair kits, soldering iron), rent or
lease space, initial marketing expenses.
 Operational Expenses: Rent, utilities, salaries/wages, marketing, supplies.
 Projected Revenue: Estimate the number of repairs per month, average repair cost, and
revenue projections for the first year.
 Break-Even Point: Calculate the point where total revenue equals total costs.
 Profit Margins: Calculate the profit margin (profit/revenue).
 Funding Sources: Explore options like personal savings, small business loans, or
investors.
 Answer: A sample budget, break-even analysis, and profit margin calculation will be
provided based on estimated costs and revenue. Funding sources could include a small
business loan or personal investment. (Specific numbers would need to be estimated
based on market research).
  Key Concepts/Tips: Use realistic cost estimates and revenue projections. Explore
different funding options and their associated terms and conditions.

3. Record Keeping (Accounting):

 Question: Develop a simple accounting system using journals for sales, expenses, and
payroll.
 Solution Process: This involves setting up a basic accounting system.
 Sales Journal: Record all sales transactions (date, description, and amount).
 Expense Journal: Record all expense transactions (date, description, and amount).
 Payroll Journal: Record employee salaries and wages (date, employee name, amount).
 General Ledger: Summarize all transactions from the journals.
 Answer: A simple example of a sales journal, expense journal, and payroll journal will be
provided. The general ledger would then summarize these entries.
 Key Concepts/Tips: Maintain accurate and organized records. Use accounting software if
available.

4. Reflection:

 Question: Write a reflective piece discussing what was learned through the research process
and how it applies to understanding the Philippine government.
 Solution Process: This requires reflecting on the research and analysis conducted for the
business plan. Consider the challenges encountered, lessons learned, and how the process
improved understanding of economic principles and their application in a specific context.
Relate this to the broader context of the Philippine government's role in the economy.
 Answer: A reflective essay will be written discussing the learning process, challenges, and
insights gained from creating the business plan. The essay will connect these learning’s to
the role of the Philippine government in supporting small businesses and the overall
economy. (This will require further research on Philippine government policies and
programs supporting small businesses).

Muit, MilJune F.
Beronio, Jay Christoffer P.
BUSSINESS MATH:

1. Projected Income Statement:

 Question: Create a projected income statement for the first year and explain the importance
of maintaining accurate financial records.
 Solution Process: To create a projected income statement, we need to build upon the
previous financial planning. Let's use the mobile phone repair service example again. We'll
need to estimate:
 Revenue: Total revenue from repairs (number of repairs x average repair cost).
 Cost of Goods Sold (COGS): The direct costs associated with each repair (parts, supplies).
 Gross Profit: Revenue - COGS.
 Operating Expenses: Rent, utilities, salaries, marketing, etc.
 Operating Income: Gross Profit - Operating Expenses.
 Net Income: Operating Income - Taxes and other deductions.

The importance of accurate financial records lies in their role in decision-making, tracking
profitability, securing funding, and complying with regulations. Inaccurate records can lead to
poor decisions, financial losses, and legal issues.

 Answer: A sample projected income statement will be created based on estimated revenue,
COGS, and operating expenses. The importance of maintaining accurate financial records
will be explained. (Specific numbers will need estimations).
 Key Concepts/Tips: Use realistic estimates for revenue and expenses. Consider potential
risks and uncertainties. Regularly review and update financial records.

2. Mathematical Calculations (Business Math):

 Question: Calculate total costs, revenue, and profits; use percentages to analyze profit
margins and expenses; and solve problems related to pricing strategies.
 Solution Process: This involves using basic mathematical calculations to analyze financial
data from the projected income statement.

 Total Costs: Sum of all costs (COGS + operating expenses).

 Revenue: Total income from sales.
 Profit: Revenue - Total Costs.
 Profit Margin: (Profit / Revenue) * 100%.
 Expense Ratios: (Specific Expense / Revenue) * 100%.
 Pricing Strategies: Analyze different pricing strategies (cost-plus pricing, value-based
pricing, competitive pricing) and their impact on profit margins.
 Answer: Calculations for total costs, revenue, profit, profit margin, and expense ratios will
be shown. Different pricing strategies and their effects on profitability will be discussed.
(Numbers will be based on the previous income statement estimations).
 Key Concepts/Tips: Understand the relationships between costs, revenue, and profit. Use
percentages to compare financial data over time or across different periods.
3. Presentation:

 Question: Prepare a 10-minute presentation summarizing the business plan, emphasizing

how each subject area contributed to the overall strategy, and include visual aids.
 Solution Process: This involves creating a concise and engaging presentation that effectively
communicates the key aspects of the business plan. The presentation should highlight the
integration of applied economics, business finance, and accounting. Visual aids like charts
and graphs should be used to illustrate financial data.
 Answer: A presentation outline will be provided, including key points for each section and
suggestions for visual aids. The outline will emphasize the interconnectedness of the
different subject areas.
 Key Concepts/Tips: Use clear and concise language. Use visuals effectively to enhance
understanding. Practice the presentation to ensure it fits within the time limit.

4. Reflection:

 Question: After the presentations, each group will write a short reflection on what they
learned about the interconnections between these disciplines.
 Solution Process: This requires reflecting on the entire process of developing the business
plan and presenting it. The reflection should focus on the relationships between applied
economics, business finance, and accounting, and how they work together to create a
successful business.
 Answer: A sample reflection will be provided, highlighting the key learning’s and insights
gained from the project. (This will be based on the overall experience of the business
plan development).

 To give you the most accurate and detailed answers, I still need some information. Could
you please provide estimates for the following, based on your chosen business idea:

 Startup costs: (e.g., equipment, rent, licenses)

 Monthly operating expenses: (e.g., rent, utilities, salaries, marketing)
 Projected monthly revenue: (e.g., number of customers, average price per service)

Muit, MilJune F.
Beronio, Jay Christoffer P.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH:

1. Defining the Scope:

 Specific Sector: Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) in Misamis

Oriental.
 Geographical Focus: Misamis Oriental province, Philippines.
 Time Period: The last 3 years (2021-2023).
 Types of Corruption: Bribery, ghost projects, inflated costs, bid rigging, and
nepotism/favoritism.

2. Research Questions:

 What is the prevalence of corruption in DPWH projects in Misamis Oriental during

2021-2023?
 What types of corruption are most prevalent in DPWH projects across Misamis
Oriental? Are there variations across municipalities?
 What factors contribute to corruption in DPWH projects in Misamis Oriental (e.g.,
local political influence, weak oversight, lack of transparency, community
engagement)?
 How does corruption in DPWH projects impact the quality of infrastructure and the
socio-economic development of Misamis Oriental?
 What are the perceptions and experiences of various stakeholders (residents,
contractors, local government officials, civil society groups) regarding corruption
in DPWH projects within Misamis Oriental?
 What strategies can effectively mitigate corruption and enhance transparency and
accountability in DPWH projects within Misamis Oriental?

3. Research Methodology:

Quantitative Methods:

 Access DPWH data (if publicly available) on projects in Misamis Oriental for 2021-
2023. This may be challenging due to data accessibility.
 If possible, obtain data from the Commission on Audit (COA) reports on DPWH
projects in Misamis Oriental.
 Consider a survey of residents in different municipalities to assess their perceptions
of corruption in DPWH projects. This would require careful design and ethical
review.

Qualitative Methods:
 Conduct semi-structured interviews with key informants:
 DPWH officials in Misamis Oriental (if accessible and cooperative).
  Contractors involved in DPWH projects across the province.
 Local government officials from various municipalities.
 Representatives from civil society organizations working on anti-corruption or
infrastructure in Misamis Oriental.
 Analyze news articles, reports, and other media coverage related to DPWH projects
in Misamis Oriental.

4. Data Collection:

 Quantitative Data: This will heavily depend on the availability of public data. If
surveys are used, a pilot test is crucial.
 Qualitative Data: Develop interview guides tailored to each stakeholder group.
Establish contact with potential interviewees and gain access to relevant documents.

5. Data Analysis:

 Quantitative Data: Descriptive statistics will be used. Correlations between

variables should be interpreted cautiously due to potential data limitations.
 Qualitative Data: Thematic analysis will be used to identify recurring themes and
patterns in interview transcripts and documents.

6. Report Writing:

The report will follow the standard structure, acknowledging the limitations of the
research given potential data constraints.