Error Control in Communication

Error and Flow Control in Communications

System Architecture

Sensor Nodes

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Communication Protocol
▪ The combination of framing, flow control, and error
control to achieve the delivery of data from one node to
another.

▪ The protocols are normally implemented in software

by using one of the common programming languages.

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Classification of Protocols

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

NOISELESS CHANNELS
▪ No frames are lost, duplicated, or corrupted

▪ Simplest Protocol – has no flow or error control

▪ Stop-and-Wait Protocol – sender sends one frame,

stops until it receives agree from receiver and then sends
the next frame

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Simplest Protocol
▪ Unidirectional protocol: data frames are traveling in
only one direction-from the sender to receiver.

▪ The receiver can immediately handle any frame it

receives with a processing time that is small enough
to be negligible.

▪ The data link layer of the receiver immediately removes

the header from the frame and hands the data packet to
network layer, which can also accept the packet
immediately.

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Simplest Protocol Design

message

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Implementation

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Example
Propagation delay

▪ The sender sends a sequence of frames without even

thinking about the receiver
▪ There is no error handler
▪ There is no synchronization (the receiver processing time
is slower than the transmission speed)
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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Stop and Wait Protocol

▪ If data frames arrive at the receiver site faster than they
can be processed, the frames must be stored until
their use
▪ Normally, the receiver does not have enough
storage space, especially if it is receiving data from
many sources
▪ The sender sends one frame, stops until it receives
agreement the receiver (okay to go ahead), and then
sends the next frame
▪ ACK frames (simple tokens of acknowledgment) travel
from the other direction

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Stop and Wait Protocol Design

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Example

▪ The sender sends one frame and waits for feedback from the
receiver before sending the next frame

▪ Four events at the Sender and two events at the Receiver

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

NOISY CHANNELS
▪ Although the Stop-and-Wait Protocol gives us an idea of
how to add flow control to its predecessor, noiseless
channels are nonexistent.

▪ Stop-and-Wait Automatic Repeat Request(ARQ)

▪ Go-Back-N Automatic Repeat Request
▪ Selective Repeat Automatic Repeat Request

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Stop and Wait ARQ Principles

▪ A copy of a frame (sent to the receiver) is kept in the
buffer

▪ Retransmitting this frame when the timer expires,

meaning that ACK is not received

▪ Sequence numbers are used to index the frames.

▪ The acknowledgment number always announces the

sequence number of the next frame expected

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Stop and Wait ARQ Protocol

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Example

▪ Frame is lost

▪ ACK is lost
▫ Duplicate reception at the receiver
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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Go-Back-N Automatic Repeat Request

▪ Multiple frames must be in transition while waiting

for acknowledgment to maximize the efficiency

▪ Protocol principles:
▫ Several frames are sent before receiving ACKs
▫ A copy of these frames are kept until the ACKs arrive

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Send Windows for Go Back N (m=4)

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Definitions
▪ Sf: the sequence number of the first (oldest) outstanding
frame
▪ Sn: the sequence number that will be assigned to the
next frame to be sent.
▪ Ssize: the size of the window, which is fixed in our
protocol.

▪ Sf can slide one or more slots when a valid ACK

arrives.

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Receive Windows for Go Back N

▪ The window slides one slot when a correct frame has

arrived;

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Go Back N Design

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Selective Repeat Automatic Repeat Request

▪ In a noisy link a frame has a higher probability of
damage, which means the resending of multiple
frames. This resending uses up the bandwidth and slows
down the transmission

▪ Selective Repeat ARQ: does not resend N frames

when just one frame is damaged

▪ It is more efficient for noisy links, but the processing at

the receiver is more complex compared to Go Back N

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Selective Repeat ARQ

▪ Two windows are used: a send window and a receive
window as Go Back N
▪ The size of the sending window is smaller: 2m-1
▪ The received window is the same size as the send
window (in Go Back N, the size is only 1).

▪ For example, if m = 4, the sequence numbers go from 0

to 15, but the size of the window is just 8 (it is 15 in the
Go-Back-N Protocol). The smaller window size means
less efficiency in transmission, but the fact that there
are fewer duplicate frames.

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Sending Windows (m=4)

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

m-1
Received Windows (size 2 )
▪ Many frames can be arrived out of order and be kept
until there is a set of in-order frames to be delivered
to the network layer

▪ All the frames in the send frame can arrive out of order
and be stored until they can be delivered.

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Error and Flow Control in Communications

Design of Selective Repeat ARQ

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