Biology Midterm 1

Animal Diversity

Zoology study of animals, there are 1.3 million living species of animals.

Characteristics of animals Early Embryonic Development in

Animals

Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic (they do not create their

own food), the have tissues except sponges, usually nervous
and muscle tissues, motile at least at some point, cell do not
have wall but are held with collagen, they have a blastula phase
going through gratulation forming 2-3 tissue layers, only
animals have hox genes.

More than 95% of species are invertebrates.

Vertebrates have an internal segmented backbone

(endoskeleton).
Invertebrates don’t have backbones and are most animal groups
with arthropods having a 86%.

Differences in body plans happen because of the differences in the expression of hox genes
Hox genes tell the embryonic cell which body part to become, mutations of this gene lead to a
vast diversity of animal species.

Animal are categorized based on body plan symmetry, tissue layers and development patterns.

There are two types of body plan symmetry

Bilateral that is when body is divided equally among one plane forming a mirror image side.
Radial symmetry that is when body is arranged in circle around a central axis.

Bilateral symmetrical animals have a dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side, a right and a
left side and anterior (head) and posterior (tail) and cephalization (development of a head).

Bilateral animals have 3 distinct layers of tissues but radial only have 2.
Both animal types have ectoderm and endoderm but bilateral also have mesoderm.

Animals are divided into two mayor groups protostomes and deuterostomes
Protostome form from mouth to anus, in development cleavage is spiral and determinate.
Deuterostome form from anus to mouth, in development cleavage is radial and indeterminate.
They are the two mayor radiations on the animal phylogenetic tree.

Indeterminate cleavage, each cell in the early stages have a capacity to develop into a complete
embryo, it makes possible having identical twins and embryonic stem cells.
Ectoderm is a germ layer covering the embryos surface
Endoderm is the innermost germ layer and lines developing digestive tubes called archenteron
Diploblastic is when animals have both like cnidarians and comb jellies
Triploblastic is when the also have an intervening mesoderm layer some of the ones that have it
are flatworms, arthropods, vertebrates etc., most of the animals possess body cavity.
The coelom is a true body cavity and is derived from mesoderm, coelomates are animals that
possess a true coelom.

All animals share a common ancestor

Sponges are basal animals
Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues
Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria called bilaterians
Chordates and other phyla belong to the clade Deuterostomia

Sponges phylum Porifera 5000+ species 1-20 years lifespan

Sponges have tiny openings or pores over their bodies.

Live mostly marine and freshwater and don’t tolerate changes in salinity.
They are sessile (they live their entire life in one spot).
Lack muscle, tissues, organ system and nerve cells and can regenerate body parts.
They are multicellular, heterotrophic, have no cell wall a contain few specialized cells.
Have nothing like a mouth or gut, don’t have a coelom and simple functions are carried by few
specialized cells.
Early development involves stomoblastula and amphiblastula
They are asymmetrical having no front, back, left or right.
They are a large cylindrical water pump; their bodies form a wall around a large central cavity in
which water flows continually.

Choanocytes
Are specialized cells that use flagella to move a steady current of water through the sponge
filtering several liters a day.

Osculum
Large hole on the top of the sponge through which water exits, also the movement of water
provides a simple mechanism for feeding, respiration, circulation and excretion.

Simple Skeleton
Spicule is a spike-shaped structure made of chalk like calcium carbonate
Archeocytes are specialized cells that make the spicule

They have filter feeders, they feed from sift microscopic food from the water, the particles are
engulfed by choanocytes that line the body cavity.
They rely on the movement of the water through their bodies to carry out the boy functions,
because as water moves oxygen dissolved in the water diffuses into the surrounding cells and
carbon dioxide and other wasted diffuses into the water to carry away.

They don’t have a nervous system so they protect themselves by producing poisonous toxins and
more to attack predators.

They reproduce sexually or asexually meaning a single spore forms both eggs and sperms at
different times.
Sexual reproduction has internal fertilization where the eggs are fertilized inside the female
sponge body, the sperms are released from one sponge and the current carries them to another
sponge.
Asexual reproduction has budding and gemmules that is when a group of archaeocytes are
surrounded by spicules.

Sponges are ideal habitats for marine animals like snails, sea stars, sea cucumber and shrimp,
also they have a mutually beneficial relationship with bacteria, algae and more.

Because they are attached to the sea floor, they may receive little sun light

Some have spicules that look like antennae

The focus and direct incoming sunlight

Cnidarians phylum cnidaria

Group of cnidarians Hydras, jellies, sea anemones and corals

They have soft bodies, are carnivorous, have stinging tentacles arranged in circles around their
mouths, they are the simplest animal to have body symmetry and specialized cells.

Cnidocytes
Have stinging cells located in their tentacles use for defense and to capture prey

Nematocyst
A stinging structure that contains tightly coiled darts they are found within cnidocytes

They have only a few cells thick, have a simple body system and most of their responses to the
environment are carried by specialized cells and tissues.

They are radially symmetrical having a central mouth surrounded by tentacles extended outward
from their bodies.

Their life cycle includes a polyp and medusa stage

Polyp is a cylindrical body with arm like tentacle and mouth pointing upward
Medusa are motile and have a bell-shaped body and mouth on the bottom
Both have a body wall that surrounds the gastrovascular cavity that is a digestive chamber with
one opening in which food enters and leaves.

After digestion nutrients are usually transported through the body by diffusion they also respire
and eliminate waste by diffusion through body walls.

Specialized sensory cells are used to gather information from the environment, they have a nerve
net that is a loosely organized network of nerve cells that together allow cnidarians detect
stimuli, is in all the body in some species but in some it concentrates around the mouth or rings
around the body.
Statocyst is a group of sensory cells that help determine the direction of gravity
Ocelli is the eyespot made of cells that detect light.

Hydrostatic skeleton is a layer of circular muscles and a layer of longitudinal muscles that enable
them to move.

Polyps can reproduce asexually by budding

External sexual reproduction in which the sexes are separated either in female and male, both
egg and sperm are released into the water
Hermaphroditism is common

Their distribution depends on the temperature, water depth and light intensity, many suffer from
human activity, coral bleaching has become common and global warming is another problem.

Flatworms phylum Platyhelminthes

Have bilateral symmetry

Divided intro 3 groups

Turbellaria example planaria
Trematoda example fasciola hepatica
Cestoda example taenia spp

Are triploblastic, acoelomates

Have had a region with sense organs and nervous tissues
Mostly parasites, others are predators or scavengers
No metamorphosis

Examples of flatworm
Tapeworm, flukes, taenia saginata