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Relations
&
FunctionsCH 2 Mathematics
Class 11 Notes
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 RELATIONS AND FUNCTION
 CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS:
 Given two non-empty sets A and B, the set of all ordered pairs (x, y), where x ∈
A and y ∈ B is called Cartesian product of A and B; symbolically, we write A ×
B = {(x, y) | x ∈ A and y ∈ B}.
 Example- A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5}, then A × B = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (1,
5), (2, 5), (3, 5)} and B × A = {(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3)}.
 Two ordered pairs are equal, if and only if the corresponding first elements are
equal and the second elements are also equal.
 If there are p elements in A and q elements in B, then there will be pq elements
in A × B, i.e., if n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq.
 If either P or Q is the null set, then P × Q will also be empty set, i.e., P × Q = φ
 If A and B are non-empty sets and either A or B is an infinite set, then so is A ×
B.

 A × A × A = {(a, b, c): a, b, c ∈ A}. Here (a, b, c) is called an ordered triplet.

Home Work Question-1 Let A = {1,2,3}, B = {3,4} and C = {4,5,6}, then find the following-

1. A×B
2. B×A
3. n (A × B)
4. n (B × A)
5. A × (B ∩ C)
6. A × (B ∩ φ)
7. (A × B) ∪ (A × C)

Home Work Question-2 If A × B = {(a, x),(a , y), (b, x), (b, y)}, the find A and B.

 RELATIONS:

 A Relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset of the

Cartesian product set A × B.
 The subset is derived by describing a relationship between the first element and the
second element of the ordered pairs in A × B
 The second element is called the image of the first element.
 The set of all first elements is called the domain of the relation R.
 The set of all second elements is called the range of the relation R.
 The whole set B is called the codomain of the relation R. (range ⊂ codomain)
  A relation may be represented either by the Roster form or by the set builder form,
or by an arrow diagram which is a visual representation of a relation.
 If n (A) = p, n (B) = q; then the n (A × B) = pq and the total number of possible
relations from the set A to set B = 2pq.

RAKSHIT PHYSICS

HARSHITA CHEMISTRY

NEHI MATHS

E × S has 9 ordered pairs

 A subset of E × S by introducing a relation R between the first element x and the

second element y of each ordered pair (x, y) as R= { (x,y): x teaches subject y, x ∈
E, y ∈ S}.Then R = {(Rakshit, Physics), (Harshita, Chemistry), (Nehi, Maths)}

FUNCTIONS
 A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be function if every element of set A
has one and only one image in set B.
 The notation f : X →Y means that f is a function from X to Y. X is called the domain
of f and Y is called the co-domain of f.
 Given an element x ∈ X, there is a unique element y in Y that is related to x.
 The unique element y to which f relates x is denoted by f (x) and is called f of x, or
the value of f at x, or the image of x under f.
 The set of all values of f(x) taken together is called the range of f or image of X
under f.
 Symbolically, range of f = { y ∈ Y | y = f (x), for some x in X}
 A function which has either R or one of its subsets as its range, is called a real
valued function. Further, if its domain is also either R or a subset of R, it is called a
real function.

 Identity Function:
o The function f : R → R defined by y = f (x) = x for each x ∈ R is called the Identity
function.
o Domain of f = R.
 o Range of f = R

 Constant Function:
o The function f: R → R defined by y = x = C, x ∈ R, where C is a constant ∈ R, is a constant
function.
o Domain of f = R.
o Range of f = {C}

 Polynomial Function:
o A real valued function f: R → R defined by y = f (x) = a0 + a1 x + ...+ an x n , where n ∈ N, and
a0 , a1 , a2 ...an ∈ R, for each x ∈ R, is called Polynomial functions.
o Example-. polynomial function of degree 3, f(x) = 3x3 + 2x + 1.
 Rational Function:
o These are the real functions of the type f(x) / g(x), where f (x) and g (x) are polynomial
functions of x defined in a domain, where g(x) ≠ 0.
o Example-. f: R – {– 2} → R defined by f (x) = x+1 / x+2 , ∀ x ∈ R – {– 2 }.

 The Modulus Function:

o The real function f: R → R defined by f (x) = |x| = x, x≥ 0
o = -x, x<0
o ∀ x ∈ R is called the modulus function.
o Domain of f = R
o Range of f = R+ ∪ {0}

 The Signum Function:

o The real function f: R → R defined by function.

o Domain of f = R
o Range of f = {1, 0, – 1}
  Greatest Integer Function:
o The real function f : R → R defined by f (x) = [x], x ∈R assumes the value of the
greatest integer less than or equal to x, is called the greatest integer function.
o f(x) = [x] = – 1 for – 1 ≤ x < 0
o f (x) = [x] = 0 for 0 ≤ x < 1
o [x] = 1 for 1 ≤ x < 2
o [x] = 2 for 2 ≤ x < 3 and so on

Home Work Question-1: Find the domain for which the functions f (x) = 2x2 – 1 and g (x) = 1 –
3x are equal.

Home Work Question-2: Find the range of the function |x-4| / x-4.

Home Work Question-3: Find the domain of the function f given by f (x) = 1 / √[x]2 –[x]– 6.

Home Work Question-4: The domain of the function f given by f (x) = (x2 + 2x + 1) / (x2 - x + 6 ).
  ALGEBRA OF REAL NUMBERS:
o Addition of two real functions- Let f: X → R and g: X → R be any two real
functions, where X ∈ R. Then we define (f + g): X → R by (f + g) (x) = f (x) + g
(x), for all x ∈ X.
o Subtraction of a real function from another- Let f: X → R and g: X → R be any
two real functions, where X ⊆ R. Then, we define (f – g): X → R by (f – g) (x)
= f (x) – g (x), for all x ∈ X.
o Multiplication by a Scalar- Let f: X → R be a real function and α be any scalar
belonging to R. Then the product αf is function from X to R defined by (α f) (x)
= α f (x), x ∈ X.
o Multiplication of two real functions- Let f: X → R and g: x → R be any two real
functions, where X ⊆ R. Then product of these two functions i.e., f g: X → R is
defined by (f g) (x) = f (x) g (x) ∀ x ∈ X.
o Quotient of two real function- Let f and g be two real functions defined from X
→ R. The quotient of f by g denoted by f/g is a function defined from X → R as
(f/g) (x) = f(x) / g(x), provided g (x) ≠ 0, x ∈ X.

Home Work Question-1: Let f = {(2, 4), (5, 6), (8, – 1), (10, – 3)} and g = {(2, 5), (7, 1), (8, 4),
(10, 13), (11, 5)} be two real functions.

a) f – g (i) {(2, 4/5), (8, - 1/4), (10, - 3/13)}

(b) f + g (ii) {(2, 20), (8, - 4), (10, - 39)}

(c) f. g (iii) {(2, - 1), (8, - 5), (10, -16)}

(d) f / g (iv) {(2, 9), (8, 3), (10, 10)}