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org/wiki/Rome

Rome
Rome (Italian and Latin: Roma, pronounced [ˈroːma] ) is the
capital city of Italy. It is also the capital of the Lazio region, the Rome
centre of the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, and a special Roma (Italian)
comune (municipality) named Comune di Roma Capitale. With
Capital city and comune
2,860,009 residents in 1,285 km2 (496.1 sq mi),[2] Rome is the
country's most populated comune and the third most populous city Roma Capitale
in the European Union by population within city limits. The
Metropolitan City of Rome, with a population of 4,355,725
residents, is the most populous metropolitan city in Italy.[3] Its
metropolitan area is the third-most populous within Italy.[5] Rome
is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, Rome skyline from Castel Sant'Angelo
within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of the Tiber Valley. Vatican
City (the smallest country in the world and headquarters of the
worldwide Catholic Church under the governance of the Holy See)
[6] is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome,

the only existing example of a country within a city. Rome is often

Trevi Fountain Colosseum
referred to as the City of Seven Hills due to its geographic location,
and also as the "Eternal City". Rome is generally considered to be
the cradle of Western civilization and Western Christian culture,
and the centre of the Catholic Church.[7][8][9]

Rome's history spans 28 centuries. While Roman mythology dates Barcaccia, Saint Peter's Castel
Spanish Steps Basilica Sant'Angelo
the founding of Rome at around 753 BC, the site has been
and Trinità dei
inhabited for much longer, making it a major human settlement Monti
for over three millennia and one of the oldest continuously
occupied cities in Europe.[10] The city's early population originated
from a mix of Latins, Etruscans, and Sabines. Eventually, the city
successively became the capital of the Roman Kingdom, the
Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, and is regarded by many
Pantheon and Victor Emmanuel II
as the first-ever Imperial city and metropolis.[11] It was first called Piazza della Monument
The Eternal City (Latin: Urbs Aeterna; Italian: La Città Eterna) by Rotonda
the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression
was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy.[12][13] Rome is also
called Caput Mundi (Capital of the World).

After the fall of the Empire in the west, which marked the
beginning of the Middle Ages, Rome slowly fell under the political Flag
control of the Papacy, and in the 8th century, it became the capital Coat of arms
of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870. Beginning with the
Etymology: various theories
Renaissance, almost all popes since Nicholas V (1447–1455)
Nickname(s): Urbs Aeterna (Latin)
pursued a coherent architectural and urban programme over four The Eternal City
hundred years, aimed at making the city the artistic and cultural Caput Mundi (Latin)
centre of the world.[14] In this way, Rome first became one of the The Capital of the world
Throne of St. Peter
major centres of the Renaissance[15] and then became the

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birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous

artists, painters, sculptors, and architects made Rome the centre of
their activity, creating masterpieces throughout the city. In 1871,
Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, which, in 1946,
became the Italian Republic.

In 2019, Rome was the 14th most visited city in the world, with 8.6
million tourists, the third most visited city in the European Union,
and the most popular tourist destination in Italy.[16] Its historic
centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.[17] The host
The territory of the comune (Roma Capitale, in
city for the 1960 Summer Olympics, Rome is also the seat of red) inside the Metropolitan City of Rome (Città
several specialised agencies of the United Nations, such as the Metropolitana di Roma, in yellow). The white
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Food spot in the centre is Vatican City.
Programme (WFP) and the International Fund for Agricultural
Development (IFAD). The city also hosts the Secretariat of the
Parliamentary Assembly of the Union for the Mediterranean[18]
(UfM) as well as the headquarters of several Italian multinational
companies, such as Eni, Enel, TIM, Leonardo, and banks such as
BNL. Numerous companies are based within Rome's EUR business
district, such as the luxury fashion house Fendi located in the
Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana. The presence of renowned
international brands in the city has made Rome an important Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
centre of fashion and design, and the Cinecittà Studios have been
the set of many Academy Award–winning movies.[19] In 2024,
TasteAtlas ranked Rome the city with best food in the world.[20]

Name and symbol

Rome

Etymology
According to the Ancient Romans' founding myth,[21] the name
Roma came from the city's founder and first king, Romulus.[1]

However, it is possible that the name Romulus was actually

derived from Rome itself.[22] As early as the 4th century, there
have been alternative theories proposed on the origin of the name
Roma. Several hypotheses have been advanced focusing on its Location within Italy
linguistic roots which however remain uncertain:[23] Show map of Italy
Show map of Europe
▪ From Rumon or Rumen, archaic name of the Tiber, which in Show all
turn is supposedly related to the Greek verb ῥέω (rhéō) 'to flow, Coordinates: 41°53′36″N 12°28′58″E
stream' and the Latin verb ruō 'to hurry, rush';[b] Country Italy[a]
▪ From the Etruscan word ���� (ruma), whose root is *rum- Region Lazio
"teat", with possible reference either to the totem wolf that Metropolitan city Rome Capital
adopted and suckled the cognately named twins Romulus and Founded 21 April 753 BC
Remus, or to the shape of the Palatine and Aventine Hills; Founded by King Romulus (legendary)[1]
▪ From the Greek word ῥώμη (rhṓmē), which means strength.[c]
Government
• Type Strong Mayor–Council
Other names and symbols • Mayor Roberto Gualtieri (PD)
• Legislature Capitoline Assembly
Rome has also been called in ancient times simply "Urbs" (central

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city),[24] from urbs roma, or identified with its ancient Roman Area
initialism of SPQR, the symbol of Rome's constituted republican • Total 1,285 km2 (496.3 sq mi)
government. Furthermore, Rome has been called Urbs Elevation 21 m (69 ft)
Aeterna (The Eternal City), Caput Mundi (The Capital of the
Population (31 December 2019)
world), Throne of St. Peter and Roma Capitale.
• Rank 8th in Europe
1st in Italy
• Density 2,236/km2 (5,790/sq mi)
History • Comune 2,860,009[2]
• Metropolitan 4,342,212[3]
City

Earliest history Demonym(s) Italian: romano(i)

(masculine), romana(e)
While there have been discoveries of archaeological evidence of (feminine)
human occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 English: Roman(s)
years ago, the dense layer of much younger debris obscures GDP[4]
Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites.[10] Evidence of stone tools, • Metro €153.507 billion (2020)
pottery, and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
presence. Several excavations support the view that Rome grew • Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)
from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area
CAP code(s) 00100; 00118 to 00199
of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the Bronze Age
Area code 06
and the beginning of the Iron Age, each hill between the sea and
Website comune.roma.it (https://ww
the Capitoline Hill was topped by a village (on the Capitoline, a
w.comune.roma.it)
village is attested since the end of the 14th century BC).[25]
However, none of them yet had an urban quality.[25] Nowadays, UNESCO World Heritage Site
there is a wide consensus that the city developed gradually through Official name Historic Centre of Rome,
the aggregation ("synoecism") of several villages around the largest the Properties of the Holy
one, placed above the Palatine. [25] This aggregation was facilitated See in that City Enjoying
Extraterritorial Rights and
by the increase of agricultural productivity above the subsistence
San Paolo Fuori le Mura
level, which also allowed the establishment of secondary and Reference 91 (https://whc.unesco.org/
tertiary activities. These, in turn, boosted the development of trade en/list/91)
with the Greek colonies of southern Italy (mainly Ischia and Inscription 1980 (4th Session)
Cumae).[25] These developments, which according to Area 1,431 ha (3,540 acres)
archaeological evidence took place during the mid-eighth century
BC, can be considered as the "birth" of the city.[25] Despite recent excavations
at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome was founded deliberately in the middle
of the eighth century BC, as the legend of Romulus suggests, remains a fringe
hypothesis.[26]

Legend of the founding of Rome

Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the Model of archaic Rome. The image
earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth. The most familiar of faces northeast, with the Capitoline
these myths, and perhaps the most famous of all Roman myths, is the story of hill on left and the Palatine on right.
Romulus and Remus, the twins who were suckled by a she-wolf.[21] They The city would not have looked like
decided to build a city, but after an argument, Romulus killed his brother and this prior to the seventh century BC.

the city took his name. According to the Roman annalists, this happened on 21
April 753 BC.[27] This legend had to be reconciled with a dual tradition, set earlier in time, that had the Trojan
refugee Aeneas escape to Italy and found the line of Romans through his son Iulus, the namesake of the Julio-
Claudian dynasty.[28] This was accomplished by the Roman poet Virgil in the first century BC. In addition, Strabo
mentions an older story, that the city was an Arcadian colony founded by Evander. Strabo also writes that Lucius
Coelius Antipater believed that Rome was founded by Greeks.[29][30]

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Monarchy and republic

After the foundation by Romulus according to a legend,[27] Rome was ruled for
a period of 244 years by a monarchical system, initially with sovereigns of Latin
and Sabine origin, later by Etruscan kings. The tradition handed down seven
kings: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius
Priscus, Servius Tullius and Lucius Tarquinius Superbus.[27]

In 509 BC, the Romans expelled the last king from their city and established an
Capitoline Wolf, a sculpture of the
oligarchic republic led by two annually-elected consuls. Rome then began a mythical she-wolf suckling the infant
period characterised by internal struggles between patricians (aristocrats) and twins Romulus and Remus
plebeians (small landowners), and by constant warfare against the populations
of central Italy: Etruscans, Latins, Volsci, Aequi, and Marsi.[33] After becoming
master of Latium, Rome led several wars (against the Gauls, Osci-Samnites and
the Greek colony of Taranto, allied with Pyrrhus, king of Epirus) whose result
was the conquest of the Italian peninsula, from the central area up to Magna
Graecia.[34]

The 3rd and 4th century BC saw the establishment of Roman hegemony over
the Mediterranean and the Balkans through the three Punic Wars (264–
146 BC) fought against Carthage and the three Macedonian Wars (212–168 BC) The Temple of Portunus, god of
against Macedonia.[35] The first Roman provinces were established at this grain storage, keys, livestock and
time: Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, Hispania, Macedonia, Achaea and Africa.[36] ports,[31] built in 120–80 BC

From the beginning of the 2nd century BC, power was contested between two
groups of aristocrats: the optimates, representing the conservative part of the
Senate, and the populares, which relied on the help of the plebs (urban lower
class) to gain power. In the same period, the bankruptcy of the small farmers
and the establishment of large slave estates caused large-scale migration to the
city. The continuous warfare led to the establishment of a professional army,
which turned out to be more loyal to its generals than to the republic. Because
The Roman Forum contains the
of this, in the late 2nd and early 1st century BC there were several conflicts both
ruins of the buildings that
abroad and internally: after the failed attempt of social reform of the populares represented the political, legal,
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus,[37] and the war against Jugurtha,[37] there was a religious and economic centre of
civil war from which the general Sulla emerged victorious.[37] A major slave ancient Rome, constituting the
revolt under Spartacus followed,[38] and then the establishment of the first "nerve centre" of all Roman
Triumvirate with Caesar, Pompey and Crassus.[38] civilisation.[32]

The conquest of Gaul made Caesar immensely powerful and popular, which led
to a civil war against the Senate and Pompey. After his victory, Caesar established himself as dictator for life.[38]
His assassination in 44 BC led to a second Triumvirate among Octavian (Caesar's grandnephew and heir), Mark
Antony and Lepidus, and to a final civil war between Octavian and Antony.[39]

Empire
In 27 BC, Octavian was named Augustus and princeps, founding the principate, a diarchy between the princeps
and the senate.[39] Over time, the new monarch came to be known as the imperator (hence emperor), meaning
"commander".[40] During the reign of Nero, two thirds of the city was ruined after the Great Fire of Rome, and the
persecution of Christians commenced.[41][42][43] Rome's empire reached its greatest expansion in the second
century under the Emperor Trajan. Rome was known as the caput Mundi, i.e. the capital of the known world, an
expression which had already been used in the Republican period. During its first two centuries, the empire was
ruled by emperors of the Julio-Claudian,[44] Flavian (who built an eponymous amphitheatre known as the
Colosseum),[44] and Antonine dynasties.[45] This time was also characterised by the spread of the Christian

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religion, preached by Jesus Christ in Judea in the first half of the first century
(under Tiberius) and popularised by his apostles through the empire and
beyond.[46] The Antonine age is considered the zenith of the Empire, whose
territory ranged from the Atlantic Ocean to the Euphrates and from Britain to
Egypt.[45]

After the end of the Severan dynasty in AD 235, the Empire entered into a 50-
year period known as the Crisis of the Third Century, during which numerous
generals fought for power and the central authority in Rome weakened The Ancient-Imperial-Roman
palaces of the Palatine, a series of
dramatically. Around the same time, the Plague of Cyprian (c. 250–270)
palaces located in the Palatine Hill,
afflicted the Mediterranean.[47] Instability caused economic deterioration, and
express power and wealth of
there was a rapid rise in inflation as the government debased the currency in emperors from Augustus until the
order to meet expenses. The Germanic tribes along the Rhine and north of the 4th century.
Balkans made serious uncoordinated incursions that were more like giant
raiding parties rather than attempts to settle. The Persian Empire invaded from
the east several times during the 230s to 260s but were eventually defeated.[48]
The civil wars ended in 285 with the final victory of Diocletian, who undertook
the restoration of the State. He ended the Principate and introduced a new
authoritarian model known as the Dominate, derived from his title of dominus
("lord"). His most marked feature was the unprecedented intervention of the
State down to the city level: whereas the State had submitted a tax demand to a
city and allowed it to allocate the charges, from his reign the State did this
down to the village level. In a vain attempt to control inflation, he imposed The Imperial fora belong to a series
price controls which did not last. of monumental fora (public squares)
constructed in Rome by the
Diocletian divided the empire in 286, ruling over the eastern half from emperors. Also seen in the image is
Trajan's Market.
Nicomedia, while his co-emperor Maximian ruled the western half from
Mediolanum (when not on the move).[48] The empire was further divided in
293, when Diocletian named two caesar, one for each augustus (emperor).
Diocletian tried to turn into a system of non-dynastic succession, similar to the
Antonine dynasty. Upon abdication in 305, both caesars succeeded and they, in
turn, appointed two colleagues for themselves.[48] However, a series of civil
wars between rival claimants to power resulted in the unification of the empire
under Constantine the Great in 324. Hereditary succession was restored, but
the east–west division was maintained. Constantine undertook a major reform
of the bureaucracy, not by changing the structure but by rationalising the
competencies of the several ministries. The so-called Edict of Milan of 313, Model of Imperial Rome at the
actually a fragment of a letter from his co-emperor Licinius to the governors of Museo della civiltà romana in Rome.
the eastern provinces, granted freedom of worship to everyone, including The Temple of Claudius is situated
Christians, and ordered the restoration of confiscated church properties upon to the south (left) of the Colosseum.
petition to the newly created vicars of dioceses. He funded the building of
several churches and allowed clergy to act as arbitrators in civil suits (a
measure that did not outlast him but which was restored in part much later). In
330, he transformed Byzantium into Constantinople, which became his new
capital. However, it was not officially anything more than an imperial residence
like Milan, Trier or Nicomedia until given a city prefect in 359 by Constantius
II.[49]

Constantine, following Diocletian's reforms. regionalised the administration,

which fundamentally changed the way it was governed by creating regional
dioceses. The existence of regional fiscal units from 286 served as the model for Colosseum at night
this unprecedented innovation.[50] The emperor quickened the process of

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removing military command from governors. Henceforth, civilian administration and military command would be
separate. He gave governors more fiscal duties and placed them in charge of the army logistical support system as
an attempt to control it by removing the support system from its control.

Christianity in the form of the Nicene Creed became the official religion of the empire in 380, via the Edict of
Thessalonica issued in the name of three emperors – Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosius I – with Theodosius
clearly the driving force behind it. He was the last emperor of a unified empire: after his death in 395, his young
children, Honorius and Arcadius, inherited the western and eastern empires respectively. The seat of government
in the Western Roman Empire was transferred to Ravenna in 408, but from 450 the emperors mostly resided in
Rome.[51]

Rome, which had lost its central role in the administration of the empire, was sacked
in 410 by the Visigoths led by Alaric I,[52] but very little physical damage was done,
most of which was repaired. What could not be so easily replaced were portable items
such as artwork in precious metals and items for domestic use (loot). The popes
embellished the city with large basilicas, such as Santa Maria Maggiore (with the
collaboration of the emperors). The population of the city had fallen from 800,000 to
450–500,000 by the time the city was sacked in 455 by Genseric, king of the Vandals.
[53] The weak emperors of the fifth century could not stop the decay, leading to the

deposition of Romulus Augustus, who resided on Ravenna, on 4 September 476. This

marked the end of the Western Roman Empire and, for many historians, the
beginning of the Middle Ages.[49]

The decline of the city's population was caused by the loss of grain shipments from
North Africa, from 440 onward, and the unwillingness of the senatorial class to
maintain donations to support a population that was too large for the resources
The Visigoths sacking available. Even so, strenuous efforts were made to maintain the monumental centre,
Rome in 410, by Joseph- the palatine, and the largest baths, which continued to function until the Gothic siege
Noël Sylvestre (1890), the of 537. The large baths of Constantine on the Quirinale were even repaired in 443, and
first time in c. 800 years the extent of the damage exaggerated and dramatised.[54]
that Rome had fallen to a
foreign enemy However, the city gave an appearance overall of shabbiness and decay because of the
large abandoned areas due to population decline. The population declined to 500,000
by 452 and 100,000 by 500 AD (perhaps larger, though no certain figure can be known). After the Gothic siege of
537, the population dropped to 30,000 but had risen to 90,000 by the papacy of Gregory the Great.[55] The
population decline coincided with the general collapse of urban life in the West in the fifth and sixth centuries, with
few exceptions. Subsidized state grain distributions to the poorer members of society continued right through the
sixth century and probably prevented the population from falling further.[56] The figure of 450,000–500,000 is
based on the amount of pork, 3,629,000 lbs. distributed to poorer Romans during five winter months at the rate of
five Roman lbs per person per month, enough for 145,000 persons or 1/4 or 1/3 of the total population.[57] Grain
distribution to 80,000 ticket holders at the same time suggests 400,000 (Augustus set the number at 200,000 or
one-fifth of the population).

Middle Ages
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, Rome was first under the control of Odoacer and then
became part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom before returning to East Roman control after the Gothic War, which
devastated the city in 546 and 550. Its population declined from more than a million in AD 210 to 500,000 in
AD 273[58] to 35,000 after the Gothic War (535–554),[59] reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited
buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins, vegetation, vineyards and market gardens.[60] It is generally
thought the population of the city until AD 300 was 1 million (estimates range from 2 million to 750,000)
declining to 750–800,000 in AD 400, then 450–500,000 in AD 450 and down to 80–100,000 in AD 500 (though
it may have been twice this).[61]

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The Bishop of Rome, called the Pope, was important since the early days of
Christianity because of the martyrdom of both the apostles Peter and Paul
there. The Bishops of Rome were also seen (and still are seen by Catholics) as
the successors of Peter, who is considered the first Bishop of Rome. The city
thus became of increasing importance as the centre of the Catholic Church.

After the Lombard invasion of Italy (569–572), the city remained nominally
Byzantine, but in reality, the popes pursued a policy of equilibrium between the
Byzantines, the Franks, and the Lombards.[62] In 729, the Lombard king
The Vandals sacking Rome in 455,
Liutprand donated the north Latium town of Sutri to the Church, starting its
by Karl Briullov (1830s)
temporal power.[62] In 756, Pepin the Short, after having defeated the
Lombards, gave the Pope temporal jurisdiction over the Roman Duchy and the
Exarchate of Ravenna, thus creating the Papal States.[62] Since this period, three powers tried to rule the city: the
pope, the nobility (together with the chiefs of militias, the judges, the Senate and the populace), and the Frankish
king, as king of the Lombards, patricius, and Emperor.[62] These three parties (theocratic, republican, and
imperial) were a characteristic of Roman life during the entire Middle Ages.[62] On Christmas night of 800,
Charlemagne was crowned in Rome as Emperor by Pope Leo III: on that occasion, the city hosted for the first time
the two powers whose struggle for control was to be a constant of the Middle Ages.[62] This event marks the
beginning of the Carolingian Empire, the first phase of the Holy Roman Empire.

In 846, Muslim Arabs unsuccessfully stormed the city's walls, but managed to
loot St. Peter's and St. Paul's basilica, both outside the city wall.[63] After the
decay of Carolingian power, Rome fell prey to feudal chaos: several noble
families fought against the pope, the emperor, and each other. These were the
times of Theodora and her daughter Marozia, concubines and mothers of
several popes, and of Crescentius, a powerful feudal lord, who fought against
the Emperors Otto II and Otto III.[64] The scandals of this period forced the
papacy to reform itself: the election of the pope was reserved to the cardinals,
and reform of the clergy was attempted. The driving force behind this renewal
was the monk Ildebrando da Soana, who once elected pope under the name of
Detail from an illustration by Gregory VII became involved into the Investiture Controversy against Emperor
Raphael, portraying the crowning of Henry IV.[64] Subsequently, Rome was sacked and burned by the Normans
Charlemagne in Old Saint Peter's
under Robert Guiscard who had entered the city in support of the Pope, then
Basilica, on 25 December 800
besieged in Castel Sant'Angelo.[64]

During this period, the city was autonomously ruled by a senatore or patrizio. In the 12th century, this
administration, like other European cities, evolved into the commune, a new form of social organisation controlled
by the new wealthy classes.[64] Pope Lucius II fought against the Roman commune, and the struggle was continued
by his successor Pope Eugenius III: by this stage, the commune, allied with the aristocracy, was supported by
Arnaldo da Brescia, a monk who was a religious and social reformer.[65] After the pope's death, Arnaldo was taken
prisoner by Adrianus IV, which marked the end of the commune's autonomy.[65] Under Pope Innocent III, whose
reign marked the apogee of the papacy, the commune liquidated the senate, and replaced it with a Senatore, who
was subject to the pope.[65]

In this period, the papacy played a role of secular importance in Western Europe, often acting as arbitrators
between Christian monarchs and exercising additional political powers.[66][67][68]

In 1266, Charles of Anjou, who was heading south to fight the Hohenstaufen on behalf of the pope, was appointed
Senator. Charles founded the Sapienza, the university of Rome.[65] In that period the pope died, and the cardinals,
summoned in Viterbo, could not agree on his successor. This angered the people of the city, who then unroofed the
building where they met and imprisoned them until they had nominated the new pope; this marked the birth of the
conclave.[65] In this period the city was also shattered by continuous fights between the aristocratic families:
Annibaldi, Caetani, Colonna, Orsini, Conti, nested in their fortresses built above ancient Roman edifices, fought

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each other to control the papacy.[65]

Pope Boniface VIII, born Caetani, was the last pope to fight for the church's
universal domain; he proclaimed a crusade against the Colonna family and, in
1300, called for the first Jubilee of Christianity, which brought millions of
pilgrims to Rome.[65] However, his hopes were crushed by the French king
Philip the Fair, who took him prisoner and held him hostage for three days at
Anagni.[65] The Pope was able to return to Rome, but died a month later, it was
said of shock and grief. Afterwards, a new pope faithful to the French was
elected, and the papacy was briefly relocated to Avignon (1309–1377).[69]
During this period Rome was neglected, until a plebeian man, Cola di Rienzo,
Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome
came to power.[69] An idealist and a lover of ancient Rome, Cola dreamed in 1376 and ended the Avignon
about a rebirth of the Roman Empire: after assuming power with the title of Papacy.
Tribuno, his reforms were rejected by the populace.[69] Forced to flee, Cola
returned as part of the entourage of Cardinal Albornoz, who was charged with
restoring the Church's power in Italy.[69] Back in power for a short time, Cola was soon lynched by the populace,
and Albornoz took possession of the city. In 1377, Rome became the seat of the papacy again under Gregory XI.[69]
The return of the pope to Rome in that year unleashed the Western Schism (1377–1418), and for the next forty
years, the city was affected by the divisions which rocked the Church.[69]

Early modern history

In 1418, the Council of Constance settled the Western Schism, and a Roman
pope, Martin V, was elected.[69] This brought to Rome a century of internal
peace, which marked the beginning of the Renaissance.[69] The ruling popes
until the first half of the 16th century, from Nicholas V, founder of the Vatican
Library, to Pius II, humanist and literate, from Sixtus IV, a warrior pope, to
Alexander VI, immoral and nepotist, from Julius II, soldier and patron, to Leo
X, who gave his name to this period ("the century of Leo X"), all devoted their
energy to the greatness and the beauty of the Eternal City and to the patronage
of the arts.[69] Almost 500 years old, this map of
Rome by Mario Cartaro (from 1575)
During those years, the centre of the Italian Renaissance moved to Rome from shows the city's primary
Florence. Majestic works, as the new Saint Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel monuments.
and Ponte Sisto (the first bridge to be built across the Tiber since antiquity,
although on Roman foundations) were created. To accomplish that, the Popes
engaged the best artists of the time, including Michelangelo, Perugino,
Raphael, Ghirlandaio, Luca Signorelli, Botticelli, and Cosimo Rosselli.

The period was also infamous for papal corruption, with many Popes fathering
children, and engaging in nepotism and simony. The corruption of the Popes
and the huge expenses for their building projects led, in part, to the
Reformation and, in turn, the Counter-Reformation. Under extravagant and
rich popes, Rome was transformed into a centre of art, poetry, music, Castel Sant'Angelo, or Hadrian's
literature, education and culture. Rome became able to compete with other Mausoleum, is a Roman monument
major European cities of the time in terms of wealth, grandeur, the arts, built in 134 AD, radically altered in
learning and architecture. the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance, and crowned with
The Renaissance period changed the face of Rome dramatically, with works like 16th and 17th-century statues.

the Pietà by Michelangelo and the frescoes of the Borgia Apartments. Rome
reached the highest point of splendour under Pope Julius II (1503–1513) and his successors Leo X and Clement
VII, both members of the Medici family.

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In this twenty-year period, Rome became one of the greatest centres of art in
the world. The old St. Peter's Basilica built by Emperor Constantine the
Great[70] (which by then was in a dilapidated state) was demolished and a new
one begun. The city hosted artists like Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli and
Bramante, who built the temple of San Pietro in Montorio and planned a great
project to renovate the Vatican. Raphael, who in Rome became one of the most
famous painters of Italy, created frescoes in the Villa Farnesina, the Raphael's
Rooms, plus many other famous paintings. Michelangelo started the decoration
of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and executed the famous statue of the Moses
Fontana della Barcaccia, created by
for the tomb of Julius II. Gian Lorenzo Bernini in 1629

Its economy was rich, with the presence of several Tuscan bankers, including
Agostino Chigi, who was a friend of Raphael and a patron of arts. Before his
early death, Raphael also promoted for the first time the preservation of the
ancient ruins. The War of the League of Cognac caused the first plunder of the
city in more than five hundred years since the previous sack; in 1527, the
Landsknechts of Emperor Charles V sacked the city, bringing an abrupt end to
the golden age of the Renaissance in Rome.[69]

Beginning with the Council of Trent in 1545, the Church began the Counter-
Reformation in response to the Reformation, a large-scale questioning of the
Church's authority on spiritual matters and governmental affairs. This loss of Carnival in Rome, c. 1650, by
confidence led to major shifts of power away from the Church.[69] Under the Johannes Lingelbach
popes from Pius IV to Sixtus V, Rome became the centre of a reformed
Catholicism and saw the building of new monuments which celebrated the
papacy.[71] The popes and cardinals of the 17th and early 18th centuries
continued the movement by having the city's landscape enriched with baroque
buildings.[71]

This was another nepotistic age; the new aristocratic families (Barberini,
Pamphili, Chigi, Rospigliosi, Altieri, Odescalchi) were protected by their A View of the Piazza Navona,
[71] Rome, by Hendrik Frans van Lint,
respective popes, who built huge baroque buildings for their relatives.
c. 1730
During the Age of Enlightenment, new ideas reached the Eternal City, where
the papacy supported archaeological studies and improved the people's
welfare.[69] But not everything went well for the Church during the Counter-Reformation. There were setbacks in
the attempts to assert the Church's power, a notable example being in 1773 when Pope Clement XIV was forced by
secular powers to have the Jesuit order suppressed.[69]

Late modern and contemporary

The rule of the Popes was interrupted by the short-lived Roman Republic
(1798–1800), which was established under the influence of the French
Revolution. The Papal States were restored in June 1800, but during
Napoleon's reign Rome was annexed as a Département of the French Empire:
first as Département du Tibre (1808–1810) and then as Département Rome
(1810–1814). After the fall of Napoleon, the Papal States were reconstituted by
a decision of the Congress of Vienna of 1814. Bersaglieri troops breaching the
Aurelian Walls at Porta Pia during
In 1849, a second Roman Republic was proclaimed during a year of revolutions the Capture of Rome (1870), the
in 1848. Two of the most influential figures of the Italian unification, Giuseppe final event of the Italian unification.
Painting by Carlo Ademollo.
Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, fought for the short-lived republic.

Rome then became the focus of hopes of Italian reunification after the rest of

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Italy was united as the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 with the temporary capital in Florence. That year Rome was
declared the capital of Italy even though it was still under the Pope's control. During the 1860s, the last vestiges of
the Papal States were under French protection thanks to the foreign policy of Napoleon III. French troops were
stationed in the region under Papal control. In 1870 the French troops were withdrawn due to the outbreak of the
Franco-Prussian War. Italian troops were able to capture Rome entering the city through a breach near Porta Pia.
Pope Pius IX declared himself a prisoner in the Vatican. In 1871 the capital of Italy was moved from Florence to
Rome.[72] In 1870 the population of the city was 212,000, all of whom lived with the area circumscribed by the
ancient city, and in 1920, the population was 660,000. A significant portion lived outside the walls in the north
and across the Tiber in the Vatican area.

Soon after World War I in late 1922 Rome witnessed the rise of Italian Fascism
led by Benito Mussolini, who led a march on the city. He did away with
democracy by 1926, eventually declaring a new Italian Empire and allying Italy
with Nazi Germany in 1938. Mussolini demolished fairly large parts of the city
centre in order to build wide avenues and squares which were supposed to
celebrate the fascist regime and the resurgence and glorification of classical
Rome.[73] The interwar period saw a rapid growth in the city's population
which surpassed one million inhabitants soon after 1930. During World War II,
due to the art treasuries and the presence of the Vatican, Rome largely escaped Bombardment of Rome by Allied
the tragic destiny of other European cities. However, on 19 July 1943, the San planes, 1943

Lorenzo district was subject to Allied bombing raids, resulting in about 3,000
fatalities and 11,000 injuries, of whom another 1,500 died.[74] Mussolini was arrested on 25 July 1943. On the date
of the Italian Armistice 8 September 1943 the city was occupied by the Germans. Allied bombing raids continued
throughout 1943 and extended into 1944. Rome was liberated on 4 June 1944.

Rome developed greatly after the war as part of the "Italian economic miracle" of post-war reconstruction and
modernisation in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this period, the years of la dolce vita ("the sweet life"), Rome
became a fashionable city, with popular classic films such as Ben Hur, Quo Vadis, Roman Holiday and La Dolce
Vita filmed in the city's iconic Cinecittà Studios. The rising trend in population growth continued until the
mid-1980s when the comune had more than 2.8 million residents. After this, the population declined slowly as
people began to move to nearby suburbs.

Geography

Location
Rome is in the Lazio region of central Italy on the Tiber (Italian: Tevere) river.
The original settlement developed on hills that faced onto a ford beside the
Tiber Island, the only natural ford of the river in this area. The Rome of the
Kings was built on seven hills: the Aventine Hill, the Caelian Hill, the
Capitoline Hill, the Esquiline Hill, the Palatine Hill, the Quirinal Hill, and the
Viminal Hill. Modern Rome is also crossed by another river, the Aniene, which
flows into the Tiber north of the historic centre.
Satellite image of Rome
Although the city centre is about 24 km (15 mi) inland from the Tyrrhenian
Sea, the city territory extends to the shore, where the south-western district of
Ostia is located. The altitude of the central part of Rome ranges from 13 m (43 ft) above sea level (at the base of the
Pantheon) to 139 m (456 ft) above sea level (the peak of Monte Mario).[75] The Comune of Rome covers an overall
area of about 1,285 km2 (496 sq mi), including many green areas.

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Parks and gardens

Public parks and nature reserves cover a large area in Rome, and the city has
one of the largest areas of green space among European capitals.[76] The most
notable part of this green space is represented by the large number of villas and
landscaped gardens created by the Italian aristocracy. While most of the parks
surrounding the villas were destroyed during the building boom of the late 19th
century, some of them remain. The most notable of these are the Villa
Borghese, Villa Ada, and Villa Doria Pamphili. Villa Doria Pamphili is west of
the Gianicolo hill, comprising some 1.8 km2 (0.7 sq mi). The Villa Sciarra is on
the hill, with playgrounds for children and shaded walking areas. In the nearby The Temple of Aesculapius, in the
area of Trastevere, the Orto Botanico (Botanical Garden) is a cool and shady Villa Borghese gardens
green space. The old Roman hippodrome (Circus Maximus) is another large
green space: it has few trees but is overlooked by the Palatine and the Rose
Garden ('roseto comunale'). Nearby is the lush Villa Celimontana, close to the gardens surrounding the Baths of
Caracalla. The Villa Borghese garden is the best known large green space in Rome, with famous art galleries among
its shaded walks. Overlooking Piazza del Popolo and the Spanish Steps are the gardens of Pincio and Villa Medici.
There is also a notable pine wood at Castelfusano, near Ostia. Rome also has a number of regional parks of much
more recent origin, including the Pineto Regional Park and the Appian Way Regional Park. There are also nature
reserves at Marcigliana and at Tenuta di Castelporziano.

Climate
Rome has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa),[77]
with hot, dry summers and mild, humid winters.

Its average annual temperature is above 21 °C (70 °F) during the day and 9 °C
(48 °F) at night. In the coldest month, January, the average temperature is
12.6 °C (54.7 °F) during the day and 2.1 °C (35.8 °F) at night. In the warmest
month, August, the average temperature is 31.7 °C (89.1 °F) during the day and
17.3 °C (63.1 °F) at night.
Stone pines in the Villa Doria
Pamphili December, January and February are the coldest months, with a daily mean
temperature of approximately 8 °C (46 °F). Temperatures during these months
generally vary between 10 and 15 °C (50 and 59 °F) during the day and between 3 and 5 °C (37 and 41 °F) at night,
with colder or warmer spells occurring frequently. Snowfall is rare but not unheard of, with light snow or flurries
occurring on some winters, generally without accumulation, and major snowfalls on a very rare occurrence (the
most recent ones were in 2018, 2012 and 1986).[78][79][80]

The average relative humidity is 75%, varying from 72% in July to 77% in November. Sea temperatures vary from a
low of 13.9 °C (57.0 °F) in February to a high of 25.0 °C (77.0 °F) in August.[81]

The highest temperature ever recorded in Rome was 42.9 °C (109.2 °F) on 18 July 2023.[82]

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Climate data for Rome Ciampino Airport, elevation: 129 m or 423 ft, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1944–present

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 20.8 23.0 26.6 30.0 34.2 39.3 39.7 40.6 40.0 32.0 26.1 21.2 40.6
°C (°F) (69.4) (73.4) (79.9) (86.0) (93.6) (102.7) (103.5) (105.1) (104.0) (89.6) (79.0) (70.2) (105.1)

Mean daily
12.0 13.0 15.8 18.8 22.3 28.1 31.0 31.6 26.7 22.2 16.9 12.7 21.0
maximum
(53.6) (55.4) (60.4) (65.8) (72.1) (82.6) (87.8) (88.9) (80.1) (72.0) (62.4) (54.9) (69.8)
°C (°F)

Daily mean 7.5 8.0 10.7 13.6 18.0 22.5 25.1 25.4 21.0 17.0 12.4 8.5 15.8
°C (°F) (45.5) (46.4) (51.3) (56.5) (64.4) (72.5) (77.2) (77.7) (69.8) (62.6) (54.3) (47.3) (60.4)

Mean daily
3.4 3.4 5.9 8.6 12.6 16.7 19.3 19.8 16.0 12.4 8.5 4.7 10.9
minimum °C
(38.1) (38.1) (42.6) (47.5) (54.7) (62.1) (66.7) (67.6) (60.8) (54.3) (47.3) (40.5) (51.6)
(°F)

Record low −11.0 −6.9 −6.5 −2.4 1.8 5.6 9.1 9.3 4.3 0.8 −5.2 −6.6 −11.0
°C (°F) (12.2) (19.6) (20.3) (27.7) (35.2) (42.1) (48.4) (48.7) (39.7) (33.4) (22.6) (20.1) (12.2)

Average
65.6 62.8 58.6 68.6 56.9 30.1 19.8 30.2 64.9 88.1 108.2 98.3 752.0
precipitation
(2.58) (2.47) (2.31) (2.70) (2.24) (1.19) (0.78) (1.19) (2.56) (3.47) (4.26) (3.87) (29.61)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation
7.40 7.48 6.85 7.42 5.54 3.38 2.16 2.20 6.00 7.32 8.84 9.44 74.03
days
(≥ 1.0 mm)

Average
relative 75.8 71.5 70.6 70.4 69.0 65.4 63.3 64.1 69.1 74.0 77.9 77.2 70.7
humidity (%)

Average
3.9 3.5 5.8 8.5 12.1 15.1 16.9 17.7 15.5 12.9 9.3 5.2 10.5
dew point
(39.0) (38.3) (42.4) (47.3) (53.8) (59.2) (62.4) (63.9) (59.9) (55.2) (48.7) (41.4) (50.9)
°C (°F)

Mean
monthly
155.9 171.9 203.1 221.1 276.5 298.8 337.6 320.2 237.9 200.6 153.3 146.9 2,723.9
sunshine
hours

Source 1: NOAA[83]

Source 2: Temperature extreme in Toscana[84]

Demographics
By 550 BC, Rome was the second largest city in Italy after only Taras (modern
Taranto) on the Salento Peninsula. It had an area of about 285 ha (700 acres)
and an estimated population of 35,000. Other sources suggest the population
was just under 100,000 from 600 to 500 BC.[85][86] When the Republic was
founded in 509 BC the census recorded a population of 130,000.[87] The
republic included the city itself and the immediate surroundings. Other sources
suggest a population of 150,000 in 500 BC. It surpassed 300,000 by 150 BC.
[88][89][90][91][92]

The size of the city at the time of the Emperor Augustus is a matter of Rome (comune) age-sex pyramid in
speculation, with estimates based on grain distribution, grain imports, 2022
aqueduct capacity, city limits, population density, census reports, and
assumptions about the number of unreported women, children and slaves
providing a very wide range. Glenn Storey estimates 450,000 people, Whitney Historical population
Oates estimates 1.2 million, Neville Morely provides a rough estimate of Year Pop. ±%

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800,000 and excludes earlier suggestions of 2 million.[93][94][95][96] Estimates 1861 194,500 —

of the city's population towards and after the end of the Roman empire also 1871 212,432 +9.2%
vary. A.H.M. Jones estimated the population at 650,000 in the mid-fifth 1881 273,952 +29.0%
century. The damage caused by the sackings may have been overestimated. The 1901 422,411 +54.2%
population had already started to decline from the late fourth century onward, 1911 518,917 +22.8%
although around the middle of the fifth century it seems that Rome continued 1921 660,235 +27.2%
to be the most populous city of the two parts of the Empire.[97] According to 1931 930,926 +41.0%
Krautheimer it was still close to 800,000 in 400 AD; had declined to 500,000 1936 1,150,589 +23.6%
by 452, and dwindled to perhaps 100,000 in 500 AD. After the Gothic Wars, 1951 1,651,754 +43.6%
535–552, the population may have dwindled temporarily to 30,000. During the 1961 2,188,160 +32.5%
pontificate of Pope Gregory I (590–604), it may have reached 90,000, 1971 2,781,993 +27.1%
augmented by refugees. [98] Lancon estimates 500,000 based on the number of 1981 2,840,259 +2.1%
'incisi' enrolled as eligible to receive bread, oil and wine rations; the number fell 1991 2,775,250 −2.3%
[99] 2001 2,663,182 −4.0%
to 120,000 in the reform of 419. Neil Christie, citing free rations for the
2011 2,617,175 −1.7%
poorest, estimated 500,000 in the mid-fifth century and still a quarter of a
2021 2,770,226 +5.8%
million at the end of the century.[100] Novel 36 of Emperor Valentinian III
Source: ISTAT, 2022
records 3.629 million pounds of pork to be distributed to the needy at 5 lbs. per
month for the five winter months, sufficient for 145,000 recipients. This has
been used to suggest a population of just under 500,000. Supplies of grain remained steady until the seizure of the
remaining provinces of North Africa in 439 by the Vandals, and may have continued to some degree afterwards for
a while. The city's population declined to less than 50,000 people in the Early Middle Ages from 700 AD onward. It
continued to stagnate or shrink until the Renaissance.[101]

When the Kingdom of Italy annexed Rome in 1870, the city had a population of about 225,000. Less than half the
city within the walls was built up in 1881 when the population recorded was 275,000. This increased to 600,000 by
the eve of World War I. The Fascist regime of Mussolini tried to block an excessive demographic rise of the city but
failed to prevent it from reaching one million people by the early 1930s. Population growth continued after the
Second World War, helped by a post-war economic boom. A construction boom also created many suburbs during
the 1950s and 1960s.

In mid-2010, there were 2,754,440 residents in the city proper, while some 4.2 million people lived in the greater
Rome area (which can be approximately identified with its administrative metropolitan city, with a population
density of about 800 inhabitants/km2 stretching over more than 5,000 km2 (1,900 sq mi)). Minors (children ages
18 and younger) totalled 17.00% of the population compared to pensioners who number 20.76%. This compares
with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of a Roman resident is 43
compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Rome grew by
6.54%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56%.[102] The current birth rate of Rome is 9.10 births per 1,000
inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.

The urban area of Rome extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 3.9 million.[103]
Between 3.2 and 4.2 million people live in the Rome metropolitan area.[104][105][106][107][108]

Origin groups
According to the 2011 statistics conducted by ISTAT,[109] approximately 9.5% of the population consists of non-
Italians. About half of the immigrant population consists of those of various other European origins (chiefly
Romanian, Polish, Ukrainian, and Albanian) numbering a combined total of 131,118 or 4.7% of the population. The
remaining 4.8% are those with non-European origins, chiefly Filipinos (26,933), Bangladeshis (12,154), and
Chinese (10,283).

The Esquilino rione, off Termini Railway Station, has evolved into a largely immigrant neighbourhood. It is
perceived as Rome's Chinatown. Immigrants from more than a hundred different countries reside there. A
commercial district, Esquilino contains restaurants featuring many kinds of international cuisine. There are

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wholesale clothes shops. Of the 1,300 or so commercial premises operating in

the district 800 are Chinese-owned; around 300 are run by immigrants from
other countries around the world; 200 are owned by Italians.[110]

Summary table

Country of citizenship, January 1, 2023 Population[111]

All countries of the world 511,332

European Union (28 countries) 193,427 The Esquilino rione

Other European non-EU-28 countries 61,566

Northern Africa 31,237

Western Africa 20,489

Eastern Africa 8,568

Central and South Africa 2,845

Western Asia 9,073

Eastern Asia 65,431

Central and South Asia 74,060

Northern America 2,903

Central and South America 41,279

Oceania 303

Stateless 151

Language
Rome's historic contribution to language in a worldwide sense is extensive.
Through the process of Romanization, the peoples of Italy, Gallia, the Iberian
Peninsula and Dacia developed languages which derive directly from Latin and
were adopted in large areas of the world, all through cultural influence,
colonisation and migration. Moreover, also modern English, because of the
Norman Conquest, borrowed a large percentage of its vocabulary from the
Latin language. The Roman or Latin alphabet is the most widely used writing
system in the world used by the greatest number of languages.[112]
Advertisement in Romanesco dialect
The medieval Roman dialect belonged to the southern family of Italian dialects, at a subway station in Rome
and was thus much closer to the Neapolitan language than to the Florentine.
[113][114] A typical example of Romanesco of that period is Vita di Cola di

Rienzo ("Life of Cola di Rienzo"), written by an anonymous Roman during the 14th century.[113] Starting with the
16th century, the Roman dialect underwent a stronger and stronger influence from the Tuscan dialect (from which
modern Italian derives) starting with the reigns of the two Medici popes (Leo X and Clement VII) and with the
Sack of Rome in 1527, two events which provoked a large immigration from Tuscany.[115][116] Therefore, current
Romanesco has grammar and roots that are rather different from other dialects in Central Italy.[116]

Religion
Much like the rest of Italy, Rome is predominantly Christian, and the city has been an important centre of religion
and pilgrimage for centuries, the base of the ancient Roman religion with the pontifex maximus and later the seat
of the Vatican and the pope. Before the arrival of the Christians in Rome, the Religio Romana (literally, the
"Roman Religion") was the major religion of the city in classical antiquity. The first gods held sacred by the

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Romans were Jupiter, the Most High, and Mars, the god of war, and father of
Rome's twin founders, Romulus and Remus, according to tradition. Other
deities such as Vesta and Minerva were honoured. Rome was also the base of
several mystery cults, such as Mithraism. Later, after St Peter and St Paul were
martyred in the city, and the first Christians began to arrive, Rome became
Christian, and the Old St. Peter's Basilica was constructed in 313 AD. Despite
some interruptions (such as the Avignon papacy), Rome has for centuries been
the home of the Roman Catholic Church and the Bishop of Rome, otherwise
known as the Pope.
Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran,
Rome's Cathedral, built in 324, and
Despite the fact that Rome is home to the Vatican City and St. Peter's Basilica,
partly rebuilt between 1660 and
Rome's cathedral is the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, in the south-east of 1734
the city centre. There are around 900 churches in Rome in total. Aside from the
cathedral itself, some others of note include the Basilica di Santa Maria
Maggiore, the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, the Basilica di San
Clemente, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane and the Church of the Gesù. There
are also the ancient Catacombs of Rome underneath the city. Numerous highly
important religious educational institutions are also in Rome, such as the
Pontifical Lateran University, Pontifical Biblical Institute, Pontifical Gregorian
University, and Pontifical Oriental Institute.

Since the end of the Roman Republic, Rome is also the centre of an important
Jewish community,[117] which was once based in Trastevere, and later in the
Roman Ghetto. There lies also the major synagogue in Rome, the Tempio
One of the Seven Pilgrim Churches
Maggiore.
of Rome, Santa Maria Maggiore is
the city's largest Catholic Marian
The territory of Vatican City is part of the Mons Vaticanus (Vatican Hill), and
church.
of the adjacent former Vatican Fields, where St. Peter's Basilica, the Apostolic
Palace, the Sistine Chapel, and museums were built, along with various other
buildings. The area was part of the Roman rione of Borgo until 1929. Being separated from the city on the west
bank of the Tiber, the area was a suburb that was protected by being included within the walls of Leo IV, later
expanded by the current fortification walls of Paul III, Pius IV, and Urban VIII. When the Lateran Treaty of 1929
that created the Vatican state was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the
fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop.

Rome has been a major Christian pilgrimage site since the Middle Ages. People from all over the Christian world
visit Vatican City, within the city of Rome, the seat of the papacy. The city became a major pilgrimage site during
the Middle Ages. Apart from brief periods as an independent city during the Middle Ages, Rome kept its status as
Papal capital and holy city for centuries, even when the Papacy briefly relocated to Avignon (1309–1377). Catholics
believe that the Vatican is the last resting place of St. Peter. Pilgrimages to Rome can involve visits to many sites,
both within Vatican City and in Italian territory. A popular stopping point is the Pilate's stairs: these are, according
to the Christian tradition, the steps that led up to the praetorium of Pontius Pilate in Jerusalem, which Jesus Christ
stood on during his Passion on his way to trial.[118]

In addition Rome hosts multiple Buddhist[119] temples, a Taoist[120] temple and a variety of Roman modern pagan
temples [121] held by the Associazione Tradizionale Pietas which every year takes part in the religious festivities of
the Natale di Roma.

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St. Peter's Square in Vatican City

Government
Rome constitutes a comune speciale, named "Roma Capitale",[123] and is the
largest both in terms of land area and population among the 8,101 comuni of
Italy. It is governed by a mayor and a city council. The seat of the comune is the
Palazzo Senatorio on the Capitoline Hill, the historic seat of the city
government. The local administration in Rome is commonly referred to as
"Campidoglio", the Italian name of the hill. Palazzo Senatorio, seat of the
municipality of Rome, has been a town hall since AD 1144, making it the oldest
town hall in the world.[122]
Palazzo Senatorio, seat of the
municipality of Rome. It has been a
Since 1972, the city has been divided into administrative areas, called municipi
town hall since 1144, making it the
(sing. municipio) (until 2001 named circoscrizioni).[124] They were created for
oldest town hall in the world.[122]
administrative reasons to increase decentralisation in the city. Each municipio
is governed by a president and a council of twenty-five members who are
elected by its residents every five years. The municipi frequently cross the
boundaries of the traditional, non-administrative divisions of the city. The
municipi were originally 20, then 19,[125] and in 2013, their number was
reduced to 15.[126]

Rome is also divided into differing types of non-administrative units. The

historic centre is divided into 22 rioni, all of which are located within the
Aurelian Walls except Prati and Borgo. These originate from the 14 regions of
Augustan Rome, which evolved in the Middle Ages into the medieval rioni.[127] Palazzo del Quirinale, current seat
In the Renaissance, under Pope Sixtus V, they again reached fourteen, and of the President of the Italian
Republic
their boundaries were finally defined under Pope Benedict XIV in 1743.

Rome is the principal town of the Metropolitan City of Rome, operative since 1
January 2015. The Metropolitan City replaced the old provincia di Roma, which included the city's metropolitan
area and extends further north until Civitavecchia. The Metropolitan City of Rome is the largest by area in Italy. At
5,352 km2 (2,066 sq mi), its dimensions are comparable to the region of Liguria. Moreover, the city is also the
capital of the Lazio region.[128]

Rome is the national capital of Italy and is the seat of the Italian Government. The official residences of the
President of the Italian Republic and the Italian Prime Minister, the seats of both houses of the Italian Parliament
and that of the Italian Constitutional Court are located in the historic centre. The state ministries are spread out
around the city; these include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is located in Palazzo della Farnesina near the
Olympic stadium.

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International relations
Among the global cities, Rome is unique in having two sovereign entities
located entirely within its city limits, the Holy See, represented by the Vatican
City State, and the territorially smaller Sovereign Military Order of Malta. The
Vatican is an enclave of the Italian capital city and a sovereign possession of the
Holy See, which is the Diocese of Rome and the supreme government of the
Roman Catholic Church. For this reason, Rome has sometimes been described
as the capital of two states.[129][130] Rome is the seat of the so-called "Polo
FAO headquarters in Rome, Circo
Romano" made up by three main international agencies of the United Nations:
Massimo
the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Food Programme
(WFP) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).[131]

Rome has traditionally been involved in the process of European political integration. The Treaties of the EU are
located in Palazzo della Farnesina. In 1957 the city hosted the signing of the Treaty of Rome, which established the
European Economic Community (predecessor to the European Union), and also played host to the official signing
of the proposed European Constitution in July 2004. Rome is the seat of the European Olympic Committee and of
the NATO Defense College. The city is the place where the Statute of the International Criminal Court and the
European Convention on Human Rights were formulated. The city hosts also other important international entities
such as the IDLO (International Development Law Organisation), the ICCROM (International Centre for the Study
of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property) and the UNIDROIT (International Institute for the
Unification of Private Law).

Twin towns and sister cities

Since 9 April 1956, Rome is exclusively and reciprocally twinned only with:

▪ Paris, France, 1956

Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi. (in Italian)
Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris. (in French)
"Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."[132][133][134][135][136]

Rome's other partner cities are:[137]

▪ Achacachi, Bolivia[137] ▪ New Delhi, India[137]

▪ Algiers, Algeria[137] ▪ New York City, United States[144]
▪ Beijing, China[138][139] ▪ Plovdiv, Bulgaria[137]
▪ Belgrade, Serbia[137] ▪ Seoul, South Korea[145][146]
▪ Brasília, Brazil[137] ▪ Sydney, Australia[137]
▪ Buenos Aires, Argentina[137] ▪ Tirana, Albania[147][148]
▪ Cairo, Egypt[137] ▪ Tehran, Iran[137]
▪ Cincinnati, United States[137] ▪ Tokyo, Japan[149]
▪ Kyiv, Ukraine[137] ▪ Tongeren, Belgium[137]
▪ Kobanî, Syria[140] ▪ Tunis, Tunisia[150]
▪ Kraków, Poland[141] ▪ Washington, D.C., United States[151]
▪ Madrid, Spain[142] ▪ Yerevan, Armenia[152]
▪ Multan, Pakistan[143]

Economy
As the capital of Italy, Rome hosts all the principal institutions of the nation, including the Presidency of the

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Republic, the government (and its single Ministeri), the Parliament, the main
judicial Courts, and the diplomatic representatives of all the countries for the
states of Italy and Vatican City. Many international institutions are located in
Rome, notably cultural and scientific ones, such as the American Institute, the
British School, the French Academy, the Scandinavian Institutes, and the
German Archaeological Institute. There are also specialised agencies of the
United Nations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Rome
also hosts major international and worldwide political and cultural
organisations, such as the International Fund for Agricultural Development
Palazzo Eni, in the EUR business
(IFAD), World Food Programme (WFP), the NATO Defence College, and the district, is the headquarters of Eni,
International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of considered one of the world's oil and
Cultural Property (ICCROM). gas "supermajors".[153]

According to the GaWC study of world cities, Rome is a "Beta +" city.[155] The
city was ranked in 2014 as 32nd in the Global Cities Index, the highest in Italy.
[156] With a 2005 GDP of €94.376 billion (US$121.5 billion),[157] the city

produces 6.7% of the national GDP (more than any other single city in Italy),
and its unemployment rate, lowered from 11.1% to 6.5% between 2001 and
2005, is now one of the lowest rates of all the European Union capital cities.
[157] Rome's economy grows at around 4.4% annually and continues to grow at

a higher rate in comparison to any other city in the rest of the country.[157] This
means that were Rome a country, it would be the world's 52nd richest country Enel's headquarters in Rome, the
by GDP, near to the size to that of Egypt. Rome also had a 2003 GDP per capita second largest power company in
of €29,153 (US$37,412), which was second in Italy (after Milan), and is more the world by revenue after the State
Grid Corporation of China.[154]
than 134.1% of the EU average GDP per capita.[158] Rome, on the whole, has
the highest total earnings in Italy, reaching €47,076,890,463 in 2008,[159] yet,
in terms of average workers' incomes, the city places itself 9th in Italy, with
€24,509.[159] On a global level, Rome's workers receive the 30th highest wages
in 2009, coming three places higher than in 2008, in which the city ranked
33rd.[160] The Rome area had a GDP amounting to $167.8 billion, and $38,765
per capita.[161]

Although the economy of Rome is characterised by the absence of heavy

Orizzonte Europa, BNL
industry, and it is largely dominated by services, high-technology companies
headquarters in Rome
(IT, aerospace, defence, telecommunications), research, construction and
commercial activities (especially banking), and the huge development of
tourism are very dynamic and extremely important to its economy. Rome's international airport, Fiumicino, is the
largest in Italy, and the city hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Italian companies, as well as the
headquarters of three of the world's 100 largest companies: Enel, Eni, and Telecom Italia.[162]

Universities, national radio and television and the movie industry in Rome are also important parts of the
economy: Rome is also the hub of the Italian film industry, thanks to the Cinecittà studios, working since the
1930s. The city is also a centre for banking and insurance as well as electronics, energy, transport, and aerospace
industries. Numerous international companies and agencies headquarters, government ministries, conference
centres, sports venues, and museums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the Esposizione Universale
Roma (EUR); the Torrino (further south from the EUR); the Magliana; the Parco de' Medici-Laurentina and the
so-called Tiburtina-valley along the ancient Via Tiburtina.

Tourism
Rome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world, due to the incalculable immensity of its
archaeological and artistic treasures, as well as for the charm of its unique traditions, the beauty of its panoramic

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views, and the majesty of its magnificent "villas" (parks). Among the most
significant resources are the many museums – Capitoline Museums, the
Vatican Museums and the Galleria Borghese and others dedicated to modern
and contemporary art – aqueducts, fountains, churches, palaces, historical
buildings, the monuments and ruins of the Roman Forum, and the Catacombs.
Rome is the third most visited city in the EU, after London and Paris, and
receives an average of 7–10 million tourists a year, which sometimes doubles
on holy years. The Colosseum (4 million tourists) and the Vatican Museums
Fontana della Barcaccia in Piazza di
(4.2 million tourists) are the 39th and 37th (respectively) most visited places in Spagna, the Spanish Steps and
the world, according to a recent study.[164] Trinità dei Monti

Rome is a major archaeological hub, and one of the world's main centres of
archaeological research. There are numerous cultural and research institutes
located in the city, such as the American Academy in Rome,[165] and The
Swedish Institute at Rome.[166] Rome contains numerous ancient sites,
including the Forum Romanum, Trajan's Market, Trajan's Forum,[167] the
Colosseum, and the Pantheon, to name but a few. The Colosseum, arguably one
of Rome's most iconic archaeological sites, is regarded as a wonder of the
world.[168][169]
Piazza Navona
Rome contains a vast collection of art, sculpture, fountains, mosaics, frescos,
and paintings, from all different periods. Rome first became a major artistic
centre during ancient Rome, with forms of important Roman art such as
architecture, painting, sculpture and mosaic work. Metal-work, coin die and
gem engraving, ivory carvings, figurine glass, pottery, and book illustrations
are considered to be 'minor' forms of Roman artwork.[170] Rome later became a
major centre of Renaissance art, since the popes spent vast sums of money for
the constructions of grandiose basilicas, palaces, piazzas and public buildings
in general. Rome became one of Europe's major centres of Renaissance
artwork, second only to Florence, and able to compare to other major cities and As of 2022, the Vatican Museums
cultural centres, such as Paris and Venice. The city was affected greatly by the are the second most visited art
museum in the world.[163]
baroque, and Rome became the home of numerous artists and architects, such
as Bernini, Caravaggio, Carracci, Borromini and Cortona.[171] In the late 18th
century and early 19th century, the city was one of the centres of the Grand Tour,[172] when wealthy, young English
and other European aristocrats visited the city to learn about ancient Roman culture, art, philosophy, and
architecture. Rome hosted a great number of neoclassical and rococo artists, such as Pannini and Bernardo
Bellotto. Today, the city is a major artistic centre, with numerous art institutes[173] and museums.

Rome has a growing stock of contemporary and modern art and architecture. The National Gallery of Modern Art
has works by Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carrà, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni,
Turcato, Kandisky, and Cézanne on permanent exhibition. 2010 saw the opening of Rome's newest arts
foundation, a contemporary art and architecture gallery designed by acclaimed Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. Known
as MAXXI – National Museum of the 21st Century Arts it restores a dilapidated area with striking modern
architecture. Maxxi[174] features a campus dedicated to culture, experimental research laboratories, international
exchange and study and research. It is one of Rome's most ambitious modern architecture projects alongside
Renzo Piano's Auditorium Parco della Musica[175] and Massimiliano Fuksas' Rome Convention Center, Centro
Congressi Italia EUR, in the EUR district, due to open in 2016.[176] The convention centre features a huge
translucent container inside which is suspended a steel and teflon structure resembling a cloud and which contains
meeting rooms and an auditorium with two piazzas open to the neighbourhood on either side.

Education

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Rome is a nationwide and major international centre for higher education,

containing numerous academies, colleges and universities. It boasts a large
variety of academies and colleges, and has always been a major worldwide
intellectual and educational centre, especially during Ancient Rome and the
Renaissance, along with Florence.[179] According to the City Brands Index,
Rome is considered the world's second most historically, educationally and
culturally interesting and beautiful city.[180]

Rome has many universities and colleges. Its first university, La Sapienza
Sapienza University of Rome. It was
(founded in 1303), is one of the largest in the world, with more than 140,000
founded in 1303 and is as such one
students attending; in 2005 it ranked as Europe's 33rd best university[181] and
of the world's oldest universities,[177]
in 2013 the Sapienza University of Rome ranked as the 62nd in the world and and with 122,000 students, it is the
the top in Italy in its World University Rankings.[182] and has been ranked largest university in Europe.[178]
among Europe's 50 and the world's 150 best colleges.[183] In order to decrease
the overcrowding of La Sapienza, two new public universities were founded
during the last decades: Tor Vergata in 1982, and Roma Tre in 1992. Rome hosts also the LUISS School of
Government,[184] Italy's most important graduate university in the areas of international affairs and European
studies as well as LUISS Business School, Italy's most important business school. Rome ISIA was founded in 1973
by Giulio Carlo Argan and is Italy's oldest institution in the field of industrial design.

Rome contains many pontifical universities and other institutes, including the
British School at Rome, the French School in Rome, the Pontifical Gregorian
University (the oldest Jesuit university in the world, founded in 1551), Istituto
Europeo di Design, the Scuola Lorenzo de' Medici, the Link Campus of Malta,
and the Università Campus Bio-Medico. Rome is also the location of two
American Universities; The American University of Rome[185] and John Cabot
University as well as St. John's University branch campus, John Felice Rome
Center, a campus of Loyola University Chicago and Temple University Rome, a
Biblioteca Casanatense
campus of Temple University.[186] The Roman Colleges are several seminaries
for students from foreign countries studying for the priesthood at the Pontifical
Universities.[187] Examples include the Venerable English College, the Pontifical North American College, the Scots
College, and the Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome. Rome's major libraries include: the Biblioteca Angelica,
opened in 1604, making it Italy's first public library; the Biblioteca Vallicelliana, established in 1565; the Biblioteca
Casanatense, opened in 1701; the National Central Library, one of the two national libraries in Italy, which contains
4,126,002 volumes; The Biblioteca del Ministero degli Affari Esteri, specialised in diplomacy, foreign affairs and
modern history; the Biblioteca dell'Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana; the Biblioteca Don Bosco, one of the largest
and most modern of all Salesian libraries; the Biblioteca e Museo teatrale del Burcardo, a museum-library
specialised in history of drama and theatre; the Biblioteca della Società Geografica Italiana, which is based in the
Villa Celimontana and is the most important geographical library in Italy, and one of Europe's most important;[188]
and the Vatican Library, one of the oldest and most important libraries in the world, which was formally
established in 1475, though in fact much older and has 75,000 codices, as well as 1.1 million printed books, which
include some 8,500 incunabula. There are also many specialist libraries attached to various foreign cultural
institutes in Rome, among them that of the American Academy in Rome, the French Academy in Rome and the
Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute of Art History, a German library, often noted for excellence in the
arts and sciences.[189]

Culture

Architecture
The architecture of Rome over the centuries has greatly developed from Ancient Roman architecture to Italian

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modern and contemporary architecture. Rome was once the world's main epicentres of Classical architecture,
developing new forms such as the arch, the dome and the vault. The Romanesque style in the 11th, 12th and 13th
centuries was also widely used in Roman architecture, and later the city became one of the main centres of
Renaissance and Baroque architecture.[190] Rome's cityscape is also widely Neoclassical and Fascist in style.

Fountains and aqueducts

Rome is a city known for its numerous fountains, built-in all different styles,
from Classical and Medieval, to Baroque and Neoclassical. The city has had
fountains for more than two thousand years, and they have provided drinking
water and decorated the piazzas of Rome. During the Roman Empire, in 98 AD,
according to Sextus Julius Frontinus, the Roman consul who was named
curator aquarum or guardian of the water of the city, Rome had nine The Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana in
aqueducts which fed 39 monumental fountains and 591 public basins, not EUR district
counting the water supplied to the Imperial household, baths, and owners of
private villas. Each of the major fountains was connected to two different
aqueducts, in case one was shut down for service.[191]

During the 17th and 18th century, the Roman popes reconstructed other
degraded Roman aqueducts and built new display fountains to mark their
termini, launching the golden age of the Roman fountain. The fountains of
Rome, like the paintings of Rubens, were expressions of the new style of
Baroque art. In these fountains, sculpture became the principal element, and
the water was used simply to animate and decorate the sculptures. They, like Construction of the Trevi Fountain
began during the time of Ancient
baroque gardens, were "a visual representation of confidence and power".[192]
Rome and was completed in 1762
by a design of Nicola Salvi.
Statues
Rome is well known for its statues but, in particular, the talking statues of
Rome. These are usually ancient statues which have become popular soapboxes
for political and social discussion, and places for people to (often satirically)
voice their opinions. There are two main talking statues: the Pasquino and the
Marforio, yet there are four other noted ones: il Babuino, Madama Lucrezia, il
Facchino and Abbot Luigi. Most of these statues are ancient Roman or
classical, and most of them also depict mythical gods, ancient people or
legendary figures; il Pasquino represents Menelaus, Abbot Luigi is an unknown
Fontana dei Fiumi by Gian Lorenzo
Roman magistrate, il Babuino is supposed to be Silenus, Marforio represents
Bernini, 1648
Oceanus, Madama Lucrezia is a bust of Isis, and il Facchino is the only non-
Roman statue, created in 1580, and not representing anyone in particular. They
are often, due to their status, covered with placards or graffiti expressing political ideas and points of view. Other
statues in the city, which are not related to the talking statues, include those of the Ponte Sant'Angelo, or several
monuments scattered across the city, such as that to Giordano Bruno in the Campo de'Fiori.

Obelisks and columns

The city hosts eight ancient Egyptian and five ancient Roman obelisks, together with a number of more modern
obelisks; there was also formerly (until 2005) an ancient Ethiopian obelisk in Rome.[193] The city contains some of
obelisks in piazzas, such as in Piazza Navona, St Peter's Square, Piazza Montecitorio, and Piazza del Popolo, and
others in villas, thermae parks and gardens, such as in Villa Celimontana, the Baths of Diocletian, and the Pincian
Hill. Moreover, the centre of Rome hosts also Trajan's and Antonine Column, two ancient Roman columns with
spiral relief. The Column of Marcus Aurelius is located in Piazza Colonna and it was built around 180 AD by
Commodus in memory of his parents. The Column of Marcus Aurelius was inspired by Trajan's Column at Trajan's
Forum, which is part of the Imperial Fora.[194]

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Bridges
The city of Rome contains numerous famous bridges which cross the Tiber. The
only bridge to remain unaltered until today from the classical age is Ponte dei
Quattro Capi, which connects the Isola Tiberina with the left bank. The other
surviving – albeit modified – ancient Roman bridges crossing the Tiber are
Ponte Cestio, Ponte Sant'Angelo and Ponte Milvio. Considering Ponte
Nomentano, also built during ancient Rome, which crosses the Aniene,
currently there are five ancient Roman bridges still remaining in the city.[195] Flaminio Obelisk, Piazza del Popolo
Other noteworthy bridges are Ponte Sisto, the first bridge built in the
Renaissance above Roman foundations; Ponte Rotto, actually the only
remaining arch of the ancient Pons Aemilius, collapsed during the flood of 1598
and demolished at the end of the 19th century; and Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II,
a modern bridge connecting Corso Vittorio Emanuele and Borgo. Most of the
city's public bridges were built in Classical or Renaissance style, but also in
Baroque, Neoclassical and Modern styles. According to the Encyclopædia
Britannica, the finest ancient bridge remaining in Rome is the Ponte
Sant'Angelo, which was completed in 135 AD, and was decorated with ten
statues of the angels, designed by Bernini in 1688.[196] Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II at sunset

Catacombs
Rome has an extensive amount of ancient catacombs, or underground burial
places under or near the city, of which there are at least forty, some discovered
only in recent decades. Though most famous for Christian burials, they include
pagan and Jewish burials, either in separate catacombs or mixed together. The
first large-scale catacombs were excavated from the 2nd century onwards.
Originally they were carved through tuff, a soft volcanic rock, outside the
boundaries of the city, because Roman law forbade burial places within city
limits. Currently, maintenance of the catacombs is in the hands of the Papacy The Vatican Caves are the location
which has invested in the Salesians of Don Bosco the supervision of the of many papal burials.
Catacombs of St. Callixtus on the outskirts of Rome.

Entertainment and performing arts

Rome is an important centre for music, and it has an intense musical scene,
including several prestigious music conservatories and theatres. It hosts the
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (founded in 1585), for which new concert
halls have been built in the new Parco della Musica, one of the largest musical
venues in the world. Rome also has an opera house, the Teatro dell'Opera di
Roma, as well as several minor musical institutions. The city also played host to
the Eurovision Song Contest in 1991 and the MTV Europe Music Awards in
2004.
The Teatro dell'Opera di Roma at
Rome has also had a major impact on music history. The Roman School was a the Piazza Beniamino Gigli
group of composers of predominantly church music, which were active in the
city during the 16th and 17th centuries, therefore spanning the late Renaissance
and early Baroque eras. The term also refers to the music they produced. Many of the composers had a direct
connection to the Vatican and the papal chapel, though they worked at several churches; stylistically they are often
contrasted with the Venetian School of composers, a concurrent movement which was much more progressive. By
far the most famous composer of the Roman School is Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, whose name has been
associated for four hundred years with smooth, clear, polyphonic perfection. However, there were other composers
working in Rome, and in a variety of styles and forms.

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Between 1960 and 1970 Rome was considered to be as a "new Hollywood" because of the many actors and
directors who worked there; Via Vittorio Veneto had transformed into a glamour place where you could meet
famous people.[197]

Fashion
Rome is also widely recognised as a world fashion capital. Although not as
important as Milan, Rome is the fourth most important centre for fashion in
the world, according to the 2009 Global Language Monitor after Milan, New
York, and Paris, and beating London.[198]

Major luxury fashion houses and jewellery chains, such as Valentino, Bulgari,
Fendi,[199] Laura Biagiotti, Brioni, and Renato Balestra, are headquartered or
were founded in the city. Also, other major labels, such as Gucci, Chanel, Prada,
Dolce & Gabbana, Armani, and Versace have luxury boutiques in Rome,
primarily along its prestigious and upscale Via dei Condotti. Via Condotti

Cuisine
Rome's cuisine has evolved through centuries and periods of social, cultural,
and political changes. Rome became a major gastronomical centre during the
ancient age. Ancient Roman cuisine was highly influenced by Ancient Greek
culture, and after, the empire's enormous expansion exposed Romans to many
new, provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques.[200]

Later, during the Renaissance, Rome became well known as a centre of high-
cuisine, since some of the best chefs of the time worked for the popes. An
Spaghetti alla carbonara, a typical
example of this was Bartolomeo Scappi, who was a chef working for Pius IV; he
Roman dish
acquired fame in 1570 when his cookbook Opera dell'arte del cucinare was
published. In the book he lists approximately 1,000 recipes of the Renaissance
cuisine and describes cooking techniques and tools, giving the first known picture of a fork.[201]

The Testaccio, Rome's trade and slaughterhouse area, was often known as the
"belly" or "slaughterhouse" of Rome, and was inhabited by butchers, or
vaccinari.[202] The most common or ancient Roman cuisine included the "fifth
quarter".[202] The old-fashioned coda alla vaccinara (oxtail cooked in the way
of butchers)[202] is still one of the city's most popular meals and is part of most
of Rome's restaurants' menus. Lamb is also a very popular part of Roman
cuisine, and is often roasted with spices and herbs.[202]

In the modern age, the city developed its own peculiar cuisine, based on
Abbacchio alla romana
products of the nearby Campagna, as lamb and vegetables (globe artichokes are
common).[203] In parallel, Roman Jews – present in the city since the 1st
century BC – developed their own cuisine, the cucina giudaico-romanesca.

Examples of Roman dishes include saltimbocca alla romana – a veal cutlet, Roman-style, topped with raw ham
and sage and simmered with white wine and butter; carciofi alla romana – artichokes Roman-style, outer leaves
removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; carciofi alla giudia – artichokes fried in olive oil,
typical of Roman Jewish cooking, outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised;
spaghetti alla carbonara – spaghetti with bacon, eggs and pecorino; and gnocchi di semolino alla romana –
semolina dumpling, Roman-style.[204]

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Cinema
Rome hosts the Cinecittà Studios,[206] the largest film and television
production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the Italian cinema,
where many of today's biggest box office hits are filmed. The 99-acre (40 ha)
studio complex is 9.0 km (5.6 mi) from the centre of Rome and is part of one of
the biggest production communities in the world, second only to Hollywood,
with well over 5,000 professionals – from period costume makers to visual
effects specialists. More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot.
Entrance to the Cinecittà studios,
Founded in 1937 by Benito Mussolini, the studios were bombed by the Western
the largest film studio in Europe[205]
Allies during the Second World War. In the 1950s, Cinecittà was the filming
location for several large American film productions, and subsequently became
the studio most closely associated with Federico Fellini. Today, Cinecittà is the only studio in the world with pre-
production, production, and full post-production facilities on one lot, allowing directors and producers to walk in
with their script and "walkout" with a completed film.

Sports
Association football is the most popular sport in Rome, as in the rest of the
country. The city hosted the final games of the 1934 and 1990 FIFA World Cup.
The latter took place in the Stadio Olimpico, which is also the shared home
stadium for local Serie A clubs SS Lazio, founded in 1900, and AS Roma,
founded in 1927, whose rivalry in the Derby della Capitale has become a staple
of Roman sports culture.[208] Footballers who play for these teams and are also
born in the city tend to become especially popular, as has been the case with
players such as Francesco Totti and Daniele De Rossi (both for AS Roma), and
Alessandro Nesta (for SS Lazio). Stadio Olimpico, home of AS Roma
and SS Lazio, is one of the largest
Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics, with great success, using many sports stadiums in Europe, with a
ancient sites such as the Villa Borghese and the Thermae of Caracalla as capacity of over 70,000.[207]
venues. For the Olympic Games many new facilities were built, notably the new
large Olympic Stadium (which was then enlarged and renewed to host several
matches and the final of the 1990 FIFA World Cup), the Stadio Flaminio, the
Villaggio Olimpico (Olympic Village, created to host the athletes and
redeveloped after the games as a residential district), ecc. Rome made a bid to
host the 2020 Summer Olympics but it was withdrawn.[209][210]

Further, Rome hosted the EuroBasket 1991 and is home to the internationally
recognised basketball team Virtus Roma. Rugby union is gaining wider
acceptance. Until 2011 the Stadio Flaminio was the home stadium for the Italy
national rugby union team, which has been playing in the Six Nations Stadio dei Marmi
Championship since 2000. The team now plays home games at the Stadio
Olimpico because the Stadio Flaminio needs works of renovation in order to
improve both its capacity and safety. Rome is home to local rugby union teams such as Rugby Roma (winner of five
Italian championships), Unione Rugby Capitolina and S.S. Lazio Rugby 1927 (rugby union branch of the multisport
club S.S. Lazio).

Every May, Rome hosts the Italian Open, an ATP Masters 1000 tennis tournament, on the clay courts of the Foro
Italico. Cycling was popular in the post-World War II period, although its popularity has faded. Rome has hosted
the final portion of the Giro d'Italia three times, in 1911, 1950, and 2009. Other local sports teams include
volleyball (M. Roma Volley), handball or waterpolo.

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Transport
Rome is at the centre of the radial network of roads that roughly follow the
lines of the ancient Roman roads which began at the Capitoline Hill and
connected Rome with its empire. Today Rome is circled, at a distance of about
10 km (6 mi) from the Capitol, by the ring-road (the Grande Raccordo Anulare
or GRA).

Due to its location in the centre of the Italian peninsula, Rome is the principal
railway node for central Italy. Rome's main railway station, Termini, is one of
the largest railway stations in Europe and the most heavily used in Italy, with
Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino
around 400 thousand travellers passing through every day. The second-largest
Airport.
station in the city, Roma Tiburtina, has been redeveloped as a high-speed rail
terminus.[211] As well as frequent high-speed day trains to all major Italian
cities, Rome is linked nightly by 'boat train' sleeper services to Sicily, and
internationally by overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna.

Rome is served by three airports. The intercontinental Leonardo da Vinci

International Airport, Italy's chief airport is located in the nearby Fiumicino,
south-west of Rome. The older Rome Ciampino Airport is a joint civilian and
military airport. It is commonly referred to as "Ciampino Airport", as it is
located beside Ciampino, south-east of Rome. A third airport, the Rome Urbe
Airport, is a small, low-traffic airport located about 6 km (4 mi) north of the
Port of Civitavecchia
city centre, which handles most helicopter and private flights. The main airport
system of the city (composed of Fiumicino and Ciampino), with 32.8 million
passengers transported in 2022, is the second busiest airport system in Italy.[212]

Although the city has its own quarter on the Mediterranean Sea (Lido di Ostia), this has only a marina and a small
channel-harbour for fishing boats. The main harbour which serves Rome is Port of Civitavecchia, located about
62 km (39 mi) northwest of the city.[213]

The city suffers from traffic problems largely due to this radial street pattern, making it difficult for Romans to
move easily from the vicinity of one of the radial roads to another without going into the historic centre or using
the ring-road. These problems are not helped by the limited size of Rome's metro system when compared to other
cities of similar size. Rome has only 21 taxis for every 10,000 inhabitants, far below other major European cities.
[214] Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to restrictions being placed on vehicle

access to the inner city-centre during daylight hours. Areas, where these restrictions apply, are known as Limited
Traffic Zones (Zona a Traffico Limitato (ZTL)). More recently, heavy night-time traffic in Trastevere, Testaccio
and San Lorenzo has led to the creation of night-time ZTLs in those districts.

A three-line metro system called the Metropolitana operates in Rome. Construction on the first branch started in
the 1930s.[215] The line had been planned to quickly connect the main railway station with the newly planned E42
area in the southern suburbs, where 1942 the World Fair was supposed to be held. The event never took place
because of war, but the area was later partly redesigned and renamed Esposizione Universale Roma in the 1950s to
serve as a modern business district. The line was finally opened in 1955, and it is now the south part of the B Line.

The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations, later extended in stages (1999–2000) to Battistini.
In the 1990s, an extension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia. The A and B lines intersect at Roma
Termini station. A new branch of the B line (B1) opened on 13 June 2012 after an estimated building cost of
€500 million. B1 connects to line B at Piazza Bologna and has four stations over a distance of 3.9 km (2 mi).

A third line, the C line, is under construction with an estimated cost of €3 billion and will have 30 stations over a

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distance of 25.5 km (16 mi). It will partly replace the existing Termini-Pantano
rail line. It will feature full automated, driverless trains.[216] The first section
with 15 stations connecting Pantano with the quarter of Centocelle in the
eastern part of the city, opened on 9 November 2014.[217] The end of the work
was scheduled in 2015, but archaeological findings often delay underground
construction work.

A fourth line, D line, is also planned. It will have 22 stations over a distance of
20 km (12 mi). The first section was projected to open in 2015 and the final
sections before 2035, but due to the city's financial crisis, the project has been Roma Metrorail and Underground
put on hold. map, 2016

Above-ground public transport in Rome is made up of a bus, tram and urban

train network (FR lines). The bus network has in excess of 350 bus lines and
over eight thousand bus stops, whereas the more-limited tram system has
39 km (24 mi) of track and 192 stops.[218] There are also trolleybuses.[219]

See also
▪ Outline of Rome Conca d'Oro metro station
▪ SPQR
▪ Tourism in Italy
Italy portal
European Union
Notes portal
Cities portal
a. Also the Vatican City
b. This hypothesis originates from the Roman Grammarian Maurus Servius Honoratus. However, the Greek verb
descends from the Proto-Indo-European root *srew- (compare Ancient Greek ῥεῦμα (rheûma) 'a stream, flow,
current', the Thracian river name Στρυμών (Strumṓn) and Proto-Germanic *strauma- 'stream'; if it was related,
however, the Latin river name would be expected to begin with **Frum-, like Latin frīgeō 'to freeze' from the root
*sreyHg-) and the Latin verb from *h₃rew-.
c. This hypothesis originates from Plutarch.

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External links
▪ Comune of Rome (http://www.comune.roma.it/) (in Italian)
▪ APT (official Tourist Office) of the City of Rome (http://www.turismoroma.it/?lang=en) (in English)
▪ Rome Museums – official site (http://en.museiincomuneroma.it/). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201706
01075643/http://en.museiincomuneroma.it/) 1 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in English).
▪ Capitoline Museums (http://en.museicapitolini.org/) (in English)
▪ Geographic data related to Rome (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/41485) at OpenStreetMap

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Media related to Roma at Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by Landmarks of Rome Succeeded by

— Rome Aurelian Walls

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