DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

IIT(ISM), DHANBAD-826004

SEM: 6th (B. TECH)

COURSE NAME: Power Electronics and Drives Lab

COURSE CODE: EEC378

LOCATION: i) Room no. of Electrical Drives lab – 025

ii) Room no. of Power Electronics lab – 105

Page 1 of 56
 List of Experiments:

Ex.no Name of the experiment pg. no

Electrical Drives lab

1 Speed control of three-phase induction motor using V/f control. 3

2 Speed Control of separately excited DC motor using Half Controlled 6

Converter.

3 Speed control of separately excited dc motor by varying armature voltage 11

using single phase Fully Controlled Converter

4 Speed Control of three-phase Slip Ring Induction Motor using Static Rotor 15
Resistance control using Rectifier and Chopper.

5 Speed control of single phase Induction Motor using single phase voltage 21
controller

Power Electronics lab

6 SCR Device Characteristics 25

7 MOSFET Device Characteristics 30

8 Gate/Base Triggering Circuits 34

9 DC-DC Converters 44

10 1 – ɸ Single Phase Invereter 51

Page 2 of 56
 Experiment- 01
Objective: Speed control of three-phase induction motor using V/f control.

Apparatus required:
Sl Name of Type Rating Manufacture’s name Quantity
no. equipment
1 1ɸ variac AC 0-270 V AE 1
2 Multi-meter AC/DC 0-600 V, 10 A fluke 1
3 Ammeter MC 5/10 A Supreme 1
4 DSO Keysight 1
5 Voltage probe 300 V Keysight 1
Ratings of Motor-Generator set:
Machine Induction DC
motor Generator
Type 3-phase --
Power 1 hp 1 hp
Voltage 200/415V 220 V
Speed 1440 RPM 1500 RPM
Current 1.8 A 7A

Circuit Diagram:

Fig.1.1: Circuit diagram

Theory:

V/F control algorithm is one of the basic control modes which is widely accepted. V/F is abbreviated
from voltage/frequency. V/F control is an induction motor control method which ensures the output
voltage proportional with the frequency, so it maintains a constant motor flux, preventing weak
magnetic and magnetic saturation phenomenon from happening.

V/f control of induction motor means varying the speed of motor by changing frequency but, at the
same time, keeping the V/f ratio constant. This is important to maintain the same air gap flux in the
motor and hence a constant torque.

Procedure:

1) Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig.1 2)

Press the Reset switch if RESET LED glows.
3) Connect the output of inverter to the motor terminal.
4) Switch on the power supply.
5) Apply voltage through Variac.
6) Press switch to increase set speed (V/f ratio), corresponding actual motor is displayed.
7) Note down the reading after each increment.
8) Increase the load and tabulate frequency, modulation index and actual speed.
9) Measure the line voltage or output voltage of inverter.
10) Reset the function by pressing o/c Trip reset.
11) Discharge the capacitance voltage through CDR by breeder resistor.

Observation table:
Sl. Load Reference Modulation Voltage(V) Speed(rpm) Remarks
No. Frequency(Hz) Index

Model graphs:

1. Plot V vs f .
2. Plot modulation index vs speed.

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 Voltage
(Volts)

Modulation Index
Frequency Speed (RPM)
(Hz)

Fig.1.2:Graphs

Conclusion:

With increase in modulation index, output voltage increases and therefore speed is increasing.

Precautions:

1) Wear shoes that cover the feet.

2) Don’t wear loose clothes.
3) Maintain a work space clear of extraneous material such as books, papers, and clothes.
4) Don’t use broken connecting wires.
5) Turn off the power switch to equipment before making connections.
6) The motor input current should not exceed its rated value.

Page 5 of 56
 Experiment No. 02
Objective: Speed Control of separately excited DC motor using half controlled converter.
Apparatus Used:
Sl no. Name of Type Rating Manufacture’s Quantity
equipment name
1 Mulltimeter 0-600 V, Fluke 1
10 A
2 Ammeter MC 5/10 A Supreme 1
3 1ɸ variac AC 0-270 V AE 1
4 DSO Keysight 1
5 Voltage probe 300 V Keysight 1
6 Current probe 10 A Agilent 1

Ratings of Motor-Generator set:

Machine DC motor DC Generator
Type DC DC
Power 1.5 kW 1.5 kW
Voltage 220 V 220 V
Speed 1500 rpm 1500 rpm
Current 7A 7A
Circuit diagram:

GATE1 GATE2

T1 T2 Bulb
DC DC
MOTOR Generator 220 V
DC
220 V
DC

Vs

D1 D2

Fig.-2.1: Speed Control of separately excited DC motor using half controlled converter

Page 6 of 56
Theory:
Rectifier converts AC supply to DC supply. Variable DC supply ( 0V to maximum ) can be obtained
from a fixed AC source by triggering SCR by applying gate current to SCR at any desired instant
when SCR is applied with positive voltage to anode. For DC power requirements such as in DC
drives single phase full wave rectifier areused. When single phase semi converter is connected with
R-L load a freewheeling diode must beconnected across the load. During positive half cycle diode
D2 is forward biased and T1 is fired at ⍵𝑡 = 𝛼 , load is connected to input supply through T1 and
D2 during period 𝛼 ≤ ⍵𝑡 ≤ 𝜋 . Duringthis period, input voltage is negative and freewheeling diode
DFis forward biased. DFconductsto provide continuity of current in inductive load. Load current is
transferred from T1 and D2 toDFand thyristor T1 and D2 are turned off at ⍵𝑡 = 𝜋. During negative
half cycle of input voltage thyristor T2 is forward biased and firing of T2 at⍵𝑡 = 𝜋 + 𝛼will reverse
bias DF.The diode DFis turned off and load connected to supply through T2 and D1. When load is
inductive and T1 is triggered first, it will conduct with D2 to pass current throughload. When
supply voltage is negative, load emf will drive current through T1D2. When newnegative half cycle
begins, T1 is in conduction and is conducting with D2 as if triggered at ⍵𝑡 = 0.To ensure proper
operation at beginning of positive half cycle, T2 has to be turned off andsimilarly T1 has to be turned
off when negative half cycle begins. This is achieved by freewheeling diode.
For R-L load average output voltage is:
1 𝜋 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = ∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = (1 + cos 𝛼 )
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑘𝜙⍵
𝐸𝑏
⍵=
𝑘𝜙

𝐸𝑏 = (𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎)
(𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎)
⍵=
𝑘𝜙
(𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎)
𝑁=
2𝜋𝑘𝜙
Where N is RPM
Discontinuous conduction mode: When load is of type RLE, then the inductance is primary factor
which we have to consider for Output Current behavior whether it is continuous or discontinuous.
When L is large enough then current waveform is continuous otherwise it will conduct till some
angle say β.So this will effect the average output voltage equation. When the thyristor T1 is triggered
at an angle α, it will conduct till the current through that thyristor exists, so it will conduct till β,then
thyristor will switched off and there is no closed loop from source to load till the next thyristor will
switched ON. During this period the emf E will reflects in the output. Therefore the average output
voltage expression is

1
Vo = 𝜋 [Vm(1+cosα) +(π + α- β)E]

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When the thyristor is switched ON,

𝑑𝑖
VmSinwt = iR+L 𝑑𝑡 +E

On solving this differential equation, we will get an equation of current then by equating it is equal
to zero we can find the value of β by numerical methods techniques.
By solving with the basic equations of dc motor and the average output voltage ,we can find an
equation of speed(wm) as follows:

Vm(1+cosα) 𝜋𝑅𝑎
wm = - 𝑘 2 (𝛽−𝛼) T
𝑘(𝛽−𝛼)
Where T is torque, Ra is armature resistance

Procedure:
1) Connect the single phase supply to the setup box.
2) Connect the variac to the 230 V AC output of the box.
3) Output of the variac is connected to the input of SCR power module.
4) Connect the DC motor field at 200 V DC output1 and connect the DC generator field at the 200V
DC output2.
5) Connect K1 and K3 through patch codes.
6) Draw a graph of rotor resistance versus speed.
7) Connect the gate pulses with corresponding SCRs.
8) Connect the armature terminals of the motor to K3 and AD2.
9) Connect the bulb in parallel to the armature i.e. K3-AD2.
10) Connect the pulse controller to the pulse input of SCR module.
11) Connect the feedback to the pulse controller module.
12) Switch ON power switches on the pulse controller module and then SCR module.
13) Switch ON both the MCBs.
14) Switch ON the DC excitation of motor and generator respectively.
15) Press the RESET on the pulse controller module and choose OPEN LOOP by pressing “INC”.
16) Set the firing angle and increase the variac voltage up to 240V.
17) Take down the readings with different firing angles.

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Observation:
1) No load

S.No Triggering Output Output Speed T=kmIa Eb=kmwm V0(Theoratical)

angle(α) voltage current

2) 250W load

S.No Triggering Output Output Speed T=kmIa Eb=kmwm V0(Theoratical)

angle(α) voltage current

3) 500W load

S.No Triggering Output Output Speed T=kmIa Eb=kmwm V0(Theoratical)

angle(α) voltage current

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Model graph:

Fig.2.2: Graph
CONCLUSION: In above experiment, the speed control of separately excited DC motor is done
using single phase half controlled converter.
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Wear shoes that cover the feet.
2) Don’t wear loose clothes.
3) Maintain a work space clear of extraneous material such as books, papers, and clothes.
4) Don’t use broken connecting wires.
5) Turn off the power switch to equipment before making connections.
6) The motor input current should not exceed its rated value.

Page 10 of 56
 Experiment No. 03
Objective: To Speed control of separately excited dc motor by varying armature voltage using single
phase fully controlled bridge converter

Apparatus required:

SL NAME OF THE TYPE RATING MANUFACTURES QUANTITY

NO. APPARATUS NAME
1 Multimeter 600 V, 10 A Fluke 1
2 Tachometer 20,000 rpm 1
3 DSO Keysight 1
4 Voltage probe 1,000 V 1
5 Current probe 10 A 1

Ratings of Motor-Generator set:

Machine DC DC Generator
motor
Power 2 hp 1.5 kW
Voltage 220 V 220 V
Speed 1500 1500 rpm
rpm
Current 7A 7A
Manufacture’s
name

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

GATE1 GATE2

T1 T2
DC DC
MOTOR Generator 220 V
DC
GATE 3 220 V
GATE 4 DC

Vs

T4 T3

Fig.3.1: Circuit diagram

Page 11 of 56
THEORY:
The thyristor dc drives remains an important speed controlled industrial drives especially where the
higher maintenance cost associated with the dc motor drives is tolerable. The controlled rectifier
provides a low impedance adjustable dc voltage for the motor armature, thereby providing speed
control. Dc drives because of their simplicity ease of application reliability and favorable cost have
long been a backbone of industrial applications. The scr coverts the fixed voltage alternating current of
the power source to an adjustable voltage controlled direct current output which to the armature of a dc
motor. Scr provides a controllable power output by phase angle control so called because the firing
angle is synchronized with the phase rotation of the ac power source .If the device is triggered in half
cycle maximum power is delivered to the motor, late triggering in half cycle provide minimum
power .The effect is similar to a very high speed switch capable of being turned on and conducted off
at an infinite number of points within each half cycle.

DC Supply
⚫ Pure dc supply is being generated by means of the capacitor, regulator IC to get +12 and -12
output.

PWM GENERATION CIRCUIT

⚫ The opamp is used as zero crossing detector such that a square wave output is obtained at the
point Aout as indicated in figure.
⚫ The obtained output at point Aout is inverted using XOR gate such that an inverted output Aout
is obtained.
⚫ Now with respect to charging and discharging of the capacitor with respect to resistor an output
pulse is obtained at Cout.
⚫ This pulse is being fed to the base of the thyristor such that capacitor connected from the
collector to emitter section charges when the transistor is off and discharges when the transistor
is on thus generating a sawtooth pulse at the point of the capacitor.
⚫ The sawtooth wave is being compared with the fixed dc pulse of the Potentiometer of resistance
equal to 47k resulting in the generation of the pwm wave.

OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT:
⚫ Using the R and C high value frequency pulse is being generated.

GATE DRIVER CIRCUIT:

⚫ The corresponding inputs from Aout and Aout bar are being added with one of the pulse inverted
such that we get two types of gate pulses to be fed to the two thyristors acting in each half of the
cycle.
⚫ High frequency pulse ,pwm and the corresponding outputs from above are being added to get the
gate pulse with high frequency pulse output GAout and GAout bar.

PULSE TRANSFORMER CIRCUITARY :

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⚫ The output GAout and GAout bar are being fed to the base of the transistor in order to amplify
the current thus being fed to the pulse transformer circuit.
⚫ Here the transformer is mainly used so that the high frequency pulse can be easily died down by
it which is normally impossible for normal diodes.

POWER SUPPLY:
⚫ TYN612 are the thyristors are used here.
⚫ The pulse output from the transformer are being fed to the gate of the thyristors.
⚫ Each thyristor along with diode can be operated in either symmetrical or asymmetrical mode of
operation.
⚫ The speed of the motor can be controlled accordingly with respect to the firing angle of the
thyristor gate pulse.

PROCEDURE:
(1) Make the circuit as per diagram.
(2) Connect Aout to Ain, Cout to Cin ,Aout bar to Ain bar,Fcout to Fcin ,Eout to Ein ,Gaout to
Gain,gaout bar to Gain bar and so on.
(3) The gate and cathode terminals from the output of the pulse transformer should be connected
properly with the gate and cathode terminals of the scr.
(4) Make sure that the potentiometer is in zero position before switching on the power supply.
(5) Switch on the main power supply.
(6) Gradually increase the voltage by varying the pot and note down the the corresponding change in
voltage,current and speed.
(7) Increase the load in steps and observe the necessary changes.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

SL NO. OUTPUT OUTPUT SPEED LOAD IN FIRING THEORITI

VOLTAGE CURRENT STEPS ANGLE CAL
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE

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 CALCULATIONS:

CONTINUOS MODE:
Vm
V0 = (1 + cos  )
 (1)
DISCONTINOUS MODE:

⚫ β< 

 −
 (cos − cos  ) + E[1 − (  )]
Vo = vm (2)

• β >
 −
 (1 + cos ) + E[1 − (  )
VO = vm (3)

Model graph:

Fig. 3.2 Graph

Conclusion:-
In the above experiment the speed control of separately excited DC motor is done using single phase
full controlled converter.

PRECAUTIONS:

• Average output voltage should not exceed the rating of machine.

• All the connections should be done carefully

Page 14 of 56
 Experiment No. 04
Objective: Speed Control of three-phase Slip Ring Induction Motor using Static Rotor Resistance
control using Rectifier and Chopper.
Apparatus:
SL NAME OF TYPE RATING MANUFACTURE’S QUANTITY
NO. EQUIPMENT NAME
1 3ɸ variac AC 0-420V AE 1
2 Rheostat 100 Ω 1
3 Voltmeter MC 300 V Supreme 1
4 Ammeter MC 5/10 A Supreme 1
5 Multimeter 0-600 V, 10 Fluke 1
A
6 DSO with voltage Keysight 1
probe

Ratings of Motor-Generator set:

Machine Induction motor DC Generator
Type 3ɸ DC
Power 2 hp 1.5 kW
Voltage 415 V 220 V
Speed 1500 rpm 1500 rpm
Current 3A 7A
Manufacture’s name

Circuit diagram:
+ V -

Load T1
+220V-
DC A
Generator + - Rext
CB Variac Slip
Rings
R 3ɸ T4
3-Ø
415 V Y IM Uncontrolled
50 Hz B Bridge rectifier
SRIM
Fig.4.1: Speed Control of SRIM using static rotor resistance trough rectifier and chopper

Page 15 of 56
Theory:
Rotor Rheostat Control:
Speed control by means of slip variation can be achieved by employing a variable resistance (Chopper
Resistance) in the Rotor Circuit. The maximum value of torque does not depend upon the value of
rotor resistance. However, the rotor resistance influences the slip at which maximum torque occurs.
For given load conditions it is clear that the speed can be varied.

The external resistance can be added very conveniently to the phases of a slip ring rotor. Conventional
methods of variation of resistance are by means of mechanical contractors. With the development of
power semiconductors it has become possible to use a Chopper Resistance in the rotor circuit. The
schematic diagram is shown in Fig.1.

Chopper Resistance can be varied from R to infinity by varying the time ratio of the chopper. When
the chopper is OFF, the supply is not connected to the resistance. The time ratio in this case is 0 and
the effective resistance connected is infinity. Similarly when the chopper is ON, the resistance is R.
The time ratio in this case is unity and the effective resistance connected is R. Hence by varying the
time ratio from 0 to 1 the value of resistance can be varied from R to infinity.

The slip power of the rotor is rectified by a diode rectifier and is fed to the chopper controlled
resistance. The torque-speed curves can be drawn for different time ratios. For a time ratio of 1 we get
normal characteristic of the motor. For a time ratio of 0 the characteristic cannot be drawn as the rotor
resistance is infinity. The speed control is provided by providing resistance in the rotor circuit. The
maximum torque does not depend upon value of rotor resistance. The rotor resistance influences slip
at which maximum torque occurs.

This method of speed control is useful where a large starting torque is required. The main disadvantage
of this method is that the efficiency is low due to large ohmic loss in the rotor resistance. The speed
control range is below the synchronous speed. It is suitable for intermittent load and cases where rapid
acceleration or required such as in cranes, hoists etc. The external resistance can be varied by using
tapped resistance and rotary switches. But the speed control is not continuous and slow response.
Smooth contacts less control can be achieved by using phase-controlled rectifier and a chopper in the
rotor to control efficiency in the rotor circuit. The phase controlled rectifier is not very suitable because
the firing circuit to be synchronized in the rotor frequency which is variable and the magnitude of the
rotor voltage varies considerably with the variation of speed, being lowest at synchronous speed and
highest at stand still.
The chopper controlled resistance scheme is more advantageous because it does not frequency the
resistance connected across the output with the rotor require terminals of a chopper can be varied from
R to infinity by varying the duty cycle.
This unit consists 2 parts:
(a) Power circuit: This part consists of a 3-phase bridge rectifier to convert 3phase rotor supply to DC
supply. IGBTs are provided for chopper control. IGBTs are mounted on a proper heat sink.

Page 16 of 56
(b) Control circuit the control circuit generates driver output for driving the IGBTs. The duty cycle can
be varied from 0% to 80%.

𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞

𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝒆𝒙𝒕 ×𝐓 𝟏
= = ∝ (𝑹𝒆𝒙𝒕 + 𝑹𝟐 ) (1)
𝑻𝑶𝑵

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect 3 phase AC supply to the stator terminals of SRIM through 3 phase variac.
2) Connect 3 phase SRIM rotor terminals to IGBT power module inputs.
3) Connect dc generator excitation to 200 V fixed dc output-1.
4) Connect Rheostat in between R0 and Y0 terminals of IGBT power module.
5) Connect the load box to DC generator output.
6) Switch on the power supply using power on switch.
7) Press the reset switch if reset LED glows. OC trip switch in PLVS-1 and PWM reset switch.
8) By pressing INC or DEC set the modulation index.
9) Turn on the field supply of dc generator.
10) Increase the variac voltage to rated value of SRIM.
11) Measure the speed at corresponding Modulation index.
12) Draw a graph of rotor resistance versus speed.

OBSERVATION:
Table-1
SL NO. DUTY CYCLE (D) SPEED(RPM)

Table-2: For D = 0.8.

SL VOLTAGE LOAD SPEED Vdc Ia (A)
NO. (V) (W) (RPM) (V)
1 0
2 250
3 500
4 750
5 1000
6 1250
7 1500

Page 17 of 56
Table-3: For D = 0.7
SL NO. VOLTAGE (V) LOAD (W) SPEED Vdc Ia (A)
(RPM) (V)
1 0
2 250
3 500
4 750
5 1000
6 1250
7 1500
Table-4: For D=0.6.
SL NO. VOLTAGE (V) LOAD (W) SPEED VDC IA (A)
(RPM) (V)
1 0
2 250
3 500
4 750
5 1000
6 1250
7 1500

CALCULATION:
R 2 + R ext
Effective rotot resistance R′2 = (2)
∝
Power input to generator Pm = Vdc × Ia + Ia2×Ra (Ra = 3 Ω) (3)

Mechanical torque developed by IM, T = Pm / ωm (4)

Slip s = (Ns-Nr)/Ns (5)
Rotor input power of IM P2 = Pm/(1-s) (6)
Where, Ia = Armature current of dc generator, Vdc = Armature voltage of dc generator, R2 = Rotor
resistance, Rext = External rotor resistance, Ns = Synchronous speed, Nr = Rotor speed, Ra= Armature
resistance.

Page 18 of 56
Model graph:

Fig.4.2: Speed vs Torque with different value of rotor resistance

Fig.4.3: Speed vs Modulation index

Page 19 of 56
 Fig.4.4: Rotor resistance vs Modulation index

Conclusion:
In above experiment, the speed control of slip ring induction motor is done using rotor static
resistance through rectifier and chopper.
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Make sure the dc link voltage is at zero, if not then make it to zero by using bleeder resistance
by pressing S1 switch.
2) Don’t wear loose clothes.
3) Maintain a work space clear of extraneous material such as books, papers, and clothes.
4) Don’t use broken connecting wires.
5) Turn off the power switch to equipment before making connections.
6) The motor input current should not exceed its rated value.

Page 20 of 56
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5

Objectives: Speed control of single phase Induction Motor using single phase voltage controller.
Apparatus:

S Name of Type Rating Manufacturer’ Quantity

No. Equipment s Name
1 Multimeter 600 V, 10 A Fluke 1
2 Tachometer 20,000 rpm 1
3 Ammeter MC 5/10 A Supreme 1
4 DSO KEysight 1
5 Voltage 300 V 1
probe
6 Voltmeter MI 300 V Supreme 1

Ratings of Motor-Generator set:

Machine Induction Motor DC Generator
Type 1ɸ DC
Power 1 hp 1 hp
Voltage 230 V 220 V
Speed 1500 rpm 1500 rpm
Current 7A 4A
Manufacturer’s Name

Circuit Diagram:

Fig.5.1 Circuit Diagram

Page 21 of 56
Theory : AC voltage controller is an electronic module based on either TRIACs, SCRs or IGBTs,
which converts a fixed voltage, fixed frequency alternating current (AC) electrical input supply to
obtain variable voltage in output.

Voltage controllers work in two different ways:

A) On-and-Off Control
B) Phase Control

In an On-and-Off Controller, thyristors are used to switch on the circuits for a few cycles of voltage
and off for certain cycles, thus altering the total RMS voltage value of the output and acting as a high
speed AC switch. The rapid switching results in high frequency distortion artifacts which can cause a
rise in temperature, and may lead to interference in nearby electronics. Such designs are not practical
except in low power applications.

In Phase Angle Control, thyristors are used to half the voltage cycle during input. By controlling the
phase angle or trigger angle, the output RMS voltage of the load can be varied. The thyristor is turned
on for every half-cycle and switched off for each remaining half-cycle. The phase angle is the position
at which the thyristor is switched on. If the load is a combination of resistance and inductance, the
current cycle lags the voltage cycle, decreasing overall power output.

Nowadays the Thyristor voltage controller method is preferred for varying the voltage.

Two back to back thyristors are used in series with the single phase induction motor load and their
triggering angles are controlled to control the output voltage. Each thyristor is used only for a particular
half cycle (either positive or negative). The firing pulses are to be connected with proper
synchronization so as to produce the desirable control. Only that part of the concerned half cycle
reaches the output after that particular thyristor is fired. Similar action takes place with the other
thyristor in the other half cycle also.

For triggering two thyristors used in series with the induction motor in anti-parallel configuration two
different triggering signals are generated using the two 180 degree apart output voltages produced from
a centre tap transformer output. These two signals are used to feed the 2 LEDs present at the input side
of 2 Optocoupler IC MCT-2E.The outputs from this optocoupler are amplified by using an emitter
follower circuit before feeding them to the two gates (G1 & G2) and cathodes ( K1 & K2)
respectively.The DC power for these circuits are also derived by using two separate Transformers to
get the desired isolation required for triggering two anti-parallel thyristor pair.

PROCEDURE:

1) Switch on the mains power by using the Mains MCB. Now switch the input power to the ON position
of the main controller unit, the green colour power ON indicator should start glowing.

2) To start the single phase induction motor under load condition, press the spring loaded switch
downwards for few seconds and then release. The firing angle control potentiometer should be at the
maximum clockwise position i.e. at the position for minimum firing delay angle. Thus the motor is
started at the minimum AC voltage input.

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3) After single phase induction motor start, slowly change the phase angle adjustment potentiometer to
change the output conduction period as per the requirement to vary the output voltage.

4) Two Voltmeter and two Ammeter are used for input output voltage measurement and input output
current measurement respectively.

5) Operate the motor by varying the firing angle without switching the field power on and observe the
change in motor speed. This is no load condition.

6) Now operate the motor at different loads by suitably varying the firing angle after switching the field
power on and observe the change in motor speed. The loading are of 2A, 1A, 0.5A rating and are
separately operated through separately connected switch so load from 0. 5A to 3.5A may be applied at
the step of 0.5A.

7) DSO should be connected across thyristor to get the waveform for the calculation of firing angle.

Observation table:

Loading Condition: __________

Serial Input Input Output Output Pulse Speed Firing

no. Voltage Current Voltage current Width Angle

MODEL GRAPH :

Fig.5.2:Speed Vs Firing Angle Fig.5.3: Voltage Vs Firing Angle

Page 23 of 56
Conclusion:

In the above experiment by varying firing angle (α), different speeds are achieved. Hence induction
motor speed control is done.

Precaution:

1) Connection should be crosscheck.

2) Loading must be in step.
3) Keep an eye on output current

Page 24 of 56
 Experiment No – 6
SCR Device Characteristics
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

(i) To verify the V-I characteristics of SCR.

(ii) To determine the latching current (IL), holding current (IH) and forward-breakover voltage of SCR.
(iii) Plot the V-I characteristics of SCRfrom the data obtained from experiment.
(iv) To observe the oscilloscopic view (x-y axis) of SCR characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl No Name of the Specification Model No /Serial no of Maker’s Quantity

Instrument the Instrument Name

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. Circuit diagram for SCR V-I

Fig. Circuit diagram for SCR testing. characteristics on oscilloscope

Page 25 of 56
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

Page 26 of 56
THEORY:

SCR: With ig=0, VAK has to increase up to forward break over voltage VBRF before significant anode
current starts flowing. When voltage take over VBRF the voltage across the SCR drops to VH
Graph
.

Fig. SCR characteristics Fig. SCR

The magnitude of gate current has a very strong effect on the value of the break over voltage. After
Turn ON the SCR is no more affected by gate current.
Procedure
1. Connect voltmeter across anode-cathode terminal, ammeter in series with gate supply and anode
supply as shown by the dotted terminal on the trainer kit.
2. Vary the POT3 and set the gate current IG.
3. Now gradually increase the anode-cathode voltage VAK by varying the POT4 till the SCR get
turned on, note down the ammeter current IA, anode-cathode voltage VAK reading. Also find
break-over voltage VBR.
4. For different values of gate current note the values ofVAK, IA and tabulate them.
5. For measuring latching current, put both POT3 and POT4 in minimum condition and switch
ON the switch. Increase anode cathode voltage VAK slightly, and apply gate voltage. Some
anode current will flow. If this current is less then latching current removing gate voltage will
make this anode current zero.
6. Apply more VAK and apply gate and remove gate and check whether SCR is latched or not.
Increase VAK further in small steps, at some value of anode current after removing of gate
voltage also the SCR will remain in on state; this minimum value of anode current is the latching
current of the SCR.
For measuring holding current, apply maximum VAK and apply gate voltage. High value of anode
current which is more than latching current will flow. Remove gate voltage, as the SCR is latched
anode current will continue to flow.
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 7. Now reduce the anode cathode voltage VAK gradually, at some stage the anode current will
suddenly reach zero value. The current at this stage is the holding current I H.
Observation
IG VAK IA

Latching Current IL=…………………. Holding Current I H=………………….

Gate Current IG=……………………. Breakover Voltage VBRO=…………….

Graph: Draw the V-I characteristic of SCR i.e. VAK Vs IA graph.

Conclusion:

Observation of SCR V-I characteristics on oscilloscope

Procedure:
(i) Connect SCR anode, cathode and gate from power section to oscilloscope view section.
(ii) Connect the oscilloscope CH1 probe across the ANODE and CATHODE which indicate the
SCR voltage on X-axis.
(iii)Connect the oscilloscope CH2 probe across current sensing resistor (i.e. cathode and supply
common point), which indicate the SCR current on Y-axis.
(iv) Put oscilloscope in X-Y mode to plot SCR voltage and current.
(v) Vary the POT5 to set different gate current values or to trigger SCR at different instance and
observe the X-Y plot.
Conclusion

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Questions:
1) What do you mean by latching current and holding current?
2) What do you mean by break over voltage?
3) What would happen if gate is made positive with respect to cathode during the reverse blocking
of thyristor?

Page 29 of 56
 Experiment No – 7
MOSFET Device Characteristics
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
(i) To verify the V-I characteristics of MOSFET
(ii) To determine the trans-conductance (GM =ΔIC/ΔVCE) and drain-source resistance
(RDS=ΔVCE/ΔIC).
(iii) Plot the V-I characteristics of MOSFET from the data obtained from experiment.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl No Name of the Specification Model No /Serial no of Maker’s Quantity

Instrument the Instrument Name

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. Circuit diagram for MOSFET testing

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 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

THEORY:
MOSFET: The MOSFET, like the BJT is a three terminal device where the voltage on the gate
terminal control the flow of current between the output terminals, source and drain. The output
characteristic of a MOSFET is plot between drain current ID as a function of drain-source voltage
(VDS) with the gate-source voltage VGS as a parameter.

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Fig. MOSFET characteristic Fig. MOSFET
With gate-source voltage VGS below the threshold voltage VGS(TH) the MOSFET operates in the cut-off
mode. When VGS is increased beyond VGS(TH) drain current starts flowing. For small values of VDS
(VDS< (VGS – VGS(TH)) iDis almost proportional to VDS. This mode is called “Ohmic mode” of operation.
Procedure
Output Characteristics
(i) Connect voltmeter across gate-source and drain-source terminal, short gate ammeter terminal,
connect ammeter in series of drain terminal as shown by the dotted terminal on the trainer kit.
(ii) Keep the gate-source voltage VGS to specific voltage by varying POT1. Gradually vary the drain
source voltage VDS by varying POT2 till MOSFET get turn on and note the voltmeter reading
VDS and ammeter drain reading ID.
(iii)Further increase the VDS and note ID.
(iv) For different values of VGS note VDS and ID.

Transfer characteristics
(i) Connect voltmeter across gate-source and drain-source terminal, short gate ammeter terminal,
connect ammeter in series of drain terminal as shown by the dotted terminal on the trainer kit.
(ii) Keep the drain-source voltage VDS to specific voltage by varying POT2. Gradually vary the
gate source voltage VGS by varying POT1 till MOSFET get turn on and note the voltmeter
reading VGS and ammeter drain reading ID.
(iii)Further increase the VGS and note ID.
For different values of VDS note VGS and ID.

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Observation
(i) Output characteristics
VGS VDS ID GM=ΔID/ΔVDS RDS=ΔVDS/ΔID

(ii) Transfer characteristics

VDS VGS ID

Graph
1. For calculating the values of GM, RDS plot the graph of VDS Vs ID and from the slop of the
characteristic curve determines the GM and RDS. Also note the pinch-off voltage from the graph.
2. Plot the graph of VGS Vs ID. Also note the gate-source threshold voltage VGST from the graph.

Conclusion:

Questions:
4) Discuss the output characteristics of power MOSFET.
Discuss the transfer characteristics of power MOSFET.

Page 33 of 56
 Experiment No – 8
Gate/Base Triggering Circuits
I. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

A. To study the R Triggering circuit for SCR and obtain the output/thyristorvoltage waveform
across the resistive load for minimum(αmin) and maximum (αmax)values of firing angle.
B. To study the RC Triggering circuit for SCR and obtain the waveforms of the triggering pulses
and the load (RL)/thyristor voltage for minimum(αmin) and maximum (αmax)values of firing
angle.
C. To study the UJT Triggering circuit for SCR and obtain the waveforms of the triggering pulses
and the load (RL)/thyristor voltage for minimum (αmin) and maximum (αmax) values of firing
angle.
D. To study the MOSFET gate driver circuit and obtain the waveforms of the triggering gate
pulse and the load (RL)/thyristor voltage for 25% and 50% duty cycle.

II. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. Name of the Instrument Specifications Model No / Serial Make Quantity

No. no of the
Instrument

Page 34 of 56
III. CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS AND WAVEFORMS:

A. R Triggering Circuit:

Fig. 1(A): R-Triggering circuit for SCR

Fig. 1(B): Waveforms for R-Triggering of SCR (a) R is very large (b) α=90º (c) α<90º

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A. RC Triggering Circuit:

Fig. 2(A): RC-Triggering circuit for SCR

Fig. 2(B): Waveforms for RC-Triggering of SCR (a) High value of R (b) Low value of R

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UJT Triggering Circuit:

Fig. 3(A): UJT Triggering circuit for SCR

Fig. 3(B): Generated output pulses from the synchronized UJT Trigger circuit

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A. MOSFET Gate Driver Circuit:

Fig. 4(A): MOSFET Gate Driver circuit

Fig. 4(B): PWM waveform of the MOSFET Gate Driver Circuit for 50% duty cycle.

Page 38 of 56
 IV. THEORY:

SCR FIRING CIRCUITS:

A Thyristor/Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) is a current controlled latching device which
is mainly used for controlled rectification. There are several methods to turn ON a thyristor
such as forward voltage triggering, dv/dt triggering, temperature triggering, light triggering
and gate triggering. In this experiment only the gate triggering of SCR is dealt with. With
the available setup three gate triggering methods are studies:

1) R Triggering: This is the simplest and most economical method. They are limited to a
firing angle range of 0 to 90 degrees. Fig. 1(A) shows the basic resistance triggering
circuit in which R2 is the variable resistance while R is the stabilizing resistance.
Resistance R1 is large so as to keep the current drawn by the gate trigger circuit small
even when R2 is made very low. Diode D prevents the negative cycle current and
provides a half wave DC pulse. The amplitude of this half wave DC pulse is controlled
by varying R2 using the potentiometer. When R2 is large, current “i” is small and thus
the voltage across R i.e. gate voltage (=i*R) is also small as shown in Fig. 1(A). If Vgp
(peak of gate voltage Vg) is less than Vgt (gate trigger voltage), SCR will not turn ON and
hence the load voltage and current are zero as shown in Fig. 1(B). R2 is adjusted so as
to make Vgp≥Vgt. The firing angle is proportional to R2 and is controlled using the
potentiometer by varying R2.The resistance triggering can only provide control of firing
angle upto 90º.

2) RC Triggering: The limited range of firing angle control by R triggering is overcome by

RC triggering circuit. A simple RC trigger circuit giving full wave output voltage is shown
in Fig. 2(B). In the circuit of Fig. 2(A), the initial voltage from which the capacitor “C”
charges is almost zero. The capacitor is set to this low voltage by the clamping action
of SCR gate. When the capacitor charges to a voltage equal to Vgt, the SCR is triggered
and the rectified voltage, Vd appears across the load as Vo.

UJT Triggering: In Fig. 3(A), diodes D1 to D4 act as a rectifier. Resistance R 1 lowers Vdc to suitable value
for the zener diode and the UJT. Zener diode “Z” functions to clip the rectified voltage to a standard
level Vz which remains constant except when Vdc is lower than Vz as shown in Fig. 3(B). This voltage Vz
is applied to the charging circuit RC. Current i1 charges capacitor C at a rate determined by R. When
the voltage across the capacitor (Vc) reaches the unijunction threshold voltage Vz, the junction E-B1
of UJT breaks down and the UJT starts conducting. When the UJT conducts the capacitor discharges
through it and the pulse transformer. So the SCR fires during each half cycle. As soon as the capacitor
discharges, it starts to recharge. Rate of rise of capacitor voltage is controlled by varying R 2. The firing
angle can be controlled up to about 150 degrees. This method of controlling the output power by
Page 39 of 56
varying the charging resistance R2 is called ramp control, manual control or open loop control. As the
zener voltage (Vz) goes to zero at the end of each cycle, the synchronization of the trigger circuit with
supply voltage across SCR is achieved. If R is reduced to a value such that Vc reaches the UJT threshold
voltage twice in each half cycle as shown in Fig. 3(B), then there will be two pulses in each half cycle.
As the first pulse will be able to turn ON the SCR, the second pulse in each cycle becomes redundant.

MOSFET DRIVER CIRCUIT:

MOSFET is a voltage controlled device which requires a continuous application of positive voltage
pulse at gate terminal to be turned ON. For turn OFF of the device either zero voltage or negative
voltage is continuously applied at the gate terminal. It is preferred to provideisolation between the
driver circuit and the power circuit in case of a MOSFET.Pulse Width Modulation technique is used in
this experiment to provide the gate trigger pulses for the MOSFET.For PWM a repetitive waveform
(triangular/ramp) also called a carrier signal is compared with a modulating signal which is a DC in this
case. Fig. 4(A) shows the triggering/driver circuit for the MOSFET power circuit. This circuit provides
a pulse width modulated and electrically isolated gate driver pulses. The driver circuit has main blocks:
(i) triangle wave generator; (ii) comparator; and (iii) optical isolation. Comparator will compare
triangle wave with variable dc level. Comparator output will be positive saturation voltage for dc level
higher than triangle wave and will be negative saturation voltage for dc level lower than triangle wave.
Varying dc level will change the point of comparison between dc voltage and triangle wave and in
turn will change the width of the output pulse. Varying dc level from zero to peak value of triangle
wave will change the duty ratio of output pulse from 0 to 100%.
The comparator output does not have required shrinking capability to drive the power semiconductor
switch (MOSFET/IGBT), thus is it normal to pass this logical signal through driver and isolation stage
before it is actually connected to the power switch. The output of the opto-coupler is active low. TLP
250 based driving circuit is designed as shown in Fig. 4(A).

Page 40 of 56
V. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

VI. CONNECTION PROCEDURE:

1) Before making connections make sure that the supply switch is in OFF position.
2) Connect the kit power cord to the single phase 230V AC supply. Do not switch on the firing circuit switch.
3) Keep the potentiometer position to the minimum value.
4) Connect the firing circuit output to the gate of the SCR/MOSFET in the power circuit as discussed in
section VII.
5) Connect the Oscilloscope probes across the power circuit load and across the gate pulse output of the
firing circuit.

VII. CIRCUIT OPERATION:

A. R Triggering of SCR
1) Follow the procedures in Section VI.
2) Connect the “G” and “K” output terminals of the firing circuit to the respective “G” and “K” gate
terminals of the SCR in the power circuit.
3) Switch ON the Gate Triggering Trainer Kit.
4) Now vary the potentiometer to obtain the waveforms on the Oscilloscope for minimum, middle and
maximum values of the firing angle.

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B. RC Triggering of SCR
1) Follow the procedures in Section VI.
2) Connect the “G” and “K” output terminals of the firing circuit to the respective “G” and “K” gate
terminals of the SCR in the power circuit.
3) Connect the Oscilloscope probes across the Capacitor, output gate pulses of the triggering circuit and
the load in the power circuit.
4) Switch ON the Gate Triggering Trainer Kit.
5) Now vary the potentiometer to obtain the waveforms on the Oscilloscope for minimum and
maximum values of the firing angle.

C. UJT Triggering of SCR

1) Follow the procedures in Section VI.
2) Connect the “G” and “K” output terminals of the firing circuit to the respective “G” and “K” gate
terminals of the SCR in the power circuit.
3) Connect the Oscilloscope probes across the Capacitor, output gate pulses of the triggering circuit
and the load in the power circuit.
4) Switch ON the Gate Triggering Trainer Kit.
5) Now vary the potentiometer to obtain the waveforms on the Oscilloscope for minimum and
maximum values of the firing angle.

D. Gate Driver for MOSFET

1) Follow the procedures in Section VI.
2) Connect the “G” and “S” output terminals of the firing circuit to the respective “G” and “S” gate
terminals of the SCR in the power circuit.
3) Connect the Oscilloscope probes to the terminals TP1, TP2 and TP3 to observe the intermediate
stage waveforms. TP1 gives a triangular wave, TP2 gives the Control Voltage and TP3 gives the
PWM output which operates the opto-coupler (TLP 250).
4) Connect the probes to the terminals G and S to obtain the gate driver pulses and across the load R L
in the MOSFET power circuit to obtain the output voltage waveform.
5) Switch ON the Gate Triggering Trainer Kit.
6) Vary the value of R4 using the potentiometer to change the duty cycle by changing the reference
control voltage across R4.

VIII. OBSERVATIONS:
(Plot of the Obtained Waveforms)

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IX. RESULT:

A. For R Triggering circuit the observed values of αmin, αmid and αmaxobtained from the waveforms
are:

B. For RC Triggering the observed values of αmin and αmaxobtained from the waveform are:

C. For UJT Triggering the observed values of αmin and αmaxobtained from the waveform are:

D. For MOSFET Gate Driver circuit the waveforms were plotted for these three values of duty cycle:

X. PRECAUTIONS:
1) All the connections are to be made with the main supply turned OFF.
2) Do not short-circuit the load terminals.
3) Connect only one Triggering/Driver circuit at a time.
4) Avoid any loose connection.
5) Ensure that the fuse is in good condition before turning ON the supply.
XI. DISCUSSIONS:

Q1. Why is gate triggering preferred over other triggering methods?

Q2. Why is Resistance (R) triggering circuit limited to a firing angle of 90º?
Q3. What is maximum theoretical range of firing angle in RC triggering and is it the same in practical
observation, if not why?
Q4. Why is the UJT Firing circuit of SCR also known as the relaxation circuit?
Q5. What is the need for isolation in driver circuits?

Page 43 of 56
 Experiment No – 9
DC-DC Converters
I. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

E. Buck Converter
(i) To observe the output voltage for duty ratio d= 0.5 and switching frequency f = 2.5 kHz. Also to
observe the voltage waveforms across MOSFET, Diode, Inductor and Capacitor.
(ii) To find the Buck Converter efficiency for 1kHz and 2kHz switching frequencies with D=0.5. Also
identify the transition from continuous to discontinuous conduction mode happens.

F. Boost Converter
(i) To observe the output voltage for duty ratio d= 0.5 and switching frequency f = 2.5 kHz. Also to
observe the voltage waveforms across MOSFET, Diode, Inductor and Capacitor. (ii) To find the Buck
(ii) Converter efficiency for 1kHz and 2kHz switching frequencies with D=0.5 and also identify the
frequency at which the transition from discontinuous to continuous conduction mode happens.

II. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. Name of the Instrument Specifications Model No / Serial Make Quantity

No. no of the
Instrument

Page 44 of 56
III. CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig. 1: Buck Converter Circuit Diagram

Fig. 2: Boost Converter Circuit Diagram

Page 45 of 56
IV. THEORY:
DC-DC converters are also known as Choppers. A chopper is basically a dc to dc converter whose main
function/usage is to create adjustable dc voltage from fixed dc voltage sources through the use of
semiconductors.
Buck Converter: A buck converter as shown in Fig. 1 (step-down converter) is a DC-to-DC power
converter which steps down voltage (while stepping up current) from its input (supply) to its output
(load). It is a class of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) typically containing at least two
semiconductors (a diode and a transistor). The input voltage source is connected to a controllable
solid state device which operates as a switch. The solid state device can be a Power MOSFET or IGBT.
Thyristors are not used generally for DC-DC converters because to turn off a Thyristor in a DC-DC
circuit requires another commutation which involves using another Thyristor, whereas a Power
MOSFET can be turned off by simply having the voltage between its GATE and SOURCE terminals. The
second switch used is a diode. The switch and the diode are connected to a low-pass LC filter which
is appropriately designed to reduce the current and voltage ripples. The load is a purely resistive load.

Boost Converter: A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter that steps up
voltage (while stepping down current) from its input (supply) to its output (load). It is also a class of
switched-mode power supply (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductors (a diode and a
transistor) and at least one energy storage element. The input voltage source is connected to an
inductor. The solid-state device which operates as a switch is connected across the source. The
second switch used is a diode. The diode is connected to a capacitor, and the load and the two are
connected in parallel as shown in Fig. 2. The inductor connected to input source leads to a constant
input current, and thus the Boost converter is seen as the constant current input source. And the load
can be seen as a constant voltage source.
Switch Operation:
The controlled switch in both Buck and Boost Converters is turned on and off by using Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM). PWM can be time based or frequency based. Frequency based modulation has
disadvantages like a wide range of frequencies to achieve the desired control of the switch which in
turn will give the desired output voltage. This leads to a complicated design for the low-pass LC filter
which would be required to handle a large range of frequencies.
Time based Modulation is mostly used for DC-DC converters. It is simple to construct and use. The
𝑇𝑂𝑁
frequency remains constant in this type of PWM modulation. Duty Cycle (𝐷) = 𝑇𝑂𝑁 +𝑇𝑂𝐹𝐹

Page 46 of 56
V. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

Fig. 3: DC-DC Chopper Experimental Setup

VI. CONNECTION PROCEDURE:

6) Before making connections make sure that the supply switch is in OFF position.
7) Connect the kit power cord to the single phase 230V AC supply. Do not switch on the DC-DC Chopper kit
switch.
8) Keep the knobs to their minimum value.
9) Connect the Oscilloscope probes across the MOSFET Driver Circuit to observe the PWM pulses.
10) The dotted lines in the main circuit indicate that the indicated device needs to be connected externally
to that position.

VII. CIRCUIT OPERATION:

E. Buck Converter
5) Follow the procedures in Section VI.
6) Connect the Drain “D”, Gate “G” and Source “S” terminals of the MOSFET to the “P15”, “P16” and
“P17” terminals of the Buck Converter Circuit.
7) Connect the inductor terminals “L1” and “L2” to the terminals “P17” and “P19” of the Buck
Converter circuit.
8) Connect the Voltage Feedback terminals of the MOSFET driver circuit to the Feedback points on the
Buck Converter Circuit with appropriate polarity.

Page 47 of 56
 9) Connect the load terminals “P20” and “P21” to the DC INPUT terminals provided in kit or to an
ammeter to measure the Output Voltage.
10) Now use the switch “S1” to operate the Converter in Open loop and Closed loop mode.
11) Switch ON the Trainer Kit.
12) Vary the Duty Cycle knob to change the duty cycle in open loop mode and note down the observed
value of the duty cycle from the Oscilloscope.
13) Vary the Frequency adjuster knob i.e. the knob at the output of the PWM isolator to change the
Frequency of the PWM signals and note down the value of PWM frequency from the oscilloscope.

F. Boost Converter
1) Follow the procedures in Section VI.
2) Connect the Drain “D”, Gate “G” and Source “S” terminals of the MOSFET to the “P8”, “P9” and
“P10” terminals of the Boost Converter Circuit.
3) Connect the inductor terminals “L1” and “L2” to the terminals “P7” and “P8” of the Boost Converter
circuit.
4) Connect the Voltage Feedback terminals of the MOSFET driver circuit to the Feedback points on the
Boost Converter Circuit with appropriate polarity.
5) Connect the load terminals “P11” and “P12” to the DC INPUT terminals provided in kit or to an
ammeter to measure the Output Voltage.
6) Now use the switch “S1” to operate the Converter in Open loop and Closed loop mode.
7) Switch ON the Trainer Kit.
8) Vary the Duty Cycle knob to change the duty cycle in open loop mode and note down the observed
value of the duty cycle from the Oscilloscope.
9) Vary the Frequency adjuster knob i.e. the knob at the output of the PWM isolator to change the
Frequency of the PWM signals and note down the value of PWM frequency from the oscilloscope.

VIII. OBSERVATIONS:

A. Buck Converter in Open Loop (i) Time Based Modulation:

Frequency of Switching =
Vin Vo DTheoretical DObserved %Error in D

A. Buck Converter in Open Loop (ii) Frequency Based Modulation:

Frequency Vin Vout Iin Pin Pout %Efficiency

Page 48 of 56
 B. Boost Converter in Open Loop (i) Time Based Modulation:
Frequency of Switching =

Vin Vo DTheoretical DObserved %Error in D

B. Boost Converter in Open Loop (ii) Frequency Based Modulation:

Frequency Vin Vout Iin Pin Pout %Efficiency

IX. CALCULATIONS:

𝐵𝑢𝑐𝑘 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜(𝐷𝐵𝐾 ) = 𝐷

1
𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜(𝐷𝐵𝑆 ) =
1−𝐷

|𝐷𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝐷𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 |
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝐷 = ∗ 100
𝐷𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑅

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
%𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦(ƞ) = ∗ 100
𝑃𝑖𝑛
Where
D= Duty Ratio
𝐷𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = Theoretical value of Duty Cycle taken
𝐷𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 = Actual/Practical Value of Duty cycle found out from the oscilloscope
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = Output Power of the Chopper
R= Output/Load Resistance
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = Vin*Iin= Input Power

X. RESULT:
Duty Cycle Variation for Buck and Boost Converters are:

Page 49 of 56
 The Frequency at which the transition from continuous to discontinuous conduction mode occurs
for Buck and Boost Converters are:

XI. PRECAUTIONS:
6) All the connections are to be made with the main supply turned OFF.
7) Do not short-circuit the load terminals.
8) Connect only one Triggering/Driver circuit at a time.
9) Avoid any loose connection.
10) Ensure that the fuse is in good condition before turning ON the supply.
XII. DISCUSSIONS:
Q1. What is the role of capacitor at the output terminals in a DC-DC converter?
Q2. Draw the Gain vs Duty ratio plot for Buck and Boost Converters.
Q3. What is the function of diode in Buck and Boost Converters?
Q4. Mention some applications of Buck and Boost Converters.

Page 50 of 56
 Experiment No – 10
1 – ɸ Single Phase Invereter

1. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

a) Study of single phase half bridge inverter with
i. Square wave technique
ii. Unipolar PWM technique
iii. Bipolar PWM technique
b) Study of single phase full bridge inverter with
i. Square wave technique
ii. Unipolar PWM technique
iii. Bipolar PWM technique
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Serial Name of Specification Model Makers Quantity
No. the No./Serial no. Name
Instrument of the
Instrument
1.

2.

3.

3. THEORY:
a) Single phase Half-Bridge voltage source inverter (VSI)
In half bridge topology the single phase load is connected between the mid-
point of the input dc supply and the junction point of the two switches. Figure 1
shows the basic configuration of single phase half bridge voltage source inverter.
If IGBT 1 is conducting then output voltage is Edc/2 and if IGBT 2 is
conducting then output voltage is -Edc/2.

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 Figure 1. Single phase half bridge voltage source inverter
3.2 Single phase full-Bridge voltage source inverter (VSI):
The single phase full bridge circuit can be thought of as two half-half
Bridge circuits sharing the same dc bus. The full bridge circuit will have two
voltage levels (Edc and -Edc). When IGBT 1 and IGBT 4 is conducting then
output voltage Vab would be equals to source voltage (Edc). When IGBT 2 and
IGBT 3 is conducting then output voltage Vba would be equals to source voltage
Edc i.e. Vab is equals to –Edc.

Figure 2. Single phase full-bridge voltage source inverter

Page 52 of 56
3.3 Fourier Transform:
A periodic function can be represented as a summation of sine and cosine
terms. By Fourier series transformation, a periodic function can be written as a
sum of infinite series of sine and cosine terms.
Let f(x) be defined in the interval (-L, L) and outside of the interval it is
defined as f(x+2L) = f(x), i.e. f(x) is a function of period 2L. The Fourier
expansion of the function is given by:
𝑎0 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + 𝑎1 cos + 𝑏1 sin + 𝑎2 cos + 𝑏2 sin +
2 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
⋯ +𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝐿 𝐿

Which may be written as

∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = +∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑛=1 𝐿 𝐿

Where the Fourier coefficients 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 are

1 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫−𝜋 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥 )cos (𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫−𝜋 𝑓 (𝑥 )sin (𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋

And n= 1, 2, 3….

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4. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

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5. CONNECTION PROCEDURE:

a. Make sure that supply is in OFF position and connect he trainer to 230V
AC supply using power cord.
b. Connect required load from the LOAD BANK at the load terminal of
operating system.
c. Connect oscilloscope and multi-meter (in AC-RMS) across the inverter
load terminals.
d. Switch ON the main supply and check DC supply at ‘+Vs’ and ‘-Vs’ supply
terminal. If DC input voltage is coming properly then connect Dc supply to
‘+Vs’ and ‘-Vs’ terminal to the input of the following inverter configuration
(HALF BRIDGE VSI or FULL BRIGDE VSI). And run specific
topology (Square, Quasi, Multiple PWM, Trapezoidal PWM and Sine
wave).
e. Also measure its frequency and RMS/Peak value.
f. For observing load current waveform on oscilloscope either observe
voltage across R and divide with R or connect 10 ohm, 10W resister in
series with R and observe voltage across it.

6. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
(For SQUARE WAVE MODE)
a. Do not connect supply and load to the inverter; only make control circuit
ON.
b. Start the trainer it and select “SQUARE WAVE” mode from menu on the
LCD. Press START to start the inverter. Observe the gate pulses G1, G2,
G3 and G4 on the oscilloscope. Vary frequency and observe the gate pulses.
c. Connect ‘R-L load’ from the load bank across the load terminal of the
HALF BRIDGE VSI section.
d. Connect oscilloscope and multi-meter as AC (RMS) Voltmeter across the
load terminal.
e. Male the supply ON and observe the load voltage output waveform on
oscilloscope. Also measure its RMS value and frequency. Observe load
current waveform.
f. For PWM unipolar and bipolar wave mode operation select required mode
from the menu and repeat experiment.

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7. OBSERVATION TABLE:

Supply voltage (DC) Vs =________________ V.

Sr. No. Output voltage Frequency Remark
(RMS Value in volts)
1.

2.

3.

4.

8. PRECAUTION:

a. All the connections are to make with the main supply switch is in OFF
position.
b. Do not short load terminals.
c. Don’t short supply terminals i.e. +Vs and –Vs.
d. At a time apply power supply to one module only. Do not apply power
supply to more than one module.
e. Before switching ON the supply ensures that the fuse is in good condition.

9. QUESTIONS:

a. How harmonic components from the output voltage can be reduced?

b. What is the purpose of connecting diodes in anti-parallel with IGBT in the
inverter circuits?
c. What is pulse width modulation?

d. What is the difference between unipolar and bipolar PWM techniques?

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