Chapter 3

COMPLETING THE BASICS

Introduction to Computer Science 1

Chapter 3

◼ 1. Assignment statement
◼ 2. Formatting the output
◼ 3. Using mathematical library functions
◼ 4. Program input using the cin object
◼ 5. Strings

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1. Assignment statement
◼ How do we place data items into variables?
• Read in values typed at the keyboard by the user
• Use an assignment statement
◼ Assignment statement examples:
length = 25;
cMyCar = “Mercedes”;
sum = 3 + 7;
newtotal = 18.3*amount;
◼ Assignment operator (=) are used for assignment a value to a
variable and for performing computations.
◼ Assignment statement has the syntax:
variable = expression;
◼ Expression is any combination of constants, variables, and function
calls that can be evaluated to yield a result.

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Assignment statement (cont.)

◼ The order of events when the computer executes an

assignment statement is
- Evaluate the expression on the right hand side of the
assignment operator.
- Store the resultant value of the expression in the
variable on the left hand side of the assignment operator.

◼ Note:
1. The equal sign here does not have the same
meaning as an equal sign in mathematics.
2. Each time a new value is stored in a variable, the
old one is overwritten.

4
Example 3.1.1
◼ This program calculates the volume of a cylinder,
given its radius and height
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
float radius = 2.5, height = 16.0, volume;
//radius = 2.5;
//height = 16.0;
volume = 3.1416 * radius * radius * height;
cout << "The volume of the cylinder is " << volume << endl;
return 0;
}
◼ The output of the above program:

The volume of the cylinder is 314.16

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Assignment Variations
C++ includes other arithmetic operators in addition to the
equal sign of assignment.

Operator Example Meaning

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
= iNum1 = iNum2
+= iNum1 += iNum2 iNum1 = iNum1 + iNum2
-= iNum1 -= iNum2 iNum1 = iNum1 - iNum2
*= iNum1 *= iNum2 iNum1 = iNum1 * iNum2
/= iNum1 /= iNum2 iNum1 = iNum1 / iNum2
%= iNum1 %= iNum2 iNum1 = iNum1 % iNum2

So sum += 10 is equivalent to
sum = sum + 10

6
Data Type Conversion across Assignment Operator

◼ Note: Data type conversion can take place across

assignment operators, i.e., the value of the
expression on the right side is converted to the data
type of the variable to the left side.

◼ For example, if temp is an integer variable, the

assignment temp = 25.89 causes the integer value 25
to be stored in the integer variable temp.

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Increment and decrement operators
◼ For the special case in which a variable is either
increased or decreased by 1, C++ provides two
unary operators: increment operator and decrement
operator.

Operator Description
---------------------------------------------------------------
++ Increase an operand by a value of one
-- Decrease an operand by a value of one

◼ The increment (++) and decrement (--) unary

operators can be used as prefix or postfix operators
to increase or decrease value.
8
Increment and decrement operators (cont.)
◼ A prefix operator is placed before a variable and returns
the value of the operand after the operation is performed.

◼ A postfix operator is placed after a variable and returns

the value of the operand before the operation is
performed.

◼ Prefix and postfix operators have different effects when

used in a statement

b = ++a; // prefix way

will first increase the value of a (equal to 5) to 6, and then
assign that new value to b. It is equivalent to
a = a +1; b = a;

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 b = a++; // postfix way
will first assign the value of a (equal to 5) to b, and then
increase the value of a to 6. It is equivalent to
b = a; a = a + 1;

▪ The decrement operators are used in a similar way.

b = --a;
equivalent to
a = a -1; b = a;
b = a--;
equivalent to
b = a; a = a -1;

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◼ Example 3.1.2
#include <iostream.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int c;
c = 5;
cout << c << endl; // print 5
cout << c++ << endl; // print 5 then postincrement
cout << c << endl << endl; // print 6 The output of the above program:
c = 5;
cout << c << endl; // print 5 5
cout << ++c << endl; 5
// preincrement then print 6 6
cout << c << endl; // print 6
return 0; 5
} 6
6

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2. FORMATTING FOR PROGRAM OUTPUT

◼ Besides displaying correct results, a program should

present its results attractively with good formats.

◼ Stream Manipulators

Stream manipulator functions are special stream

functions that change certain characteristics of the input
and output.

The main advantage of using manipulator functions is

they facilitate the formatting of the input and output
streams.

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Stream Manipulators
• setw() The setw() stands for set width. This manipulator is
used to specify the minimum number of the character positions on
the output field a variable will consume.

• setprecision() The setprecision() is used to control the number of

digits of an output stream display of a floating-point value.
Setprecision(2) means 2 digits of precision to the right of the decimal
point (this is only true if fixed mode is enabled).

Example:
cout << “|” << setw(10)
<< setprecision(3) << fixed << 25.67<<”|”;

cause the printout without the "fixed" keyword, the precision starts at the beginning of
the number. With the "fixed" keyword, it starts at the decimal point.
To reset the behaviour after using “fixed”, we can use “defaultfloat”

| 25.670|

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Example 3.2.1
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << setw(3) << 6 << endl
<< setw(3) << 18 << endl
<< setw(3) << 124 << endl
<< "---\n"
<< (6+18+124) << endl;
return 0;
}

The output of the above program:

6
18
124
---
148
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3. USING MATHEMATICAL LIBRARY FUNCTIONS
◼ C++ provides standard library functions that can be included in
a program.

◼ If your program uses mathematic function sqrt(), it should

have the preprocessor command #include<math.h> in the
beginning of the program.

Function Name Description Return Value

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
abs(a) Absolute value Same data type as argument
log(a) Natural logarithm double
sin(a) sine of a (a in radians) double
cos(a) cosine of a (a in radians) double
tan(a) tangent of a (a in radians) double

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MATHEMATICAL LIBRARY FUNCTIONS
Function Name Description Return Value
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
log10(a) common log (base 10) of a double
pow(a1,a2) a1 raised to the a2 power double
exp(a) ea e~2.71828 double
sqrt(a) square root of a double

Except abs(a), they all take an argument of type double and return
a value of type double.

Note: The typical floating point types and its sizes in C++ are:
Type size
-----------------------------------------
float 4
double 8

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4. PROGRAM INPUT USING THE cin OBJECT
◼ So far, our programs have been limited since that all their data must
be defined within the program source code.

◼ We now learn how to write programs which enable data to be

entered via the keyboard, while the program is running.

◼ Standard Input Stream

The cin object reads in information from the keyboard via the standard
input stream.

The extraction operator (>>) retrieves information from the input stream.

When the statement cin >> num1; is encountered, the computer stops
program execution and accepts data from the keyboard. When a data
item is typed, the cin object stores the item into the variable listed after
the >> operator.

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Example 3.4.1
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
float num1, num2, product;
cout << "Please type in a number: ";
cin >> num1;
cout << "Please type in another number: ";
cin >> num2;
product = num1 * num2;
cout << num1 << " times " << num2 << " is " << product << endl;
return 0;
}

The output of the above program:

Please type in a number: 30

Please type in another number: 0.05
30 times 0.05 is 1.5

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Example 3.4.2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int num1, num2, num3;
float average;

cout << "Enter three integer numbers: ";

cin >> num1 >> num2 >> num3;
average = (num1 + num2 + num3) / 3.0;
cout << "The average of the numbers is " << average << endl;
return 0;
}

The output of the above program:

Enter three integer numbers: 22 56 73

The average of the numbers: 50.333333

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5. Strings
◼ Fundamental types represent the most basic types handled by the
machines where the code may run. But one of the major strengths of
the C++ language is its rich set of compound types, of which the
fundamental types are mere building blocks.

An example of compound type is the string class. Variables of this

type are able to store sequences of characters, such as words or
sentences. A very useful feature!

A first difference with fundamental data types is that in order to

declare and use objects (variables) of this type, the program needs
to include the header where the type is defined within the standard
library (header <string.h>).
Position:

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// my first string
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
string mystring;
mystring = "This is a string";
cout << mystring;
return 0;
}

◼ A variable of string type can be initialized in the variable declaration as

follows:
string month = “March”;
◼ A variable of string type can be initialized in the second way as
follows:
string s1(“Hello”);

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Example 3.5.1
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
string str1; // an empty string
string str2(“Good Morning”);
string str3 = “Hot Dog”;
string str4(str3);
string str5(str4, 4);
string str6 = “linear”; The output of the program:
string str7(str6, 3, 3); str1 is:
cout << “str1 is: “ << str1 << endl; str2 is: Good Morning
cout << “str2 is: “ << str2 << endl; str3 is: Hot Dog
cout << “str3 is: “ << str3 << endl; str4 is: Hot Dog
cout << “str4 is: “ << str4 << endl; str5 is: Dog
cout << “str5 is: “ << str5 << endl; str6 is: Linear
cout << “str6 is: “ << str6 << endl; str7 is: ear
cout << “str7 is: “ << str7 << endl;
return 0;
}
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 Some methods for string class
◼ string objectName(str, n) : creates and initializes a string
object with a substring of string object str, starting at index
position n of str.
◼ string objectName(str, n, p) : creates and initializes a string
object with a substring of string object str, starting at index
position n of str and containing p characters.

Input a string with getline()

• The expression getline(cin, message) will continuously accept
and store characters typed at the terminal until the Enter key is
pressed. All the characters encountered by getline() are stored
in the string named message.

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Example 3.5.2

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
string message;
cout << “Ener a string: \n”);
getline(cin, message);
cout << “The string just entered is:\n”) << message << endl;
return 0;
}

The output of the program:

Enter a string:
This is a test input of a string typed in by user
The string just entered is:
This is a test input of a string

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Exercise 1
◼ Given the program:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int count;
count = 0;
cout << “The initial value of count is “ << count << endl;
count++;
cout << “ count is now “ << count << endl;
count++;
cout << “ count is now “ << count << endl;
count++;
cout << “ count is now “ << count << endl;
count++;
cout << “ count is now “ << count << endl;
return 0;
}
◼ What is the output of the program?
32
Exercise 2
◼ Write out the display of the following statements :

cout << “The number is “ << setw(6)

<< setprecision(2) << 26.27 << endl;
cout << “The number is “ << setw(6)
<< setprecision(2) << 682.3 << endl;
cout << “The number is “ << setw(6)
<< setprecision(2) << 1.968 << endl;

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Exercise 3
◼ Determine the errors in each of the following statements:
a. cout << “\n << “ 15
b. cout << “setw(4) “<< 33;
c. cout << “setprecision(5) “ << 526.768;
d. “Hello World!” >> cout;
e. cout << 47 << setw(6);
f. cout << set(10) < 0.768 << setprecision(2);

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Exercise 4

35
Exercise 5

◼ Given an initial deposit of money, denoted as A, in a

bank that pays interest annually.
◼ Amount of money at a time N years late is given by the
formula:
Amount = A*(1+I)N
◼ I is the interest rate as a decimal number (e.g., 9.5% is
0.095).
◼ Design the flowchart and write a C++ program that
determines the amount of money that will be available in
N years if A is deposited in a bank that pays 9.5%
interest annually.

Programming Fundamentals with C++ 36

Exercise 6

◼ Write a C++ program that swaps two

numbers.

Input 1st number : 15

Input 2nd number : 50
-------------------
After swapping the 1st number is : 50
After swapping the 2nd number is : 15

Programming Fundamentals with C++ 37