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Notes - Application of Integrals..

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54 views10 pages

Notes - Application of Integrals..

Notes

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narutouzumaki561282
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DEFINITE INTEGRATION & AREA DEFINITE INTEGRATION LeLF (x) be any aniderivative of f(s), then for any two values of the independent variable x, say a and b, the difference F (b)-F (a) is called the definite integral of f(x) ftom ato band is denoted by [ys (x) de. Thus J/code=FO)-F@), 2 ‘The numbers a and bare called the limits f integration; a i the | 6, lower limit and b is the upper limit, Usually F (b) ~ F (a) is abbreviated by writing F (x) |b R J 1 7 Jrevex=]soray ‘9 ) 1 freods=-fr00 2 3 jroaig ion where ¢ may or may db a ms Jre-oax 5 frover=[rasr-max J Six) 2 Stxl+ ft ) Pa Preods+f saan ax 0 iff Qa-x)=-f(x) 2 Foods iF FQa—ny= F09 bhrinde 4 esaincen Jae 7 oO if f(-)=—/PX ie. ffx) is odd] If f (x) is a periodic function of period ‘a’, ie f(a+x)=/(0), then (@) [foadx=n[ foode (6) J Fooax= (0-1) [ Fax (of s0ax={ rood, wtere beR (8) [ f(0) dx independent ofb. oo T reaseenf soe wntenet ocanned with Camscanr 9. Myts)2onteimena ab) ten f a9 dx> 0 10, F (2) = g (&) on the Interval fa, 6), then Jroaefeme u |jrora sflresax 12, f(x) is continuous on fb], mis the least and M isthe sreatest value of f(x) on [a,b then in(b-ay=[ foodeem (ba) 13, For any wo functions f(x) and g (3), integrable on the interval [a, b], the Schwarz — Bunyakovsky inequality holds lj atxddx |< If Poo dx [eorex nh apostasy mgm Sa then there exists pointe €fanp) suc that, Jie x= fo Occ wie Pssst Beasts NEWTON LEIBNITZ'S THEOREM: If is continuous on [a, b] and g(x) & h(x) are differentiable functions of x whose values lie in fa, bj, then Af Png] i001 se4- tec seo OT care mee Let/(x) bea continuous eal valued fimetion defined an the closed interval [a,b] which is divided into n parts as shown in figure. ox. ar(eiyhasnimb “The Point of division on x-axis are a.athat2h......at(oIhatnb, where Let §, denotes the area of these n rectangles, ‘Then, S,= h fa) + hf (a+ b) +h f(a+ 2h) + (a+(n—1) A) thf Clearly, Sis area very close to the area of the region bounded by ‘curve y= f(x), xaxis and the ordinates x= a, x= b. Hence frais, Free uF nye ocanned with Camscanr Aobe. 4 1. Weean also write S=hfath)+hfat2b)+....... +h flank) and frown C}C2}) 2 Ifa=o,b=1, | f(x) dx= Steps to express the limit of sum as deffnte integral ‘Sep 1. Replace ‘by x, i by dxand Lt Sy f values of ras lower and upper limits respectively. roresampe J 5° 4 {2}. [yeoes [ular Pa areca) Pea scAey 4 1 52 18 = fla ed ten show at to fine (I-sin? x) dx <0 v fw “de to- » foe “Ry a woe oe a(S according as nis even or odd. 1, ==, 1, Sol. t= fan tan? x dx ocanned with Camscanr =feanoe (see? x=1) dx 83 Sol. ge. or (3) x. cos" x. cos? x de =(Bet) iors cor xsi cco aye “(aes Cay a(hest nal ates m-5 = (Ber ee) erste) eaters m-3 according as m is even or odd. Tyg fo xa = na ene = ! : 2, Wall's Formula Tas (m=1) (m-3) (m—5)..... (Q=1) (N=3) (9=5) eB (m+n) (m+n=2)(m+n=4).. 2 ‘when both m, nare even (a=!) (m=3)(m=5)....(n=) (2-3) (2-5)... (m+n)(m4n-2)(m4n—4).... otherwise ocanned with Camscanr AREA UNDER THE CURVES} 1 ‘The area bounded by the curve y = /(x), x-axis and the ordinates x = a. and x= b (Where b> a) is given by A=fiylax= fi /o9lde @ If (Q)>0 Vx e [a,b] Then A= [seo de (i) I Q)>0 Vee fee <0 vxe (¢,b] Then Joo [ye Gere free where c is a po en a and b. A= + 2 re “The area bounded by the curve x= g (y), y—axis and the abscissae y =e and y= d (where d > c) is given by Ax fixidy=fig@idy Ys wb ysd 5 ‘Wh ye oO If we have two curve yr y= g (x), such that y =F (6) lies abdye y= (8) then the area bounded berwega they aid the ordinates x= a and x = ten A oy —fatwex en teeta “The area bounded by the curves y = / (x) and y= g (x) between the ordinates x= a and x= b is given by A= | fos) dx+ Jeo) dx where x= is the point of intesection ofthe two curves Y Js 3 xk SG Ox=a x= SS © =p ocanned with Camscanr 5. CURVETRACING In order to find the area bounded by several curves, itis important to have rough sketch of the required portion ‘The following steps are very useful in tracing a cartesian curve f(x,y) = 0. Step 1: Symmetry (i) The curve is symmetrical about x-axis if all powers of y in the equation of the given curve are even, (il) The curve is symmetrical about y-axis ifall powers of x in the equation of the given curve are even, (iii) The curve is symmetrical about the line y = x, if the ‘equation of the given curve remains unchanged on interchanging x and y. (iv) The curve is symmetrical in opposite quadrants, if the ‘equation of the given curve remains unchanged “€: and y are replaced by—x and—y wm, ‘Step 2: Origin there is no constant term in the algebraic ‘curve, then the curve passes thro origin itor neengaadeatinre nen eang Foro five y= + a pss trovah he jangents at the origin are given by axy =" nd y =0, ie x= ith the Co-ordinate Axes Step3: Intersection. (To find the points of imersection ofthe curve with X-axis, put y = 0 in the equation of the given curve and get the corresponding values of x. (@_ To find the points of intersection of the aru put x= On the equation ofyhegjvmacdye and get the correrponing values oy, XC Y-axis, Sep 4 Asymptotes Find out the asye iy (The vertical Loge or the asympiote paral to +a By pe algebraic curve are abtained by eg acticin ft igen por afy tage ete herewve Fizontal asymptotes or the asymptotes parallel to axis ofthe given algebraic curveare oblained by equating to zero the coefficient of the highest power of x in the Step5: Region ‘equation of the given curve Find out the regions of the plane in which no part of the curve lies. To determine such regions we solve the given equation for y in terms of x or vice-versa. Suppose that y becomes imaginary for x> a, the curve does not lie in the region x >a, Step 6 Crea Points P Find out he aes ofx arch #0 ‘At such points y generally changes its character from an increasing function ofx to a decreasing function of x or vice-versa, Step 7: Trace the curve with the help of the above points. ocanned with Camscanr SOLVED EXAMPLES DEFINITE INTEGRATION Evaluate the following integrals ofr dx le dx x -1 ° mien) & [Partial Fractions] S me’ ae + ]+ 2 log e+ 21, = [log] *2ogh5]— Hog 21+2 tog 3 =[-1og4+210g5) -[-og2 +2 10g 3} =-2og2+ 21og5-+1on2-2 fog’ = 1og2 + 10g 25 log 9= 10g 25 log 18 = log 25 eis f[=sin x rtm: fae f ER T¥sinx fees dx osx efectnac-fecemnac tan xf ee x mpm) = (1-0)- (V2 -1)= 2-2 ocanned with Camscanr Example—3 T dx. Sol. Let t= f 5x'Vxi +1 dx Putx'=tso that Sxtdx= dt, When x=-1,t=-1. Whenx=1,t=1 Veta fae) 2) - + sr [Fle 1, 2 ip g)e =F" -01= ae 3 Prove that “f sin cos? 09 So. I= tf sing cos! gp Sw) sol. iv Loy cos db so that eos § db=dt sind=t>1=0 1efiea-ey a= fic 20 4a

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