KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

YEAR TWO SEMISTER ONE

COURSE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY CHEMISTRY

NAME: MANZI JOEL

REG. NUMBER: 23//U/CTD/07858/PD

COURSE UNIT :

COURSE CODE :

SUPERSIVOR : MR KALISA ALEX

SIGNATURE : ……………………………………………………………..
TITLE : Effect of Concentration and Temperature on Rate of Reaction (Disappearing

Cross)

ABSTRACT

The experiment was aimed at measuring the rate of reaction between sodium

thiosulfate solution and hydrochloric acid using the cross method where the rate

depended on the time taken for the cross to disappear due to the formation of a

precipitate of sulphur. The factors that affect rate of reaction are temperature,

concentration and volume and the effect of these factors were also observed. Safety

was prioritised. The effect of concentration was firstly analysed. By use of a pencil a

cross was drawn in the middle of the filter paper .20 mL of the 0.1 M sodium

thiosulfate solution was placed into a conical flask followed by 20 mL of 1 M

hydrochloric acid to and the stop clock was started at the simultaneously.The flask

was swirled and placed on a paper marked with a cross and the time taken for the

cross to disappear was recorded The experiment was repeated using 10,12, 14, 16 and

18 ml of sodium thiosulfate solution respectively and in each case, water was added

to make the volume up to 20 ml and mixed before HCl was added. graphs of 1/time

against concentration of thiosulfate solution and reaction time and concentration of

thiosulfate solution using excel were drawn and comments were made…….. in

another experiment, the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction was to be

analysed where 20 ml of 0.05 M sodium thiosulfate solution was placed into a

conical flask and the flask was cooled gently until the temperature was about 20 0C.

20 ml of 1 M HCl was added starting a stop clock was started simultaneously before

proceeding. The flask was swirled immediately and placed on a paper marked with a

cross, and the exact temperature of the contents of the flask was measured and

recorded
The time taken for the cross to disappear was recorded

The experiment was repeated either heating or cooling the thiosulfate solution to

temperatures of approximately 100c, 300c, 400c, 500c, and 600c

respectively before the HCl was added. A graphs of 1/time against concentration of

thiosulfate solution and reaction time and concentration of thiosulfate solution using

excel as drawn and a comment .

Purpose: To observe the effect of concentration and temperature upon the rate of the

reaction of sodium thiosulfate with hydrochloric acid.

THEORY

On the basis of experiments you've performed, you probably have already noticed that

reactions occur at varying speeds. There is an entire spectrum of reaction speeds,

ranging

from very slow to extremely fast. For example, the rusting of iron is reasonably slow,

whereas the decomposition of TNT is extremely fast. The branch of chemistry that is

concerned with the rates of reactions is called chemical kinetics.

Experiments show that rates of reactions in solution depend upon:

1. The nature of the reactants

2. The concentration of the reactants 3. The temperature

4. Catalysis.

Before a reaction can occur, the reactants must come into direct contact via collisions

of the

reacting particles. However, even then, the reacting particles (ions or molecules) must

collide with sufficient energy to result in a reaction; if they do not, their collisions are

ineffective and analogous to collisions of billiard balls. With these considerations in

mind,
we can quantitatively explain how the various factors influence the rates of reactions.

Concentration:

Changing the concentration of a solute in solution alters the number of particles per

unit volume. The more particles present in a given volume, the greater the probability

of them colliding. Hence, increasing the concentration of a solute in solution increases

the number of collisions per unit time and therefore, increases the rate of reaction.

Temperature:

Since temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance, an

increase in

temperature increases the kinetic energy of the reactant particles. The results in an

increase

in the velocity of the particles and therefore, increases the number of collisions

between them

in a given period of time. Thus, the rate of reaction increases. Also, an increase in

kinetic

energy results in a greater proportion of the collisions having the required energy for

reaction.

Catalyst:

Catalysts, in some cases, are believed to increase reaction rates by bringing particles

into

close just a position in the correct geometrical arrangement for reaction to occur. In

other

instances, catalysts offer an alternative route to the reaction, one that requires less

energetic
collisions between reactant particles. If less energy is required for a successful

collision, a

larger percentage of the collisions will have the required energy, and the reaction will

occur

faster. Actually, the catalyst may take an active part in the reaction, but at the end of

the

reaction, the catalyst can be recovered chemically unchanged.

Let’s examine now precisely what is meant by the expression rate of reaction.

Order of Reaction Defined

Consider the hypothetical reaction:

A+B→C+D [1]

The rate of reaction is measured by observing the rate of disappearance of the

reactants A or B, or the rate of appearance of the products C or D. The species

observed is a matter of convenience. For example if A, B, and D are colorless and C is

colored, you could conveniently measure the rate of appearance of C by observing an

increase in the intensity of the color of the solution as a function of time.

Mathematically, the rate of reaction may be expressed as follows:

−cℎange ∈tℎe concentration A − △ [ A ]

Rate of disappearance of A = =
time required for cℎange △t

cℎange ∈tℎe concentrationC △ [C ]

Rate of appearance of C = =
time required for cℎange △t

In general, the rate of the reaction depends upon the concentration of one or more of

the reactants.

Thus, the rate of the reaction above is expressed as

Rate = k [A]x [B]y [2]

Where [A] and [B] are the molar concentrations of A and B, x and y are the powers to

which the respective concentrations must be raised, and k is the rate constant. The

values of x and y must be determined experimentally. For example, if x = 2 and y = 1,

then the rate law is:

Rate = k [A]2 [B] [3]

This reaction is first order in B, meaning that doubling the concentration of B while

keeping A constant causes the reaction rate to double. Simultaneously, this reaction is

second order in A, meaning that doubling the concentration of A while keeping B

constant causes the rate to increase by a factor of four, since the rate of the reaction is

proportional to the square of the concentration

of A. The overall order of the reaction is the sum of the exponents: or third order in

this case. The orders are determined experimentally by noting the effects of changing

reagent concentrations on the rate of the reaction. The rate constant, k, is independent

of the concentration. The rate constant is characteristic for a given reaction and varies

only with temperature. Once the rate is known for a given set of concentrations, the

value of k can be calculated.

Reaction of Sodium thiosulfate and Hydrochloric acid

In this experiment you will measure the rate of the reaction between a sodium

thiosulfate solution and hydrochloric acid:

2HCl (aq) + Na2S2O3 (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + SO2 (aq) + S(s) ↓ + H2O (l)

The precipitate of sulfur formed gradually and makes the solution cloudy. The

formation of cloudy mask a cross marked on paper. The rate of reaction, and

consequently the time taken to obscure the cross, depends on a number of variables

such as temperature, concentration and volume. The rate of reaction can be measured
by timing how long it takes for the solution to become cloudy and the precipitation of

sulfur. In other words the time taken for a certain quantity of sulphur to

form and cause the ‘X’ mark to disappear is used to determine the rate of reaction.

The rate of this reaction directly proportional with the inverse of the time taken for a

formation of precipitation of sulfur.

APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS:

Sodium thiosulfate solution Thermometer

Bunsen burner

Hydrochloric acid

Measuring cylinder

Piece of paper

Distilled water

Conical flask

Wire gauze

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Wear your eye protection.

• Do not inhale any fumes.

• Sulfur dioxide is toxic and corrosive. Dispose of the solution immediately after

the experiment following your teacher's instructions.

• Wash your hands when finished.

PROCEDURE:

Effect of concentration

A cross was drawn in the middle of the filter paper using a pencil
20 mL of the 0.1 M sodium thiosulfate solution was placed into a conical flask

followed by 20 mL of 1 M hydrochloric acid to and the stop clock was started at the

same time.

The flask was swirled and placed on a paper marked with a cross and the time taken

for the cross to disappear was recorded

The experiment was repeated using 10,12, 14, 16 and 18 ml of sodium thiosulfate

solution respectively and in each case, water was added to make the volume up to 20

ml and mixed before HCl was added

The results were recorded in data sheet.

Vol of Vol of 0.1M Vol of Conc of Reaction 1 -1

(s )
time
1M HCl sodium water (ml) thiosulfat time (s)

(ml) thiosulfate e solution

solution (M)

(ml)

1 20 20 0 0.1 72 0.0139

2 20 10 10 0.09 145 0.0069

3 20 12 8 0.08 109 0.0092

4 20 14 6 0.07 91 0.0100

5 20 16 4 0.06 80 0.0125

6 20 18 2 0.05 75 0.0133
 A graph of 1/t against concentration of
thiosulfate solution.
0.016
0.014
0.012
Rate (1/t) s-1

0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11
Concentration (M)

A graph of reaction time against concentra-

tion
160
140
Reaction time (s)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11

Concentration (M)

A graph of reaction time against concentra-

tion
160
140
Reaction time (s)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11

Concentration (M)
B. Effect of temperature

20 ml of 0.05 M sodium thiosulfate solution was placed into a conical flask and the

flask was cooled gently until the temperature was about 20 0C.

20 ml of 1 M HCl was added starting a stop clock was started simultaneously before

proceeding.

The flask was swirled immediately and placed on a paper marked with a cross, and

the exact temperature of the contents of the flask was measured and recorded

The time taken for the cross to disappear was recorded

The experiment was repeated either heating or cooling the thiosulfate solution to

temperatures of approximately 100c, 300c, 400c, 500c, and 600c

respectively before the HCl was added.

The results were recorded in data sheet.

Vol of Vol of 0.05M sodium T (0c) Reaction time 1 -1

(s )
time
1M HCl thiosulfate solution (ml) (s)

(ml)

1 20 20 20 411 0.0024

2 20 20 10 440 0.0023

3 20 20 30 259 0.0039

4 20 20 40 188 0.0053

5 20 20 50 121 0.0083

6 20 20 60 67 0.0149
 A graph of 1/t against Temperature
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.01
Rate (/s)

0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Temperature (0c)

A graph of reaction time against temperature

500

400
Reaction time (s)

300

200

100

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Temperature (0C)

SOLUTION

The meaning of directly proportionality of two quantities.

When two quantities are directly proportional, it means that as one quantity increases,
the other quantity increases at the same rate.

Effect of increasing the concentration on the reaction time and reaction rate

Increasing the concentration of reactants generally decreases the reaction time and
increases the reaction rate. This is because a higher concentration of reactants leads to
more frequent collisions between reactant molecules, thus speeding up the reaction.
Effect of raising the temperature on the reaction time

Raising the temperature decreases the reaction time. Higher temperatures increase the
kinetic energy of the molecules, causing them to move faster and collide more
frequently, which speeds up the reaction.

The effect of raising the temperature on the reaction rate.

Raising the temperature increases the reaction rate.

Two factors responsible for the result observed.

Increased collision frequency

Increased collision energy

Reason why it is not recommended to carry out the experiment at

temperatures higher than about 60 0C.

At temperatures higher than about 60°C, the reaction may proceed too quickly to

measure accurately. Additionally, high temperatures can cause the reactants or

products to decompose or lead to side reactions, which can affect the accuracy and

safety of the experiment

The limiting reactant in the temperature experiment.

Sodium thiosulphate

Discussion of results

Varying the concentration of sodium thiosulfate while keeping the concentration of

HCl constant shows that higher concentrations of sodium thiosulfate result in faster
reaction times. This was be observed by the quicker formation of the sulphur
precipitate, which turns the solution cloudy
Similarly, conducting the reaction at different temperatures will demonstrate that
higher temperatures lead to faster reaction rates. This is evident from the quicker
disappearance of the cross mark observed through the reaction mixture.

Sources of errors

Measurement inaccuracies: Errors in measuring the volumes of sodium thiosulfate

and water could affect the concentration and, consequently, the reaction rate.
Temperature control: Inconsistent temperature maintenance could lead to variations in

reaction times, especially in the experiments testing the effect of temperature.

Timing precision: Human error in starting and stopping the timer when the cross

disappears could introduce variability in the recorded times.

Concentration consistency: Any slight variations in the concentration of sodium

thiosulfate solution could impact the reaction rate.

Environmental factors: External factors such as humidity and air pressure could also

influence the reaction rate.

Recommendation

I recommend the university to build structures (laboratories) for environmental

sensitive experiments in particular

I recommend the university to procure enough apparatus so as every studenbt can

have hands on experiment

Conclusion

The experiment confirmed that both increased concentration of the reactants and

higher temperatures lead to faster rates. Theses results align with the principle of

chemical kinetics and collision theory highlighting the importance of molecular

collisions in determine reaction rates

Reference

Atkins, P. W., & De Paula, J. (2010). Physical chemistry (9th ed.). Oxford University
Press.

Laidler, K. J., & Meiser, J. H. (2003). Physical chemistry (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin.

Levine, I. N. (2009). Physical chemistry (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Moore, J. W., & Pearson, R. G. (1981). Kinetics and mechanism (3rd ed.). Wiley.

Espenson, J. H. (1995). Chemical kinetics and reaction mechanisms (2nd ed.).

McGraw-Hill.