IT/ICT AND THE EVOLUTION OF
COMPUTERS
HISTORY AND MECHANISM
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
• Information technology is the technology that uses computing with high speed
communication links to spread information from one place to another.
• Information system + communication system = computer system
• ICT – (IKT) – Integration of telecommunications, wireless devices
• Task1: List as many IT/ICT devices as you can. Also think of the devices that
have certain type of internet or satellite connections
COMPUTER
• An electronic device that is programmed to accept data, process data into
useful information and store it for later use
• Computer consists of hardware and software
• Software is a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do
• Hardware is the physical part of a computer
• I/O interface
WHERE DID IT ALL START?
• Abacus (3000 B.C)
• Mechanical era (1623 – 1920s)
• ANALOG computers: recognizes data as a continuous measurement of a
physical property.
• Its output is usually displayed on a meter or graphs.
:
PASCALINE
• Blaise Pascal (1642) –mechanical calculator
• Addition and subtraction
NEUMANN PRINCIPLE
WWII – ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), TURING –
Machine
- Basic principle:
- The computer is used to solve mathematic algorithms that humans
are capable of. The aim is to increase the speed of processing.
- Use of binary numbers
- TURING: From basic operations to Subroutine, Arithmetic unit –
executing logical and mathemtical operations
NEUMANN PRINCIPLE
BINARY NUMBERS AND THEIR USE IN I.T.
• Base 2 numeral system, only two digits (0 and 1)
• Each digit is referred to as a bit.
• Logic gate: Physical device with a Boolean function
Operation on one or more binary inputs and produces a single binary output
• USES: diodes, transistors, circuits, optics, molecules
LOGIC
• Operations
• AND
• OR
• XOR
• NOT
• NOR
Fixed-point arithmetic and Floating point –arithmetic
Fixed for integers
16 or 32 bit (byte or int types) - overflow
Floating – real numbers
A number is, in general, represented approximately to a fixed number
of significant digits
and scaled using an exponent in some fixed base
Significand X base exponent
Size of number expressed in bits – 16, 32 –bit
FLOATING POINT NUBMERS
• Overflow
• The exponent is too large to be represented in the Exponent field
• Underflow
• The number is too small to be represented in the Exponent field
Bit No Size Field Name
63 1 bit Sign (S)
52-62 11 bits Exponent (E)
0-51 52 bits Mantissa (M)
HARDWARE
Motherboard
1. CPU socket
2. RAM (memory) sockets
3. Expansion slots(PCI . VGA)
4. Storage connectors
5. Keyboard and mouse
6. Graphics
7. USB
8. Network
9. Sound
CPU cooler
CPU
RAM memory
GPU (Graphics processing unit) – Video Card
Sound card
TURING – MACHINE
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=ZZUQLLDX2YQ
EDVAC (ELECTRONIC DISCRETE VARIABLE
AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR)
- US army lab
- EDVAC's average addition
time was
864 microseconds and its
average multiplication
time was 2,900
microseconds.
Capcaity of 1000 44 bit
words
– 5.5 kilobytes
ENIAC
Right after the war, based on
Turing’s machine
It was able to solve a large
Class of numberial problems
Through programming.
Length: 30.5 m
Speed: 100 kHZ
Operations: 0,2 -30 m seconds
FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE 1950S -
• More and more electron tube computers. PRIVATE sector appears
• IBM started to develop its first computer
• 1976 APPLE 1.
• Moore’s law(1975): The number of transistors in a dense integrated
circuit doubles about every two years thus the computing capcaity doubles
too.
The most significant event of 1981 for the personal computing industry was the
introduction of the IBM PC.
CPU: INTEL 8088
Starting at 4.47 MHZ
then 8-10 MHZ
1MB RAM
TWO floppy drives
720 x 350 pixel green
screen monitor, a color
display adapter
( 4 colors 320 x 200)
DOT matrix printer
OS: PC- DOS
Magnetic data storage
Floppy : 8 inch 360 KB 5.25 inch 1,2 MB 3.5 inch 1.44 MB
IBM 386- 486
• CPU - i386 12-40 MHZ
COMPAQ DESK PRO -386S
WINDOWS 1.0?
OFFICE 5 -5.5 ?
1983
STARS OF THE 1980S - COMMODORE 64
• Good price and quality proprotion
• 300-600$
• Form 1987 SX Color Display
Stars of the 80s-
DEVELOPMENT OF IBM PCS
• Next generation – IBM 486, widely
used from the 80s till the middle of the
90s
• The structure and mechanism had been
optimalized (Starting price 1260$)
• A new type of hardver was introduced
alongside the CPU
STARS OF THE 80S- APPLE 2/MACINTOSH
1290 $ ~ 3000 $ in 1984
MACINTOSH II
• 1987 – 16 MHZ Motorola CPU
• 20 MB internal Hard Drive
• Color Quick Draw
• Multiple Monitors, display size and
depth
• BUT 5500 $ !!!
MARKET WAR OF THE 1983-1990S…
COMMODORE 64 IBM 386/486 … APPLE AND MAC
Widely used in households The most successful of that decade First graphic user interface!
Games -70% of Commodore Bill Gates estimated 200 000 Mouse
Software overall in 1982
Success in education and
Home and entertainment softw. By 1983 One in every minute was publishing
sold
Low Price
Market Wars – Commodore Commercial
Market Wars – IBM
Market Wars – Macintosh/ Apple
SOMETHING THAT IBM INTRODUCED IN :
CACHE
• Basically small storage capacity, but high speed
• Stores recently used information for quick access
• Present days: Browser Cache, Memory Cache, CPU cache (L1, L2 …64kb-
2MB)
GENERATIONS
1940 – 1956: First Generation – Vacuum Tubes
- A few thousands operations per second
- Required engineers to run
- These first generation computers relied on ‘machine language’
- Output came out on print-outs. The two notable machines of this era
were the UNIVAC and ENIAC machines
SECOND GENERATION (UNTIL 1960S)
• Programming was required
• Still relied on punched card for input/output
• Instead of lectron tubes transistos were introduced
• New language evolved : symbolic (‘assembly’) languages.
• first computers to store instructions into their memories
THIRD GENERATION
• Integrated Circuits (Small Scale Integrated Circuits SSI): transistors were
being miniaturised and put on silicon chips (called semiconductors)
• massive increase in speed and efficiency
• Processing speed was app. 1 000 000 operations/second
• As it became smaller and cheaper a new mass market of users emerged
4TH GENERATION – 1971 – TODAY(2010S)
• Intel introduced the first in 1971
• INTEL 4004 positioned all computer components (CPU, memory, input/output
controls) onto a single chip. (instead of room size just a handful of circuits)
• VLIS, ULSI curcuits (Very large scale ultra large scale…)
WHAT HAS CAHNGED SINCE THE 1990S
• Windows and Microsoft conquered the whole world
• Increase in speed and decrease in price
• Pentium I, II, III
• Multimedia use:
games, movies, CD/DVD
1988 2020
• CPU : 8 MHZ • CPU – 8 cores 3-4 GHZ
• Memory 256 Kb (expandable • Memory 8-16 GB
512KB) • 1-2 TB hard drive
• 30 MB hard drive • GPU – (ex VGA card)
• CGA card , using PC memory Own built in processing unit
5TH GENERATION
• Artificial Intelligence
• Leaps have been made in AI technology
and computers, but we still have much
to learn
• Examples: Siri, Sophia
• Use of AI. Today in programming and
developing softwares, games.
• User orientated communication
AI – ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• Intelligent or not? Difference
• Google predictions
• Siri the virtual assistant ?
• IVA and IPA –Google assist, Nina, Licuda, Ubi Kit, SILVIA, Amazon
• Programing
HOW DOES IPA/IVA WORK?
• Natural conversation (recognizes the intent)
• Automation (essential functions)
• Smart learning (industrial knowledge, unique data)
• Integration
• Further examples, and the future?
