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THREE PHASE CIRCUITS
Three-phase (3Φ) system is a combination of three single-phase systems.
NECESITY AND ADVANTAGES OF THREE-PHASE SYSTEM:
Three-phase equipment (motors, transformers, etc.) weighs less than single-phase equipment
of the same power rating
They can be used for single-phase loads
Three-phase equipment is smaller in size, and is more efficient than single-phase equipment.
Single phase motors are not self starting, but 3-Phase motors are self starting.
Power delivered by 3-Phase supply is not fluctuating.
For a given amount of power to be transmitted over a given distance & with a given voltage, A 3-
phase line requires much less conductor material than single phase line.
Meaning of phase sequence.
The order in which the voltages in the phases reach their maximum positive values
is called the phase sequence
Three-phase systems can be connected in two different ways.
They are 1). Y or Star Connection. 2). Delta (Δ) Connection
1). Y or Star Connection
If the three common ends of each phase are connected at a
common point and the other three ends are connected to a
3Φ line, it is called a star or Y, connection
2). Delta (Δ) Connection
If the three phases are connected in series to
form a closed loop, it is called a delta, or
Δ - connection.
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RELATION BETWEET PHASE & LINE VOLTAGES IN STAR CONNECTION
Using law of parallelogram of forces, where the magnitude of two sides are VR=VY=Vph
and the angle between the two phasors is 600 .
2 2 2
VRY VR VY 2 VR VY COS 600
2 2 2 1
VL V ph V ph 2 V ph V ph
2 2 2
VL 3 V ph
VL 3 V ph
In star connected system Line current, IL = Phase current, Iph
RELATION BETWEET PHASE & LINE CURRENTS IN DELTA CONNECTION
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Power in 3 phase circuit – Star connection
If the phase current has a phase difference of
Φ with the phase voltage,
Then, The power output per phase, Pph V p I p cos
Apparent power of Star connected system
= 3 x apparent power per phase
Total power output P 3V p I p cos
3V p I p
VL
P 3 I p cos VL
3 3 IL
3
P 3V L I L cos 3VL I L
Power in 3 phase circuit – Delta connection
If the phase current has a phase difference of
Φ with the phase voltage,
Then, The power output per phase, Pph V p I p cos
Total power output P 3V p I p cos Apparent power of Delta connected
system = 3 x apparent power per phase
IL
P 3VL cos
3 3V p I p
IL
3VL
P 3V L I L cos 3
3VL I L
