Republic of the Philippines 1

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Cabanatuan city, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – Civil Engineering Department

Republic of the Philippines

Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

College of Engineering

UNIT IV -DESIGN FLOW COMPUTATION & PIPE CAPACITY FOR STORM SEWERS,
FLOOD PLAIN, SPILLWAY DESIGN, DESIGN STORMS AND DESIGN RUN-OFF, DESIGN
PRECIPITATION HYETOGRAPHS, FLOOD CONTROL RESERVOIR DESIGN & MODIFIED
RATIONAL METHOD

PCS 2 - FLOOD CONTROL AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING

Members:

Bate, Ma. Cristine V.

Dela Cruz, Erica P.

Dichoso, Ericka S.

Maniquiz, Aira Mae S.

Engr. Alelie Joy Alejo

INSTRUCTOR

October 7, 2024

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DESIGN FLOW COMPUTATIONS AND PIPE CAPACITY FOR STORM SEWERS

DESIGN FLOW COMPUTATIONS

Methods

1. Rational Method

– Used to find peak flows for storm sewers

If a rainfall of i intensity begins instantly and continues indefinitely, the rate of runoff
will increase until the time of concentration (tc).

Assumptions:

1. Peak runoff rate at the outlet is a function of the average rainfall rate during
(tc). (peak runoff does not result from a more intense storm of shorter duration
during which only a portion of the watershed is contributing to the runoff)
2. (tc). employed is the time for runoff to flow from the farthest point in the
watershed to the inflow point of the sewer being designed.
3. Rainfall intensity is constant throughout the storm duration.

RATIONAL FORMULA

The rational formula is given by: Q = CiA

Where:

Q = peak discharge in cfs which occurs at (tc).

i = rainfall intensity in in/hr (duration used to compute i = tc)
A = watershed area in acres
C = runoff coefficient (0 ≤C ≤ 1)

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2. SCS-Runoff Method

– U.S Soil Conservation Service developed this method. By this method the
volume and peak of the runoff can be estimated for 24-hr design storm.
This method can be used for both urban and non- urban small watersheds.

The SCS method uses a dimensionless unit hydrograph and drainage inputs to
determine flow volumes and peak discharges.

SCS runoff equation is given as:

Ia = 0.2S

Q = Runoff depth (in)

P = Rainfall / precipitation (in)
S = Potential maximum retention after runoff begins (in)
Ia = Initial abstraction (in)

3. Modified Rational Method

- Modified rational method is an extension of the rational method for rainfalls

lasting longer than the time of concentration and the hydrograph.

The basic equation for the Modified Rational Method is: Qp=kCia

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RUNOFF COEFFICIENT C
C is the most difficult variable to accurately determine in the rational
method. The fraction of rainfall that will produce peak flow depends on:

• Impervious cover - any type of human-made surface that doesn’t absorb

rainfall.
• Slope - a rising or falling surface.
• Surface detention - The portion of the storm rainfall that flows on the land
surface toward the channel but has not yet reached it.
• Interception - the capture of precipitation above the ground surface.
• Infiltration - the process by which water on the ground surface enters the
soil.
• Antecedent moisture conditions - the relative wetness or dryness of a sewer
shed, which changes continuously and can have a very significant effect
on the flow responses in these systems during wet weather.

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C values based on land use C values based on soil groups

Rainfall Intensity (i)

• I : rainfall rate in in/hr

• i is selected based on rainfall duration and return period
– duration is equal to the time of concentration, tc
– return period varies depending on design standards
• tc = sum of inlet time (to) and flow time (tf) in the upstream sewers
connected to the outlet

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tc = to + t f

Li is the length of the ith pipe along the flow path and
Where:
Vi is the flow velocity in the pipe.

PIPE CAPACITY FOR STORM SEWERS

-using manning equation

Manning Formula is used for:

• To find out the velocity of water in open channel

• To find the slope of pipe
• To find out the velocity of water in close channel
• To find out the pump of flow rate

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OPEN CHANNEL PIPE FLOW

• OPEN CHANNEL – means a flow- through channel that is open to the

atmosphere and has free surface, the flow is produced because of gravity
that is obtained by providing a bed slope.

PIPE FLOW – pipe flow is a flow that takes place under pressure force. In
close flow or in close pipe close flow, the pipe has no free surface

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

• Atmospheric pressure at free surface

• Gravity flow
• Roughness varies
• Any shape
• Velocity varies
PIPE FLOW
• No free surface
• Pressurize flow
• Roughness depends on material of pipe
• Circular
• Velocity is marls at center

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STORM SEWER

• The capacity of storm

sewers depends on
various factors, including
the size and shape of the
pipe, slope, material, and
the design specifications.
Storm sewer systems are
designed to handle the flow of rainwater and prevent flooding in urban
areas. The capacity is typically expressed in terms of flow rate, often
measured in cubic foot per second (cfs) or cubic meter per second (cms).

PIPE CAPACITY FOR STORM SEWERS

Assumption: pipe is flowing full under gravity

MANNING’S EQUATION

3/8
 2.16Qn 
1.49 D= 
Q= AR 2 / 3 S 1f / 2 
 S 0


n

Valid for Q in cfs and D in ft. For SI units (Q in m3/s and D in m), replace 2.16 with
3.21.

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WHERE:

Q = flow rate

n = manning’s roughness coefficient

A = Cross sectional Area flow or flow area

R = hydraulic radius

S = slope of the channel

Example Problem 1:

Suppose you have a storm sewer with the following characteristics:

• Pipe diameter (D): 24 inches (0.6096 meters)

• Manning's roughness coefficient (n): 0.013 (typical for concrete pipes)
• Slope of the sewer (S): 0.005
• The sewer is flowing half full.
𝜋𝐷2 𝐴
𝐴= 𝑅=
4 𝑃

𝜋(0.6096)2 𝑃 = 1.9151𝑚 (𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎)

𝐴=
4
0.2918𝑚2
𝐴 = 0.2918𝑚 2 𝑅=
1.9151𝑚
1.49 2 1
𝑄= 𝐴𝑅3 𝑆𝑓 2
𝑛 𝑅 = 0.1524𝑚

1. 2 1
𝑄= 𝐴𝑅 3 𝑆𝑓 2
𝑛

1 2 1
𝑄= (0.2918𝑚2 )(0.1524𝑚)3 (0.005)2
0.013

𝑄 = 0.4528𝑚3 /𝑠

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Example Problem 2:

Given Td =10 min, C = 0.6, ground elevations at the pipe ends (498.43 and 495.55
0.175
ft), length = 450 ft, Manning n = 0.015, i=120T / (Td + 27), compute flow, pipe
diameter and flow time in the pipe.

120(5) 0.175 Flow time = length of pipe / velocity

i= = 4.30 in / hr
(10 + 27)
450 450   1.752
=  Apipe = 
Q 10.3 4
Q = CiA = 0.6  4.30  4 = 10.3 cfs = 105 sec = 1.75 min

3/8
 2.16Qn   2.16 10.3  0.015 
3/8

D=  =  = 1.71 ft = 1.75 ft

 S   0.0064 
 0 

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Floodplain
A floodplain (or floodplain) is a generally flat area of land next to a river or
stream. It stretches from the banks of the river to the outer edges of the valley. It
also represents the limits of the Base Flood Elevation or BFE (100-year or 1%
chance storms event) and there are limits as to what can be done within these
areas. Floodplains consist of two parts.

Floodway- The first is the main channel of the river itself. This designated height is
1 foot.

Floodway fringe or Flood fringe -Flood Fringe is the remaining portion of the
floodplain which extends from the outer banks of the floodway to the bluff lines
of a river valley. Bluff lines, also called valley walls, mark the area where the
valley floor begins to rise into bluffs.

Floodplain

Floodplains are formed in one of two ways.

Erosion- it is when the ground or soil is worn away by movement of water or

wind.

Aggradation - it happens when the middle of the river flows significantly faster
than the sides. It is also known as alluviation because the sediment and debris
that builds up is called alluvium.

If the building up of sediment happens within the riverbank, they are lateral
accretions.

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If the building up of sediment happens on the floodplain during flooding, then
they are vertical accretions.

Spillway

A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of water

downstream from a dam or levee, typically into the riverbed of the dammed
river itself. In the United Kingdom, they may be known as overflow
channels. Spillways can include floodgates and fuse plugs to regulate water
flow and reservoir level. Such features enable a spillway to regulate downstream
flow—by releasing water in a controlled manner before the reservoir is full,
operators can prevent an unacceptably large release later.

Components of Spillway

1. Body, Wier, or Spillway - it can be Ogee, U, semicircular, or circular in shape.

These are sometimes equipped with gates to regulate the flow of water.

[Link] Channel - It removes excess water from the reservoir and directs it
to the downstream side. Furthermore, it aids in discharge control.

[Link] Dissipators – these are available at the discharge channel’s

downstream end. Ski jump buckets and roller buckets are commonly used to
dissipated energy.

4. Trail Channel – it carries spillway discharge to the downstream side.

5. Guide wall- it guides the flow of water directly in to the reservoir downstream.

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[Link]- the primary function of the discharge channel is to transport water
from the reservoir to the river safety.

Design Criteria for spillway

1. The spillway must be both hydraulically and structurally sound.

2. The spillway must have adequate capacity.
3. It must be situated in such a way that it allows for the safe disposal of
water
4. To withstand the high scouring velocity created by the drop from the
reservoir surface. The spillway surface must be erosion resistant.
5. On the downstream side of the spillway some kind of energy dissipation
device is usually required.

TYPES OF SPILLWAYS

STRAIGHT DROP SPILLWAY

-spillway consists of a low height weir wall having its downstream face
roughly or perfectly vertical.

-also known as free overfall spillway.

-it is the most suitable for thin arch dam’s earthen dams, or bunds.

OGEE SPILLWAY

-represents the shape of the downstream face of the weir.

- improved form of a straight drop spillway

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- it is designed based on the principle of a projectile

-it can also be called as on overflow spillway

- it is most used in case of gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, etc

SHAFT SPILLWAY

- type of spillway which consist of vertical shaft followed by a horizontal

conduit.
- the shaft constructed is either artificial or natural.
- It also called as Morning glory spillway or Bell Mouth spillway
- Shaft spillway is recommended when there is no space to provide for
other types of spillways such as ogee spillway, straight drop spillway etc.

CHUTE SPILLWAY

-type of spillway in which surplus water from upstream is disposed to the

downstream through a steeply sloped open channel.

-is suitable for the gravity dams, earthen dam, rockfill dams, etc. But it is
preferred when the width of the river valley is very narrow.

-also called as trough spillway or open channel spillway.

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LABYRINTH SPILLWAY

- is a type of dam spillway in which the weir wall is built in a zigzag manner to
increase the effective length of the weir crest in relation to the channel width.
This increase in effective length increases the weir's discharge capacity, allowing
for higher water flow at low heads that can be easily conveyed to the
downstream.

SIDE CHANNEL SPILLWAY

- is like chute spillway but the only difference is the crest of side channel spillway
is located on one of its sides whereas crest of chute spillway is located between
the side walls.

-preferred over chute spillway when flanks of sufficient width are not available.

SIPHON SPILLWAY

- A siphon spillway is a type of spillway in which surplus water is disposed to

downstream through an inverted U-shaped conduit.

- air vents are provided at the bent portion of the upper passageway to prevent
the entrance of water when the water level is below the normal poll level.

Types of Siphon Spillway

1. TITLED OUT TYPE OF SIPHON SPILLWAY

This type of dam spillway is provided when the valley is too narrow to
accommodate a separate spillway. In this case a siphon pipe can be
installed within the dam body. The siphon pipe is connected to an air
vent. The entry point is kept lower to prevent debris of floating matter from

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entering the siphon. Suction in the air vent pipe begins as soon as the
water level rises. The siphonic action will continue until the water level to
normal.
2. HOODED TYPE OF SIPHON SPILLWAY
A R.C.C. Hood is built over an overflow section in this type of dam spillway.
The inlet is kept submerged to prevent debris from entering. Above the
main hood is a small deprimer hood connected by an air vent.

3. VOLUTE TYPE OF SIPHON SPILLWAY

This type of dam spillway consists of a vertical barrel that is bent at the
discharge end and opens out in the shape of a funnel at the top. The
funnel's lip is kept at the reservoir's permissible level. A few blades, similar
to those found in centrifugal pumps, are fixed in the funnel to introduce
spiral motion to the water passing through them. Over the funnel is a
concrete dam supported by several pillars. Deprimer hood is provided
over the main dome. When the water level rises, it seals the entry of air
and water starts flowing from all sides.

DESIGN STORM AND DESIGN RUNOFF

Design storm means a prescribed hyetograph and total precipitation amount

(for a specific duration recurrence frequency) used to estimate runoff for a
hypothetical storm for the purposes of analyzing existing drainage, designing
new drainage facilities or assessing other impacts of a proposed project on the
flow of surface water. (A hyetograph is a graph of percentages of total
precipitation for a series of time steps representing the total time during which
the precipitation occurs.

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A design storm is a precipitation pattern or intensity value defined for design of
drainage facilities. Design storms are either based on historical precipitation
data or rainfall characteristics in the project area or region. Application of
design storms ranges from point precipitation for calculation of peak flows using
the rational method to storm hyetographs as input for rainfall-runoff analysis in
the hydrograph method.

Difference Of Design Storm and Design Runoff

A design storm is a hypothetical or statistically derived event used a standard

reference for designing water management and drainage system, representing
the expected or critical rainfall pattern for a specific location.

Design storms are crucial for sizing and designing storm water management
infrastructure, characterized by duration, intensity, and temporal distribution of
rainfall and are typically occurring once every 2, 10, 100 years.

Design runoff is the volume and rate of surface water runoff during a specific
storm event, crucial for hydrological analysis in designing drainage and storm
water management system.

Design runoff assessment determines peak flow rates and volume of runoff from
a storm, used to design drainage infrastructure, minimizing flooding and erosion
risk using hydrological method and factors like land use and soil types.

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Design Precipitation Hyetographs

A design precipitation hyetograph is a graphical representation of the temporal

distribution of precipitation over a specific duration for a given location. It’s
commonly used in the hydrology and civil engineering to estimate the pattern
of rainfall during a storm event.

Hyetographs are graphs showing precipitation changes over time during a

storm. They are used to design storm water management system, such as
drainage systems and dams, based on historical rainfall data and statical
analysis. They provide a crucial information for sizing and capacity of these
systems.

EXAMPLE:

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SUMMARY OF ANSWER:

Flood Control Reservoir Design

In accordance with engineering standards of care, reservoirs are to be

designed to provide stability and durability, as well as protect the quality of the
stored water. For any particular project there may be more than one

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acceptable reservoir design concept. The reservoir design criteria are not
intended to establish any particular design approach, but rather to ensure
water system adequacy, reliability, and compatibility with existing and future
facilities.

Major requirements for modeling a flood system include:

1) Schematizing the basin by identifying operational control points, damage

index locations, and potential reservoirs,
2) Developing consistent basin-wide (control point by control point)
hydrology that could include one, or preferably more, historic events or
synthetic events,
3) Developing streamflow routing criteria for all stream reaches,
4) Characterizing reservoirs by their storage and release capacities,
5) Determining operation criteria such as selecting control points to operate
for, determining their safe flow capacity, and specifying release priorities,
6) Developing functional damage relations and base conditions
exceedance frequency relations for each damage index location.

In designing flood control reservoir systems should includes the physical

representation of the system (sites, storage, cost, stream conveyance, basin
technology) and the economic representation of the consequences of flooding
(damage centers, damage potential, frequency of flooding).

One of the examples of computer programed simulation of flood control and

conservation systems is HEC-5C has been developed by The Hydrologic
Engineering Center which may help the future programmers to innovate more
the flood control reservoir designs.

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The Modified Rational Method

For drainage areas of less than 5 acres, a modification of the Rational Method
can be used for the estimation of storage volumes for detention calculations.

The Modified Rational Method uses the peak flow calculating capability of the
Rational Method paired with assumptions about the inflow and outflow
hydrographs to compute an approximation of storage volumes for simple
detention calculations. The rising and falling limbs of the inflow hydrograph have
a duration equal to the time of concentration (tc). An allowable target outflow is
set (Qa) based on pre-development conditions. The storm duration is td, and is
varied until the storage volume (shaded gray area) is maximized. It is normally an
iterative process done by hand or on a spreadsheet.

Figure 1.

Design Equations

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The design of detention using the Modified Rational Method is presented as a
noniterative approach suitable for spreadsheet calculation (Debo & Reese,
1995).

The allowable release rate can be determined from:

Where:

Qa = allowable release rate (cfs)

Ca = predevelopment Rational Method run-off coefficient

i = rainfall intensity for the corresponding time of concentration (in/hr)

A = area (acres)

Table 1,

Example Problem.

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Figure 2.

It is a series of “Trapezoidal” shaped hydrographs are created for different Storm

Durations. The “I” in the Rational equation is based upon the duration and not the
Time of Concentration, However the hydrographs initially peak at the original Time
of Concentration. The runoff volume from the pre-development hydrograph is
subtracted from each of the runoff volumes (areas under the Trapezoid), for each
storm duration. The greatest difference in volume between the pre and post
hydrographs becomes your critical hydrograph with respective critical storm
duration.

Construct a series of hydrographs for each selected duration of the storm as

shown in figure 2, Modified Rational Method Hydrographs. The estimated critical
storage for this site is 88,858 cubic feet. Since the inflow volume must equal the
outflow volume of 98,794 cubic feet, the time to the end of the release rate is 30.3.
To reach zero outflow approximately 0.5 hours must be added so the total
dewatering time will be about 30.3 hours. The outflow hydrograph reaches

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maximum flow at the intersection with the falling limb of the hydrograph resulting
from a storm with a duration equal to the time of concentration.

Storage-Duration Values

Duration Intensity – Peak Flow – Volume of Release Required

of Storm i Q Runoff Flow Storage
(hr) (cuff) Volume Volume
(in/hr) (cfs)
(cuft) (cuft)

0.25 4.8 39.9 35,925 828 35,097

0.50 3.4 28.3 50,894 1,656 49,238

0.75 2.7 22.5 60,624 2,484 58,140

1.00 2.3 19.1 68,856 3,312 65,544

1.50 1.7 14.1 76,341 4,968 71,373

2.00 1.4 11.6 83,825 6,624 77,201

3.00 1.1 9.1 98,794 9,936 88,858

3.50 0.9 7.5 94,303 11,592 82,711

Runoff Coefficient (C) = 0.7

Area (A) = 11.88 acres

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For Column 3

Peak Flow = Q = C i A

= 0.7 * 4.8 * 11.88

= 39.9 cfs

For Column 4

Runoff Volume = Q * Duration of Storm * 3600 sec

= 39.9cfs * 0.25hrs * 3600 sec

= 35,925 [Link]

For Column 5

Release Volume = 0.92cfs * Duration of Storm * 3600sec

= 0.92 cfs * 0.25hrs * 3600sec

= 828 [Link]

For Column 6

Required Storage = Runoff Volume – Release Volume

= 35,925 – 828

= 35,097 [Link]

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References:

[Link]
[Link]
df
Open Channel Flow – Manning Equation ReviewCivilPE. (n.d.). Retrieved
November 15, 2023, from [Link]
manning-equation/
Manning’s Equation. (n.d.).
[Link].[Link]
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