Smart Integration in Agriculture: an Arduino-driven
Rice Grain Dryer for Optimal Post-harvest
Management
Alan Pacites Nebrida ( ap_nebrida@[Link] )
Nueva Vizcaya State University, Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
Research Article
Keywords: Arduino-Microcontroller, Post-Harvest Management, Rice Grain Drying, Nichrome Heater,
Optimal Moisture Content
Posted Date: January 15th, 2024
DOI: [Link]
License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Read Full License
Additional Declarations: The authors declare no competing interests.
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Abstract
In the field of agriculture, the post-harvest stage often presents a multitude of obstacles that have the
potential to undermine the quality and longevity of the crop. One of the primary obstacles in rice
production is the effective drying of rice grains, which is crucial for preventing problems such as mold
growth, discoloration, and unintentional germination. To tackle this issue, we propose an innovative
solution: a rice grain drying system driven by an Arduino microcontroller. This device effectively combines
technology accuracy with agricultural needs. The system is equipped with a very precise temperature
sensor to maintain a uniform drying environment, fluctuating within the range of 50 to 60 degrees
Celsius. The use of a nichrome heater, selected for its consistent and dependable heat production, is
complemented by an air blower to ensure the even distribution of heat throughout the drying chamber.
One notable characteristic of this invention is its significant drying capacity of 50 kilograms in each
operation. The effectiveness of the product was verified by a rigorous testing process. A batch of
glutinous rice weighing 25 kilograms, initially containing 25.5% moisture, was successfully reduced to
13.5% moisture content within a time frame of 125 minutes. In a similar vein, a batch of grains weighing
40 kilograms, which had just undergone threshing, had a moisture content of 22% initially. Remarkably,
this batch achieved the desirable moisture level of 14% within a mere two-hour timeframe. This
innovative technology not only provides a resolution to the difficulties faced in post-harvest processes but
also signifies a fundamental change in thinking, introducing a fresh era where intelligent technology
seamlessly integrates with traditional agricultural methods.
Introduction
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a crucial staple crop that provides sustenance for around two-thirds of the global
population and satisfies 21% of the world's caloric requirements. Rice stands as the preeminent food crop
globally, holding paramount importance about human consumption. Based on statistics provided by the
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), it may be shown that the rates of abdicate rise for the primary
cereal crops are exhibiting a downward trend. Rice, as a crop, has heightened vulnerability to substantial
yield reductions, particularly in instances when tropical storms occur during the critical period of harvest
readiness. In the absence of prompt intervention, it is quite probable that the harvested grain will exhibit
diminished quality, perhaps leading to a complete detriment for the farmer. Given the unfavorable
weather conditions, farmers who managed to harvest their rice before the storm would inevitably face the
risk of spoiling, since they would be unable to dry the grains. The Philippines has been recognized as one
of the country’s most vulnerable to the detrimental impacts of climate change. Drying refers to the
procedure of decreasing the moisture content of grains to a level that is deemed suitable for storage
purposes. Following the completion of rice harvesting, the drying process assumes paramount
importance. According to IRRI (2013), the quality of grain may be negatively affected due to delays in the
drying process, partial drying, or insufficient drying. The use of automatic grain drier machines is of
utmost importance in addressing the challenges faced by communities during typhoons, as they play a
vital role in enabling rice farmers to maintain the production of high-yield and high-quality rice under such
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adverse conditions. There exists a need to develop a rice post-harvest innovation that is more sensitive to
climatic conditions, to expedite the processing of rice grains impacted by typhoons and mitigate,
intending to expedite the processing of rice grains impacted by typhoons and mitigate the risk of
excessive moisture or wetness. Although grains with high moisture levels, the rapid respiration of
components results in elevated temperatures, which may potentially lead to a decline in quality.
Numerous studies have been conducted on the drying process of high-moisture grain; however, none of
these studies have specifically addressed the integration of grain care practices to optimize time use.
In the context of the Philippines, the conventional method for drying rice grain involves the practice of
dispersing it over the earth's surface, therefore exposing it to the influences of solar radiation, air currents,
and precipitation. The process of conventional drying typically spans a duration of 3 to 8 days, with its
efficacy being heavily contingent upon the quantity of sunlight available. The sun plays a crucial role in
supplying a substantial and limitless amount of heat that facilitates the evaporation of moisture from the
grain. Concurrently, the wind velocity aids in the removal of the evaporating moisture. Grains undergo
rapid degradation, especially in tropical environments, because of elevated levels of humidity. The
combination of dirt and stones with rice grains, when dried on the ground, has the potential to impact the
quality of the rice and result in milling quality issues. The efficacy of sun drying is compromised during
the rainy season, as it may lead to undesirable outcomes such as delays, incomplete drying, or uneven
drying. These unfavorable conditions might potentially result in a reduction of both the quality and
quantity of rice grain, amounting to around 3 to 5 percent loss (Hodges et al., 2011). Moreover, it has been
shown that insect damage exhibits higher levels of activity as the moisture content increases.
Consequently, the production of rice of worse quality is seen.
The use of the Arduino microcontroller and sensor technologies has significant importance in the
development of systems aimed at enhancing efficiency in daily life. The development of a machine that
can effectively dry rice grain, therefore reducing grain deterioration, minimizing post-harvest losses, and
improving overall quality, may be advantageous for rice farmers. This machine operates independently of
solar heat, requiring less labor and working hours. The prototype's design offers enhanced accessibility to
small-scale rice producers in comparison to other currently available rice dryers, owing to its mobility. The
use of a microcontroller-based rice grain drier is proposed as a viable substitute for traditional drying
methodologies. The fan facilitates the transfer of hot air emitted by the heater into the container,
therefore establishing a consistent heat supply for the rice grains. One advantage of this drying method is
the inclusion of a temperature sensor and controller, which effectively regulates and sustains the
temperature inside the drying chamber.
The primary aim of this study is to develop a rice grain drier using a microcontroller as its core
component. The primary objective of this study is to develop a technology that effectively mitigates the
issue of excessive moisture content in rice grains. A software application should be developed to regulate
the temperature inside the drying chamber. The objective of this study is to evaluate the operational
effectiveness of the drying system that is based on a microcontroller.
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The findings derived from this research will be advantageous to rice farmers within the local community,
as they may use the information to effectively mitigate post-harvest losses by improving their rice drying
techniques. The prototype exhibits high portability and is equipped with a distribution utility, hence
facilitating convenient accessibility for rice growers. This study may serve as a valuable resource for
future researchers and engineering students, providing guidance for their investigations, and facilitating
the dissemination of information about the design and optimization of grain dryers. This study will
function as a point of reference and a source of inspiration for future students who want to undertake
similar investigations.
The present endeavor is a preliminary model of a microcontroller-driven apparatus designed to provide
aid to rice cultivators in addressing post-harvest challenges, particularly on the drying process and the
transportation of freshly threshed grains from the field to the designated drying location. The prototype
has a limited capacity of 50 kg of rice grains in each batch. The functionality of the prototype is
contingent upon the availability of electricity from the distribution utility. The experimental investigation
will be carried out at Bitnong, Dupax del Norte, Nueva Vizcaya, where the researchers will collect the
output data generated by the machine. This research project allows for the participation of students,
small-scale rice producers, and innovators. This document may be used by individuals to examine the
extent, objectives, and trajectory of the research. Most of the study conducted focuses on those who are
involved in the practice of rice growing.
Methodology
Methodology Flow Chart
Figure 1 depicts the methodologies and procedures used throughout the development process of the
system. The research process starts with the formulation of a concept design, whereupon the researchers
undertake the development of a prototype design. The subsequent step involves the fabrication of the
physical components of the prototype following with the conceptual design. The third phase involves
software development, during which the researchers will develop a program that facilitates the
collaboration between the microcontroller and the sensors to achieve their intended objectives. The
subsequent phase involves doing prototype testing. If the prototype lacks functionality, it becomes
essential to do the calibration and testing of its components, subsequently reverting to the second stage
of the process. If the prototype is in a state of operation, then it can be concluded that the prototype of
the Microcontroller-based rice grain drier is in a working condition.
Conceptual Framework
Figure 2 presents the Conceptual Framework of the Microcontroller-Based Rice Grain Dryer system. This
system is characterized by its complexity and may be comprehensively analyzed using the Input-Process-
Output (IPO) model. The system requires a combination of specialist expertise, software, and hardware in
terms of inputs. Essential knowledge inputs include a high level of expertise in programming using
Arduino IDE and a comprehensive comprehension of electronic and electrical components. These
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competencies are crucial for effectively controlling the intricate relationships within the dryer system. The
Arduino IDE serves as the major software input, playing a crucial role in programming the Arduino Mega
2560 microcontroller, which functions as the central processing unit of the system. The hardware inputs
encompass a wide array of components, spanning from the Arduino Mega 2560 to a multitude of
elements such as a circuit breaker, AC induction motor, solid state and mechanical relay modules, a
rectifier, ULN2003A relay driver, an LCD, a buzzer, the DS18B20 temperature sensor, a tungsten halogen
heater, and the mechanical constituents of the drying chamber, including blowers, fans, and metal barrels.
The process phase of the system includes the activities of design, assembly, and testing. The design
phase includes the creation of conceptual diagrams, block diagrams, detailed designs, process
flowcharts, and component layouts. Each of these elements serves a distinct role in conceptualizing and
strategizing the functioning and construction of the dryer. The construction process encompasses many
key steps, including constructing the frame, erecting the drying chamber and control panel, carefully
connecting the motor, blower, heater, and exhaust fan via wire, and ultimately uploading the software to
the microcontroller. The stage involves the conversion of abstract conceptual designs into a concrete and
operational system. The testing step is of utmost importance, as it entails comprehensive evaluations of
the performance of electrical and electronic components, as well as real drying experiments conducted
using various types of rice. These tests are conducted to ensure that the system performs with optimal
efficiency and effectiveness.
The outcome of this comprehensive procedure is the advanced Microcontroller-Based Rice Grain Dryer.
The output is distinguished by its capacity to effectively and evenly desiccate various varieties of rice, its
energy efficiency, and the overall satisfaction of users. The interface of the dryer, particularly the LCD and
control system, has been intentionally designed to prioritize simplicity of use and clarity, therefore
guaranteeing a user-friendly experience. Furthermore, it is of utmost importance that the system
maintains a high level of safety and dependability since it must adhere to rigorous requirements to
guarantee consistent and secure functioning for extended periods of use. In brief, the IPO framework
elucidates the Microcontroller-Based Rice Grain Dryer as a sophisticated system that adeptly incorporates
technical expertise, software, and hardware, yielding a remarkably efficient, dependable, and user-centric
apparatus for rice drying.
System Block Diagram
The block diagram of the device is seen in Fig. 3. The term "connection" refers to the act of linking or
joining all electrical components in a unified manner. The system operates on a grid-connected network,
using a 220-volt alternating current. The primary source is electrically linked to the line terminal of the
circuit breaker. The load side of the circuit breaker is linked to both the AC to DC-converter and the four
relays. The motor, blower, exhaust, and heater components are each linked to their respective relays. The
solid-state relay (SSR) is electrically coupled to the ULN2003A relay driver. The Arduino Mega 2560 is
supplied with power via the use of a buck converter, which converts a 12-volt direct current (DC) input to a
5-volt DC output. The Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller is coupled to a liquid crystal display (LCD) with
dimensions of 20x4, a buzzer, and a temperature sensor.
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Schematic Diagram
The electrical configuration of the Microcontroller-Based Rice Grain Dryer, as seen in Fig. 4, showcases a
complex and accurately planned structure that effectively integrates safety, control, and efficiency
aspects into its functioning. The fundamental basis of its power management system revolves around a
220-volt alternating current (AC) supply, which is often used in high-power scenarios. This source
supplies electricity to a network of circuit breakers that are joined via the use of jumper wires. The
configuration not only guarantees a consistent supply of electrical energy but also incorporates a crucial
safety feature, enabling the segregation of various elements within the system as required.
The design effectively segregates several functional modules in terms of component control. The first
circuit breaker is connected to a relay, which in turn is connected to the heater. This configuration
demonstrates a deliberate and safety-oriented strategy for regulating the vital heating component of the
dryer. In a like manner, the intermediate circuit breaker establishes a connection with a solid-state relay,
facilitating the transmission of electrical energy to the electric motor, presumably responsible for
operating the blower and exhaust fan. The division of control into segments enables accurate operation
of individual components, which is crucial in a system where the regulation of temperature and airflow
plays a vital role. The circuit breaker located on the rightmost side is responsible for connecting to the
output of a rectifier and an additional relay. This configuration is designed to provide DC power to
components that need it, demonstrating a conscientious approach to power conversion and management
within the system.
The Arduino Mega 2560 exhibits a prominent position due to its comprehensive integration and
functional capabilities. Utilizing a buck converter, the voltage is effectively reduced to a safe and
controllable 5V DC, which is deemed appropriate for the microcontroller. The use of certain digital pins on
the Arduino enables the establishment of connections with different relays, therefore enabling
programmable control over the blower, exhaust, and heating components. This integration of automation
and accuracy significantly enhances the operational capabilities of the dryer. Moreover, the use of the
ULN2003A driver exemplifies a sophisticated strategy for power management, enabling the Arduino to
establish a connection with larger current loads that it would be incapable of directly handling.
The integration of user interaction and feedback methods is effectively implemented. The liquid crystal
display (LCD), which is linked to the Arduino using conventional communication ports, functions as an
informational interface for the user. Simultaneously, the temperature sensor provides essential data to the
microcontroller, guaranteeing that the drying process takes place under ideal circumstances. The
incorporation of a buzzer, which is connected to the Arduino microcontroller, adds an audible element to
the user interface, therefore notifying users about certain conditions or concerns inside the system.
The design of this Microcontroller-Based Rice Grain Dryer demonstrates an interconnected integration of
electrical engineering concepts, safety concerns, and a focus on user-centric design. The system
demonstrates a systematic approach to the allocation of power, management of components, and
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contact with users. These actions are concentrated around the Arduino Mega 2560, which serves as the
central processing unit of the system, effectively coordinating each element with accuracy and
dependability. This setup not only improves the functionality of the system but also guarantees its
efficient and user-friendly operation.
Process Flow Chart
The process flow shown in Fig. 5 of the Microcontroller-Based Rice Grain Dryer demonstrates a
methodical and organized approach, with a focus on optimizing operating efficiency, ensuring safety, and
enhancing user comfort. The procedure starts with the first step of establishing a connection between the
plug and the power source, then triggering the circuit breaker. The first phase in the process is of utmost
importance as it serves to activate the system. If the system fails to power on, the recommended
procedure suggests examining the power source and plug, using a pragmatic strategy to address any
power connection problems. After being initiated, the system follows a recurring pattern in which the
heater, blower, and motor are repeatedly engaged at intervals of 15 seconds. The constant temperature
and airflow inside the drying chamber are ensured by the recurring activation that forms the basis of the
control logic of the dryer.
The regulation of temperature plays a pivotal role in the process. If the interior temperature reaches or
falls below 50 degrees Celsius, the system will ensure that both the blower and heater remain operational,
therefore creating an optimal atmosphere to facilitate effective drying. In contrast, if the temperature is
above 60 degrees Celsius, the system initiates the deactivation of the heater and blower while
simultaneously activating the exhaust fan. The reaction serves as a crucial safety mechanism, effectively
mitigating the risk of overheating and ensuring the maintenance of a regulated drying environment.
The length of the drying process is set to two hours, at which point the heater is off, indicating the start of
the chilling phase. The inclusion of a 15-minute cooling period is necessary to systematically decrease
the temperature of both the rice and the whole system. This practice is crucial for maintaining safety
measures and preserving the integrity of the dried product. The procedure is completed by an auditory
notification emitted by the buzzer, indicating the end of the cooling phase. This functionality improves
user engagement by alerting the operator when the drying process has concluded, indicating that the rice
is now prepared for further manipulation. The process flow shown in Fig. 6 exemplifies a well-considered
equilibrium between automated control for optimum drying and safety concerns, with the aim of
improving the user experience with the rice grain drier.
Results and Discussions
As shown in Fig. 6, the suggested grain dryer system is an advanced assembly intended for agricultural
applications. Its major purpose is to lower the moisture content of grains, which is an essential step for
storage and quality maintenance. An Arduino Mega microcontroller, acting as the system's central
processing unit, is at its core. This microprocessor manages the whole drying process, regulating fans,
motors, and temperature sensors to provide an automated and efficient drying procedure. A 2004A 20x4
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LCD is included to improve user engagement and enable real-time monitoring and changes of factors like
humidity and temperature.
The circuit breaker and buck converter, which prevent electrical overloads and change voltage levels,
respectively, show how important electrical safety and efficiency are to this design. Heaters and other
high-power devices are handled by a solid-state relay, which serves as an efficient interface between them
and the low-power microcontroller. With an AC-to-DC converter, power conversion for DC components is
made easier.
The dryer's mechanical component is a 220V, 3HP AC motor, which is essential for powering fans or
augers that facilitate efficient airflow and grain movement within the drier. A waterproof DS18B20
temperature sensor continuously measures the system's temperature, giving crucial information for
preserving ideal drying conditions. The movement of heated air and outgoing moisture-laden air is
facilitated by carefully positioned exhaust fans and stainless-steel air blowers, which are essential to the
drying process.
The dryer's sturdy exterior is made of galvanized sheets, angle bars, and flat bars that combine to create a
long-lasting cage that holds all the parts. A metal barrel that has been altered to function as the drying
chamber for the grains is the focal point of this construction. The temperature sensor makes sure that the
ideal conditions are maintained, and the 1300W heating element is positioned to heat the air entering this
chamber.
To help with consistent drying, additional mechanical components such as shafting and pulleys may be
added to stir the grains. Relay drivers and single-channel relay modules, which interface with the
microcontroller effortlessly, are used to manage high-power equipment like the heater and motor.
Under operation, the heater, fans, and motor are all controlled by the microcontroller in response to input
from the sensors to facilitate the drying process. The system is built with consistent drying in mind, with
a focus on little human intervention and energy economy. For safety and effectiveness, regular
maintenance is crucial. This includes checking electrical connections, cleaning air filters, and making sure
mechanical elements are functioning and well-lubricated. All things considered, this design combines
mechanical, electrical, and control technologies to provide an automated grain drying system that is very
effective.
Relationship between Moisture content and Time
The graphical depiction in Fig. 7 illustrates the decline in moisture content of sticky rice over a while when
subjected to the drying process facilitated by the Microcontroller-Based Rice Grain Dryer. The graph
shows a dramatic decrease in moisture content during the first 25 minutes, with a substantial drop from
25.5–16.5%. A significant decrease in moisture content is often seen during the first phase of the drying
process, which may be attributed to the substantial difference in moisture levels between the rice and the
surrounding drying conditions. As the process of drying advances, it is anticipated that the graph will
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depict a deceleration in the rate of moisture reduction. The phenomenon is characterized by incremental
decreases of 1% and subsequently 0.5% at regular intervals of 25 minutes, which signifies the slow
progression towards the rice's state of equilibrium moisture content.
The graph may also provide insights into the impact of intermittent opening of the drying chamber to
conduct moisture checks. These operations may result in a decrease in moisture reduction during these
periods, suggesting a temporary decrease in the effectiveness of drying due to the disruption in the
regulated environment of the chamber. However, it can be seen from the graph that the moisture content
reaches a steady state of 13.5% after 125 minutes, thus highlighting the overall effectiveness of the drier.
The presented figure not only validates the drying capability of the system but also underscores the
impact of operating techniques on the efficiency of the drying process. The findings indicate that
continuous drying may result in comparable levels of moisture reduction within a shorter timeframe,
underscoring the need to maintain a constant drying environment to achieve optimal efficiency. The
present graphical analysis provides valuable insights into the kinetics of the drying process for rice, as
well as the necessary operational changes that must be made.
To support these findings, it is advantageous to cite relevant works such as "Theoretical and
Experimental Study on the Drying Kinetics of Paddy Rice" authored by Golmohammadi et. al in 2016. The
investigation conducted by the researchers focuses on analyzing the drying properties of paddy rice
under different environmental circumstances. This study agrees with the original findings of quick
moisture reduction. Likewise, the deceleration of the drying rate as the rice approaches its state of
equilibrium moisture content, seen during the latter phases of the drying procedure in your study, is also
corroborated by their research results.
A further relevant research article titled "The Impact of Drying Temperature and Grain Variety on the Rate
of Drying Paddy Rice" was authored by Xu et al. (2022). This study offers a comparative analysis of the
responses shown by different rice cultivars when subjected to diverse drying circumstances, hence
providing additional contextual information to the obtained results.
By comparing the findings with the research, a full comprehension of the efficiency and efficacy of the
drying system may be attained. These investigations provide a theoretical basis for the observed drying
kinetics in this research, validating the first quick moisture decrease and the subsequent slower drying
rate. This serves to enhance the reliability and comprehensiveness of your findings.
Energy Consumption of the System
The graphical representation in Fig. 8 illustrates the energy use data for the drying of typical rice grains.
The data was collected at regular 5-minute intervals over the whole drying process. The data on energy
use shows a consistent upward trend at regular 5-minute intervals. The energy usage during the drying
period starts at 0.11 kWh and gradually increases to 2.94 kWh. The increments in energy usage are as
follows: 0.234 kWh, 0.364 kWh, 0.487 kWh, 0.615 kWh, 0.744 kWh, 0.807 kWh, 0.943 kWh, 1.07 kWh,
1.177 kWh, 1.313 kWh, 1.437 kWh, 1.576 kWh, 1.696 kWh, 1.836 kWh, 1.951 kWh, 2.076 kWh, 2.19 kWh,
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2.313 kWh, 2.451 kWh, 2.568 kWh, 2.699 kWh, 2.827 kWh. After the conclusion of a drying cycle of 2
hours, the energy use throughout the successive chilling periods of 5 minutes each is documented as
2.958 kWh, 2.978 kWh, and ultimately 3 kWh, correspondingly. The numbers provide a comprehensive
analysis of the energy demands associated with both the drying and chilling stages of the operation.
Conclusion
The integration of the Arduino microcontroller into the rice drying process represents a significant
advancement in agricultural technology, namely in the critical post-harvest stage. This system utilizes a
DS18B20 temperature sensor to provide accurate monitoring and control of the temperature in the drying
environment. This degree of control is crucial in minimizing frequent post-harvest concerns like mold
development or unintended germination owing to inappropriate drying temperatures.
Another important component in the system is the use of a tungsten halogen heater. The tungsten
halogen heater offers a reliable and even heat source, which sets it apart from other drying techniques.
Uniformity is essential to provide equal drying of all rice grains, hence reducing the occurrence of partly
dried grains that might result in a decline in quality.
Moreover, the inclusion of a blower and exhaust fan facilitates the dispersion of heat and the elimination
of humid air from the drying chamber. This not only enhances the effectiveness of the drying process but
also leads to a more consistent drying environment. The integration of these components enables a rapid
decrease in moisture levels in rice batches, which is crucial for maintaining the quality and durability of
the stored grain.
The system's capacity to process up to 50 kg each operation makes it adaptable and suitable for rice
fields of different sizes. This scalability is vital for its adoption in many agricultural contexts, from small
family farms to major commercial enterprises.
To summarize, this rice grain drier, which is controlled by an Arduino, demonstrates the capability of
incorporating intelligent technology into agriculture. Compared to older techniques, it enables a more
efficient, regulated, and quality-consistent drying process. This technological breakthrough not only
boosts the quality of the rice but also has the potential to raise the overall efficiency and profitability of
rice cultivation by minimizing losses associated with poor post-harvest management.
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Figures
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Figure 1
Methodology Flow Chart
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Figure 2
Conceptual Framework
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Figure 3
System Block Diagram
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Figure 4
Schematic Diagram of the System
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Figure 5
Process Flow Chart
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Figure 6
Microcontroller-based Rice Grain Dryer
Where:
1. Blower and heater
2. Feed hopper/ funnel
3. Exhaust fan
4. Rubber belt
5. Pulley
6. Axle shaft
7. Electric motor
8. Electric motor adjustable lock
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9. Dust collector
10. Wheel
11. Stand
12. Panel box
13. Pillow block
14. Rice grain drain outlet
Figure 7
Relationship between Moisture Content and Time
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Figure 8
Relationship between the Energy Consumption of the System and Time
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