# INTEGRAL TYPE METHOD EXAMPLES
PROPER RATIONAL FUNCTIONS 𝑑𝑒𝑔(𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟) > deg(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟)
𝑞 Ex. 7.4 Q1, 5, 6 (after
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 Use formulae ∫ 𝑥 2 +𝑎2 , ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 , ∫ 𝑎2 −𝑥 2 substitution); Ex. 7.5 Q2;
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 Ex. 7.9 Q10, 11
𝑝𝑥 Ex. 7.2 Q1, 15;
2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Substitute denominator by 𝑡
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑐 Ex. 7.9 13; Ex. 7.10 Q1
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑝𝑥 𝑞
3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Split into ∫ 𝑑𝑥 and ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Ex. 7.9 Q14, 19
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑐 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑐 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑐
𝑞 Ex. 7.4 Q11
4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Completing the Square method
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 Ex. 7.10 Q6, 7
𝑝𝑥 𝑑
5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐴 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝐵 Example 27(iii), p. 336
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 Choose A and B so that
6 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 Ex. 7.4 Q18, 22
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝐴 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝐵 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑑𝑥
IMPROPER RATIONAL FUNCTIONS 𝑑𝑒𝑔(𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟) ≤ deg(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟)
Either, Directly divide numerator by denominator.
Or, Change the numerator to denominator and add or
2 subtract terms to preserve the original value. Examples:
𝑟𝑥 + 𝑞
7 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑐 𝑥 2 + 1 (𝑥 2 + 3) − 3 + 1 2
2
= 2
=1− 2
𝑥 +3 𝑥 +3 𝑥 +3
5𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
𝑥2
= 5×∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3) − (4𝑥 + 3)
= 5×∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
𝑟𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 4𝑥 + 3 Example 12 (p. 318)
8 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 5 × ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥 Ex. 7.5 Q6
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 3
Ex. 7.9 Q16
1
1 − 𝑥2 1 − 𝑥2 2
(𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 ) − 𝑥2 + 1
= =
𝑥(1 − 2𝑥) 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
1
(𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 ) + 12(2 − 𝑥) 1 1 2 − 𝑥
=2 = + ( )
𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 2 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
9 𝑑𝑒𝑔(𝑑𝑒𝑛) < deg(𝑛𝑢𝑚) Divide directly Ex. 7.5 Q12
Note: (1) 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 are constants.
(2) Integration by Partial Fractions can also be used for types 1-6, if denominators can be factorised
