3Is REVIEWER
INQUIRY- It is a question which you ask to get some information. It is the process of asking
about or investigating something to find out more about it.
INVESTIGATION- It is a proper inquiry or efficient study.
IMMERSION- It is the process of learning a skill by using nothing else but that skill. It is the
fact of becoming completely involved in something.
RESEARCH STUDY- Research is like exploring things to come up with the best idea/s to
respond to the needs of society.
CONCEPT- It is a conceptual representation abstract objects, or abilities that make up the
fundamental building blocks of thoughts and beliefs
RESEARCH- an investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of
facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of
such new or revised theories or laws.
INQUIRY- a method that has the aim of extending knowledge, undertaking doubt, or solving a
problem.
THEORY OF INQUIRY- an interpretation of the various types of inquiry and action of the ways
that each type of inquiry attains its aim.
• Focus. An ill-structured problem demands consideration of diverse perspectives.
• Decide on a topic. Think-aloud, asks probing questions, monitors and encourages
participants to decide a topic.
• Understanding the problem This will include clarifications of misconceptions and possibilities
• Design on the problem. This is the final stage done to address problems within manageable
scales and extend their learning pathways.
BRAINSTORMING- way of inquiring ideas that will help you to develop concepts and focusing
techniques by asking questions and knowing the interests of the persons involved in the said
issues. The potential ideas can be visualized for interpretations.
Things that may be considered before starting the research activity:
1. A problem that is most interesting to you
2. Existing problems in the class/school/campus which one may want to solve
3. Existing needs of the community or society
4. Area of interest, specialization or event from related fields
5. Prevailing theories and philosophy
RESEARCH PROBLEM- is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a
difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in
practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation. It is
typically posed in the form of a question.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK- is an analytical tool with several variations and contexts that
can be applied in different categories of work where an overall picture is needed to come up
with the desired goal. It is a bit like a recipe or a blueprint. It provides an outline of how you plan
to conduct the research of your thesis, but it goes further than that by also positioning your work
within the larger field of research.
THEORETICAL and CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS provide evidence of academic standards
and procedures that validates the authenticity of the study. They also proposed an explanation
and clarification of why the study is relevant and how the researcher expects to fill the gap in the
literature.
HOW TO CREATE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
1. CONDUCT LITERATURE REVIEW- Conducting a literature review can help you to
refine your central argument or hypothesis. You must also conduct and gather the
literature review to be able to place and organize your work within the larger and greater
area of study in your conceptual framework. Your framework should present the relevant
research and show how your work will help to advance the field.
2. CREATE A FLOW CHART- Conceptual frameworks are frequently visual and allow
those reading the framework to understand the course of your research. You can present
this in a flow chart, mind gap or diagram. In every component of your research, you
should showcase the variables that influence it.
3. WRITE A NARRATIVE- Your narrative should recap the variables influencing your
research and explore how they may change the hypothesis. The narrative should also
explain and enlighten the basic methodology for your research.
4. RETURN AND REVISE- You will discover new variables, or you may identify that your
hypothesis is incorrect. You may discover additional research that challenges your
theory and ideas. You should return to your framework and revise it if necessary.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS- is vital to all research endeavors. You are predicting the
relationship between two variables.
EXPRESSING OF HYPOTHESIS
➢ As a one-sentence hypothesis.
➢ As a research question.
➢ As a title for your paper.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
- address the relevance of the research: why is it important to resolve the problem.
- should lay out how you intend to address the problem.
- START WITH PHRASES: a) The aim of this study is to determine…
b) This project aims to explore…
c) I aim to investigate...
PURPOSE OF S.O.P
➢ To frame it as ➢ To describe the substantive focus of the research study
➢ A larger theoretical policy ➢ A practical problem and thereby, develop its significance
➢ To pose initial research questions ➢ To discuss the limitations of the study.
➢ To forecast the literature to be discussed in the second section and
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY- provides information to the reader on how the study will
contribute. It must be exactly stated, however, what the study will contribute and who will benefit
from it.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION- set borders and limitations of the problem inquiry and narrow
down the scope of the inquiry.
- to delimit by geographic location, age, sex, population traits, population size, or other
similar aspects. Delimitation makes study more manageable and feasible. Part of it sets
the constraints or weaknesses of a study which are beyond the control of the researcher.
GLOSSARY OF RESEARCH TERMS- is intended to assist you in understanding commonly
used terms and concepts when reading, interpreting, and evaluating scholarly research in the
social sciences.
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION- Refers to the dictionary meaning.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION- meaning of the concept or terms as used in a particular study.
RRL- gives an overview of all the writings relative to a specific topic.
RRL SOURCES 2 MAJOR TYPES
• Primary source- publications or writings wherein a researcher reports the results of his
studies. Example: Monthly, quarterly or annual journals.
• Secondary source- publications or writings wherein a certain author describes the work of
another author. Example: Textbooks, encyclopedias, yearbooks as much as possible, use the
primary sources to avoid tampering and miscommunications on the data.
CITATIONS- defined as a means of informing your readers that certain information came from a
specific source and you just borrowed it to widen the explanation of a certain situation or data of
your research.
2 CITING SOURCES (IN-TEXT & REFERENCING LIST)
IN-TEXT CITATIONS- refers to all of the citations that can be found in all of the chapters in
your research paper.
1. Author’s name
2. Date of the publication of the source
3. The page number where you found the information
REFERENCING LIST- list refers to the bibliography and/or references of your research paper.
This holds the summary of the information of all of your sources.
1. Author’s name 5. Place of Publishing
2. Date of the publication of the source 6. Volume
3. The page number where you found the information 7. Edition
4. Publisher 8. Other relevant information
IN-TEXT CITATION OF RRL 3 GUIDELINES (BY AUTHOR, BY TOPIC, CHRONOLOGICAL)
1) BY AUTHOR/WRITER- In this method of citation, all your data and information, facts,
ideas or principles from your sources are discussed or explained separately.
EXAMPLE: Cruz (2002) states that research is …
2.) BY TOPIC- is used when several authors or sources give the same information about
a certain topic. The citation of the information will be granted to all of the authors.
EXAMPLE: Accordingly, research is ... (Rio, 2000; Luna & Magsaysay, 2005)
3.) CHRONOLOGICAL- using the chronological method involves sequencing the
information based on the year it was published.
EXAMPLE: Yu (2005) states that …
And (2007) discussed about…
Chu (2010) deliberated regarding ...
CITATION STYLES- referred to as the format of the information needed during the citation.
3 MOST COMMON CITATION STYLES (APA,MLA,CMS)
1. American Psychological Association (APA)- is commonly used when a researcher
works in social science-related research. APA follows an author-date format, wherein,
the needed information for its in-text citation is the author’s surname and the year of
publishing. APA follows different formats for varying authors and their number.
1 AUTHOR- By author: Lee (2005) states that the earth is …
By topic: The composition of Earth is ... (Lee, 2005)
2 AUTHORS- By author: Kim and Lee (2009) state that …
By topic: Accordingly, (Kim & Lee, 2009)
3-5 AUTHORS- By author: Kim, Lee, Young, and Yu (2015) discussed …
By topic: Today’s generation ... (Kim, Lee, Young & Yu, 2015).
By author: Kim et al. (2015) discussed that …
By topic: Today’s generation ... (Kim et al., 2015).
6-10 AUTHORS- By author: Lee et al. (2015) discussed that …
By topic: Today’s generation ... (Lee et al., 2015). This format will be
used in all of the citations made
FOR ASSOCIATIONS, GOVT. AGENCIES, CORPORATIONS
- By author: According to the Department of Education (2012) ...
- By topic: The education is ... (Department of Education, 2012)
FOR WORKS WITH INDIRECT SOURCES
- Brown discussed that ... (as cited by Smith, 2002, p. 92).
FOR ELECTRONIC FORMAT
- By author: Perry (2006) states that the ...
- By topic: The ... (Perry, 2006).
FOR WEBSITE WITH AUTHOR AND YEAR PUBLISHED
- By author: John (2010) states that the ...
- By topic: The ... (John, 2010).
FOR WEBSITES WITHOUT AUTHOR BUT WITH YEAR PUBLISHED
- By author: “The Solar System” (2012) ....
- By topic: It is said that ... (“The Solar System”, 2012)
FOR WEBSITES WITH AUTHOR BUT WITHOUT YEAR PUBLISHED
- By author: Green (n.d.) stated that ...
- By topic: Accordingly, ... (Green, n.d.)
FOR WEBSITES WITHOUT AUTHOR AND YEAR PUBLISHED
- By author: “The Hydrosphere” (n.d.) ...
- By topic: Accordingly ... (“The Hydrosphere, n.d.)
2. Modern Language Association (MLA)- is one commonly used citation style in research
papers usually used in liberal arts and humanities. Unlike APA, MLA follows an author- page
format, wherein authors’ surname and the page number where it could be found is needed.
I. Citing Print Sources
- In the MLA format, the page number is always enclosed in parenthesis and can be
found at the ending of each statement. The authors’ surname and the page number are
NOT separated by a comma.
EXAMPLES: Grey stated that .... (50).
Accordingly, (Grey 50).
3. Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)-
A. notes and bibliography and
B. author-date. The use of the two documentation systems differs from the
subject matter and the sources cited.
3.1 Notes and Bibliography System
This documentation system is preferred in research concerning the field of humanities
such as literature, arts, and history. In this system, bibliographic information such as notes and
bibliography is needed. Footnotes or endnotes are placed in the bottom part of the paper and
provide all information relative to the source.
i. CMS - Notes and Bibliography system citation for works with one author.
In-text Citation:
Levi discussed that today’s tap water is not suitable for drinking anymore.
Endnote:
John Levi, Our water of today, (New York, LMR Publishing,2016), 305
ii. CMS - Notes and Bibliography system citation for works with two authors.
In-text Citation:
Levi and Charles discussed that today’s tap water is not suitable for drinking anymore.
Endnote:
John Levi and Thomas Charles, Our water of today, (New York, LMR Publishing, 2016), 305
iii. CMS- Notes and Bibliography system citation for works with four or more authors.
In-text Citation:
Levi et al. discussed that today’s tap water is not suitable for drinking anymore.
Endnote:
John Levi et al., Our water of today, (New York, LMR Publishing, 2016), 305
3.2 Author-Date System
The CMS author-date system is commonly used when a researcher will pursue studies
in line with physical, natural, and social sciences. Unlike the notes and bibliography system, this
system uses the author’s surname and date of publication. The complete information of the
source will be given in the bibliography section.
a) CMS- Author-Date system citation for works with one author
Example: In-text: It is stated that ... (Cruz 2003, 378).
This is the format for this system: (Author’s last name year, page.
b) CMS- Author-Date system citation for works with two authors.
Example: In-text: It is stated that ... (Cruz and Torres 2003, 378).
The format is the same as with the works with one author
c) CMS- Author-Date system citation for works with four authors
Example: In-text: It is stated that ... (Cruz et al. 2003, 378).
APA CITATION STYLE
MLA CITATION STYLE
CMS CITATION STYLE
SYNTHESIS- combination of information and discussion from one or more relevant sources of
information.When doing a synthesis, you need to extract the important information coming from
all your sources. You have to find the similarities and differences from one source to the other
and you must instill the importance of this information in your research study.
EXPLANATORY SYNTHESIS- deals with presenting the information through
explanations and presents it objectively.
ARGUMENT SYNTHESIS- enables a researcher to present his/her point of view from a
certain topics in a logical manner. Information that is written using an argument synthesis
is usually debatable.
CATEGORIES OF SOURCES
1. Documents- sources include those materials that are written or printed such as books,
newspaper reports, research articles. This source can come in a published or unpublished state.
2. Numerical records- This source is considered a subcategory of documents. This source
includes numerical data in written form such as census reports, school budgets.
3. Oral statements- Stories, myths, legends, songs and other forms of oral data compose.
4. Relics- this source commonly composes information about the past.
TECHNIQUES IN WRITING SYNTHESIS
1. Summary- the simplest way of organizing a synthesis. When using this technique, you are
going to write the most relevant information and sources you gathered.
2. Example or illustration- it is a technique wherein you are going to synthesize information by
giving examples and illustrations of your specific information.
3.Two (or more) Reasons- this technique includes presenting the thesis and supporting it with
reasons why it is factual.
4. Comparison and Contrast- In using this technique, you are going to show the similarities
and differences of two or more data.
SYNTHESIS MATRIX- guide you on how you are going to synthesize your data and information
and will help you easily craft your Review of Related Literature.
RELATED REVIEW OF LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION- commonly composed of a single paragraph wherein information about the
general topic of your research is presented. It also provides the overall statement of knowledge
about your research topic. This section gives an overview of the contents of your RRL
highlighting the points (main idea) that can be seen in this chapter.
BODY - This section focuses on presenting all the relevant information that you have gathered.
Presenting your relevant information must follow a logical manner, addressing the order of your
objectives of the study. The contents of this section come from your synthesis matrix.
CONCLUSION- the conclusion is a single paragraph that functions in providing a summary of
the overall state of knowledge about your topic. This section must show how significant is your
research study.
Always remember that when writing your Review of Related Literature, you must use the
correct in-text citation.
GUIDELINES IN MAKING RRL
Rule 1. Define the topic and the audience. When defining a topic, consider factors
such as interest, significance, and recency.
Rule 2. Search and research reference list.
Rule 3. Prepare a conceptual diagram of the need for the different types of literature review.
Rule 4. Take notes while reading.
Rule 5. Choose the type of review you wish to write.
Rule 6. Keep the review focused and make it of broad interest.
Rule 7. Be critical and consistent.
Rule 8. Find a logical structure.
Rule 9. Make use of feedback.
IN PRESENTING RRL
1. There appears to be strong evidence that ...
2. The literature has shown ...
3. The foregoing literature has shown ...
4. The data supporting the hypothesis are ...
ETHICAL STANDARDS- help researchers in maintaining their integrity. In research, it is defined
as a means of making rights decisions relating to the conduct of the study.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH- the norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and
unacceptable behaviors. It can also be defined as a process of applying moral standards and
principles in any undertaking. In general, the ethical standard in research is used so that a
researcher will be able to define right from wrong.
8 ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
1) Honesty- a researcher must secure honesty in producing his/her study. Transparency is the
key to upholding honesty in research. Researchers must see to it that all borrowed intellectual
property must be cited accurately.
2) Objectivity- Researchers must see to it that she/he is free from any form of bias in all
aspects of his/her research paper.
3) Integrity- The researcher must secure that the study holds sincerity and consistency. The
researchers must see to it that all of the parts promised and presented during the presentation
of the proposal must be kept
4) Carefulness- The researcher must see to it that the conduct of the study must be free from
any carelessness and errors of negligence. All important data must be kept for future uses.
5) Openness- Researches must see to it that they are open-minded persons wherein they can
accept suggestions from others and they can handle constructive criticism.
6) Respect for intellectual property- A good researcher must see to it that she/he practices
respect for intellectual property. This principle can be executed upon proper citation of borrowed
statements and giving due credit to the owner.
7) Trustworthiness- A researcher must secure that he/she is maintaining his/her
trustworthiness. The researchers must see to it that any data or information in the research,
especially those data from surveys and other data gathering procedures, must be used
according to its proper and allotted usage only. The researchers must also keep the
confidentiality of every data gathered and must protect its privacy.
8) Social and legal responsibility- A researcher must abide by the legalities, rules, policies,
and regulations set by his/her partner institution or organization.
1) Ethical relativism- this refers to the view that values are relative in the sense that a person
feels his/her value is better than any other person’s value.
2) Ethical principles- refers to values that are translated into rules/standards of conduct.
3) Ethical dilemma- this refers to situations where there is an evident conflict between values
and principles and the choice of action needs to be decided.
SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCTS IN RESEARCH
1) Fabrication and falsification of data- also known as “cooking of data”. This scientific
misconduct involves producing data without actual experimentation or altering data in recording
for the intention to fit them to what is expected.
2) Non-publication of data- non publication of data involves choosing not to include data
because they don't conform to the well-established body of knowledge or are unsupportive of
the research hypothesis. Only the results that don’t reject the hypothesis are reported/published.
3) Faulty data gathering procedures- It is referred to as negligence or carelessness that leads
to errors in measurement or faulty research instruments. An Error may also be caused by
inappropriate application of treatment to the subjects and poor data recording.
4) Plagiarism- It is a fraudulent act that involves claiming another person’s ideas, work, or
publication. It is a form of intellectual property stealing and dishonesty that usually happens in
scientific publications. There are four types of Plagiarism.
a) Copy and Paste Plagiarism- this type of plagiarism involves copying information
word-by-word without giving due credit to the source. Copy and paste plagiarism can be
avoided upon enclosing the borrowed words with quotation marks (“) and properly citing
the author.
b) Mosaic Plagiarism- this is defined by changing only some words in the copied
information. The sentence structure is still maintained.
c) Misattribution Plagiarism- this type of plagiarism can be done if an author wrongly
cited information, maybe to the wrong authors or to the non existing authors.
d) Self-Plagiarism- this type of plagiarism can be committed if an author republishes
his/her work. Self-plagiarism comes in two forms, duplication, and replication.
Duplication can be committed once a researcher copies and submits without proper
citations. Replication, on the other hand, is multiple cases of duplication.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD LITERATURE
a) Focused- your RRL must be composed of information that is related to your research topic.
b) Concise- ideas must be presented economically.
c) Logical- the flow of ideas and information must be based on logic. It should be
smooth-flowing.
d) Developed- your RRL must be composed of complete information.
e) Integrative- in instances of combining information, links between these ideas must be
evident. The contribution of the reviewed materials on the topic must also be shown.
f) Current- researchers must only use the new and trendy information about a research topic.
RESEARCH DESIGN- states to the whole approach that you decide on to add the different
components of the study coherently and logically, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address
the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis
of data
A. Qualitative Research: A systematic subjective approach used to describe life experiences
and give them meaning. To gain insight; explore the depth, richness, and complexity inherent in
the phenomenon.
● Ethnography - you immerse yourself in the target participants’ environment to
understand the goals, cultures, challenges, motivations, and themes that emerge.
● Narrative - weaves together a sequence of events, usually from just one or two
individuals to form a cohesive story.
● Phenomenological - is an appropriate qualitative method when you want to describe an
event, activity, or phenomenon.
● Case Study - a way of explaining an organization, entity, company, or event which
involves a deep understanding through multiple types of data sources.
b. Quantitative Research: An objective, systematic empirical investigation of observable
phenomena through the use of computational techniques. It highlights numerical analysis of
data hoping that the numbers yield unbiased results that can be generalized to some larger
population and explain a particular observation.
● Survey Research - uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls to get a sense
of behavior with intense precision
● Correlational Research - tests for the relationships between two variables.
● Causal-comparative - research looks to uncover a cause-and-effect relationship. This
research is not conducted between the two groups on each other.
● Experimental Research - is guided specifically by a hypothesis. To come up with the
chosen design whether quantitative or qualitative research, think of which best suits the
given title or topic to explore the collective ideas and picture out to reveal better
understanding.
Population - total number of people who serve as subjects or respondents of the study.
- Persons who have been invited to participate in a particular study and have taken part in
the study.
Sampling Procedure- method in identifying part of the respondents of the study.
Statistics- a branch of mathematics that deals with the analysis and interpretation of numerical
data in terms of samples and populations
SAMPLING METHODS
a. Random Sampling is a technique that uses randomization to make sure that every element
of the population gets an equal chance to be part of the selected sample.
b. Stratified Sampling is a technique that divides the elements of the population into small
subgroups (strata) based on the similarity in such a way that the elements within the group are
homogeneous and heterogeneous among the other subgroups formed.
c. Convenience Sampling where the samples are selected based on availability. d. Purposive
Sampling is based on the intention or the purpose of the study.
e. Quota Sampling, this type of sampling depends on some pre-set standard. It selects the
representative sample from the population.
f. Referral/Snowball Sampling is used in situations where the population is completely
unknown and rare.
