Six-point movement

Background

In the aftermath of the partition of India in 1947, Pakistan was created as a state with two geographically
and culturally distinct regions: East Pakistan and West Pakistan. East Pakistan, home to the majority of
the population, felt increasingly marginalized both economically and politically. The 6-Point Movement
emerged as a response to these grievances, calling for autonomy and rights for the Bengali people.

The Six Points

1. Federal Government:
The first point demanded a federal structure for Pakistan, where East Pakistan would have
significant autonomy. This aimed to counter the centralized governance that favored West
Pakistan, ensuring that East Pakistan could self-govern and make decisions reflecting its unique
needs.
2. Monetary and Fiscal Policy:
The second point called for control over monetary and fiscal policies by the provincial
government. This was crucial for managing East Pakistan’s economy independently, particularly
regarding its revenue and resources, which were often exploited for the benefit of West Pakistan.
3. Trade and Commerce:
The third point demanded the right for East Pakistan to conduct its own trade and commerce. This
sought to protect the economic interests of East Pakistan, allowing it to engage in trade that
benefited its economy rather than being dictated by West Pakistan’s policies.
4. Agricultural and Industrial Policies:
The fourth point called for a separate policy for agriculture and industry in East Pakistan. This
aimed to promote local industries and agriculture, ensuring that the region could develop
economically without relying on the West’s economic agenda, which often overlooked local
needs.
5. Defense and Foreign Affairs:
The fifth point sought control over defense and foreign affairs, allowing East Pakistan to maintain
its own military and diplomatic relations. This was a critical aspect of national security and aimed
at ensuring that the interests of East Pakistan were represented in national and international
matters.
 6. Constitutional Guarantees:
The sixth point called for constitutional guarantees for the rights of the people of East Pakistan.
This demanded a formal recognition of the distinct identity and rights of Bengalis, ensuring legal
protections against discrimination and marginalization.

Impact of the Movement

The 6-Point Movement mobilized the Bengali population and significantly increased political
consciousness in East Pakistan. It served as a rallying cry for greater rights and representation, laying the
groundwork for:

 Increased Political Activism: The movement galvanized support across various sectors,
including students, workers, and intellectuals, fostering a strong sense of identity among
Bengalis.
 Political Realignment: The Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, gained prominence
as the political party advocating for Bengali rights, eventually winning a majority in the 1970
elections.
 Struggle for Independence: The movement was instrumental in escalating tensions between
East and West Pakistan, culminating in the struggle for independence and the formation of
Bangladesh in 1971 after a brutal liberation war.

Conclusion

The 6-Point Movement was a defining moment in the history of South Asia, illustrating how nationalism
can emerge in response to political, economic, and cultural oppression. It remains a symbol of the fight
for self-determination and the assertion of regional identity.

Rise of nationalism

The rise of nationalism in East Pakistan, particularly through the lens of the 6-Point Movement, can be
understood as a complex interplay of historical, economic, political, and cultural factors. Here’s a deeper
exploration of this phenomenon:

Historical Context
 1. Partition of India (1947):
The creation of Pakistan as a separate state for Muslims led to significant social upheaval. East
Pakistan, despite being geographically separated from West Pakistan, was intended to be a part of
a unified nation. However, inherent disparities between the two regions became apparent over
time.
2. Language Movement (1952):
The imposition of Urdu as the sole national language ignited early nationalist sentiments in East
Pakistan. The demand for Bengali language rights was a pivotal moment, leading to protests and
ultimately, the recognition of Bengali as one of the state languages in 1956.

Economic Factors

3. Economic Exploitation:
East Pakistan contributed significantly to Pakistan’s economy, especially through jute exports.
However, the region faced systemic neglect, with resources and wealth disproportionately
allocated to West Pakistan. This economic exploitation fueled resentment and a desire for greater
autonomy.
4. Development Disparities:
The lack of investment in infrastructure, education, and healthcare in East Pakistan further
exacerbated feelings of alienation. As the population recognized these inequalities, a nationalist
sentiment began to take root, emphasizing the need for self-governance and equitable
development.

Political Dynamics

5. Political Marginalization:
Political power was concentrated in West Pakistan, and East Pakistanis had limited representation
in the central government. This political disenfranchisement led to calls for greater autonomy,
which the 6-Point Movement articulated effectively.
6. Awami League’s Emergence:
As the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, championed the 6 Points, it became the
primary political voice for the Bengali people. The party’s success in the 1970 general elections
demonstrated the widespread support for its platform and signaled a shift toward a more assertive
nationalist agenda.
Cultural Identity

7. Assertion of Bengali Identity:

The 6-Point Movement emphasized the importance of Bengali culture, language, and identity. It
sought to preserve and promote these elements in the face of perceived cultural domination from
West Pakistan. This cultural nationalism played a crucial role in uniting the Bengali population.
8. Mobilization of Civil Society:
The movement galvanized various sectors of society, including students, workers, and
intellectuals, fostering a sense of collective identity and purpose. The widespread participation in
protests and campaigns showcased a growing political consciousness among the populace.

The Role of the 6-Point Movement

9. Articulation of Grievances:
The 6 Points effectively articulated the grievances of the East Pakistani population, transforming
economic and political demands into a cohesive nationalist narrative. This clarity of purpose
resonated with many, reinforcing a collective identity centered around autonomy and self-
determination.
10. Catalyst for Independence:
The movement not only highlighted existing disparities but also acted as a catalyst for action. As
tensions escalated, particularly after the military crackdown in March 1971, the movement
evolved into a struggle for independence, ultimately leading to the creation of Bangladesh.

Conclusion

The rise of nationalism in East Pakistan was a multifaceted process driven by historical injustices,
economic exploitation, political marginalization, and cultural identity. The 6-Point Movement served as
both a response to these issues and a rallying point for collective action. It underscored the power of
nationalism as a force for self-determination, ultimately resulting in the birth of Bangladesh in 1971.
 Chapter 7

The mass upsurge in 1969 in East Pakistan was a significant movement that arose in response to political
and economic grievances. It culminated in widespread protests against the central government of West
Pakistan and led to the demand for greater autonomy. During this period, the 11-Point Movement
emerged, advocating for various reforms and rights. Here’s an overview of the movement and an
explanation of the 11 points:

Background of the Mass Upsurge

1. Political Repression:
The period was marked by political oppression and a lack of democratic representation for the
people of East Pakistan. The central government, dominated by West Pakistan, failed to address
the aspirations and grievances of the Bengali population.
2. Economic Discontent:
Economic disparities between East and West Pakistan continued to grow, fueling frustration
among the East Pakistani populace, who felt marginalized and exploited.
3. Language and Cultural Identity:
The earlier language movement laid the groundwork for heightened awareness of cultural
identity. The Bengalis sought recognition and rights, further amplifying calls for autonomy.

The 11-Point Movement

The 11-Point Movement was spearheaded by various political groups, including the Awami League and
student organizations. Here are the 11 points along with their explanations:

1. Autonomy:
The primary demand was for a federal structure granting East Pakistan significant autonomy.
This aimed to ensure that the region could govern itself and manage its own affairs without
interference from West Pakistan.
2. Constitutional Guarantees:
This point called for constitutional provisions to safeguard the rights and interests of the people of
East Pakistan, ensuring legal protections against discrimination and neglect.
3. Control over Currency and Fiscal Policy:
The demand was for East Pakistan to have control over its monetary policy and fiscal
management, allowing the region to manage its economic resources more effectively.
 4. Control of Trade and Commerce:
This point sought the right for East Pakistan to conduct its own trade and commerce, ensuring
that economic benefits were retained within the region and not exploited by the central
government.
5. Agricultural Policy:
The movement demanded a separate agricultural policy to support local farmers and address the
specific agricultural needs of East Pakistan, enhancing food security and economic development.
6. Industrial Development:
This point called for the establishment of industries in East Pakistan and control over local
industries, enabling the region to develop economically and create jobs for its people.
7. Language Rights:
The demand emphasized the recognition and promotion of the Bengali language in
administration, education, and public life, reinforcing cultural identity and heritage.
8. Representation in Government:
The movement called for increased representation of East Pakistanis in the central government
and bureaucracy, ensuring that their voices were heard in national policy-making.
9. Educational Reforms:
This point demanded reforms in education to address the specific needs of East Pakistan,
including access to quality education and the promotion of Bengali culture in the curriculum.
10. Social Justice:
The movement advocated for measures to address social inequalities and promote justice for the
marginalized segments of society in East Pakistan.
11. International Relations:
The demand was for East Pakistan to have a say in foreign relations, particularly regarding
matters that directly affected the region's interests and security.

Impact of the 11-Point Movement

 Mobilization of Society:
The 11-Point Movement mobilized a wide range of social groups, including students, workers,
and intellectuals, fostering a strong sense of unity and purpose among the Bengali population.
 Political Pressure:
The movement put significant pressure on the central government, leading to widespread protests
and civil disobedience campaigns. This escalated tensions between East and West Pakistan.
  Foundation for Future Movements:
The demands of the 11 Points laid the groundwork for future nationalist movements, culminating
in the eventual struggle for independence in 1971.

Conclusion

The mass upsurge of 1969 and the 11-Point Movement were critical in the evolution of Bengali
nationalism in East Pakistan. They highlighted the deep-rooted grievances of the population and the
desire for autonomy, self-determination, and recognition of cultural identity. This period set the stage for
significant political changes that ultimately led to the creation of Bangladesh.

Chapter 8

The 1970 general elections in Pakistan were a pivotal moment in the country’s political history,
particularly for East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). Here’s a broad overview of the events leading up to and
following the election:

Background

1. Political Context:
After years of political repression, economic disparity, and social unrest, the demand for
autonomy in East Pakistan grew stronger. The 6-Point Movement and the 11-Point Movement
had galvanized support for the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
2. Call for Elections:
Following the mass upsurge in 1969 and the resignation of President Ayub Khan, General Yahya
Khan took over as the military ruler. In 1970, he announced that general elections would be held
to form a new government and establish a democratic framework.

The Elections

3. Political Parties and Campaigns:

The major political parties included:
o Awami League: Advocating for autonomy and rights for East Pakistan.
o Pakistan People’s Party (PPP): Led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, focused on West Pakistan's
interests.
 o Other regional and religious parties also participated, but the main contest was between
the Awami League and the PPP.
4. Electoral Process:
The elections took place on December 7, 1970. Voter turnout was high, especially in East
Pakistan, reflecting the population's eagerness for change and representation.

Results

5. Electoral Outcome:
The Awami League won a landslide victory, securing 160 out of 162 seats allocated to East
Pakistan in the National Assembly. This gave them an overall majority in the 300-seat assembly.
The PPP, while successful in West Pakistan, could only secure 81 seats.
6. Political Implications:
The election results were a clear mandate for the Awami League’s 6 Points, which resonated with
the aspirations of the Bengali population for autonomy and self-determination.

Aftermath

7. Political Deadlock:
Despite the Awami League’s victory, negotiations for forming a government stalled. The
leadership in West Pakistan, particularly Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and military leaders, resisted
transferring power to the Awami League, fearing the implications of their demands for autonomy.
8. Increased Tensions:
The refusal to recognize the election results heightened tensions between East and West Pakistan.
Protests erupted in East Pakistan, demanding the formation of a government that reflected the
election results.
9. Operation Searchlight:
As political negotiations broke down, the situation escalated. On March 25, 1971, the Pakistani
military launched Operation Searchlight, a brutal crackdown on the people of East Pakistan aimed
at suppressing dissent. This operation marked the beginning of widespread violence and human
rights abuses.
10. Path to Independence:
The violence prompted widespread resistance, leading to the declaration of independence by
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on March 26, 1971. This sparked the Bangladesh Liberation War,
culminating in the independence of Bangladesh on December 16, 1971.
Conclusion

The 1970 elections were a crucial turning point in the history of Pakistan, exposing deep-rooted regional
disparities and grievances. The overwhelming victory of the Awami League underscored the demand for
autonomy in East Pakistan, but the failure to recognize the results and the subsequent military crackdown
set the stage for the eventual liberation of Bangladesh. The events surrounding the elections remain a
significant chapter in the struggle for self-determination and national identity in South Asia.

Chapter 9

Background

The war emerged from deep-rooted political, economic, and cultural grievances between East and West
Pakistan. Following the 1970 elections, tensions escalated when the West Pakistani government refused
to recognize the electoral victory of the Awami League, leading to widespread discontent in East
Pakistan.

Key Events of the Liberation War

1. Operation Searchlight (March 25, 1971):

o The Pakistani military launched a brutal crackdown on the people of East Pakistan,
known as Operation Searchlight. This operation aimed to suppress the growing dissent
and eliminate the leadership of the Awami League.
o The military targeted students, intellectuals, and anyone associated with the independence
movement. This marked the beginning of widespread atrocities.
2. Declaration of Independence (March 26, 1971):
o In response to the military’s actions, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declared Bangladesh's
independence. Although he was arrested and taken to West Pakistan, his declaration
galvanized the people.
o The day is celebrated as Bangladesh’s Independence Day.
3. Formation of a Temporary Government:
o As the war unfolded, the Provisional Government of Bangladesh, also known as the
Mujibnagar Government, was formed on April 10, 1971. It was based in India and aimed
to coordinate the liberation struggle.
 o Key leaders included Tajuddin Ahmad (Prime Minister), Syed Nazrul Islam (Acting
President), and others. This government sought international recognition and support for
the liberation movement.
4. Emergence of the Mukti Bahini:
o The Mukti Bahini (Liberation Army) was formed by Bengali military personnel and
civilians to fight against the Pakistani military. They engaged in guerrilla warfare,
gaining popular support.
o The Mukti Bahini carried out attacks on military targets, contributing significantly to the
resistance effort.
5. International Involvement:
o The conflict drew international attention, particularly from India, which expressed
solidarity with the Bengali population.
o By late 1971, millions of refugees fled to India, leading to a humanitarian crisis and
prompting India to intervene militarily.
6. India-Pakistan War (December 3-16, 1971):
o The war between India and Pakistan officially began on December 3, 1971, when
Pakistan launched an airstrike on Indian airbases.
o India quickly retaliated and launched a full-scale military intervention to support the
Mukti Bahini.
7. Fall of Dhaka (December 16, 1971):
o The combined forces of the Indian military and Mukti Bahini advanced towards Dhaka,
the capital of East Pakistan.
o On December 16, 1971, Dhaka fell, leading to the surrender of the Pakistani military.
This marked the end of the war and the birth of Bangladesh.

Genocide

The war was marked by widespread atrocities and human rights violations:

 Scale of Violence:
Estimates suggest that between 300,000 and 3 million people were killed during the conflict, with
many more injured and displaced.
 Targeting of Civilians:
The Pakistani military targeted civilians, particularly those perceived to be supporters of the
independence movement. Women faced horrific violence, including mass rape.
  Destruction of Property:
Cultural and religious institutions, homes, and businesses were destroyed in an attempt to
suppress Bengali identity and resistance.

Aftermath

1. Recognition of Bangladesh:
o Following the war, Bangladesh was officially recognized as an independent state. The
Provisional Government became the legitimate government of the new nation.
2. Reconstruction and Challenges:
o The new country faced significant challenges, including rebuilding a war-torn economy
and addressing the humanitarian crisis caused by the conflict.
3. Legacy:
o The Liberation War left a profound impact on the national identity of Bangladesh. It is
commemorated annually on Independence Day and Victory Day (December 16).
o The trauma of the genocide and the struggle for independence continue to shape
Bangladesh’s political and social landscape.

Conclusion

The Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 was a momentous struggle for self-determination, marked by
bravery, resilience, and immense suffering. The events of the war, the formation of a temporary
government, and the atrocities committed during the conflict highlight the complexities of national
identity and the fight against oppression. The legacy of the war continues to influence Bangladesh's path
as an independent nation.