Study Notes
Mathematics - Calculus
Calculus is the branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. It provides
tools for modeling and understanding changes, and it has two main branches: Differential Calculus (deals with
derivatives and their applications) and Integral Calculus (concerns integrals and areas under curves). Key formulas
include:
- Derivative of x^n: nx^(n-1)
- Integral of x^n: (x^(n+1))/(n+1) + C
- Chain Rule: d(f(g(x)))/dx = f'(g(x)) * g'(x)
Biology - Cell Theory
Cell Theory is a fundamental theory in biology that describes the properties of cells. The three main tenets of cell theory
are:
1. All living organisms are made up of cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of life.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
This theory was developed by scientists Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow. It highlights the
importance of cells as the building blocks of all living organisms.
Physics - Newton's Laws of Motion
Newton's Laws of Motion are three physical laws laid out by Sir Isaac Newton that form the foundation of classical
mechanics:
1. First Law (Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by an
external force.
2. Second Law (F=ma): The force on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration.
3. Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
These laws explain the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it.
Chemistry - Atomic Structure
Atomic structure refers to the arrangement of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons) within an atom. The
atom has a nucleus at its center containing protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral), while electrons
(negatively charged) orbit the nucleus in electron shells.
Key points:
- Atomic Number (Z): Number of protons in the nucleus.
- Mass Number (A): Sum of protons and neutrons.
- Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers.
- Electron Configuration: The distribution of electrons in an atom's orbitals.
