Environmental science

(3110007)

Prof. Hiral b. pateL

C.K.PITHAWALLA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

Water pollution
Course outcome of Today’s lecture
1. Explain water pollution.
2. Pollution and pollutant.
3. Define sources of water pollution
Types of water
 Pure form of water: In the form of H2O, also known as distilled
water.
 Mineral water: Water with acceptable limits of minerals specified
by potable water standards.
 Tap water: Water supplied by the concerned authority available at
homes.
 Polluted water: Water containing impurities not suitable for
drinking.
 Contaminated water: Water containing harmful impurities, not
suitable for any purpose nor even can be thrown in water bodies.
Water quality standards:
Depending upon purpose use of water, certain quality
criteria are established and based on this criteria quality
standards are specified by health and other regulating
agencies to ensure that the water quality is as per proposed
use.
What is potable water?
 Pollutant
 A pollutant may be defined
as any substance present in
the environment in such
concentration that alter the
quality of environment and
affect the living things
adversely.
Or
 Pollutant is defined as the
substances that actually
cause pollution.
 WATER POLLUTION

 Water pollution can be defined as alteration in physical,

chemical or biological characteristics of water through
natural or human activities making it unsuitable for its
designated use.
 Signs of water pollution
 Bad taste of drinking water.
 Offensive odours form rivers, lakes and oceans.
 Decrease in number of fish in fresh water and sea water.
 Oil and grease floating on the surface.
 Unchecked growth of aquatic weeds in water bodies.
 Presence of colour due to organic matter.
Sources of water pollution
 Sources of water pollution
 Sources of water pollution can be classified as
(1) Point Sources
(2) Non Point Sources
(1) Point Sources
 Those sources which can be identified as a single location are
called point sources.
 Examples of point sources are industrial effluent, power plants,
sewage discharge etc.
 It is possible to minimize the water pollution from the point
sources if the waste water is collect and is given some treatment
before it is discharged into a water body.
(2) Non point sources
 Non point sources which are also called as area or diffused sources.
 Those sources whose location cannot be easily identified are called
non point sources.
 The discharge from this sources is not at any particular site, rather
these are scattered, which individually or collectively pollute the
water.
 Example of non point sources are surface runoff from agricultural
fields, overflowing small drains, rain water sweeping roads and
fields etc
Sourcesof water pollution
 Agrochemicals like fertilizers containing nitrates and
phosphates and pesticides used in agricultural fields which
come in runoff from the agricultural land.
 Oil spillage during drilling and shipment.
Sourcesof water pollution
 Waste heat from industrial discharge increases the
temperature of the water bodies.
 Major sources of ground water pollution are septic tanks,
deep well injection of industrial effluents, mines etc.
Sourcesof water pollution
 Major sources of surface water pollution
are:
 Sewage: discharge of sewers and drains.
 Industrial effluents from different industries.
 Synthetic detergents used for washing and
cleaning.
Classification of Waterpollutants:
1. Inorganic Pollutant
2. Organic Pollutant
3. Suspended Matter
4. Radioactive Pollutant
5. Thermal Pollutant
6. Synthetic Organic Compound (Nutrient)
7. Pathogens (Bacteria, Virus, Protozoa,
Worms)
8. Sediment
Water qualityStandards:-
Main parameters which are required to be tested for determining the
quality of water can be divided into.
(1) Physical (2) Chemical (3) Biological/Microbiological

(1) Physical parameters

 Suspended solids
 Turbidity
 Colour
 Odour
 Taste
 Temperature
Water qualitystandards
(2) Chemical Parameters
 Dissolved Solids
 Hardness
 Chlorides
 pH
 Acidity,alkalinity
 Dissolved gases like Oxygen Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
Sulphide
 Nitrogen compounds like Nitrites, Nitrates, Ammonical
Nitrogen, Albuminiod Nitrogen
 Metals and other inorganic substanceslike Fluoride, Iron &
Manganese, Lead, Arsenic,, Boron Cadmium
Water qualitystandards
(3) Biological parameters
 In Biological parameters includes various microorganisms
like bacteria, virus, protozoa, worms present in water it may
be pathogenic or non pathogenic.

 The agencies playing an important role in specifying the

norms for various effluents to be discharged in the water
bodies as well as for drinking water are:
 Indian Standards Institution (ISI)
 World Health Organization (WHO)
 United States Public Health Services (USPHS)
 Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Classification of Waterpollutants:
Organic pollutants:
 The organic pollutant
means "oxygen
demanding
pollutants”.
 The organic pollutants
are present in domestic
sewage, plant nutrient,
oil waste from food
processing industries,
dairy, pesticides waste
etc.
Classification of Waterpollutants:
 The most organic waste
is biodegradable in
nature hence it can be
break down and used
as food for micro
organisms.
 The aerobic bacteria
uses dissolved oxygen
from the water and
deplete the level of
dissolve oxygen for the
decomposition of
organic matter.
Classification of Waterpollutants:
Radioactive Compounds:
 The source of radio active compounds are nuclear power plants,
medicated radioactive use in hospital and scientific use of
radioactive material from laboratories, uranium and thorium
mining etc.
 These wastes are highly toxic and cause birth defects, generic
damage and cancer.
Classification of Waterpollutants:
Thermal Pollutants:
 The thermal power plant
based on coal fired or
nuclear fuel fired is the
major source of thermal
pollution.
 These thermal plants release
hot water and discharge into
near by water body.
 The hot water discharge
increase the temperature of
water body and kills the
aquatic creature.
Classification of Waterpollutants:
Nutrients:
 The sewage and agriculture runoff waste from fertilizer and
detergent
industries contents phosphate and nitrogen in large quantity.
 Such runoff is discharge into water body then it results into
over nutrition in water which is called eutrophication.
 The result is the formation of aquatic weeds and vegetable which
again is the headache for public water supply.
Classification of Waterpollutants:
Inorganic Pollutants:
 The inorganic pollutants are inorganic
salts, mineralacids, toxic metals, some trace element etc.
 The inorganic pollutant makes water unfit for domestic
purpose and cause danger of life for aquatic creature.
Classification of Waterpollutants:
Suspended matter:
 The soil erosion is the main source for accumulation of
sediments/suspended matter in water body.
 The other source is solids from domestic sewage and solids from
construction activities.
 The suspended matter inhibits the penetration of sunlight
in water body which results into decrease rate of photosynthesis
process
Effects of Waterpollutants:
 Following are some important effects of various types of water
pollutants:
Oxygen demanding waste (Biodegradable organic
waste)
 Organic matter which reaches the water bodies is decomposed by
microorganisms present in water. For this oxygen dissolved in
water is used.
 ORGANIC MATTER + DO (O2) + Bacteria CO2 + H2O
 Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD) is used to as a measure to
find out the amount of Biodegradable matter in the water.
 It is defined as amount of oxygen required by the bacteria to
decompose the biodegradable organic matter under aerobic
condition.
 The saturated value of DO in water is in the order of 8 to 10 mg/L.
Effects of Waterpollutants:
 Optimum DO required for healthy fish
and other aquatic life is about 5-8 mg/L.
 Due to degradation of waste DO levels
gets reduced. If DO drops below 4 mg/L
fish and other aquatic life is threatened
and in extreme cases killed.
 Other effect of reduced DO is undesirable
taste, odour and colour prohibiting its use
for domestic and recreational purpose.
Effects of Waterpollutants:
Pathogens
 Many wastes water especially
sewage contains many
pathogenic microorganisms
which are usually contained if
faces and urine of infected
persons.
 Water borne dieses like cholera,
dysentery, typhoid are caused due
to pathogens present in water.
Effects of Waterpollutants:
Nitrogen and phosphorus compounds (Nutrients)
 Additional of compounds containing nitrogen and phosphorus
helps in growth of algae and other plants. These compounds are
nutrient for growth.
 When these concentrations are high it causes rapid growth causing
algal bloom. Also the growth of weeds increases.
 It covers up the water surface and prevents entry of sunlight into
water
bodies.
 Aquatic plants along with algae thus die; the bacteria present in
water now decompose all these dead plants.
 The decayed organic matter adds unwanted colour, odour and
taste to
water.
 It also reduced DO of water and leads to death of fish and other
aquatic animals.
Effects of Waterpollutants:
Toxic Compounds

 Pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, cyanides and many

other organic and inorganic compounds are harmful to aquatic
organisms.
 Some of the substances like pesticides, methyl mercury etc moves
in to the bodies of organisms from medium in which these
organisms live.
 These substances tend to accumulate in the organisms body. This
process is called Bio accumulation.
 The concentration of these toxic substances builds up at successive
levels of food chain. This process is called Biomagnification
Effects of Waterpollutants:
 Following example of biomagnification of DDT in aquatic chain.
Components DDT Concentration (ppm)
Birds 10.00

Needle fish 1.0

Minnows 0.1

Zooplankton 0.01

Water 0.000001
 Mercury dumped in water is converted to methyl mercury by bacterial action. A
disease called Minimata dieses occurs due to consumption of methyl mercury
contaminated fish.
 Concentration of nitrate more than 45 mg/L causes occurs blue baby diseases in
infants.
 Excess fluoride causes fluorosis. It is effects the bones and teeth of the person.
Effects of Waterpollutants:
Suspended matter

 Makes water aesthetically displeasing.

 Biodegradable suspended matter causes DO depletion.
 It reduced light penetration there by reducing photosynthesis and a
corresponding loss in food production.
 Provides adsorption sites for harmful chemicals or biological
organisms which can effect flora and fauna of stream.
Effects of Waterpollutants:
Thermal Discharge
 Water is used for dissipation of waste heat in power plant and
industries. This heated water is subsequently discharged into water
bodies. Increased temperature of water has following effects:
 Increases biological activities.
 Cause death of some heat sensitive organisms.
 DO concentration decrease this together with increased biological
activities at high temperature may result into anaerobic condition.
Resulting in bad odour.
 Growth of algae increases.
 Toxicity of chemical pollutants increases with increases in
temperature.
Eutrophication:-
 The word Eutrophication is originated from Greek words eu=well
and trophes= food. Thus meaning is “well fed” or “nutrient rich”.

 Thus we can define eutrophication as excessive nutrient load in a

water body or enrichment of water body by nutrients like
phosphorus and nitrogen.

 Presence of nutrients is must for growth of organisms, bur if these

nutrients are present in excessive amount then they act as
pollutants because they allow excessive growth of aquatic plants
like algae.
Eutrophication:-
 Depending upon the presence of nutrients, the water bodies
(aquatic system) may be classified as under:
(1) Oligotrophic:
Water bodies with poor concentration of nutrients and very
low productivity of aquatic plants.

(2) Mesotrophic:
Water bodies with moderate concentration of nutrients and
average productivity of aquatic plants.

(3) Eutrophic:
Water bodies with high concentration of nutrients and very
high productivity of aquatic plants.
Eutrophication
Eutrophication:-
What causes eutrophication?
 Newly formed water bodies such as lakes, ponds and reservoirs, whether
natural or man-made has low nutrient content and low plant productivity.
 Gradually, with the passage of time these water bodies become rich in
nutrients through the deposit of domestic waste, agricultural residue (rich
in nitrogen and phosphorus), and industrial waste etc which ultimately
increase aquatic growth.
 In this way the oligotrophic water bodies turns gradually into
Mesotrophic water body.
 Natural eutrophication is a very slow process, often taking more than 100
years. But artificial eutrophication is very fast as it depends on the input
of organic waste matter.
 The aerobic decomposition of organic waste in the presence of oxygen
by bacteria leads to eutrophication.
Eutrophication:-
 The nutrient rich water body supports the growth of algae and the entire
water body becomes green.
 As more plants grow due to the additional supply of nutrients, more
plants also die.
 Bacteria decompose these dead plants and organic waste using dissolved
oxygen. As a results, BOD of water increases.
 Fish and other aquatic animals start dying due to the depletion of oxygen.
Such a water body is said to be eutrophied.
 With an increase in BOD, water starts emitting an offensive smell and
asthetic and recreational importance of the water body decreases.
 Generally, it is observed that concentration of nitrogen higher than 0.3
mg/L and phosphorus more than 0.15 mg/L cause eutrophication
Eutrophication:-
Effects of eutrophication:
 Higher growth rate of algae in the water body.
 Algae bloom restrict the penetration of sunlight in water body
hence rate of photosynthesis process decreases.
 Decrease in dissolved oxygen (DO) and increase biological oxygen
demand (BOD).
 Bad taste, bad odour is produced and also increases in turbidity of
water.
 The decaying organic matter causes depletion of DO, destroying
fish and other aquatic species.
 Asthetic and recreational importance of the water body decreases
i.e. fishing, swimming, boating etc.
Eutrophication:-
Control of eutrophication
 The control at sources is the best practice to prevent eutrophication
therefore waste water enrich with nutrient should be treated for removal
of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon before disposal.

 Recycling of nutrient should be adopted.

 Algae bloom should be removed the water body.

 Reducing the use of phosphate in detergents.

 Reducing the use of nitrate containing fertilizers.

.
Control of waterpollution
Water pollution can be checked or at least reduced by following measures:
 By proper sewage treatment:
The sewage should be properly treated before disposing it in any water bodies.
Sewage should be given following treatment before discharging into water
bodies
Primary treatment:
To remove floating impurities, girt, inorganic particles, settable solids etc. It
mainly involves physical method for removal of impurities.
Secondary treatment:
Mostly aimed to remove organic impurities using mainly biological methods.
Tertiary treatment:
Mostly using strong oxidizing agents to remove impurities. Example chlorine gas.
It is used to remove the impurities remaining after primary and secondary
treatment.
Control of waterpollution
 The industrial effluent should be properly treated before discharging it into water
bodies.
 By enforcing stringent standards for disposal of sewage and industrial waste into
water bodies.
 By prohibiting direct washing of clothes and animals in water bodies used for
drinking water supply.
 Pesticides and fertilizers should be judiciously used to reduce chemical pollution
due to surface runoff from farms. Less stable pesticides should be used.
 Increasing the vegetative cover to reduce water pollution due to soil erosion.
 Encouraging reuse of water.
 To avoid thermal pollution hot water should be cooled before releasing it into
bodies.
 Advanced treatment for removal of nitrates and phosphates should be adopted to
prevent eutrophication.
Air Pollution
Topicsto be covered
 Introduction
 Sources of air pollutant
 Classification of air
pollutant
 Effects of air pollutants
 Control of air pollutants
Definition of Airpollution
 “Air pollution is defined as the presence of unwanted and
undesirable foreign particles and gases (in sufficient quantity
and duration)in the air which may have adverse effects on
human being, animals, plants, vegetation's and important
structure.
Sourcesof AirPollution
Sources of air pollution can be mainly classified
into
(a)Natural
(b) Man- made
(1) Natural Sources
 Pollen grains
 Volcanic eruption
 Forest fire
 Salt spray from oceans
 Dust storms
 Marshy land
 Bacteria and other microorganisms
 Photochemical reaction
Sourcesof AirPollution
(2) Man made sources
 Industrial units
 Thermal power plants
 Automobile exhaust
 Fossil fuel burning
 Agricultural activities
 Mining
 Air crafts
 Nuclear explosion
 Domestic burning of
woods
Sourcesof AirPollution
Man made sources can be generally classified into
(a) Point or stationary sources:
 Industrial unit which add pollutant to air at particular points from their
tall
chimney.
b) Line or mobile Sources:
 This sources of air pollution are the automobile as these add pollutants
along a narrow belts and over long distance.
(C) Area sources:
 Town and cities add smoke and gases over wide areas.
Classification of Airpollutants
Classification of Airpollutants

A. Classification based on origin of air pollutants

(1) Primary pollutants
(2) Secondary pollutants
(1) Primary pollutants:
 These are emitted directly from the sources and are found
in the atmospheres.
 For Example SO2, NO2, HC, ash, smoke, dust, mist etc
(2) Secondary pollutants:
 These are formed in the atmosphere by chemical
interactions
between primary pollutants and atmospheric constituents.
 For Example Ozone, Sulphur trioxide, PAN, aldehydes,
ketones etc.
Classification of Airpollutants

B)According to the state of matter

(1) Gaseous air pollutants
(2) Particulate air pollutants
(1) Gaseous air pollutants:
 These pollutants are in gaseous state at normal
temperature and pressure.
 For Example CO, CO2, NOx, SOx, HC, Photochemical oxidants
(2) Particulate air pollutants:
 These include suspended droplets, solid particles or their mixtures
in the
atmosphere.
 For Example aerosols, dust, smoke, fumes, mist, fog, flyash,
soot, and natural particulates such as pollen grains, protozoa,
fungal spores and volcanic dust.
Air Pollutants-Sourcesand effect

1. Carbon monoxide (CO)

 It is colourless, odourless, tasteless gas.
 It has no effect at normal concentration (0.1 ppm) but at
higher conc. It seriously affects the human metabolism.
Sources:
 Volcanic eruption
 natural gas emissions
 marsh gas production etc.
 Transportation sources contribute about 64% of CO in air.
 Forest fire and agricultural burning contribute about 17 %
of in air.
Air Pollutants-Sourcesand effect
 Industrial processes such as electric furnace and blast furnaces
in iron and steel industries
 Petroleum refining
 Paper industry
 Gas manufacture
 Coal mining
Effects:
 It reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood by
selectively combining with hemoglobin forming carboxy
hemoglobin. This causes, laziness, and exhaustion.
 It reduces vision and causes cardiovascular disorders.
Air Pollutants-Sourcesand effect
(2) Carbon dioxide (CO2):
 The content of carbon dioxide in the air has increased by
approximately 15% during the last century in spite of the fact that
photosynthesizing green plants balance the CO2 - O2 ratio to a
large extent.
Sources:
 Fossil fuel burning
 Agricultural practices (eg. Deforestation)
 Forestry.
Effects:
 it is major effect is on the climate of earth (Green House effect).
 CO2 is less dangerous than CO and cause nausea and headache.
Air Pollutants-Sourcesand effect
(3) Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx):
 Nitric oxide and nitrogen oxide are very important pollutant.
 NO is colourless,odourless gas but is NO2 reddish brown and
have suffocating odour.
Sources:
 Fuel combustion in automobiles and industries.
 Lightening
 Forest fire
 Bacterial decomposition of organic matter
Effects:
 Nitric oxide combine with hemoglobin and reduces the oxygen
carrying capacity of blood.
Air Pollutants-Sourcesand effect
 NO2 is more toxic then NO and may affect lungs and cause
bronchitis.
 NO2 is react with atmospheric moisture to form nitric acid causes
acid
rain and affects vegetables and metals.
(4) Oxides of sulphur (SOx)
 SOx include SO2 and SO3.
SO2 is colourless gas having pungent and suffocating
odour. Sources:
 most of the SOx pollution (67%) due to volcanic activities and other
natural sources.
 Burning of solid and fossil fuels
 Transportation
 Industries like paper mfg. plants, refineries, sulphuric acid plant
 Open burning of refuse and municipal incinerator
Air Pollutants-Sourcesand effect
Effects:
 It causes cardiac diseases,asthma, bronchitis, eye irritation, throat
troubles etc..
 Long term exposures to high levels of sulphur dioxide gas causes
respiratory illness and heart diseases.
 Oxides of sulphur attacks building materials especially marbles and
lime stone. (eg. Taj Mahal at agra)
 SO2 react with moisture in atmosphere to form
sulphuric acid which causes acid rain affects
vegetables and metals.
 Oxides of sulphur may affect clothes, leather, paper and plants.
(5) Hydrocarbon (HC):
 the gaseous and volatile hydrocarbons are mainly responsible for air
pollution.
 Common HC includes methane, ethane, acetylene etc.
Air Pollutants-Sourcesand effect
Sources:
 Coal fields
 Natural fires
 Incomplete combustion from car engines
 Industrial sources (refineries)
 Forest fires
 Agricultural burning
 Coal waste fires
Effects:
 Some aromatic HC may cause cancer.
 Unburned HC with oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight from
Photochemical oxidants (like ozone, PAN) which are harmful.
Air Pollutants-Sourcesand effect

(6) Photochemical oxidants:

 The major photochemical oxidant is ozone.
 Ozone is produced in the upper atmosphere by solar reaction,
small concentrations of this gas diffuse downwards and become
the major concern in the air pollution.
 In the presence of sunlight, the oxides of nitrogen react with the
unburned HC released by the exhausts of automobiles and
following a series of complex reactions produce secondary
pollutants like PAN, Ozone, aldehydes and Ketones etc.

Unburnt HC + NOx Photochemical smog

Sources:
 Automobile exhausts
Air Pollutants-Sourcesand effect
Effect:
 Photochemicalaoxidants cause irritation of eye, nose and throat,
l

(7)
Particulate Air pollutants:
 These are small, solid particles and liquid droplets present in the
atmosphere in fairly large numbers and sometimes pose serious
air pollution problems.
 The size of particulate ranges from 0.02 µ to 500 µ.
Air Pollutants-Particulate Matter
(1) Aerosols:
 These include all air borne suspensions of solid or liquid particles
smaller than 1 mm.
(2) Dust:
 It consist of small solid particles (size 1 to 200 µm) and are generated by
material crushing, grinding or blasting.
(3) Smoke:
 it consist of fine solid particles (size 0.1 to 1 µm) resulting from the
incomplete combustion of organic particles like coal, wood, tobacco or
other chemical processes.
(4) Fumes:
 These are fine solid particles (size 0.1 to 1 µm) formed by the
condensation of vapors of solids materials.
(5) Mist:
 It consist of liquid droplets formed by the condensation of vapours in the
atmosphere or are released from industrial operation.
Air Pollutants-Particulate Matter
(6) Fog:
 it the mist is made up of water droplets whose concentration
is high and dense enough to obscure vision then the mist is
called fog.
(7) Flyash:
 This consists of finely divided non combustible particles
present in the gases arising from fuel combustion.
(8) Soot:
 Incomplete combustion of carbon containing materials release
carbon particles.
Air Pollutants-Particulate Matter
Sources:
 Volcanic eruption
 Dust storms
 Spraying of salts by oceans
 Fly ash from combustion of fossil fuels
 Smoke from vehicles
 Mining
 Agriculture burning
Effect:
 Health effects - Particulates less than 10 µm can enter
deep into the lungs and may also get into blood streams.
It can cause problems like irritation, asthma, chronic
bronchitis and other lung diseases.
Air Pollutants-Particulate Matter
 Particulates accelerate corrosion of metals,
damages buildings, paints etc.
 Aerosols (Fluorocarbons, NOx, SOx) released from
emissions from jet and supersonic planes deplete
the ozone layer in higher atmosphere.
 Dust coating on leaves affects photosynthesis and
reduces plant growth.
 Fly ash reduces pH balance and potability of water.
 Metal dust containing heavy metals and cotton dust
may also cause respiratory problem.
Effects of Air Pollution onHumanHealth
 Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) combine with
hemoglobin to form carboxy hemoglobin (COHb) which
reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
 Oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and oxides of sulphur (SOX) cause
irritation to eye, throat and nose. They an cause diseases
like asthma and bronchitis.
 Pollen can initiate asthmatic attacks.
 Secondary pollutant (O3, PAN) produced by hydrocarbons
and NOx, results in the formation of photochemical smog,
which causes irritation of eyes, nose, throat and respiratory
diseases.
 Some aromatic hydrocarbons may cause cancer.
 Exposure to dust, smoke, smog and soot may include
several respiratory diseases like asthma, bronchitis and lung
Effects of Air Pollution onHumanHealth
 Heavy metals like lead may cause poisoning effects on
nervous system, damage to kidney and vision problem.
 Nickel particulates in tobacco smoke result in
respiratory damage.
 Radioactivesubstances cause lung diseases and affect
kidney , liver, brain and sometimes may cause cancer.
 Atmospheric dust containing silica may cause silicosis.
Effects of Air Pollution on plants andvegetation:
 Air pollutants affect plants by entering through stomata (leaf
pores through which gases diffuse), destroy chlorophyll and
affect photosynthesis.
 SO2:
 NO2:
 OZONE
 PAN
 DUST SHIELD
Effects of Air Pollution onProperty/Material:
 SO2 in the presence of oxygen and moisture is converted into
H2SO4 acid. Deposition of this acid on metal parts of building
roofs, railway tracks, metal on bridges cause corrosion.
 H2SO4 acid deposition reacts with limestone, marble and other
building materials to cause deterioration and disfigure the
building material.
 Pollutants like SO2, O3, H2S and aerosols damage protective
coating and paints of the surface.
 Damage of textile dyes and textile fibers is caused by SOX, NOx
and O3.
 Ozone and PAN cause cracking of rubber tyres and various forms
of electrical insulation.
 Deterioration of lather and paper due to H2SO4 decomposition.
Effects of Air pollutants onClimate:
 Due to man made activities like industrialization,
automobiles, deforestation etc., concentration of CO2 and
other green house gases in atmosphere will increases.
 About 50% of Green House Effect may be attributing to
CO2, which resulted in the increase in temperature of
earth. This increase in temperature caused the melting
of ice caps and glaciers. Thus the increase in ambient
air temperature will increase the mean sea level.
 The thinning of the ozone layer in the stratosphere by the
action of aerosols will increase the penetration of harmful
ultraviolate rays to earth and this will cause blindness,
Sunburn, inactivation of proteins, RNA and DNA.
 Effects of Air pollutants on Aesthetic
Beauty:
 The most noticeable effect of air pollution on the properties
of atmosphere is the reduction in visibility, which may lead
to safety hazard.
 Visibility is reduced by adsorption and scattering of light
by air borne particles (0.1 to 1 µm size).
 Industrial and automobiles emissions, sewage and
garbage emit foul odours causing further loss of aesthetic
beauty.
Factors affecting Airpollutant
The factors which affect air pollution are as follows:
1. Metrological parameters or characteristics:
 Wind direction
 Wind Speed
 Relative Humidity, etc.
2. Topographical features:
 Unevenness of land forms and barriers like mountains
valleys.
3. Characteristics of pollutants:
 Type and size of pollutants
 Interaction among pollutants
4. Mode of release of pollutants:
 Intermittent, continuous, cyclic
 From single sources or multiple sources
 From point sources or area sources
 Solid Waste Management

C.K.PITHAWALLA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

 CONTENTS
Introduction
Types and sources of solid waste
Effects of solid waste pollution
Solid waste management system
Disposal of solid waste
Case study of Surat city.
A WHO study defines waste as every substance or
object arising from human or animal activities that has
INTRODUCTION
to be discarded as useless or unwanted.

It is an extremely heterogeneous mass of wastes which

may originate from people’s homes, and from
commercial or industrial activities.

Urban solid waste consists of household wastes,

construction and demolition debris, sanitation residues,
industrial and hospital wastes .
• Garbage
• Rubbish
• Ashes
• Putrefaction
• Leachate
 Types and Sources of Solid waste
Municipal waste Municipal waste are those waste which
arise from house hold activities, public places, restaurants,
institution markets street sweeping etc.
Industrial wastes Industrial
wastes are that waste which arises from industrial activities.
It typically includes rubbishes, ashes demolition and
construction waste, special waste and hazardous waste.
 SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE

Sources of solid waste are in general related to land use and zoning.
It is categorized as
1. Residential
2. Commercial
3. Open areas
4. Agricultural
5. Industrial area
6. Municipal treatment plants
 Food wastes
Rubbish
Ashes & residues
Bulky household wastes
MSW Street wastes (refuse)
Dead animals
Construction & Demolition wastes
Industrial wastes
Hazardous wastes including hospital & slaughter
house wastes
Sewage wastes
Garden (horticulture) wastes
 Solid waste generation in India
Presently in India, about 960 million tonnes of solid waste is
being generated annually as by-products during industrial,
mining, municipal, agricultural and other processes.

Urban India (about 377 million people) generates 62 million

tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) each year. Of this about
43 million tonnes (70%) is collected and 11.9 million tonnes
(20%) is treated. About 31 million tonnes (50%) is dumped in
landfill sites.

The four top cities that produce the highest solid waste are
Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, and Hyderabad. Among these cities,
Mumbai has seen a significant rise in daily waste generation .
 Causes of Solid waste pollution
1. Over population:-As the number of people producing
pollutant increase, pollution will naturally increase. Same is
true for solid waste pollution too. Solid waste pollution
increase with increase in population.
2. Technology:-rapidly growing technology fro most
economic goods indicates a shift in technology from the
returnable packaging to non-returnable packaging.
3. Urbanization:-Solid waste is preliminary as urban problem,
though not exclusively urban. Solid waste pollution increases
with increase in urbanization.
4. Affluence:-With increase in the affluences there is a
tendency to declare items as being in or out fashion and
promptly throw away the ones which are out of fashion. This
results in solid waste pollution
Effects of solid waste pollution

Transmission of many disease due to flies breed on

the refuse/ solid waste dumps.
Rats flourishing upon the solid wastes may also
cause the diseases.
Improper disposal can cause contamination of
crops and water supply.
Obnoxious order rising from decomposing solid
waste.
Create air pollution if solids waste openly burnt.
Solid waste dump also creates aesthetically
unpleasing surrounding environment
 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid waste management requires very elaborate planning and efficient

implementation, if it is not removed and allowed to decay on the sites of its
generation, it can create serious health problem for worker and residing
people.

Waste Generation

Storage

Collection

Processing
Transfer And Recovery
And Transport

Disposal
Collection of Solid waste:
Kerbside collection The house owner is responsible for
placing the solid waste containers at the curb on the scheduled
day The workmen come, collect and empty the container and
put back at the curb The house owner is required to take back
the empty containers from the curb to his house.
Block collection Individuals bring the waste in containers
and hand it over to the collection staff who empties it into the
waiting vehicles and the return the container to the
individuals.
Community Storage point The solid waste is taken to a fixed
storage bins and stored till the waste storage agency collect it
as per the schedule of the collection.
Processing of Solid Waste

Processing techniques are used in solid waste

management systems to
(1) improve the efficiency of solid-Waste disposal
systems
(2) To recover Resources and
(3) To prepare materials for the recovery of
conversion products and energy.
 Disposal of Solid waste
Open dumping
Sanitary Land filling
Incineration
Composting
Pyrolysis
Open dumping:-In this method the solid waste is
dumped in to low lying areas and outskirts of the
cities. Being relative cheaper.
Sanitary landfill:-in this method the solid waste is
disposed or dumped either in naturally available
low lying area or digging tranches or in open areas
under an engineered operation, design and
operated according to the acceptable standards not
causing any nuisance or hazard to the public health
or safety.
Incineration
Incineration can be defined as a controlled
combustion process for burning solid, liquid
and gaseous combustible wastes to gases and
residue containing non combustible material.
Composting
Composting is the biological decomposition of organic
waste under controlled aerobic condition.
Industries as paper, agricultural and food processing
give out wastes which are almost 100% organic. This
organic matter can be composted to yield good manure.

Compost is the end product obtained after

subjecting the organic fraction of solid waste to
aerobic or anaerobic decomposition to yield
humus like solid, carbon dioxide, water vapour
and energy.
Pyrolysis:
It is defined as heating the solid waste at very high temperature in
absence of air.
Pyrolysis is carried out at a temperature between 500 C to 1000 C to
produce three component streams.
Gas It is a mixture of combustible gases such as hydrogen, carbon
dioxide, methane, carbon mono oxide and some hydrocarbons.
Liquid It contains tar, pitch, light oil, and low boiling organic chemicals
like acetic acid, acetone, methanol etc.
Char It consists of elemental carbon along with inert material in the
waste feed.
The char liquid and gases have high calorific values.
It has been observed that even after supplying the heat necessary for
pyrolysis, certain amount of excess heat still remains which can be
commercially exploited
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF SURAT CITY

Surat is one of the most popular city in the Gujarat

and the commercial nerve of India and also the
fastest growing city in terms of infrastructure and
urban development.
It is located at a distance of about 250 Km. north
of Mumbai on the banks of river tapi.
The city of Surat is developing at a rapid pace and
the population is continuously increasing.
Surat city is no different from other cities in India
and solid waste management was not a priority till
1994.
After the plague in 1994 there was a change in the
attitude and approach of the Surat Municipal
Corporation and the citizens’.
The Surat solid waste management was developed on
the basis of Chennai solid waste management system.
Over the years municipal solid waste has increased
from 865 MT in 2002 to nearly 1800 to 2100 MT in
2017.
Surat Municipal Corporation like all local government
bodies is responsible to handle all waste management
activities that include collection and disposal.
The Surat Municipal Corporation is divided into seven
zones and further divided into wards.
Primary Collection
The Solid waste management system of Surat city
starts with the primary collection which includes
daily manual road sweeping, lifting of waste
container from the waste container spots and door to
door garbage collection from a large area of
households on a daily basis.

Door to door garbage collection (DDGC)

programme covers 7 zones and 326.51 sq.km. area as
well as 44.61 lack population of Surat city. All the
collected waste is transported to 7 transfer stations
which are situated in seven different zones.
Secondary Transportation
This is related to transportation of municipal solid
waste from transfer station to the final disposal site
at Khajod.

Mechanical loading and transportation of MSW in

heavy goods vehicles from various transfer station to
final disposal site is done by Surat Municipal
Corporation and private agencies.

200 hectares of land at village Khajod with

authorization obtained from Gujarat Pollution
Control Board is under use for the purpose of
Smart Solutions For Solid Waste Management:
Recent Developments

As far as door to door waste collection is concerned there are 425

vehicles equipped with RFID and GPS system for tracking them. This
system helps in monitoring the vehicles and prevent malpractices. There
900 designated routes for the vehicles for door to door collection.
The Municipal Corporation is in the process of modernizing its garbage
collection system. There are 43 underground garbage bins along the
foot paths on the road.
There are two compartments in the bin. One for the citizens and the
other for SMC to dump the collected waste. Each bin can hold 1.5 ton of
waste. When the bins reach 70% of their capacity, the control room
would be alerted through sensors. The major benefits of the system
would be prevention of spillage of waste on the roads and foul odour;
and its aesthetic appeal.
MAJOR CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURAT CITY

Low budgetary allocation by municipality for solid waste

management.
Bulk of spending (80%) on collection and transportation, very
little on processing or treatment.
Municipality under tremendous pressure to address the
processing and disposal of municipal solid waste.
Lack of institutional and financial capability and dependent on
budgetary sources of revenues from the state/central government.
Lack of viable business models in the sector.
Problem of Identifying suitable site for disposal of solid waste.
CONCLUSION
Solid waste management is the process of removal
of solid waste in such a manner that it does not
cause any problem to environment and the living
organism as well. It is done through different
methods as per the category of the solid waste.
THANK YOU