Tutorial 2 (Based on lectures 3 and 4)

Fundamentals of strength of materials (MCEN 2000)

Taken from: "Mechanics of Materials" eighth edition or more, R.C Hibbeler, Pearson.

Question 1: For each of the cross sections as shown in figure 1, determine the coordinate
positions of the centroid and the second moments of area about their respective centroidal x-
and y-axes.

Figure 1
Solution:

1
Question 2: For each of the cross sections as shown in figure 2, determine the coordinate
positions of the centroid and the second moments of area about their respective centroidal x-
and y-axes.

Figure 2
Solution:

2
Question 3: Calculate the second moment of area about the y-axis for the shaded area as shown.

Figure 3
Solution:

Question 4: Determine the second moments of area of the shaded area about the x- and y-axes.
Use the same differential element for both calculations.

Figure 4
3
Solution:

Question 5: A rigid bar AB of length L = 1600 mm is hinged to a support at A and supported by

two vertical wires attached at point C and D (see figure). Both wires have the same cross-
sectional area (A = 16 mm2) and are made of the same material (modulus E = 200G Pa). The
wire at C has length h = 0.4 m and the wire D has length twice that amount. The horizontal
distances are c = 0.5 m and d = 1.2 m.
(a) Determine the tensile stress σC and σD in the wires due to the load P = 970 N acting at end B
of the bar. (Ans: σC = 50 MPa, σD = 60 MPa)
(b)Find the downward displacement δB at end B of the bar. (Ans: 0.32mm)

Figure: 5
Solution:
Free body diagram:

+ ΣMA = 0; 0.5 FC + 1.2 FD – 1.6 P = 0; 0.5 FC + 1.2 FD = 1.6 P -----------------------------(1)

Compatibility equation:
From similarity triangles as shown in figure below-

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 &' &'
δC /0.5 = δD /1.2; 1.2 δC = 0.5 δD; 1.2 %()* = 0.5 %()* ; 1.2 FC =0.5*2 FD ---------------(2)
+ /
From equations (1) and (2)
0.5 * 0.5* (2/12) FD + 1.2 FD = 1.6 P
FD = 0.99 P and FC =0.82 P
& 2.34∗6 & 2.>> ∗6
(a) 𝜎+ = 1= :; = 50 MPa: 𝜎/ = = = = 60 MPa
) 78 (72 ) ) 78 (72:; )
&' 2.34∗>@2∗2.A
(b) 𝛿+ = % * = = 1(10-4) m
() + 422 (72B )∗78 (72:;)
From similar triangles, δC/0.5 = δB/1.6; δB = (1.6/0.5) * 10-4 = 3.2 (10-4)m
Question 6: A rigid bar ABCD is pinned at point B and supported by springs at A and D (see figure
below). The springs at A and D have stiffness k1=15kN/m and k2=35 kN/m, respectively, and the
dimensions a, b, and c are 250mm, 500mm, and 200mm, respectively. A load P acts at point C.
If the angle of rotation of the bar due to the action of the load P is limited to 20, what is the
maximum permissible load Pmax? (Ans 1.69 kN)

Figure 6
Solution:
Compatibility equation:
From similarity triangles as shown in figure below-

δD / 500 = Tan 2°; δD = 17.46 mm, and δA / 250 = Tan 2°; δA = 8.73 mm

For springs, force, F = K * δ, therefore spring force at A, FA = 15(103) * δA = 131 N

And spring force at D, FD = 35(103) * δD = 611 N

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Free body diagram:

+ ΣMB = 0; - 200 P + 500 FD + 250 FA = 0; P = (500 * 611 + 250 * 131)/200 = 1.69 kN.

Question 7: The column of 200 mm diameter is constructed from high-strength concrete and six
A-36 steel reinforcing rods. If it is subjected to an axial force of 150 kN, determine the average
normal stress in the concrete and in each rod. Each rod has a diameter of 20 mm. The modulus
of elasticity of steel and concrete are 200 GPa and 29 GPa respectively.

Figure 7 Free body diagram:

Solution:
Free body diagram:
Equations of equilibrium from free body diagram
+↑ ∑ 𝐹G = 0 ; 6Psteel + Pconcrte – 150 = 0 ------------------(1)
Compatibility:
6HIJJK (7.4)(72L ) 6PQRPSJIJ (7.4)(72L )
δsteel = δconcrete ; M = M M ; Psteel = 0.0734 Pconcrte ---------------(2)
(42O )(422)(72L ) T (422O )U8( )(42O )V(4>)(72L )
N N N
Solving equations (1) and (2) yields:
Psteel = 7.641 kN; and Pconcrte =104.152 kN
Average normal stress:
𝑃WXYYZ 7.641(10` )
𝜎WXYYZ = = 𝜋 = 24.323 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴WXYYZ (20 4)
4

𝑃efgehYXY 104.152(10` )
𝜎efgehYXY = = 𝜋 𝜋 = 3.527 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴efgehYXY (2004 ) − 6( ) (204 )
4 4

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Question 8: The assembly consists of two red brass C83400 copper alloy (E = 101 GPa) rods AB
and CD of diameter 30 mm, a stainless 304 steel alloy (E = 193 GPa) rod EF of diameter 40 mm,
and a rigid cap G. If the supports at A, C and F are rigid, determine the average normal stress
developed in rods AB, CD and EF.

Figure 8
Solution:
Equilibrium equation and free body diagram:
Due to symmetry, FAB =FCD=F
Based on the free body diagram below:

Compatibility equation:
Based on the figure below:

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 Therefore, using equation (1), F = 18758.38 N

Normal stresses:

Question 9: The tapered member is fixed connected at its ends A and B and is subjected to a
load P. Determine the location x of the load and its greatest magnitude so that the average
normal stress in the bar does not exceed σallow = 28 MPa. The member is 50 mm thick.

Figure 9
Solution:
The width of the bar varies along the length x.
The width and length of the bar can be correlated using similar triangles based on the figure below:

G `@.k
`222Uj
= 7k22
; y = 75 – 0.025x

Free body diagram:

Equilibrium equation:

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For greatest magnitude of P, the allowable stress is 28 MPa, therefore the following are valid:
&m
28 = @k(k2) ; FB = 105000N
&n
28 = 7k2(k2)
; FA = 210000 N
Thus, P = FA + FB = 105000N + 210000 N = 315 kN

Compatibility equation:
- δA + δB= 0

(FA/FB) {ln (75 – 0.025x) – ln(75)} = ln (75 – 37.5) – ln (75 – 0.025x)

2{ ln (75-0.025x) – 4.31} = 3.62 – ln (75 – 0.025x)

3 ln (75 - 0.025x) = 3.62 + 8.62 = 12.24; ln (75 – 0.025x) = 4.08; -0.025x = - 15.855

x = 634.2 mm

Question 10: The horizontal beam is assumed to be rigid and supports the distributed load
shown. Determine the angle of tilt of the beam after the load is applied. Each support consists
of a wooden post having a diameter of 120 mm and an unloaded (original) length of 1.40 m.
Take Ew = 12 GPa.

Figure 10
Solution:
Free body diagram:
9
Equilibrium equations

Compatibility equation:
For the similar triangles, according to the figure below:

Solving equations (1) to (3) gives:

Question 11: The device is used to measure a change in temperature. Bars AB and CD are
made of A-36 steel and 2014-T6 aluminum alloy respectively. When the temperature is at
40°C, ACE is in the horizontal position. Determine the vertical displacement of the pointer at
E when the temperature to 80°C. Thermal expansion coefficient of steel and aluminium are
12(10-6)/°C and 23(10-6)/°C

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 Figure 11
Solutions:
Thermal expansions

Based on the geometry from similar tringles:

δ E = 0.2102 mm

Question 12: The bar has a cross-sectional area A, length L, modulus of elasticity E, and
coefficient of thermal expansion α. The temperature of the bar changes uniformly along its
length from TA to TB so that at any point x along the bar T = TA + x(TB- TA)/L. Determine the
force the bar exerts on the rigid walls. Initially no axial force is in the bar and the bar has a
temperature of TA

Figure 12
Solution:
The compatibility equation based on the figure below:
0 = δT – δF

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However,
d δT = α (temperature difference) dx = α {TA + (TB-TA)x/L – TA}dx

'
𝑇s − 𝑇) 𝑇s − 𝑇) 4 Z 𝛼𝐿
𝛿o = 𝛼 q 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝛼 w 𝑥 x = (𝑇 − 𝑇) )
2 𝐿 2𝐿 2 2 s

𝐹𝐿
𝛿& =
𝐴𝐸
From the compatibility equation: δF = δT
𝐹𝐿 𝛼𝐿
= (𝑇 − 𝑇) )
𝐴𝐸 2 s

𝛼𝐴𝐸
𝐹= (𝑇s − 𝑇) )
2

Question 13: The 12 m long A-36 steel rails on a train track are laid with a small gap (8.64 mm)
between them to allow for thermal expansion. What would be the axial force in the rails if the
temperature were to rise from T1 = -30°C to T3 = 40°C. The cross-sectional area of each rail is
3200 mm°, modulus of elasticity 200 GPa thermal expansion coefficient 12(10-6)/°C

Figure 13
Solution:
Compatibility equation

12
Question 14: Three bars each made of different materials are connected together and placed
between two walls when the temperature is T1 = 12 C Determine the force exerted on the (rigid)
supports when the temperature becomes T2 = 18 C. The material properties and cross-sectional
area of each bar are given in the figure. 13

Figure 14
Solution:

13
Question 15: The rod is made of A-36 steel and has a diameter of 6 mm. If the rod is 1.2 m long
when the springs are compressed 12 mm and the temperature of the rod is T = 10° C, determine
the force in the rod when its temperature is T = 75° C. Esteel = 200 GPa, αsteel = 12(10-6)/ °C.

Figure 15

Solution:

0.4677mm

0.4677 + 12 2494 N 2.49 KN

KN

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