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MA 40 Name_______________________
Chapter 8 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

8.1 Exponetial Growth

Goal: To graph exponential growth functions.
Vocabulary:
Exponential function:

Asymptote:

I. Using technology, graph f(x) = 2x

Sketch the graph and describe the asymptote.

b. Graph y = (½ ) 3x and y = -(3/2)x

II. Graphing a General Exponential Function:

Graph and state the domain and range.

III. Modeling Exponential Growth y = a(1+r)t

A diamond ring was purchased 20 years ago for $500. The value of the ring
increased by 8% each year. What is the value of the ring today?
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Compound Interest:

P = principal amount, r = interest rate (in decimal), t = time in years,

n = number of times compounded each year.

IV. Finding the Balance in an Account

a. You deposit $1000 in an account that pays 8% annual interest. Find the
balance after 1 year if the interest is compounded with the given frequency.
I. annually II. Quarterly III daily

H.W. P. 469-471 # 13-39 (odd), 43-48, 59-64

Summary:
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8.2 Exponential Decay
Goal: To graph exponential decay functions.
Vocabulary:
Exponential decay function:

I. Recogninzing Exponential Growth and Decay

State whether f(x) is an exponential growth or decay function.

a. b. c.

II. Graphing Exponential Functions of the Form y = abx

Graph the function.

a. b.

III. Graphing a General Exponential Function

Graph and state the domain and range.

a. b.

IV. Modeling Exponential Decay

Exponential Decay Formula: y = a(1 – r)t , where 1 – r is the decay factor.
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You buy a new car for $24,000. The value of the car decreases by 16% each
year. What is the value of the car after two years?

H.W. p. 477-479 # 11-39(odd), 43-45, 47-49

Summary:

8.3 The Number e

Goal: To use the number e as the base of exponential functions.
Vocabulary:
Natural base e:

I. Simplifying Natural Base Expressions

Simplify the expression:

a. b. c. d.

II. Evaluating Natural Base Expressions

Use a calculator to evaluate:
a. b.

III. Graphing Natural Base Functions

Graph the function. State the domain and range.
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a. b.

rt
Continuously Compounded Interest: A = Pe
IV. Finding the Balance in an Account.
You deposit $1000 in an account that pays 8% annual interest compounded
continuously. What is the balance after 1 year?

You deposit $1500 in an account that pays 7.5% annual interest compounded
continuously. What is the balance after 2 years?

V. Using an Exponential Model.

Since 1972 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has kept a list of endangered
species in the US. For the years 1972-1998, the number (s) of species on the
list can be modeled by:
S = 119.6e0.0917 t
Where t is the number of years since 1972.

a. What was the number of endangered species in 1972?

b. Use the graph to estimate when the number of species reached 1000.

H.W. p. 483-485 # 21-30, 37-39, 49-56, 61-66, 67-75 (odd), 76, 80

Summary:

8.4 Logarithmic Functions

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Goal: To evaluate logarithmic functions.

Vocabulary:
Logarithm of y with base b:

Common logarithm:

Natural logarithm:

I. Rewriting Logarithmic Equations.

Rewrite:
a. log2 32 = 5 b. log5 1 = 0 c. log10 10 = 1

d. log10 0.1 = -1 e. log1/2 2 = -1 f. log5 (1/25) = -2

Special Logarithm Values:

Let b be a positive real number such that b does not equal 1.
Logarithm Of 1 logb 1 = 0 because b0 = 1
Logarithm Of Base b logb b = 1 because b1 = b

II. Evaluating Logarithmic Expressions

Evaluate the expression:
a. log3 81 b. log5 0.04 c. log1/2 8 d. log9 3

III. Evaluating Common and Natural Logarithms

Evaluate:
a. log 5 b. ln 0.1 c. log 7 d. ln 0.25

IV. Evaluating a Logarithmic Function.

a. The slope s of a beach is related to the average diameter d (in millimeters) of
the sand particles on the beach by this equation:
s = 0.159 + 0.118 log d
Find the slope of a beach if the average diameter of the sand particles is 0.25
millimeter.
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g(x) = logb x is the inverse of the exponential function f(x) = b x

This means that:

g(f(x)) =

f(g(x)) =

Exponential functions and Logarithmic functions “undo” each other

V. Using Inverse Properties.

Simplify the expression:

a. 10log 2 b. log3 9x c. 10log x d. log5 125x

VI. Finding Inverses.

Find the inverse of the function:
a. y = log3 x b. y = ln (x + 1)

c. y = log8 x d. y = ln (x – 3)

VII. Graphing Logarithmic Functions.

Graph the function. State the domain and range.

a. y = log 1/3 x – 1 b. y = log5 (x + 2)

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VIII. Using the Graph of a Logarithmic Function.
Graph the model
s = 0.159 + 0.118 log d
Use the graph to estimate the average diameter of the sand particles for a
beach whose slopeis 0.2.

H.W. 8.4a p. 490 # 17-47

8.4b p. 490-491 # 48-55, 57-75 (odd), 79-80

Summary:

8.5 Properties of Logarithms

Goal: To use the properties of logarithms.

Properties:
Let b, u, and v be positive numbers such that b does not equal 1.

Product Property:

Quotient Property:

Power Property:

I. Using Properties of Logarithms.

Use log53 ≈ 0.683 and log57 ≈ 1.209

Approximate the following:

a. log5 3/7 b. log5 21 c. log549
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II. Expanding a Logarithmic Expression.

a. Expand ln 6x5. Assume x is positive.

c.

III. Condensing a Logarithmic Expression.

Condense:
a. 3 ln x + ln 4 – ln 7x.

b. log 6 + 2log 2 – log 3.

c. ½ log 25 + log 4 – 2 log 2 –log x

Logarithms with any base other than 10 or e can be written in terms of common
or natural logarithms using the change-of-base formula.

Change of Base Formula:

Let u, b, and c be positive numbers with b≠1 and c≠1
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IV. Using the Change-of Base Formula.

a. Evaluate the expression log2 9.

b. Evaluate the expression log3 7.

V. Using Properties of Logarithms.

You want to invest in a stock whose value has been increasing by
approximately 5% each year. The time required for an initial investment of I0 to
grow to I can be modeled by:
where I0 and I are measured in dollars and t is measured in years.

a. Expand the expression for t.

b. Assume that you have $1000 to invest. Complete the table to show how
long your investment would take to double, triple, and quadruple.

I 2000 3000 4000

t

H.W. 8.5a. p. 496-497 # 14-21, 23-45(odd)

8.5b p.497-498 # 46-57, 59-67(odd), 77-79
Summary:
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8.6 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

Goal: To solve exponential and logarithmic equations.
I. Solving by Equating Exponents.
Solve:
a. 43x = 8x + 1 b. 9x + 1 = 27x-1

c. 53x = 5x+8 d. 16 = 4x+1

II. Taking a Logarithm of Each Side

Solve:
a. e-x – 6 = 9 b. 2x = 7

c. 5x = 8 d. 9 – 4ex = 5

e. 102x – 3 + 4 = 21 f. 24x = 32x-1

g. 5x + 2 + 3 = 25 h. ½ e-2x = 6
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III. Using an Exponential Model

You are cooking a stew. When you take it off the stove, its temperature is 212 oF.
The room temperature is 70oF and the cooling rate is r = 0.046. How long will it
take to cool the stew to a temperature of 100oF?
Use Newton’s law of cooling: T = (To – TR)e-rt + TR

IV. Solving a Logarithmic Equation

Solve:
a. ln (2x + 3) = ln (5x – 6) b. log3 (5x – 1) = log3(x + 7)

V. Exponentiating Each Side

Solve:
a. 4 log3 3x = 20 b. log5 (3x + 1) = 2

VI. Checking for Extraneous Solutions

Since the domain of logarithmic fuctions generally do not include all real
numbers, you need to check for extraneous solutions.

Solve and check for extraneous solutions:

a. log 5x + log (x – 1) = 2

b. log2 x + log2 (x – 7) = 3
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VII. Using a Logarithmic Model

The moment magnitude M of an earthquake that releases energy E (in ergs) can
be modeled by:
M = 0.291 ln E + 1.17

On May 22, 1960, a powerful earthquake took place in Chile. It had a moment
magnitude of 9.5. How much energy did this earthquake release?

H.W. 8.6a p. 505-506 # 25-42, 62-68

8.6b p. 506 43-50, 52-60

Summary: