Exported for Ayush Shukla on Fri, 25 Oct 2024 16:38:05 GMT

pH and Buffer Solutions

Prior to Lab
Write a one page procedure BEFORE coming to lab. List the procedure step-by-step so that you can follow it
in lab. The TA will confirm that you have the written procedure completed before setting up the
experiment.

Procedure
Equipment
50-mL beakers (4)
250-mL beaker
100-mL graduated cylinders (2)
wash bottle
pH meter
150-mL beakers (2)
400-mL beakers (2)
10-mL graduated cylinders (2)
stirring rods (5)

Materials
0.50 M HCH3COOH
0.50 M NaCH3COO
1 M NaOH
1 M HCl
The pH Electrodes
You will be using pH probe connected to the LabQuest system. pH probes have a thin glass bulb at the tip.
They break easily and are costly to replace. Be careful not to drop or shove the probe into the bottom of the
beaker. There is a protective guard around the tip, which should remain in place always. The guard will not
protect against mishandling.

For best results, pH probes are stored in a buffer solution when not in use. Immediately prior to use, the
electrodes are rinsed with DI water and gently blotted with a tissue, then placed in the test solution.

You will need to calibrate the pH probe before use. The software will take you through a two-point
calibration. Calibrate the pH probes using pH=4 and pH=10 buffers.

Video: Calibrating the pH probe

Video
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device to view video content.

Caution Reminder!
Rinse off the pH electrode between readings with DI water from a wash bottle.
Between readings, leave the pH electrode immersed in DI water. Do not rough
handle the electrodes or drop it into beakers! The thin glass bulb is extremely
fragile. Keep the plastic guard in place! If you break the pH probe, you will pay for
it, and it costs $100 each.

1. Obtain a pH probe and a LabQuest unit and set it up at your bench. Be careful when handling the glass
tip of the pH probe. It is made of glass and can easily shatter, and it is expensive to replace. If you break the pH
probe, your group will be charged the replacement cost.

Figure 1. pH probe

NOTE: pH probe must be kept in a solution at all time. When you are not using it during the experiment,
store it in a DI water bath at your station. Please do not let the pH probe dry out. Before reusing the pH
probe in the experiment, make sure to rinse it with DI water.

First, you need to calibrate the pH probe. Following steps will tell you how to calibrate the pH probe.

Instrument Setup and pH Probe Calibration

2. Remove the storage bottle from the probe and thoroughly rinse the lower part of the probe using DI
water.

3. Connect the pH probe to CH 1 on the LabQuest.

4. Go to the "Sensors" tab and tap on "Calibrate Now". Calibrate the pH probe by using standard buffer
solutions pH = 4 and pH = 10.

5. First, place the pH probe into the pH 4 buffer solution.

6. Enter the known value for Reading 1 as 4.0. When the voltage stabilizes, click "Keep".

7. Rinse the pH probe completely with DI water. Then, place the pH probe into the pH 10 buffer solution.
Enter the known value for Reading 2 as 10.0. When the voltage stabilizes, click "Keep". This will take you to
the original "Calibrate now" window. Now, click "OK" to complete the calibration.

8. Rinse the pH probe completely with DI water and place it in the DI water bath you prepared at your
station. Your pH probe is now ready for the experiment.
 Figure 1. pH probe in DI water bath

Part I: The pH of Acetic Acid and Sodium Acetate Solutions

9. Obtain two 250 mL beakers. Dispense 175 mL of the acetic acid (CH3COOH) solution into the first beaker
and 130 mL of the sodium acetate (NaCH3COO) solution into the second beaker. Label the beakers.

10. Record the exact molarity of both solutions on the Data Sheet.

11. Obtain two 50 mL beakers and label them "Beaker 1" and "Beaker 5". Transfer 30 mL of the acetic acid
(CH3COOH) solution into Beaker 1 and 30 mL of the sodium acetate (NaCH3COO) solution into Beaker 2.

12. Measure the pH of the acetic acid (CH3COOH) solution in Beaker 1 and record the pH on the Data
Sheet. Clean the pH probe with DI water and pat dry with a KimWipe. Next measure the pH of the sodium
acetate solution (NaCH3COO) in Beaker 5 and record the pH on the Data Sheet.

Table 1

Note: You can use Beaker 1 as Buffer System 1 and Beaker 5 as the Buffer System 5 in Part II of the
experiment. Consult the data table. You will add the corresponding amount of solution listed in the table to
each beaker. For example, 3 mL of sodium acetate (NaCH3COO) will be added to Beaker 1 and 3 mL of
acetic acid (CH3COOH) will be added to Beaker 5 to make Buffer Systems 1 and 5.
 Save your solutions for the following parts!

Part II: Direct Method - Preparation of Buffer Solutions

13. Using dedicated graduated cylinders for the acetic acid (CH3COOH) and sodium acetate (NaCH3COO)
solutions, set up the following buffer systems according to Table 2 below.

14. Combine the aliquots for each Buffer System in a clean 50 mL beaker. Mix the solutions thoroughly with
a clean stirring rod for each solution.

15. Measure and record the pH of each Buffer System on the Data Sheet.

Table 2

NOTE: Buffer System 3 from Part II will be used in Part IV as Solution 1. Therefore, save Buffer
System 3 for part IV of the experiment.

Part III: Indirect Method – Preparation of Buffer Solutions

16. Obtain a clean 150 mL beaker and add 20 mL of the ~0.50 M acetic acid (CH3COOH) solution to it.

17. Obtain approximately 25 mL of aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and record its exact concentration
on the Data Sheet.

18. Consult Table 3 and add the volume of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) indicated for each addition to the
acetic acid (CH3COOH) solution. Stir thoroughly after each addition and measure and record the pH for
each aliquot added on the Data Sheet. Calculate the expected pH values for each solution.
Note: Be sure to use the total volume of NaOH for each calculation.

Table 3

Part IV: Dilution of Buffered and Unbuffered Solutions

19. Prepare each of the following solutions in clean dry 50 mL beakers according to Table 4. Use DI water
for each dilution. Solution 1 is already prepared. Additionally, you do not need to prepare Solution 4.

20. Measure and record the pH for each solution.

For Part IV, note that solution 1 was prepared previously in Part II as Buffer System 3. *Copy the data
you obtained for the pH of 15 mL of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and 15 mL of sodium acetate
(NaCH3COO) solution in Part II for Solution 1 here. Use Buffer System 3 to prepare Solution 2 for this
part of the experiment.
You do not need to prepare Solution 4. Solution 4 was prepared in Part I of the experiment. *Copy the
data you obtained for the pH of 30 mL of acetic acid (CH3COOH) in Part I for Solution 4 here.
To prepare Solution 5, add 5 mL of 0.5 M acetic acid (CH3COOH) solution into a 50 mL beaker and add
25 mL of H2O. Use this beaker to prepare Solution 6.

Table 4

Part V: Adding Strong Acid or Base to Unbuffered Solutions

21. Obtain two 1 mL portions of the ~1.0 M HCl from the dispenser on the side shelf and two 1 mL portions
of ~1.0 M NaOH solutions with a 10 mL graduated cylinder. Record the exact concentrations of each
solution on the Data Sheet.

22. Prepare each of the following solutions in separate 50 mL beakers according to Table 5. Measure and
record the pH for each solution on the Data Sheet.

Table 5

Waste Disposal
You will be neutralizing the waste during this lab. Collect all the solutions into a 1 L beaker.

First, check the pH of the waste solution in the beaker with your TA. If the pH of the solution is in
between 2.5 -12.5, your TA will tell you to flush the solution down the sink with plenty of water.
Otherwise, you have to neutralize the solution until the pH of the solution is in between 2.5 - 12.5.
You need to add the neutralizing agent a small amount at a time depending on the pH of the
solution. Let the solution react with the neutralizing agent, and with your TA, check the pH after the
reaction is complete. Keep adding small amounts of neutralizing agent until the solution reaches a
pH of 2.5 - 12.5. Then flush the solution down the sink with plenty of water.

To select the neutralizing agent: If the pH is lower than 2.5, add baking soda to neutralize. If the pH is
higher than 12.5, add HCl to neutralize.

When the pH of your solution is within the correct range, your TA will complete your waste check. If
the waste check is not marked completed for your station, you and your partner both lose 20 points
from your participation grade.

Calculations
1. pH of all solutions
 2. Part IV and V, calculate the ΔpH (△pH = ∣Calculated pH − Observed pH ∣).

Exported for Ayush Shukla on Fri, 25 Oct 2024 16:38:05 GMT

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