SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

UNIT – V – Internet of Things – SCSA5301

 HANDS-ON PROJECTS

Industry 4.0 concepts - Sensors and sensor Node and interfacing using any Embedded
target boards (Raspberry Pi / Intel Galileo/ARM Cortex/ Arduino) - DIY Kits – Soil
moisture monitoring - Weather monitoring - Air quality Monitoring - Movement
Detection.

1. Soil Moisture Monitoring

Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil.

Since the direct gravimetric measurement of free soil moisture requires
removing, drying, and weighting of a sample, soil moisture sensors measure the
volumetric water content indirectly by using some other property of the soil, such
as electrical resistance, dielectric constant, or interaction with neutrons, as a
proxy for the moisture content. The relation between the measured property and
soil moisture must be calibrated and may vary depending on environmental factors
such as soil type, temperature, or electric conductivity. Reflected microwave
radiation is affected by the soil moisture and is used for remote sensing in
hydrology and agriculture.

Figure 1: Soil Moisture Sensor

Now let‗s wire the sensor to the Raspberry Pi.

VCC-->3v3
GND -->
GND
D0 --> GPIO 17 (Pin 11)

With everything now wired up, we can turn on the Raspberry Pi. Without writing
any code we can test to see our moisture sensor working. When the sensor detects
moisture, a second led will illuminate .So as a quick test, grab a glass of water (be
very careful not to spill water!!) then place the probes into the water and see the
detection led shine. If the detection light doesn‗t illuminate, you can adjust the
potentiometer on the sensor which allows you to change the detection threshold
(this only applies to the digital output signal). In this example we want to monitor
the moisture levels of our plant pot. So we want to set the detection point at a level
so that if it drops below we get notified that our plant pot is too dry and needs
watering. Our plant here, is a little on the dry side, but ok for now, if it gets any
drier it‗ll need watering.
 Figure 2: Experimental Setup

To run the script simply run the following command from the same directory as
the script: sudo python moisture.py

1.1 Code

import RPi.GPIO as

GPIO import smtplib

import time

smtp_username = "enter_username_here" # This is the username used to login

to your SMTP provider

smtp_password = "enter_password_here" # This is the password used to login

to your SMTP provider

smtp_host = "enter_host_here" # This is the host of the SMTP

provider smtp_port = 25 # This is the port that your SMTP

provider uses smtp_sender = "[email protected]" # This is the

FROM email address smtp_receivers = ['[email protected]']

# This is the TO email address message_dead = """From:

Sender Name <[email protected]>

To: Receiver Name <[email protected]>

Subject: Moisture Sensor Notification

# This is the message that will be sent when moisture IS

detected again message_alive = """From: Sender Name

<[email protected]>

To: Receiver Name <[email protected]>

Subject: Moisture Sensor

Notification # This is our

sendEmail function

def sendEmail(smtp_message):

try:

smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP(smtp_host, smtp_port)

smtpObj.login(smtp_username, smtp_password) # If you don't

need to login to your smtp provider, simply remove this line

smtpObj.sendmail(smtp_sender, smtp_receivers,

smtp_message) print "Successfully sent email"

except smtplib.SMTPException:

print "Error: unable to send email"

# This is our callback function, this function will be called every time there is a
change on the specified GPIO channel, in this example we are using 17

def callback(channel):
 if GPIO.input(channel):

print "LED off"

sendEmail(message_d

ead)

else:

print "LED on"

sendEmail(message_al

ive)

# Set our GPIO numbering to

BCM

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

# Define the GPIO pin that we have our digital output from our sensor

connected to channel = 17

# Set the GPIO pin to an input

GPIO.setup(channel, GPIO.IN)

# This line tells our script to keep an eye on our gpio pin and let us know
when the pin goes HIGH or LOW

GPIO.add_event_detect(channel, GPIO.BOTH, bouncetime=300)

# This line assigns a function to the GPIO pin so that when the above line
tells us there is a change on the pin, run this function

GPIO.add_event_callback(channel, callback)

# This is an infinte loop to keep our script

running while True:

# This line simply tells our script to wait 0.1 of a second, this is so the script
doesnt hog all of the CPU

time.sleep(0.1)

2. Weather Monitoring

The DHT11 is a low-cost temperature and humidity sensor. It isn‗t the

fastest sensor around but its cheap price makes it useful for experimenting or
projects where you don‗t require new readings multiple times a second. The device
only requires three connections to the Pi.
+3.3v, ground and one GPIO pin.

DHT11 Specifications

The device itself has four pins but one of these is not used. You can buy the 4-pin
device on its own or as part of a 3-pin module. The modules have three pins and
are easy to connect directly to the Pi‗s GPIO header.

 Humidity : 20-80% (5% accuracy)

 Temperature : 0-50°C (±2°C accuracy)
 Hardware Setup

Figure 3: Humidity and Temperature Sensor

The 4-pin device will require a resistor (4.7K-10K) to be placed between Pin 1
(3.3V) and Pin 2 (Data). The 3-pin modules will usually have this resistor included
which makes the wiring a bit easier. The 3 pins should be connected to the Pi as
shown in the table below :

DHT Pin Signal Pi Pin

1 3.3V 1
2 Data/Out 11 (GPIO17)
3 not used –
4 Ground 6 or 9

Your data pin can be attached to any GPIO pin you prefer. In my example I am
using physical pin 11 which is GPIO 17. Here is a 4-pin sensor connected to the
Pi‗s GPIO header. It has a 10K resistor between pin 1 (3.3V) and 2 (Data/Out).

Python Library

The DHT11 requires a specific protocol to be applied to the data pin. In

order to save time trying to implement this yourself it‗s far easier to use the
Adafruit DHT library. The library deals with the data that needs to be exchanged
with the sensor but it is sensitive to timing issues. The Pi‗s operating system may
get in the way while performing other tasks so to compensate for this the library
requests a number of readings from the device until it gets one that is valid. To start
with update your package lists and install a few Python libraries :

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install build-essential python-dev
Then clone the Adafruit library from their repository :
Git clone
https://github.com/adafruit Cd
Adafruit_Python_DHT
Then install the library for Python 2 and
Python 3 sudo python setup.py install
sudo python3 setup.py

install python

AdafruitDHT.py 11 17

The example script takes two parameters. The first is the sensor type so is set to
―11‖ to represent the DHT11. The second is the GPIO number so for my example
I am using ―17‖ for GPIO17. You can change this if you are using a different
GPIO pin for your data/out wire. You should see an output similar to this :

Temp=22.0*Humidity=6

8.0% import

Adafruit_DHT
 # Set sensor type : Options are DHT11,DHT22 or

AM2302 sensor=Adafruit_DHT.DHT11

# Set GPIO sensor is

connected to gpio=17

# Use read_retry method. This will retry up to 15 times to

# get a sensor reading (waiting 2 seconds between each retry).

humidity, temperature = Adafruit_DHT.read_retry(sensor, gpio)

# Reading the DHT11 is very sensitive to timings and occasionally

# the Pi might fail to get a valid reading. So check if readings

are valid. if humidity is not None and temperature is not

None:

print('Temp={0:0.1f}*C Humidity={1:0.1f}%'.format(temperature,

humidity)) else:

print('Failed to get reading. Try again!')

3. Air Pollution Monitoring

Air pollution is a major problem in urban centers as well as rural set-up. The
major pollutants of concern are primarily carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons and particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5). Ozone, PAN and PBN are
other secondary pollutants generated as a result of the photochemical reactions
of the primary pollutants. These pollutants affect human health as well as
environment. Therefore, air pollution monitoring is necessary to keep a check
 on the concentration of these pollutants in ambient air. The grove sensors, grove
DHT (for temperature and humidity), grove gas sensor modules like dust, MQ-5
(for smoke), MQ-7 (for CO) and MQ-135 (for CO2) are interfaced to this shield
for monitoring in our proposed.
Adafruit CCS811 is a gas sensor that can detect a wide range of Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOCs) and is intended for indoor air quality monitoring.
When connected to your microcontroller (running our library code) it will return a
Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC) reading and an equivalent carbon
dioxide reading (eCO2) over I2C. There is also an on- board thermistor that can be
used to calculate the approximate local ambient temperature.

Figure 4: Gas Sensor

Power Pins

 Vin - this is the power pin. Since the sensor uses 3.3V, we have included an
onboard voltage regulator that will take 3-5VDC and safely convert it
down. To power the board, give it the same power as the logic level of
your microcontroller - e.g. for a 5V micro like Arduino, use 5V
 3Vo - this is the 3.3V output from the voltage regulator, you can grab up to
100mA from this if you like
 GND - common ground for power and logic
 Logic pins

 SCL - this is the I2C clock pin, connect to your microcontrollers I2C
clock line.
There is a 10K pullup on this pin and it is level shifted so you can use 3 -
5VDC.
 SDA - this is the I2C data pin, connect to your microcontrollers I2C data
line. There is a 10K pullup on this pin and it is level shifted so you can
use 3 - 5VDC.
 INT - this is the interrupt-output pin. It is 3V logic and you can use it to
detect when a new reading is ready or when a reading gets too high or too
low.
 WAKE - this is the wakeup pin for the sensor. It needs to be pulled to
ground in order to communicate with the sensor. This pin is level shifted
so you can use 3- 5VDC logic.
 RST - this is the reset pin. When it is pulled to ground the sensor resets
itself. This pin is level shifted so you can use 3-5VDC logic.

3. 3 Raspberry Pi Wiring & Test

The Raspberry Pi also has an I2C interface that can be used to communicate
with this sensor. Once your Pi is all set up, and you have internet access set up,
lets install the software we will need. First make sure your Pi package manager
is up to date

1. sudo apt-get update

Next, we will install the Raspberry Pi library and Adafruit_GPIO which is our
hardware interfacing layer
 1. sudo apt-get install -y build-essential python-pip python-dev python-smbus git
2. git clone https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_Python_GPIO.git
3. cd Adafruit_Python_GPIO
4. sudo python setup.py install

Next install the adafruit CCS811 python library.

1. sudo pip install Adafruit_CCS811

Enable I2C
We need to enable the I2C bus so we can communicate with the sensor.

1. sudo raspi-config

Once I2C is enabled, we need to slow the speed way down due to constraints of
this particular sensor.

1. sudo nano /boot/config.txt

add this line to the file

1. dtparam=i2c_baudrate=10000
press Ctrl+X, then Y, then enter to save and exit. Then run sudo shutdown -h
now to turn off the Pi and prepare for wiring.
Wiring Up Sensor
With the Pi powered off, we can wire up the sensor to the Pi Cobbler like this:

 Connect Vin to the 3V or 5V power supply (either is fine)

 Connect GND to the ground pin on the Cobbler
 Connect SDA to SDA on the Cobbler
 Connect SCL to SCL on the Cobbler
 Connect Wake to the ground pin on the Cobbler

Now you should be able to verify that the sensor is wired up correctly by asking the
Pi to detect what addresses it can see on the I2C bus:

1. sudo i2cdetect -y 1

Run example code

At long last, we are finally ready to run our example code

1. cd ~/
2. git clone https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_CCS811_python.git
3. cd Adafruit_CCS811_python/examples
4. sudo python CCS811_example.py

from time import sleep

from Adafruit_CCS811 import

Adafruit_CCS811 ccs =

Adafruit_CCS811()
while not

ccs.available():

pass

temp =

ccs.calculateTemperature()

ccs.tempOffset = temp - 25.0

while(1):

if ccs.available():

temp =

ccs.calculateTemperature() if

not ccs.readData():

print "CO2: ", ccs.geteCO2(), "ppm, TVOC: ", ccs.getTVOC(), "

temp: ", temp else:

print

"ERROR!"

while(1):

pas

s sleep(2)
4. Movement Detection

PIR stands for passive infrared. This motion sensor consists of a fresnel lens, an
infrared detector, and supporting detection circuitry. The lens on the sensor focuses
any infrared radiation present around it toward the infrared detector. Our bodies
generate infrared heat, and as a result, this heat is picked up by the motion sensor.
The sensor outputs a 5V signal for a period of one minute as soon as it detects the
presence of a person. It offers a tentative range of detection of about 6–7 meters
and is highly sensitive. When the PIR motion sensor detects a person, it outputs a
5V signal to the Raspberry Pi through its GPIO and we define what the Raspberry
Pi should do as it detects an intruder through the Python coding. Here we are just
printing "Intruder detected".

Figure 5: Working of PIR Sensor

4.1 Working Mechanism

All living beings radiate energy to the surroundings in the form of infrared
radiations which are invisible to human eyes. A PIR (Passive infrared) sensor can
be used to detect these passive radiations. When an object (human or animal)
emitting infrared radiations passes through the field of view of the sensor, it detects
the change in temperature and therefore can be used to detect motion.HC-SR501
uses differential detection with two pyroelectric infrared sensors. By taking a
difference of the values, the average temperature from the field of view of a sensor
is removed and thereby reducing false positives.

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import time #Import time

library

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD) #Set GPIO pin

numbering pir = 26 #Associate pin 26 to pir

GPIO.setup(pir, GPIO.IN) #Set pin as GPIO in print "Waiting for

sensor to settle" time.sleep(2) #Waiting 2 seconds for the sensor to

initiate print "Detecting motion"

while True:

if GPIO.input(pir): #Check whether pir is HIGH print "Motion

Detected!" time.sleep(2) #D1- Delay to avoid multiple

detection

time.sleep(0.1) #While loop delay should be less than detection(hardware) delay

5. Upload Your Raspberry Pi Sensor Data to

Thingspeak Website Things needed

 1. Raspbeery Pi
2. Power Cable
3. Wifi adapter or LAN connection to Raspbeery Pi

Step 1: Signup for

Thingspeak Go to

www.thinspeak.com

Figure 6: Thingspeak Website

Click on ―Sign Up‖ option and complete the details

Figure7: Create user

account Step 2: Create a Channel for Your Data

Once you Sign in after your account activation, Create a new channel by
clicking ―New Channel‖ button

Figure 8: Creating New Channel

After the ―New Channel‖ page loads, enter the Name and Description of the data
you want to upload. You can enter the name of your data (ex: Temperature) in
Field1. If you want more Fields you can check the box next to Field option and
enter the corresponding name of your data.

Figure 9: New Channel settings

Click on ―Save Channel‖ button to save all of your settings.

We created two Fields, one is CPU Memory and one for CPU Temperature

Figure 10: Creating field charts to display data

Step 3: Get an API Key

To upload our data, we need an API key, which we will later include in a piece of
python code to upload our sensor data to Thingspeak Website.

Click on ―API Keys‖ tab to get the key for uploading your sensor data.
 Figure 11: Copy the Write API Key of the channel

The advantage of using Thingspeak compared to Xively or any other websites is

that the convenience of using Matlab Analysis and Matlab Visualizations. Once
you have the ―Write API Key‖. We are almost ready to upload our data, except for
the python code.

Step 4: Modifying the Python Code

Go to

https://github.com/sriharshakunda/Thingspeak_CPU_Python-

Code Download the code into your Raspberry Pi Home folder.

Open the CPU_Python.py file in a

notepad. Code:

import httplib, urllib

import time
sleep = 60 # how many seconds to sleep between posts to the channel
key = 'Put your Thingspeak Channel Key here' # Thingspeak channel to update

#Report Raspberry Pi internal temperature to Thingspeak

Channel def thermometer():
while True:
#Calculate CPU temperature of Raspberry Pi in Degrees C
temp = int(open('/sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone0/temp').read()) / 1e3 # Get
Raspberry Pi CPU temp
params = urllib.urlencode({'field1': temp, 'key':key })
headers = {"Content-typZZe": "application/x-www-form-
urlencoded","Accept": "text/plain"}
conn =
httplib.HTTPConnection("api.thingspeak.com:80"
) try:
conn.request("POST", "/update", params,
headers) response = conn.getresponse()
print temp
print response.status,
response.reason data =
response.read()
conn.close
() except:
print "connection
failed" break
#sleep for desired amount of
time if name == "
main ":
while True:
 thermometer()
time.sleep(sle
ep)
Edit the line 19 by using CPU_Temp instead of temp.

Use your Write API Key to replace the key with your API Key

Use your Write API Key to replace the key with your API Key

Save the file to overwrite changes

Step 5: Assuming you have python 2.7 and proper python libraries, go to the
folder where you copied the CPU_Python.py file

Type python2.7 CPU_Python.py file

In case if there are any errors uploading the data, you will receive ―connection failed‖
message

Step 6: Check Thinspeak API and Confirm data transfer

Open your channel and you should see the temperature uploading into thinspeak
website.
 Figure: 12 CPU Temperature data displayed in
Field Chart

6. IFTTT

IFTTT – short for ‗If This Then That‗ – is a free online service that lets you
automate specific tasks. It lets you trigger actions on other apps, web services and
devices automatically every time certain conditions are met. These trigger > action
relationships used to be called recipes. but will now be known as Applets. The
trigger and action relationships have always been known as recipes‗, but that‗s all
changing. From now on, they will be dubbed Applets. There are no major changes
to the way things work, but there are a few differences worth being aware of. Each
Applet you enable will still trigger ‗if this then that‗ action when the relevant
conditions are met, but now Applets can trigger multiple actions, instead of just
one. Once the first action is completed, a second, third, fourth, etc, can also be
triggered.

"Channel" is IFTTT parlance for a Web service or other action. IFTTT currently
supports 67 different channels spanning a wide range of popular services, and it
can perform basic actions such as calling or texting a phone, or sending you an
email. Here's a list of all the available IFTTT channels. You may recognize some
of them: Craigslist, Dropbox, Evernote, Facebook, Flickr, Foursquare, Instagram,
SkyDrive, Twitter, YouTube, and a wide range of Google services are just the tip
of the iceberg. A newly released iPhone IFTTT app even adds channels for your
phone's Reminders, Contacts, and Photos apps. Once you've gone through and
activated some channels—basically, granting IFTTT access to your various
services or providing it with personal details—you're ready to start crafting.
Services

A service is just what it sounds like, a tool, application, or facility that works with
IFTTT. The brilliant thing about IFTTT is that its variety of channels allows it to
offer something to everybody. The list of available services is enormous and more
are added all the time. Some of the most popular services include Facebook,
Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, SoundCloud, Dropbox, Evernote, and Pocket.

Applets

Applets are what make IFTTT worth your time. Basically, they are the
combination of services that use a trigger and an action. When something happens
on one service, it triggers an action on another.

Create an Applet

The first step is to click My Applets and then New Applet. Next, click the word This.
 Figure13: Login Page

For this example, we will select the Instagram trigger, which will then ask us to
activate Instagram just this once. Having done that, we will choose a trigger
action:

Figure 14: Service

 Figure 15: Trigger

Figure 16: Action Service

After doing this, we will be greeted by the second batch of actions. We‗ll select the
first one and be asked to complete the fields. In this case, it‗s asking us where to
grab the photos, how to name them and where it should put them. All you have to
do is click on the Add ingredient, make your selection from the drop-down box,
and hit the Create Action button. Finally, you will be asked to review your Applet.
You can optionally enable notifications when the Applet runs. Then, click Finish.
 Pre-Made Applets

We can browse other people‗s Applets, view options by category, check out
collections, look at recommendations, or do a search if you are looking for
something specific. And, using existing Applets is easier than creating your own.

Figure 17: Pre Made Applets

Just click on an Applet to review the details, and move the slider to turn it on.
Depending on the Applet you choose, you may be asked to connect an account like
Facebook or configure pieces of the Applet like date and time. But, this is all very
simple and self-explanatory as you move through the process.

Top 7 Applets

Applet #1 – Daily SMS Weather Forecast

You get IFTTT to send an SMS each morning telling you what the weather
conditions are going to be for the day.

Applet #2 – Wake Up Call

You get a call at a time of your preference with an automated message.

Applet #3 – Starred Emails in Gmail to Evernote

When you mark an email with a star on Gmail, a copy of it is sent to your Evernote
account.
 Applet #4 – NASA’s Image of the Day
NASA is well-known for many things, not the least of which is their stunning
photographs of our galaxy. Set this up and you‗ll get an amazing photo in your
email every day.

Applet #6 – Email For a Call to Find a Lost Phone

We‗ve all lost our phone before. With this Applet you get a call when you send an
email to the specified address, helping you hear where it is.

Applet #7 – Timed Daily Tweet

Your account sends a tweet every day at a time you choose.

7. Other Apps and Services

Cayenne IoT Builder
Cayenne is an app for smartphones and computers that allows you to control the
Raspberry Pi and soon also the Arduino through the use of an elegant graphical
interface and a solid nice communication protocol.

The features are:

 Add and remotely control sensors, motors, actuators, GPIO boards, and more
 Customizable dashboards with drag-and-drop widgets for connection devices
 Create triggers and threshold alerts for devices, events, and actions
 Schedule one-time or multi-device events for easy automation
 Quick and easy setup - connect your Pi in minutes

Step 1: Go to Cayenne site and Sign Up. After download the file and install the
Cayenne system on your Raspberry Pi. Download the app on your Smartphone or
tablet by using the follows link
Cayenne on Apple Store or Cayenne on Play Store

Install on your Raspberry Pi the Raspbian system. For this step download NOOBS
from Raspberripi.org: https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/

Copy the package on your SD, and start the Raspbian installation. For the raspbian
installation I recommend to use a HDMI screen, a USB mouse and a USB
keyboard.After this, connect your Raspberry at your LAN by cable. Then open your
Cayenne app and install the library on your device. The next step.

Step 2: Download the App and Install Cayenne

Download the app on your Smartphone or tablet by using the

follows link Cayenne on Apple Store or Cayenne on Play Store

Install on your Raspberry Pi the Raspbian system. After this, connect your Raspberry
at your LAN by cable. Then open your Cayenne app and install the library on your
device (or)

Install manually Cayenne on your Raspberry Pi by using commands in Terminal of

Raspberry Pi:

wget

https://cayenne.mydevices.com/dl/rpi_b8w8pn82i

9.sh sudo bash rpi_b8w8pn82i9.sh -v

After this reboot your Raspberry.

Step 3: See Your Device on Cayenne Dashboard

Figure 18: Device on Cayenne Dashboard

By using Computer you can see your device on: https://cayenne.mydevices.com/ like
in photo. By using a Smartphone you can open the app and see your devices.You can
personalize the Dashboard of Cayenne by using the widgets. The default Dashboard
have CPU, Temp and RAM widget . These are the values of your Raspberry Pi. You
can see the temp and the work flow of Raspberry pi. Then you can see the GPIO
schedule. In the GPIO you can set every pin of GPIO of Raspberry. You can set the
pin like Output or Input. Then you can activate the pin or read the value of the pin. The
two values are HIGH or LOW. This is valid for Input and Output.
Step 4: Connect a Led to Your Raspberry Pi

Now you can connect a led to GPIO port of Raspberry Pi. Use ALWAYS a resistor in
series to led. If you don't use a resistor, you can burn the led or the Raspberry Pi. See
the photo and connect the led to pin number 11 or GPIO 17.

Figure 19: Connections with LED

Step 5: Switch ON the Led

Now go to the Dashboard of Cayenne, and open the GPIO schedule. Then Select the
Pin 17 and click on Input. Setup the pin like Output, and after click on LOW button.
The button below Green and the word HIGH appear on it. Now your led in ON. You
can switch on the led by using your Raspberry Pi by LAN, and also by a different
Network Area. This is because Cayenne use a proprietary proxy.
Step 6: Create the Buttons on Dashboard

Go to Cayenne Dashboard on smartphone app, and click + on right up corner of

screen.

Now you can add a widget. Select Actuators device --> Select Generic --> Select
Digital Output. Fill the all the fields, and select the correct channel for RGB led.

The Blue pin in the 25

The Green pin in the 24

The Red pin in the 23

Step 7: Now Switch on the Rainbow

Figure 20: Create Buttons on Dashboard

You can use a normal breadboard and an RGB led common cathode. The RGB led is a
led that have 3 leds inside. Why the pin are only 3? Because the 3 leds share a cathode,
or anode pin. For this reason you must specify the kind of led you want. Now I use a
common cathode led.

The GPIO port on Raspberry are:

The Blue pin in the

25 The Green pin in

the 24

The Red pin in the 23

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