PROPOSED STRUCTURE OF PG MATHEMATICS SYLLABUS AS

PER NEP 2020 GUIDELINES RECEIVED FROM UP GOVERNMENT

Course Structure and Syllabus

Program: M.A./M.Sc. Mathematics
CSJM University, Kanpur

M.A./M.Sc. First Year, Semester-I

S. Course Credit/Total Name of the Course Remark
No. Code Marks
1. 5/100 Real Analysis Core paper
2. 5/100 Topology Core paper
3. 5/100 Advanced Complex Core paper
Analysis
4. 5/100 Dynamics of Rigid Core paper
Bodies
5. 4/100 Introductory Minor
Statistical Methods
6. Research Project Project
Total 20/400

M.A./M.Sc. First Year, Semester-II

S. Course Credit/Total Name of the Course Remark
No. Code Marks
1. 5/100 Advanced Real Analysis Core paper
2. 5/100 Advanced Topology Core paper
3. 5/100 Operations Research Core paper
4. 5/100 (I) Mathematical Elective
Statistics paper
(II)History and
Development of Indian
Mathematics
(III)Fuzzy Set Theory
(IV)Programming in C
5. 8/100 Research Project Project
Total 28/500

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 M.A./M.Sc. Second Year, Semester-III
S. Course Credit/Total Course Name Remark
No. Code Marks
1. 4/100 Abstract Algebra Core paper
2. 4/100 Functional Analysis Core paper
3. 4/100 Fluid Dynamics Core paper
4. 4/100 (I) Special Functions Elective
(II) Advanced Ordinary
Differential Equations
(III)Vedic Ganita
(IV)Bio-Mechanics
5. 4/100 Computational Practical
Mathematics with
Python-I

6. Research Project Project

Total 20/500

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 M.A./M.Sc. Second Year, Semester-IV
S. Course Credit/Total Course Name Remark
No. Code Marks
1. 4/100 Advanced Abstract Core paper
Algebra
2. 4/100 Integral Equations and Core paper
Boundary Value
Problems
3. 4/100 (I) Advanced Fluid Elective
Mechanics
(II) Wavelet Analysis
(III) Theory of
Relativity
(IV) Differential
Geometry of Manifolds
(V) Advanced Discrete
Mathematics
4. 4/100 (I) Operator Theory Elective
(II) Calculus of
Variations
(III) Mathematical
Modelling
(IV) Cosmology
(V) Cryptography
5. 4/100 Computational Practical
Mathematics with
Python-II

6. 8/100 Research Project Project

Total 28/600

Note:

1. There will be a research project of 4 credits in each semester. The student shall submit the
research projects done in the 1st and 2nd semester in the form of a Dissertation at the end of 2nd
semester. The submitted dissertation will be evaluated by supervisor and an external examiner
nominated by the University. The total marks for the dissertation will be 100. The evaluation of
research project of semester 3 and 4 will be done at the end of 4th semester in the same way as done
for the 1st and 2nd semester at the end of 2nd semester.

2. There will be a minor elective of 4 credits/100 marks from other faculty to be taken in 1 st year (1st
or 2nd semester, only once).

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 M.A./M.Sc. First Semester
Mathematics
Paper 1
Real Analysis
Credits: 05 Max. Marks: 100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Real Analysis
Course Type: Core paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Countable and uncountable sets, Cardinal numbers, Schroeder-Bernstein theorem, Definition
and existence of Riemann-Stieltjes integral, Properties of integral, Riemann Stieltjes integral
as a limit of sums, Mean value theorem for RS-Integrals, Integration and differentiation,
Fundamental theorem of integral calculus, Integration of vector valued functions, Rectifiable
curves.
Unit II

Uniform convergence of sequence and series of functions, M n -test, Weierstrass M-test, Abel
test, Dirichlet test, Uniform convergence and continuity, Uniform convergence and
integration, Uniform convergence and differentiation, Weirerstrass approximation theorem.
Unit III
Power series, Radius of convergence, Uniform convergence of power series, Uniqueness
theorem for power series, Abel Theorem, Tauber’s theorem, Function of bounded variation,
Algebra of function of bounded variation, Jordan decomposition theorem, Absolute
continuity.
Unit IV
Concept of functions of several variables, Euclidian’s spaces, Linear transformations, Limit
of function, Continuous function, Derivatives in an open subset of Rn, Chain rule, partial
derivatives. Directional derivative, Repeated partial derivatives, Mean value theorem for
vector valued functions, Taylor’s theorem, Inverse function theorem, Implicit function
theorem, Maxima and Minima of a real valued function defined on a subset of Rn

Recommended books:
1. G.F. Simmons, Topology and Modern Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book company.
2. T.M. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, Narosa Publishing House.

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 3. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book company.
4. Parijat Sinha, Real Analysis, Kedarnath Ramnath Publications.

Paper 2
Topology
Credits: 05 Max. Marks: 100

Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment - 25 marks

Semester End Examination - 75 marks

Course Title: Topology

Course Type: Core paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Set, Continuum hypothesis, Axiom of choice, Zorn’s lemma, Well ordering principle.
Topological space: Definition through open set axioms, Examples include usual topology,
Ray, Lower limit and upper limit topologies on R, Co-finite and co-countable topologies,
Weak and strong topologies, The topology of metric spaces, Equivalent metrics, Metrizable
spaces, Intersection and union of topologies, Closed sets, Limit points, Derived sets,
Adherent points, Dense set, Nowhere dense sets, Perfect sets, Characterization of closed sets
in terms of derived sets, The interior of a set, Closure, Exterior, Boundary of a set.
Unit II
Characterization of topologies in terms of closed sets, Kuratowski’s closure axioms and
characterization of topology in terms of these.
Neighbourhoods, Neighbourhood system and neighbourhood base, Topology through
neighbourhood axioms, Interior operator, Exterior operator, Characterization of topological
spaces in terms of these, Base and subbase for topology and characterization of topology in
terms of base and subbase axioms, Topology generated by a family of subsets.
Unit III
First countable and second countable spaces, Relative topology and subspaces, Hereditary
property, Lindelof theorem and separable spaces, Continuous functions and their properties,
Continuity in terms of open sets, closed sets, neighbourhoods and closures, Convergence of a
sequence, Sequential continuity, Open mapping, Homeomorphisms, Topological invariant
properties.
Unit IV
Separation axioms- To, T1, T2, Regular, T3, Normal and T4 spaces, Their comparison and
examples, Hereditary and Topological invariant characteristics, Completely regular space,
Tychonoff space, Completely normal spaces, Urysohn's lemma and Tietze extension theorem.

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Recommended books:
1. George F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, Mc Graw-Hill
Book Company (1963).
2. J. L. Kelley, General Topology, Van Nostrand, Reinhold Co., New York (1995).
3. K. D. Joshi, Introduction to General Topology, Wiley Eastern Ltd. (1983).
4. James R. Munkres, Topology, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2000).
5. S. Willard, General Topology Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1970.
6. J. Dugundji, Topology, Allyn and Bacon, 1966 (Reprinted in India by PHI).

Paper 3
Advanced Complex Analysis
Credits: 05 Max. Marks: 100

Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment - 25 marks

Semester End Examination - 75 marks

Course Title: Advanced Complex Analysis

Course Type: Core paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Stereographic projection, Branch point, Branch cut, Branches of multi-valued functions with
special reference to arg z , log z and z a , Morera’s theorem, Cauchy’s inequality, Maximum
and minimum modulus principle, Schwarz’s lemma, Open mapping theorem, Meromorphic
functions.
Unit II
Zeros of analytic functions, Singularities and their classification, Residues, Argument
principle, Rouche’s theorem, Evaluation of real integrals, Linear and bilinear transformations,
Fixed points, Cross ratio, Inverse points and critical points, Conformal transformations
involving straight lines, circles and half-planes.
Unit III
Weierstrass’ factorization theorem, Gamma function and its properties, Riemann zeta
function, Mittag-Leffler’s theorem, Analytic continuation, Uniqueness of analytic
continuation along a curve, Power series method of analytic continuation, Natural boundary,
Schwarz’s reflection principle.

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Unit IV
Harmonic functions on a disk, Harnack’s inequality and theorem, Canonical products,
Jensen’s formula, Hadamard’s three circle theorem, Entire functions, Order of an entire
function, Exponent of convergence, Univalent functions, Bieberbach’s theorem (statement
only) and ¼ theorem, Convex functions and its properties.
Recommended books:
1. Complex Variables with an Introduction to Conformal Mapping and its Applications,
Schaum’s Outlines, McGraw-Hill, 2009.
2. John B. Convey, Functions of One Complex Variable, Springer.
3. Walter Rudin, Real and Complex Analysis, McGraw-Hill Co., 1966.
4. H. S. Kasana, Complex Variables: Theory and Applications, PHI Learning.
5. S. Ponnusamy, Foundations of Complex Analysis, Narosa Pub.
6. R. V. Churchill & J. W. Brown, Complex Variables and Applications, 5th Edition,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990.
7. Shanti Narayan, Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable, S. Chand & Co., New
Delhi.

Paper 4
Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

Credits: 05 Max Marks: 100

Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment - 25 marks

Semester End Examination - 75 marks
Course Title: Dynamics of Rigid Bodies
Course Type: Core paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Moments and product of inertia with examples, Use of Routh’s rule, Radius of gyration,
Momental ellipsoid and ellipse, Principal axes, Equimomental system.
Unit II
D’Alembert’s principle, General equation of motion. Motion of the centre of inertia,
Application of D’Alembert’s principle to general equation of motion, Motion about fixed
axis, Compound pendulum, Simple equivalent pendulum, Centre of percussion.
Unit III
Generalised coordinates. Degrees of freedom, Classification of mechanical systems,
Generalized velocities, forces, kinetic energy, Lagrangian equations by D’Alembert’s
principle, Lagrangian function. Principle of conservation of energy.

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Unit IV
Hamilton’s principle, Hamilton’s equation of motion and Hamiltonian function, Physical
significance of the Hamiltonian, Derivation of Lagrange’s equation by Hamilton’s principle,
Principle of least action, Deduction of Lagrange’s equations using Hamilton’s principle,
Euler’s dynamical equations, Kinetic energy, Euler’s geometrical equations, Deduction of
Euler’s equations from Lagrange’s equation, Deduction of Euler’s equations from Hamilton’s
equation.

Recommended books:
1. Classical mechanics by J.C. Upadhyaya, Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
2. Principles of Engineering Mechanics, Vol 2 by Millard F. Beatty, Jr, Springer
International Edition.
3. Classical mechanics by H. Goldstein, 2nd edition, Narosa Publishing House.
4. Classical Mechanics by Gupta, Kumar and Sharma.
5. Dynamics of Rigid Bodies by B.D. Sharma, B.S. Tyagi, Brahma Nand, Kedar Nath Ram
Nath Publishers, India.
Online Source 1.http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/classical/texfiles/2005/book/classical.pdf
2.http://courses.physics.ucsd.edu/2010/Fall/physics200a/LECTURES/200_CO
URSE.pdf

Paper 5 (Minor)
Introductory Statistical Methods
Credits: 04 Max. Marks: 100

Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment - 25 marks

Semester End Examination - 75 marks

Course Title: Introductory Statistical Methods

Course Type: Minor
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Measures of central tendency, Frequency distribution, Graphical representation of frequency
distribution, Properties of measures of central tendencies, Probability and examples of
probability, Conditional probability, Discrete probability distributions (Binomial and
Poisson), Continuous probability distributions (Normal).
Unit II
Dispersion, Various measures of dispersion, Minimal property of mean deviation, Root mean
square deviation, Variance and standard deviation.

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Moments about mean, origin, and any point, Skewness, Kurtosis, Pearson’s β and γ-
coefficients, Method of least squares, Curve fitting, Fitting of straight lines, Fitting of second-
degree curve, Fitting of a polynomial of k-th degree, Change of origin, Selection of type of
curve to be fitted, Exponential curves.
Unit III
Correlation and Regression Analysis: Significance of measuring correlation, Types of
correlation, Methods of measuring correlation, Regression analysis, Lines of regression.
Unit IV
Sampling and Hypothesis Testing: Census and sampling method, Merits and limitations of
sampling, Sampling and non-sampling errors, Reliability of samples, Standard error of
estimate.
t- test for single mean and difference of means, F-test, z-test, Chi-square test.
Recommended books:
1. Miller, Irwin and Miller, Marylees (2006): John E. Freund’s Mathematical Statistics
with Applications, (7th Edn.), Pearson Education, Asia.
2. Goon A. M., Gupta M. K. and Dasgupta B. (2005): Fundamentals of Statistics, Vol. I,
8th Ed.,World Press, Kolkata.
3. Gupta, S. C. and Kapoor, V. K. (2007): Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, 11th
Edn., (Reprint), Sultan Chand and Sons.
4. Mood, A. M. Graybill, F. A. and Boes, D. C. (2007): Introduction to the Theory of
statistics, 3rdEdn., (Reprint), Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Ltd.
5. Hogg, R.V. and Tanis, E. A. (2009): A Brief Course in Mathematical Statistics.
Pearson Education.

M.A./M.Sc. Second Semester

Mathematics
Paper 1
Advanced Real Analysis
Credits: 05 Max. Marks: 100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Advanced Real Analysis
Course Type: Core paper
Course Level: PG

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Unit I
Algebra of sets, Boral sets, 𝐹𝜎 and 𝐺𝛿 set, Measure, Finite and 𝜎 finite measure, Complete
measure, Regularity of a measure, Lebesgue outer measure, Lebesgue measure, Measurable
sets.
Unit II
Measurable functions, Egoroff’s theorem, Borel and Lebesgue measurability, Convergence in
measure.
Unit III
Lebesgue integral of a bounded function, The general Lebesgue integral, Riemann and
Lebesgue integrals, Lebesgue bounded convergence theorem, Integration of non-negative
measurable functions, Fatau lemma, Lebesgue monotone convergence theorem, Integrable
functions, Lebesgue integral of unbounded function, Lebesgue dominated convergence
theorem.
Unit IV
The LP Spaces, Convex functions, Jensen’s inequality, Holder and Minkowski inequalities,
Risez Fischer theorem, Convergence in measure, Almost uniform convergence
Signed measure, Positive and negative sets, Hahn-decomposition theorem, Jordan-
decomposition theorem, Radon-Nikodym theorem.

Recommended books:
1. G. de Barra, Measure theory and Integration, New age International (P) Limited
publishers
2. H. L. Royden, Real Analysis, Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd.
3. P. R. Halmos, Measure theory, D Van Nostrand company.
4. Parijat Sinha, Real Analysis, Kedarnath Ramnath Publications.

Paper 2
Advanced Topology
Credits: 05 Max. Marks: 100

Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment - 25 marks

Semester End Examination - 75 marks

Course Title: Advanced Topology

Course Type: Core paper
Course Level: PG

10
Unit I
Compact sets and their properties, Finite intersection property, Bolzano Weierstrass property,
Continuous functions and compactness, Sequential compactness, Countable compactness and
their comparison, Locally compact spaces and compactness in real line, 𝜖-net, totally
bounded sets, Lebesgue numbers for covers, Lebesgue covering lemma, One point
compactification.
Unit II
Separated sets, Connectedness in terms of separated sets, Characterization of connected sets
in terms of open sets and closed sets, Closure of a connected set, Union of connected sets,
Connected sets in R, Continuity of a function and connectedness, Components and partition
of space, Locally connected sets, Totally disconnected sets.
Unit III
Nets and Filters: Directed sets, Residual subset, Cofinal subset, Nets and subnets and their
examples, Convergence of a net, Characterisation of open sets, closed sets, closure, cluster
point and limit point of a set in terms of net convergence, Hausdorffness and continuity of a
function in terms of nets.
Definition of filter and its examples, Free and fixed filters, Discrete and indiscrete filters,
Neighbourhood filter, Comparison of filters, Filter base and convergence of a filter,
Ultrafilters, Continuous functions and filters, Net based on filter and filter based on net.
Unit IV
Quotient topology, Quotient space X/R, Finite product space, Projection mapping, Tychonoff
product topology in terms of standard subbase and its characterizations in terms of projection
maps, Continuous functions, Product of T0, T1, T2, spaces, Connectedness and compactness,
First and second countability for product spaces.
Recommended books:
1. George F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, Mc Graw-Hill
Book Company (1963).
2. J. L. Kelley, General Topology, Van Nostrand, Reinhold Co., New York (1995).
3. K. D. Joshi, Introduction to General Topology, Wiley Eastern Ltd. (1983).
4. James R. Munkres, Topology, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2000).
5. S. Willard, General Topology Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1970.
6. J. Dugundji, Topology, Allyn and Bacon, 1966 (Reprinted in India by PHI).

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 Paper 3
Operations Research
Credits: 05 Max Marks: 100

Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment - 25 marks

Semester End Examination - 75 marks
Course Title: Operations research
Course Type: Core paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
History and development of operations research, Operations research and its scope, necessity
of operations research in industry and management, Role of operations research in decision-
making, Development of operations research in India, Job sequencing, Convex set and their
Application.
Unit II

Linear Programming: Simplex method, Theory of simplex method, Duality and sensitivity
analysis. Integer programming: Branch and bound technique, Transportation and assignment
problems.
Unit III

Game theory: Two-person, zero-sum games, Games with mixed strategies, Principle of
dominance, Solution of 2x2 games without saddle point, Graphical solution, Solution by
linear programming.
Dynamic Programming: Deterministic and probabilistic dynamic programming.
Unit IV

Network Analysis: Shortest path problem, Minimum spanning tree problem, Maximum flow
problem, Minimum cost flow problem, Project planning and control with PERT-CPM.
Non-linear Programming: One and multi-variable unconstrained optimisation, Kuhn-Tucker
conditions for constrained optimisation, Quadratic programming.
Recommended books:
1. Kanti Swarup, P. K. Gupta and Manmohan: Operations Research, S. Chand and Co.
2. H.A. Taha: Operations Research-An introduction, Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc.,
New York.
3. P. K. Gupta and D. S. Hira: Operations Research-An introduction, S. Chand and Co.
Ltd. New Delhi.

12
 Paper 4(I)
Mathematical Statistics
Credits: 05 Max Marks: 100

Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment - 25 marks

Semester End Examination - 75 marks
Course Title: Mathematical Statistics
Course Type: Elective paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Random variable, Probability mass function, Probability density function, Cumulative
distribution function, Two and higher dimensional random variables, Joint distribution,
Marginal and conditional distributions, Stochastic independence, Function of random
variables and their probability density functions.

Discrete probability distributions: Binomial, Poisson, Geometric, Hyper geometric

multinomial. Continuous probability distributions: Exponential, Gamma, Beta, Normal
distributions.

Unit II
Mathematical expectations and moments, Moment generating function and its properties,
Chebyshev’s inequality and its application, Stochastic convergence, Central limit theorem,
Partial and Multiple correlation coefficients, Correlation ratio, Association of attributes.

Unit III
Sampling Distributions: Chi-square, t and F-distributions with their properties, Distribution
of sample mean and variance, Distribution of order statistics and sample range from
continuous populations.

Applications of Sampling Distributions: Test of mean and variance in the normal

distribution, Tests of single proportion and equality of two proportions, Chi-square test, t-
test, F-test.

Unit IV
Testing of Hypothesis: Null hypothesis and its test of significance, Simple and composite
hypothesis, MP test, UMP test, Likelihood tests (excluding properties of likelihood ratio
tests).

Point Estimation: Estimators, Properties of estimators, Unbiasedness, Consistency,

Sufficiency, Efficiency.

Recommended books:
1. Hogg R.V., Mckean, J. W. and Craig A. T.: Introduction of Mathematical Statistics,
Seventh Edition (2013) Pearson India.
2. Hoel P. G: Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, Fourth Edition ((1971), John Wiley
& sons.
3. Gupta S. C.and Kapoor V. K.: Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, (2019)
Kedarnath Ramnath pub., Meerut India

13
 4. Mukhopadhyay, P. : Mathematical Statistics, (2016) Books and Allied Publications.
5. Goon, A. M.,Gupta M. K. & Das Gupta B.: Fundamental of statistics, Vol. I, (2005), 8th
Edition World Press, Kolkata.

Paper 4(II)
History and Development of Indian Mathematics
Credits: 05 Max Marks: 100

Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment - 25 marks

Semester End Examination - 75 marks
Course Title: History and Development of Indian Mathematics
Course Type: Elective paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Indian contributions to decimal system and place value, The mathematical sophistication of
the Harappan culture, The Vedic period and the sulva geometry.
Unit II
Contribution of the Jainas, Chandas Sutras of Pingala and binary arithmetic, The Baksali
Manuscript, Aryabhata I, Varahamihir, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara I.
Unit III
Sridharacharya, Mahaveeracharya, Shripati, Aryabhata II, Bhaskaracharya II, Contributions
of Kerala school as Madhava, Nilkantha.
Unit IV
Srinivasa Ramanujan, Swami Bharati Krishna Tirthaji, Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, Prof.
Harishchandra.
Recommended books:
1. B. B. Datta and A. N. Singh, History of Hindu Mathematics, 2 Volumes, Bharatiya
Kala Prakashan, Delhi,2001.
2. C. N. Srinivasiengar, The history of Ancient Indian mathematics, World Press, 1988.

Paper 4(III)
Fuzzy Set Theory
Credits: 05 Max Marks: 100

Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment - 25 marks

Semester End Examination - 75 marks
Course Title: Fuzzy Set Theory
Course Type: Elective paper

14
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Fuzzy Sets: Basic definitions, 𝛼-level sets, Convex fuzzy sets, Basic operations on fuzzy sets, Types
of fuzzy sets, Cartesian products. Algebraic products, Bounded sum and difference, t-norms and t-
conorms.
Unit II

The Extension Principle: The elements of fuzzy arithmetic, Zadeh's extension principle, Image and
inverse image of fuzzy sets, Fuzzy numbers.
Unit III

Fuzzy Relations and Fuzzy Graphs: Fuzzy relations on fuzzy sets, Composition of fuzzy relations,
Min-Max composition and its properties, Fuzzy equivalence relations, Fuzzy compatibility relations,
Fuzzy relation equations, Fuzzy graphs, Similarity relation.
Unit IV
Possibility Theory: Fuzzy measures, Evidence theory, Necessity measure, Possibility measure,
Possibility distribution, Possibility theory and Fuzzy sets, Possibility theory versus probability theory.

Recommended books:
1. Klir, G. J. and Bo Yuan, Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic, Prentice Hall of India, New
Delhi 1995
2. Zimmermann, H. J., Fuzzy Set Theory and Its Applications, Allied Publishers Ltd,
New Delhi 1991
3. Ross, T. J., Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications, McGraw Hill Inc., New
Delhi
4. Backzinski, M. and J Balasubramanian, Fuzzy Implications, Springer Verlag,
Heidelberg 2008.

Paper 4(IV)
Programming in C
Credits: 05 Max Marks: 100

Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment - 25 marks

Semester End Examination - 75 marks
Course Title: Programming in C
Course Type: Elective paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Overview of C: History and importance of C, Sample Programs, Programming Style,
Executing a 'C' programme, Constants, Variables and data type.

15
Operators: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Assignment, Increment and Decrement,
Conditional, Bitwise, Special. Expressions: Arithmetic expressions, evaluation of
expressions, Input and output operators.

Unit 2
Decision Making and Branching: Decision making with if statement, simple if statement, the
if-else statement, Nesting of if-elsestatements, The else if Ladder, The Switch statement, The
Goto statement.

Unit 3
Decision Making and Looping: The while statement, The do statement, The for statement,
Jump in Loop.
Arrays: One and two-dimensional arrays, Declaration of one and two-dimensional arrays,
Initializing of one and two-dimensional arrays, Multi-dimensional arrays, Dynamic arrays,
Character arrays and strings.

Unit 4
User-defined Functions: Need for user-defined functions, A multi-function program,
Elements of user-defined functions, Definition of functions, Functions call, Functions
declaration, Category of function, Nesting of functions.
Pointers: Understanding pointers, Declaring pointer variables, Initializing of pointer
variables, Accessing a variable through its pointer, Chain of pointers, Pointers and arrays,
Pointer as a function argument, File management in C.

Recommended books:
1. E. Balagurusamy: Programming in ANSI C, MacGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Yashavant Kanetkar, Let us C, BPB Publications, India.

M.A. /M.Sc. Third Semester

Mathematics
Paper 1
Abstract Algebra
Credits: 04 Max Marks:100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Abstract Algebra
Course Type: Core paper
16
Course Level: PG

Unit I
Internal and external direct product of groups and their relationship, Normal and sub normal
series of groups, Composition series, Zassenhaus lemma, Schreier theorem, Jordan Holder
theorem.
Unit II
Commutator subgroup and commutator series of a group, Solvable groups, Solvability of
subgroups and factor groups and of finite p groups, Lower and upper central series, Nilpotent
groups.
Unit III
Cauchy theorems, Action of a group G on a set, Stabilizer subgroups and orbit
decomposition, Class equation of an action, Sylow subgroups, Sylow’s theorem I, II and III,
p-groups, Examples and applications, Groups of order p.q, Direct and inverse images of
Sylow subgroups, Structure theorem for finite abelian groups.
Unit IV
Canonical forms, Similarity of linear transformations, Invariant subspaces, Reduction to
triangular forms, Nilpotent transformations, Index of nilpotency, Invariants of a nilpotent
transformation, The primary decomposition theorem, Jordan blocks and Jordan canonical
forms.
Recommended books:
1. I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, Wiley student edition
2. Ram Ji Lal, Algebra I and Algebra II, Springer
3. Joseph A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, Narosa Publications
4. John B. Fraleign, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, Narosa Publications
5. Vijay K. Khanna, S.K Bhambri, A Course in Abstract Algebra
6. S. Lipschutz, Linear Algebra, Schaum’s Outline Series.

per 2
Functional Analysis
Credits: 04 Max Marks:100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Functional Analysis
Course Type: Core paper
Course Level: PG

17
Unit I
Normed linear spaces, Examples of normed linear spaces and its topological properties,
Cauchy’s inequality, Hölder’s and Minkowski’s inequality, Convergence in normed linear
spaces, Cauchy sequence, Banach space, Examples of Banach space, Quotient space of
normed linear space, Equivalent norms, Riesz lemma.
Unit II
Continuous linear transformation, Bounded linear transformations, Norm of bounded linear
transformation, Space of bounded linear transformations. Conjugate space (dual space),
Functional, Hahn-Banach theorem for real and complex normed linear spaces, Applications
of Hahn- Banach theorem, The natural embedding.
Unit III
Open mapping theorem, Projection of Banach space, Closed graph theorem, Baire category
theorem, Uniform boundedness principle.
Inner product spaces, Hilbert spaces with examples, Cauchy-Schwarz’s inequality.
Unit IV
Orthogonal complement, Orthonormal set and its existence, Bessel’s inequality, Complete
orthonormal sets and its characterization. Continuous linear functional on Hilbert space,
Riesz representation theorem, Reflexivity of Hilbert space. Weak and strong convergence.
Recommended books:
1. G. F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1963.
2. S. Ponnusamy, Foundations of Functional Analysis, Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi, 2002.
3. G. Bachman and L. Narici, Functional Analysis, Academic Press, 1966.
4. B. V. Limaye, Functional Analysis, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
5. N. Saran and S. L. Shukla, Functional Analysis, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut.
6. P. K. Jain, O. P. Ahuja and K. Ahmad, Functional Analysis, New Age International
(P) Ltd. And Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1997.
7. B. Choudhary and S. Nanda, Functional Analysis with Applications, Wiley Eastern
Ltd., 1989.
8. J. N. Sharma and A. R. Vasishtha, Functional Analysis, Krishna Prakashan Media (P)
Ltd., 2015.

18
 Paper 3
Fluid Dynamics
Credits: 04 Max Marks:100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Fluid Dynamics
Course Type: Core paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Types of fluids, Continuum hypothesis, Lagrangian and Eulerian method of describing fluid
motion, Equation of continuity in cartesian, Cylindrical polar, Spherical polar and Orthogonal
curvilinear coordinates, Vorticity vector, Velocity potential, Stream lines, Path lines and
streak lines, Rotational and irrotational motion of fluid, Boundary surface and boundary
condition.

Unit II

Euler’s equation of motion: conservation of momentum, Bernoulli’s equation, Lagrange’s

equation of motion, Energy equation, Impulsive effects, Helmholtz’s vorticity theorem and
vorticity equation, Applications of Bernoulli’s equation.

Unit III

Two dimensional irrotational motion, Stream or current function, Physical significance of

stream function, sources, sinks, doublets and their images in two-dimension, Complex
potential, The Milne-Thomson circle theorem, Theorem of Blasius, Flow and circulation,
Kelvin’s circulation theorem, Permanence of irrotational motion, Kelvin’s Minimum Kinetic
Energy theorem.
Unit IV

Motion of cylinders: General motion of cylinder in two dimensions, Kinetic energy, Motion
of circular, coaxial and elliptic cylinders, Streaming past and circulation for a fixed circular
and elliptic cylinder, Kinetic energy of rotating elliptic cylinder, The aerofoil.

19
Recommended books:
1. W.H. Besant and A.S. Ramsey, A Treatise on Hydrodynamics, CBS publishers and
Distributors, Delhi, 1988.
2. R.K. Rathy, An introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Oxford and IBH Publishing
Company, New Delhi; 1976.
3. F. Charlton, A Text Book of Fluid Dynamics, CBC, 1985.
4. S.W. Yuan, Foundations of Fluid Dynamics, Prentice – Hall of India, 1988.

Paper 4(i)
Special Functions
Credits: 04 Max Marks:100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Special Functions
Course Type: Elective paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Absolute and uniform convergence of infinite products, The Weierstrass’s infinite product
and Euler’s integral for Gamma function and their equivalence, Beta function, Factorial
function, Legendre’s duplication formula, Gauss’ multiplication theorem, Orthogonal sets of
functions, orthogonal sets of polynomials, Gram-Schmidt process of orthonormalization.
Unit II
Hypergeometric function, Integral representation of hypergeometric function and deductions
from it, Contiguous function relations, Relations between hypergeometric functions of z and
1 − z , Simple and quadratic transformations of hypergeometric function.
Unit III
Generalised and confluent hypergeometric function, Formation and solution of differential
equation for generalised and confluent hypergeometric function and their contiguous function
relations, Saalschutz theorems, Whipple’s theorems and Dixon’s theorem, Contour integrals
of Barnes’ type, Hypergeometric forms of Legendre’s polynomials.
Unit IV
Doubly periodic functions, Elliptic functions and their properties, Weierstrass elliptic
function and it’s differential equation, Theta functions, Properties of theta functions,
Relations involving theta functions and differential equations satisfied by theta functions.

20
Recommended books:
1. E. D. Rainvelle: Special Functions, Chelsea Publishing Co., 1971.
2. N. Saran, S. D. Sharma & T. N. Triuedi: Special Functions, PragatiPrakashan,
Meerut.
3. M. A. Pathan, V. B. L. Chaurasia, P. K. Banerji & M. C. Goyal : Special Functions
and Calculus of Variations, Indus Valley Publications, New Delhi, 2004.
4. Special Functions, Dr. Vinod Kumar, Epsilon Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Kanpur,
2020.

Paper 4(ii)
Advanced Ordinary differential equations
Credits: 04 Max Marks: 100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Advanced Ordinary differential equations
Course Type: Elective paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Linear differential equations with constant as well as a variable coefficient, Linear
dependence and independence of solutions, Wronskian, Method of undetermined coefficients,
Reduction of the order, Initial value problem and equivalent integral equation.
Unit II
Picard’s iteration method, Lipschitz condition, Existence and uniqueness theorem, An
orthogonal set of functions, Boundary value problem, Strum Liouville problem, Green’s
functions, Ascoli-Arzela theorems, A theorem on convergence of solutions of a family of
initial value problems.
Unit III
Linear systems, Matrix method for homogeneous first order system of linear differential
equations, Fundamental set of solutions, Fundamental matrix of solutions, Wronskian of
solutions, Basic theory of the homogeneous linear system, Abel-Liouville formula,
Nonhomogeneous linear system, Strum theory, Self-adjoint equations of the second order,
Abel formula, Strum separation theorem, Strum fundamental comparison theorem.
Unit IV
Nonlinear differential systems, Phase plane, Path, Critical points, Autonomous systems,
Isolated critical points, Path approaching a critical point, Path entering a critical point, Types
of critical points- Center, Saddle points, Spiral points, Node points, Stability of critical points,

21
Asymptotically stable points, Unstable points, Critical points and paths of linear systems,
Almost linear systems, Nonlinear conservative dynamical system, Dependence on a
parameter, Liapunov direct method, Limit cycles, Periodic solutions, Bendixson nonexistence
criterion, Poincore-Bendixson theorem(statement only), Index of a critical point.
Recommended books:
1. Coddington, E. A., Levinson, N., Theory of ordinary differential equations, Tata
McGraw Hill, 2000.
2. Ross, S. L., Differential equations, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 1984.
3. Boyce, W. E., Diprima, R. C., Elementary differential equations and boundary value
problems, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 4th edition, 1986.
4. Simmon, G. F., Differential Equations, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1993.

Paper 4(iii)
Vedic Ganita
Credits: 04 Max Marks: 100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Vedic Ganita
Course Type: Elective paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
History of Vedic Ganita, Why Vedic Ganita, Silent features of Vedic Ganita, Vedic Ganita
formulas, 16 sutras, 13 sub sutras, Terms and operations, High speed addition by using the
concept of computing the whole and from left to right, Superfast subtraction by
Nikhilamsutram from basis 100, 1,000, 10,000.
Unit II
Multiplication by Urdhavtrighbhyam sutram, Multiplication by vinculum sutram,
Multiplication by Nikhilam sutram, Fast multiplication by 11, Multiplication of numbers
consisting of all 9s, Multiplication of numbers nearest to the base 10 and multiplication of
numbers with sub base 50,500,5000.
Unit III
Meaning of Ekadhiken sutram and its applications in finding squaring of numbers ending in
5, squares by Anurupeyana sutram, Square by Yavdunam thava dunikritya vargamcha yojyet
sutram, Squaring by Dwandvayoga sutram, Squaring numbers nearest 50, Square roots of
perfect square, General method of square roots, Cubes by Anurupeyana sutram.

22
Unit IV
Decimal and fractions, Division by Nikhilam Sutram, Division of 1/19, 1/29 by
Ekadhikenpurven sutram, Division by Paravartya sutram, Division by Anurupeyana sutram,
Division of polynomials, Factors of general second-degree equation by Lopsthapanabhyam
sutram.
Recommended books:
1. Vedic Mathematics, published by Motilal Banarasi Das 1965. ISBN 81-2 08-0163-6.
2. Vedic Ganita: Vihangam Drishti-1, Shiksha Sanskriti Utthan Nyasa, New Delhi

Paper 4(IV)
Bio-Mechanics
Credits: 04 Max Marks: 100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Bio-Mechanics
Course Type: Elective paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Introduction, Definition and scope of Bio-Mechanics, Role of mathematics in bio-sciences,
Basic concepts of fluid dynamics: Navier-Stoke’s equation for flow of a viscous
incompressible flow, Bio-fluid flows: flows in pipes and ducts, Poiseuille’s flow, Application
of Poiseuille’s law for the study of blood flow.
Unit II
Basic concepts about blood, Cardiovascular system and blood flows, Blood flow through
artery with mild stenosis, Two-layered flow in a tube with mild stenosis, Pulsatile flow of
blood, Peristaltic flow in tubes and channels.

Unit III
Gas exchange and air flow in lungs, Consumption and transport of oxygen, Weibel's model for flows
in lung airways, Comparison between flows of blood and flows in lung airways.
Unit IV
Diffusion, Fick's laws of diffusion, Diffusion equation, Modification of the diffusion equation,
Diffusion in artificial kidney, Hemodialyser. Types of hemodialyser.

23
Recommended books:
1. J. N. Kapur: Mathematical Models in Biology and Medicine, Affiliated East-West
Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1985.
2. Y. C. Fung: Bio−Mechanics, Springer−VerlagNewYorkInc.,1990.
3. Stanley E. Charm and George S. Kurland: Blood Flow and Micro circulation, John
Wiley &Sons,1974.
4. S. A. Levin: Frontiers in Mathematical Biology, Springer−Verlag, 1994.
5. S. K. Pundir & R. Pundir: Biomathematics, Pragati Prakashan, 2010.

Paper 5
Computational Mathematics with Python-I
Credits: 04 Max Marks:100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Computational Mathematics with Python-I
Course Type: Practical
Course Level: PG
Python introduction, Technical strength of Python, Introduction to Python interpreter and
program execution, Using comments, Installation of Python, Ways to run Python
programmes, Simple input and output, Variable and assignments.
Literals, Constants, Numbers (Integers, Floats, Complex Numbers, Real, Sets), Strings
(Slicing, Indexing, Concatenation, other operations on strings), Accepting input from
console, printing statements, Simple ‘Python’ programs, Mathematical operators,
Permutation and combination. Python as an advanced calculator.
Relational, Logical, Bitwise operators and their precedence, Conditional statements: if, if-
else, if-elif-else, Simple programs, Notion of iterative computation and control flow–range
function.
While statement, For loop, Break statement, Continue statement, Pass statement, else, assert.
Suggested List of programmes:
1. Programme to obtain three numbers and print their sum.
2. Programme to obtain the length and breadth of a rectangle and calculate its area.
3. Programme to input a number and print its cube.
4. Programme to input a value in kilometre and convert it into miles. (1 Km = 0.621374
miles)
5. Programme to input a value in tonnes and convert it into quintals and kilogram (1 Ton = 10
quintals=1000 Kg).

24
6. Write a programme to input two numbers and swap them.
7. Write a programme to input three numbers: 1st number becomes 2nd number; 2nd number
become 3rd number and 3rd number becomes 1st number.
8. Write a programme to enter two integers and perform all arithmetic operations on them.
9. Write a programme to obtain temperature in Celsius and convert it into Fahrenheit.
10. Write a programme to input three numbers: 2nd number gets the value 1st +2nd, 3rd number
gets the value of 2nd +3rd number
11. Programme to find the roots of quadratic equation.
12. Programme that takes a number and check whether the given number is odd or even.
13. Programme to accept three integers and print the largest of three. Make use of only if
statement.
14. Programme that input three numbers and calculate two sums as per this:
Sum1: as the sum of all input numbers
Sum2: as the sum of non-duplicate numbers; If there are duplicate number in the input, ignore
them
15. Programme to test the divisibility of a number with another number.
16. Programme that reads three numbers and print them in ascending orders.
17. Programme to print table of a number, say 7.
18. Programme to print sum of natural number between any two positive number.
19. Programme to calculate the factorial of a number.
20. Programme to calculate the sum of even and odd integers of first n natural numbers.
21. Programme to implement ‘guess the number’ game. Python generates a number randomly
in the range [10,50]. The user is given five chances to guess a number in the range.
22. Write a programme to illustrate the difference between break and continue statements.
23. Programme to input a number and test if it is a prime number.
24. Programme that searches for prime number from 15 through 25.
25. Write a programme to input three numbers and display the largest/smallest number.
26. Write a programme to input a 6-digit number and divide it into 2 digits number.
27. Write a programme to input a number and then print its first and last digit raised to the
length of the number.
28. Write a programme to find lowest and second lowest number from the 10 numbers input.
29. Write a programme to print Fibonacci series.

25
30. Write a programme to read an integer>1000 and reverse the number.

31. Write a programme to find the sum of the series: s = 1 + x + x + x ....x

2 3 n

32. Write a programme to find the sum of the series: s = 1 − x + x − x + x ....x

2 3 4 n

x 2 x3 x 4 x n
s = x+ − + ... .
33. Write a programme to find the sum of the series: 2! 3! 4! n !

34. If a number is equal to the sum the cubes of its each digit, then it is known as Armstrong
Number. Write a programme to check if a given number is an Armstrong Number or not.
35. A number is known as palindrome number if it is same as reversed of it. Write a
programme to check if a given number is palindrome number or not.
Recommended books:
1. Core Python programming, Dr. R. Nageshwara Rao, Dreamtech Press.
2. Learning with Python, Allen Downney, Jeffrey Elkner and Chris Meyers, Dreamtech
Press.
3. Let Us Python, Aditya Kanetkar and Yashwant Kanetkar, BPB Publication.
4. The new python programming for beginners, William J Palmer, Caterina Rosse.
5. Doing Math with Python: Use Programming to Explore Algebra, Statistics, Calculus,
and More!, Amit Saha, No Starch Press.
6. Mathematics and Python Programming, J. C. Bautista, Lulu Press.

M.A. /M.Sc. Fourth Semester

Mathematics
Paper 1
Advanced Abstract Algebra
Credits: 04 Max Marks:100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Advanced Abstract Algebra
Course Type: Core paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Field theory, Extension fields, Minimal polynomial of an algebraic element, Algebraic and
transcendental extensions, Splitting fields, Primitive elements, Separable and inseparable
extensions, Perfect fields.

26
Unit II
Automorphisms of fields, Fixed fields, Normal extensions, Galois extensions, Fundamental
theorem of Galois theory, Algebraically closed fields, Prime fields, Finite fields.
Unit III
Solution of polynomial equations by radicals, Constructible numbers.
Modules, Direct product of modules, Cyclic modules, Sub modules, quotient modules,
Fundamental theorem of homomorphism of modules.
Unit IV
Free Modules, Simple modules, Semi-simple modules, Schur’s lemma, Noetherian and
Artinian modules and rings, Hilbert basis theorem, Wedderburn-Artin theorem, Uniform
modules, Primary modules, Noether-Lasker theorem.
Recommended books:
1. I.N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, Wiley student edition
2. Ram Ji Lal, Algebra I and Algebra II, Springer
3. Joseph A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, Narosa Publications
4. John B. Fraleign, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, Narosa Publications
5. Vijay K. Khanna, S.K Bhambri, A Course in Abstract Algebra, Vikas Publishing
House
6. Bhattacharya, Jain and Nagpaul, Basic Abstract Algebra, Cambridge University Press

Paper 2
Integral Equations and Boundary Value Problems
Credits: 04 Max Marks:100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Integral Equations and Boundary Value Problems
Course Type: Core paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Definition of integral equations, Types of integral equations, Kernel, Fredholm and Volterra
integral equations, Verification of solution of integral equation, Conversion of integral
equation to differential equation and vice-versa, Initial value problem & Volterra integral
equation, Boundary value problem and Fredholm integral equation.

27
Unit II
Solution of Fredholm integral equation by method of successive approximation, Resolvent
kernel, Solution of Fredholm integral equation by method of resolvent kernel, Solution of
Volterra integral equation by method of successive approximation, Solution of Volterra
integral equation by method of successive substitution, Fredholm determinant, Convergence
of Fredholm series.
Unit III
Solution of integral equations by method of Laplace transform, Convolution type kernel,
Solution of integral equation by Fourier transform method, Singular integral equation,
Cauchy and Hilbert type kernel, Solution of singular integral equation having kernel of h(s)-
h(t) type.
Unit IV
Boundary value problem, Initial value problem, Green’s function. Construction of Green’s
function from given boundary value problem, Applications of Green’s function, Modified
Green’s function, Dirac Delta function.
Recommended books:
1. Linear integral equations theory & techniques, R.P. Kanwal Academic Press New
York 1971.
2. Linear integral equation & boundary value problem by M. D. Rai Singhania, S. Chand
& Co. 2005.
3. Integral Equation by Shanti Swaroop, Krishna Prakashan, 1989.
4. A first course in integral equation, A M Wazwar, Saint Xavier Univ. USA Dec 1997.

Paper 3(i)
Advanced Fluid Mechanics
Credits: 04 Max Marks:100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Advanced Fluid Mechanics
Course Type: Elective paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Three dimensional irrotational flow, Axisymmetric flow, Strokes Stream function,
Axisymmetric potential flow, Liquid streaming past a stationary sphere, Uniform motion of a
sphere in a liquid at rest at infinity, Concentric sphere (problem of initial motion).

28
Unit II

Vortex motion, Vortex filament, Complex potential, Image of vortex, Complex potential due
to vortex doublet, Spiral vortex, Rankine combined vortex, Rectilinear vortex with elliptic
cross-section, Routh’s theorem, Motion of any vortex, Kirchhoff vortex theorem.
Unit III

Newton’s Law of viscosity, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, Definition of stress, strain
and their relations, Relation between stresses and rate of strain, Navier-Stoke’s equation,
Dissipation of energy, Diffusion of vorticity, Laminar flow of Viscous incompressible fluids.
Unit IV

Fluid pressure: Equation of pressure, Condition of equilibrium, Lines of force, Homogeneous

and heterogeneous fluids, Elastic fluids, Surface of equal pressure and density, Rotating
fluids.
Fluid pressure on plane surface: Centre of pressure, Resultant pressure on curved surfaces.
Recommended books:
1. W.H. Besant and A.S. Ramsey, A Treatise on Hydrodynamics, CBS publishers and
Distributors, Delhi, 1988.
2. R.K. Rathy, An introduction to fluid Dynamics, Oxford and IBH Publishing
Company, New Delhi; 1976.
3. F. Charlton, A Text Book of Fluid Dynamics, CBC, 1985.
4. S.W. Yuan, Foundations of Fluid Dynamics, Prentice – Hall of India, 1988.
5. B. D. Sharma, Hydro-statics, Kedar Nath Ram Nath Publication.

Paper 3(ii)
Wavelet Analysis
Credits: 04 Max Marks:100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Wavelet Analysis
Course Type: Elective paper
Course Level: PG

29
Unit I

Fourier transforms, Inverse Fourier transforms, Basic properties of Fourier and inverse
Fourier transforms, Convolution and delta function, Fourier transform of square integrable
functions, Poisson’s summation formula.
Unit II

Construction of wavelets on Z N , Haar wavelets on Z , Shannon wavelet, The Gabor

transform, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, Description of l 2 ( Z ) , L2 [− ,  ] and L2 ( R ) ,
Parseval’s relation.
Unit III
Multi resolution analysis, MRA wavelets, Scaling functions with finite two scale relations,
Direct sum decomposition of L2 ( R ) , Linear phase filtering, Low-pass filters and scaling
functions, Compactly supported wavelets, Wavelets and their duals.
Unit IV
Franklin wavelets on R, Orthogonal wavelets and wavelet packets, Example of orthogonal
wavelets, Identification of wavelet packets, Construction of compactly supported orthogonal
wavelets, Orthogonal wavelet packets, Orthogonal decomposition of wavelet series.
Recommended books:
1. C. K. Chui, An Introduction to Wavelets, Academic Press, 1992.
2. I. Daubechies, Ten Lectures on Wavelets, CB5-NSF Regional Conference in Applied
Mathematics, 61, SIAM, 1992.
3. M. W. Frazier, An Introduction to Wavelets through Linear Algebra, Springer-Verlag,
1999.
4. E. Hernandez and G. Weiss, A First Course on Wavelets, CRC Press, 1996.

Paper 3(iii)
Special Theory of Relativity
Credits: 04 Max Marks:100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Special Theory of Relativity
Course Type: Elective paper
Course Level: PG

30
Unit I

Historical background and postulates of special relativity, Relativity of simultaneity, Lorentz

transformation and its consequences, Relativistic addition of velocities.
Unit II
Doppler effect, Space-time diagrams, Time order and Space-time separation of events, Null
cone, The twin-paradox.
Unit III
Relativistic mass and momentum, The equivalence of mass and energy, The relativistic force
law and dynamics of a single particle, Energy momentum tensor of incoherent matter.
Unit IV
Principle of equivalence, Principle of general covariance, Criteria for gravitational field
equations, Einstein field equations, Gravity as a geometric Phenomenon. The energy
momentum tensor, Inclusion of forces in the field equations and their classical limits.
Recommended books:
1. Rindler W. Special Relativity, 1966.
2. Resnick, R., Introduction to special relativity, Wiley-Eastern, 1990.
3. Special Theory of Relativity, Anshan Publishers-2009.

Paper 3(iv)
Differential Geometry of Manifolds
Credits: 04 Max Marks:100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Differential Geometry of Manifolds
Course Type: Elective paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Analysis of curve, Curvatures related to curves, Curvature tensor, Torsion tensor and skew
curvature tensor, Examples based on curvature tensor, Torsion tensor and skew curvature
tensor, Relation between curvature tensor and their derivatives, Study of surface, Analytical
study of first and second fundamental form of surfaces.
Unit II
Tensor space, Dimension and basis of tensor space, Rank of tensor, Quotient law of tensor,
Uses of Christoffel symbols in real world, Analysis and uses of gradient, divergence and curl.

31
Unit III
Cr-curve, Chart, Atlas, Definition of topological manifold, Differentiable manifold, Examples
of manifold, One dimensional manifold, Examples of two-dimensional manifold, three
dimensional and n-dimensional manifolds, Tangent space, Tangent bundle, Lie groups, Lie
derivative.
Unit IV
Complex manifolds, Examples of complex contact manifolds, Contact manifold, Examples of
contact manifolds, Difference of complex and contact manifold.
Recommended books:
1. Elementary Topics in Differential Geometry, Thorpe J.A, Springer 1994.
2. Tensor calculus, De UC, Shaikh AA, Sengupta Joydeep, 2005
3. An introduction to differentiable manifold, Willmore T.J
4. A Course of Tensors with Applications, Mishra R.S, Pothishala Pvt Ltd,1965.
5. Differential Geometry of Manifolds, De.U.C Narosa Publishing House 2005
6. Complex and Contact Manifold, De U.C Narosa Publishing House,2008.

Paper 3(v)
Advanced Discrete Mathematics
Credits: 04 Max Marks:100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Advanced Discrete Mathematics
Course Type: Elective paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Semigroups and Monoids: Definitions and examples of semigroups and monoids (including
those pertaining to concatenation operation), Homomorphism of semigroups and monoids,
Congruence relation and quotient semigroup, Subsemigroup and submonoids, Direct
products, Basic homomorphism theorem.
Unit II
Lattices: Lattices as partially ordered sets and their properties, Lattices as algebraic systems,
Sub-lattices, Direct products and homomorphisms, Some special lattices such as complete,
complemented and distributive lattices.

32
Unit III
Boolean Algebra: Boolean algebras as lattices, Various Boolean identities, The switching
algebra example, Sub-algebras, Direct products and homomorphisms, Join-irreducible
elements, Atoms and minterms, Boolean forms and their equivalence, Minterm Boolean
forms, Sum of products, Canonical forms, Minimization of the Boolean functions.
Unit IV
Grammars and Languages: Phrase structure grammars, Rewriting rules, Derivations,
Sentential forms, Language generated by grammar, Regular, Context free and Context
sensitive grammar and languages, Regular sets, Regular expressions and the pumping lemma,
Kleene's theorem, Notions of syntax analysis, Polish notations, Conversion of infix
expressions to Polish notations, The reverse Polish notations.
Recommended books:
1. J.P. Tremblay & R. Manohar, Discrete Mathematical Structures with Applications to
Computer Science, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.
2. C.L. Liu, Elements of Discrete Mathematics, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limited.
3. H.K. Pathak & J.P. Chauhan, Advanced Discrete Mathematics, Shiksha Sahitya
Prakashan.

Paper 4(i)
Operator Theory
Credits: 04 Max Marks: 100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Operator Theory
Course Type: Elective paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Introduction to real Banach and real Hilbert spaces, Adjoint of an operator on a Hilbert space,
Self-adjoint operators, Normal operators and Unitary operators on Hilbert spaces, Projections
on a Hilbert space.
Unit II
Compact operators, Spectral theory of linear operators in normed linear space, Spectral
theory of linear operators in finite dimensional normed linear spaces, Spectral properties of
bounded linear operators.

33
Unit III
Determinant and the spectrum of an operator, Spectral theorem, Resolvent and its properties,
Spectrum and its properties, Residual spectrum, Approximate spectrum, Analyticity of the
resolvent operator, Use of complex analysis in spectral theory, Spectral radius and the
spectral mapping theorem for polynomials.
Unit IV
Banach algebras, Banach algebras with identity, Division algebra, Further properties of
Banach algebra, Compactness of the spectrum, Ideals and maximal ideals of a complex
commutative Banach algebra, radicals, Gelfand-Naimark theorem.

Recommended books:
1. G. F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1963.
2. E. Kreyszig, Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications, John Wiley and
Sons.
3. G. Bachman and L. Narici, Functional Analysis, Academic Press, New York, 1966.
4. J. B. Convey, A Course in Operator Theory, Springer.
5. N. Saran and S. L. Shukla, Functional Analysis, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut.
6. J. N. Sharma and A. R. Vasishtha, Functional Analysis, Krishna Prakashan Media (P)
Ltd., 2015.

Paper 4(ii)
Calculus of Variations
Credits: 04 Max Marks:100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Calculus of Variations
Course Type: Elective paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Evolution of calculus of variations and contribution of Bernoulli.
Functional, Euler’s equation of extrema for functionals involving first order derivative,
Functional dependent on more than one dependent variables, Functional dependent on two
independent variables: Euler Ostrogradsky equation, Generalised Eular’s Ostrogradsky
Equation. Functional dependent on higher order derivative: Euler Poisson’s equation.

34
Unit II
Weierstrass function, Sufficient condition of Extrema: Legendre condition, Isoperimetric
problem, Local maxima, Invariance of Euler’s equation under coordinate transformation,
Problems based on Legendre condition.
Unit III
Moving boundary value problem, Condition of extrema: Transversality condition, Variational
problem with movable boundary for a functional dependent on two functions, One sided
variation, Reflection & refraction of extremals, Diffraction of light rays.
Unit IV
Field extremal, Jacobi condition, Second variation, Canonical equations, Applications of
calculus of variations in Lagrarge’s equation, Application of calculus of variations in the
Hamilton’s equation, Hamiltons variational principle.
Recommended books:
1. Calculus of Variations with Applications, AS Gupta, Printice Hall of India,1997.
2. Calculus of Variations, I.M. Gelfand and S.V. Fomin, Dover Publication, 2000.
3. Calculus of Variations, Mukesh Singh, Krishna Publications, 2015.

Paper 4(iii)
Mathematical Modelling
Credits: 04 Max Marks:100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Mathematical Modelling
Course Type: Elective paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Introduction to mathematical modelling: need, classification, modelling process, Elementary
mathematical models; Role of mathematics in problem solving. Single species population
model: The exponential model and the logistic model, Harvesting model and its critical value.
Unit II
Modelling with ordinary differential equations: Overview of basic concepts in ODE and
stability of solutions: steady state and their local and global stability, Linear and non-linear
growth and decay models. Compartment models. Mathematical modelling of geometrical
problems, reaction kinetics. Some applications in economics, ecology, Modelling in
epidemiology (SIS, SIR, SIRS models) and basic reproduction number.

35
Unit III
Mathematical models through difference equations, Some simple models, Basic theory of
linear difference equations with constant coefficients, Mathematical modelling through
difference equations in economics and finance, Mathematical modelling through difference
equations in population dynamics.
Unit IV
Mathematical modelling through partial differential equations, Situations giving rise to of
partial differential equation models. The one-dimensional heat equation: derivation and
solution. Wave equation: derivation and solution.
Recommended books:
1. J.N. Kapur, Mathematical Modelling, New Age Intern. Pub.
2. J.N. Kapur, Mathematical Models in Biology and Medicine, East-West Press.
3. Fred Brauer and Carlos Castillo-Chavez, Mathematical Models in Population Biology
and Epidemiology, Springer.
4. Frank R. Giordano, William Price Fox, Maurice D. Weir, A First Course in
Mathematical Modelling, 4th Ed., Charlie Van Wagner. 5. Walter J. Meyer, Concept
of Mathematical Modelling, McGraw-Hill.
5. Zafar Ahsan: Differential Equations and Their Applications, PHI learning Private
Limited, New Delhi.
6. Steven H. Strogatz, Nonlinear dynamics and chaos, With Applications to Physics,
Biology, Chemistry, and Engineering.

Paper 4(iv)
Cosmology
Credits: 04 Max Marks:100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Cosmology
Course Type: Elective paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Mach's principle, Einstein modified field equations with cosmological term, Static
cosmological model of Einstein and De-Sitter, Their derivation, Properties and comparison
with the actual universe.

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Unit II
Hubble's law, Cosmological principles, Weyl's postulate. Derivation of Robertson-Walker
metric, Hubble and deacceleration parameters, Redshifts, Redshift versus distance relation,
Angular size versus redshift relation and source counts in Robertson-Walker space-time.
Unit III
Friedmann models, Fundamental equation of dynamical cosmology, Critical density, Closed
and open Universe, Age of the Universe, Matter dominated era of the Universe, Einstein- De-
Sitter model, Particle and even horizons.
Unit IV
Eddington-Lamaitre models with I- term, Perfect Cosmological principle, Steady state
Cosmology.
Recommended books:
1. R. C. Tolman, Relativity, Thermodynamics and Cosmology, Clarendon Press, Oxford,
1934.
2. S. Weinberg, Gravitation and Cosmology, John Wiley, 1972.
3. J. V. Narlikar, Introduction to Cosmology, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
4. J. N. Islam, An Introduction to Mathematical Cosmology, Cambridge University
Press, 1999.
5. J. A. Peacock, Cosmological Physics, Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Paper 4(v)
Cryptography
Credits: 04 Max Marks:100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Cryptography
Course Type: Elective paper
Course Level: PG
Unit I
Definition of a cryptosystem, Symmetric cipher model, Classical encryption techniques-
Substitution and transposition ciphers, Caesar cipher, Play fair cipher, Block cipher
Principles, Shannon theory of diffusion and confusion, Data encryption standard (DES).
Unit II
Polynomial and modular arithmetic, Introduction to finite field of the form GF(p) and
GF(2n), Fermat theorem and Euler’s theorem (statement only), Chinese remainder theorem,
Discrete logarithm.

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Unit III
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Stream ciphers, Introduction to public key
cryptography, One-way functions, The discrete logarithm problem, Diffie-Hellman key
exchange algorithm, RSA algorithm and security of RSA, The ElGamal public key
cryptosystem, Introduction to elliptic curve cryptography.
Unit IV
Information/Computer Security: Basic security objectives, security attacks, security services,
Network security model, Cryptographic hash functions, Secure hash algorithm, SHA-3.
Digital signature, ElGamal signature, Digital signature standards, Digital signature algorithm.
Recommended books:
1. William Stallings, Cryptography and Network Security, Principles and Practice, 5th
ed., Pearson Education, 2012.
2. Douglas R. Stinson, Cryptography: Theory and Practice, CRC Press, 3rd ed., 2005.
3. J.A. Buchmann, Introduction to Cryptography, 2nd ed., Springer 2003.
4. W. Trappe and L.C. Washington, Introduction to Cryptography with Coding Theory,
Pearson, 2006.
5. J. Hoffstein, J. Pipher, and J. H. Silverman, An Introduction to Mathematical
Cryptography, 2nd ed., Springer, 2014.

Computational Mathematics with Python-II

Credits: 04 Max Marks:100
Evaluation: Continuous Internal Assessment – 25 marks
Semester End Examination – 75 Marks
Course Title: Computational Mathematics with Python-II
Course Type: Practical
Course Level: PG

Introduction and application of SymPy for symbolic computing, Matplotlib Package

Application of NumPy for plotting and visualisation, Application of SciPy for Vectors,
Matrices, multidimensional array and numerical analysis.
Suggested List of programmes:
1. Plotting one or multiple Curve (Cartesian, Polar and Parametric).
2. Plotting Curve from Data.
3. Plotting Points.

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4. Plotting bar Chart.
5. Plotting Pie Chart.
6. Plotting Histogram.
7. Linear Regression.
8. Matrices and Vectors Operations.
9. Solution of simultaneous equation by
I. Matrix Inversion
II. Cramer’s Rule
III. Gauss Elimination
IV. Gauss Jordan
V. Jacobi Iterative
VI. Gauss Seidel
10. Solution of Ordinary and Partial differential equation and plotting the solution as curve or
surface.
11. Find the root of algebraic/transcendental equation by using
I. Fixed point iterative method
II. Bisection’s Method
III. Newton Raphson’s Method
IV. Secant Method
V. Muller’s Method
VI. Regula Falsi Method
Recommended books:
1. Numerical Python, Robert Johansson, Apress publication.
2. Practical Numerical computing using Python, Mahendra Verma.
3. Matplotlib Plotting Cookbook, Alexandra Devert, Packt publishing.
4. Pyton Programming and Numerical Methods guides for Engineers and Scientist,
Qiningkai Kong, Timmy Siauw and Alexandre M. Bayen, Academic Press.
5. Numerical Method in Engineering with Python, Jaan Kiusalaas, Cambridge
University Press.

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