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1. Give the difference between intersegment and intrasegment CALL.

Ans:
Intersegment Intrasegment
It is also called Far procedure call It is also called Near procedure call.
A far procedure refers to a procedure which is A near procedure refers to a procedure which is
in the different code segment from that of the in the same code segment from that of the call
call instruction. instruction
This procedure call replaces the old CS:IP pairs This procedure call replaces the old IP with new
with new CS:IP pairs IP.
The value of the old CS:IP pairs are pushed on The value of old IP is pushed on to the stack.
to the stack SP=SP-2 ;Save CS on stack SP=SP-2 SP=SP-2 ;Save IP on stack(address of
;Save IP (new offset address of called procedure)
procedure)
More stack locations are required Less stack locations are required
Example :- Call FAR PTR Delay Example :- Call Delay

2. Draw flag register of 8086 and explain any four flags.

Ans: Flag Register of 8086

Conditional /Status Flags

C-Carry Flag : It is set when carry/borrow is generated out of MSB of result. (i.e D7 bit for 8-
bit operation, D15 bit for a 16 bit operation).

P-Parity Flag This flag is set to 1 if the lower byte of the result contains even number of 1’s
otherwise it is reset.
AC-Auxiliary Carry Flag This is set if a carry is generated out of the lower nibble, (i.e. From
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D3 to D4 bit)to the higher nibble

Z-Zero Flag This flag is set if the result is zero after performing ALU operations. Otherwise it
is reset.
S-Sign Flag This flag is set if the MSB of the result is equal to 1 after performing ALU
operation , otherwise it is reset.
O-Overflow Flag This flag is set if an overflow occurs, i.e. if the result of a signed operation
is large enough to be accommodated in destination register.

Control Flags
T-Trap Flag If this flag is set ,the processor enters the single step execution mode.
I-Interrupt Flag it is used to mask(disable) or unmask(enable)the INTR interrupt. When this
flag is set,8086 recognizes interrupt INTR. When it is reset INTR is masked.
D-Direction Flag It selects either increment or decrement mode for DI &/or SI register during
string instructions.

1. Explain logical instructions of 8086 & State the role of Debugger in

assembly language programming. (Any Four)
Ans:
Logical instructions.
1) AND- Logical AND
Syntax : AND destination, source Operation
Destination ←destination AND source Flags Affected
:CF=0,OF=0,PF,SF,ZF
This instruction AND’s each bit in a source byte or word with the same number bit in a
destination byte or word. The result is put in destination.

Example: AND AX, BX

• AND AL,BL
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• AL 1111 1100
• BL 0000 0011
---------------------
• AL0000 0000 (AND AL,BL)

2) OR – Logical OR
Syntax :OR destination, source
Operation
Destination OR source

Flags Affected :CF=0,OF=0,PF,SF,ZF

This instruction OR’s each bit in a source byte or word with the corresponding bit in a
destination byte or word. The result is put in a specified destination.

Example :

• OR AL,BL
• AL 1111 1100
• BL 0000 0011

• AL1111 1111

3) NOT – Logical Invert

Syntax : NOT destination
Operation: Destination NOT destination

Flags Affected :None

The NOT instruction inverts each bit of the byte or words at the specified
destination.

Example
NOT BL

BL = 0000 0011

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NOT BL gives 1111 1100

4) XOR – Logical Exclusive OR
Syntax : XOR destination, source
Operation : Destination Destination XOR source Flags Affected

:CF=0,OF=0,PF,SF,ZF

This instruction exclusive, OR’s each bit in a source byte or word with the same number bit
in a destination byte or word.
Example(optional) XOR AL,BL
• AL 1111 1100
• BL 0000 0011

• AL1111 1111 (XOR AL,BL) 5)TEST

Syntax : TEST Destination, Source
This instruction AND’s the contents of a source byte or word with the contents of specified
destination byte or word and flags are updated, , flags are updated as result ,but neither
operands are changed.
Operation performed:
Flags set for result of (destination AND source)

Example: (Any 1)
TEST AL, BL ; AND byte in BL with byte in AL, no result, Update PF, SF, ZF.

e.g MOV AL, 00000101 TEST AL, 1 ; ZF = 0.

TEST AL, 10b ; ZF = 1

Debugger
a) Debugger is a program that allows the execution of program in single step mode under
the control of the user.
The errors in program can be located and corrected using a debugger. Example; TD.

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3. Compare Procedure and Macros. (4 points).

Ans:
Procedure Macro

Procedures are used for large Procedures are used for small
group of instructions to be group of instructions to be
repeated repeated.

Object code is generated only Object code is generated every

once in memory. time the macro is called.

CALL & RET instructions are Macro can be called just by

used to call procedure and return writing its name.
from procedure.

Length of the object file is less Object file becomes lengthy.

Directives PROC & ENDP are MACRO and ENDM are used
used for defining procedure. for defining MACRO

Directives More time is required Less time is required for it’s

for its execution execution

Procedure can be defined as Macro can be defined as

Procedure_name PROC MACRO-name MACRO
[ARGUMENT,……….
---- ARGUMENT N]

Procedure_name -------
ENDP ENDM

For Example For Example

Addition PROC near Display MACRO msg

Addition ENDP ENDM

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4. Explain any two assembler directives of 8086.

Ans:
1. DB – The DB directive is used to declare a BYTE -2-BYTE variable – A BYTE is made
up of 8 bits.
Declaration examples:
Byte1 DB 10h

Byte2 DB 255; 0FFh, the max. possible for a BYTE

CRLF DB 0Dh, 0Ah, 24h ;Carriage Return, terminator BYTE

2. DW – The DW directive is used to declare a WORD type variable – A

WORD occupies 16 bits or (2 BYTE).
Declaration examples:
Word DW 1234h

Word2 DW 65535; 0FFFFh, (the max. possible for a WORD)

3. DD – The DD directive is used to declare a DWORD – A DWORD double

word is made up of 32 bits =2 Word’s or 4 BYTE.
Declaration examples:
Dword1 DW 12345678h

Dword2 DW 4294967295 ;0FFFFFFFFh.

4. EQU -
The EQU directive is used to give name to some value or symbol. Each time the
assembler finds the given names in the program, it will replace the name with the
value or a symbol. The value can be in the range 0 through 65535 and it can be
another Equate declared anywhere above or below.

The following operators can also be used to declare an Equate:

THIS BYTE

THIS WORD

THIS DWORD
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A variable – declared with a DB, DW, or DD directive – has an address and has
space reserved at that address for it in the .COM file. But an Equate does not have
an address or space reserved for it in the .COM file.

Example:
A – Byte EQU THIS BYTE

DB 10

A_ word EQU THIS WORD

DW 1000

A_ dword EQU THIS DWORD

DD 4294967295

Buffer Size EQU 1024

Buffer DB 1024 DUP (0)

Buffed_ ptr EQU $ ; actually points to the next byte after the; 1024th byte in
buffer.

5. SEGMENT:
It is used to indicate the start of a logical segment. It is the name given to the
segment. Example: the code segment is used to indicate to the assembler the start
of logical segment.

6. PROC: (PROCEDURE)
It is used to identify the start of a procedure. It follows a name we give the
procedure.

After the procedure the term NEAR and FAR is used to specify the procedure
Example: SMART-DIVIDE PROC FAR identifies the start of procedure named
SMART-DIVIDE and tells the assembler that the procedure is far.

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5. Write classification of instruction set of 8086. Explain any one type out of
them.
Ans:
classification of instruction set of 8086

 Data Transfer Instructions

 Arithmetic Instructions
 Bit Manipulation Instructions
 String Instructions
 Program Execution Transfer Instructions (Branch & Loop Instructions)
 Processor Control Instructions
 Iteration Control Instructions
 Interrupt Instructions

1) Arithmetic Instructions:
These instructions are used to perform arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.
ADD:
The add instruction adds the contents of the source operand to the destination
operand.
Eg. ADD AX, 0100H
ADD AX, BX
ADD AX, [SI]
ADD AX, [5000H]
ADD [5000H], 0100H
ADD 0100H

ADC: Add with Carry

This instruction performs the same operation as ADD instruction, but adds the
carry
flag to the result.
Eg. ADC 0100H
ADC AX, BX
ADC AX, [SI]
ADC AX, [5000]
ADC [5000], 0100H

SUB: Subtract
The subtract instruction subtracts the source operand from the destination
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operand
and the result is left in the destination operand.
Eg. SUB AX, 0100H
SUB AX, BX
SUB AX, [5000H]
SUB [5000H], 0100H

SBB: Subtract with Borrow

The subtract with borrow instruction subtracts the source operand and the
borrow flag
(CF) which may reflect the result of the previous calculations, from the
destination
operand
Eg. SBB AX, 0100H
SBB AX, BX
SBB AX, [5000H]
SBB [5000H], 0100H

INC: Increment
This instruction increases the contents of the specified Register or memory
location
by 1. Immediate data cannot be operand of this instruction.
Eg. INC AX
INC [BX] INC [5000H]
DEC: Decrement
The decrement instruction subtracts 1 from the contents of the specified register
or
memory location.
Eg. DEC AX
DEC [5000H]

NEG: Negate
The negate instruction forms 2’s complement of the specified destination in the
instruction. The destination can be a register or a memory location. This
instruction can
be implemented by inverting each bit and adding 1 to it.
Eg. NEG AL
AL = 0011 0101 35H Replace number in AL with its 2’s complement
AL = 1100 1011 = CBH

CMP: Compare

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This instruction compares the source operand, which may be a register or an

immediate data or a memory location, with a destination operand that may be a
register or a memory location
Eg. CMP BX, 0100H
CMP AX, 0100H
CMP [5000H], 0100H
CMP BX, [SI]
CMP BX, CX

MUL: Unsigned Multiplication Byte or Word

This instruction multiplies an unsigned byte or word by the contents of AL.
Eg.
MUL BH ; (AX) (AL) x (BH)
MUL CX ; (DX)(AX) (AX) x (CX)
MUL WORD PTR [SI] ; (DX)(AX) (AX) x ([SI])

IMUL: Signed Multiplication

This instruction multiplies a signed byte in source operand by a signed byte in
AL or
a signed word in source operand by a signed word in AX.
Eg. IMUL BH
IMUL CX
IMUL [SI]

CBW: Convert Signed Byte to Word

This instruction copies the sign of a byte in AL to all the bits in AH. AH is then
said
to be sign extension of AL.
Eg. CBW
AX= 0000 0000 1001 1000 Convert signed byte in AL signed word in AX.
Result in AX = 1111 1111 1001 1000

CWD: Convert Signed Word to Double Word

This instruction copies the sign of a byte in AL to all the bits in AH. AH is then
said
to be sign extension of AL.
Eg. CWD
Convert signed word in AX to signed double word in DX : AX
DX= 1111 1111 1111 1111
Result in AX = 1111 0000 1100 0001

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DIV: Unsigned division

This instruction is used to divide an unsigned word by a byte or to divide an
unsigned
double word by a word.
Eg.
DIV CL ; Word in AX / byte in CL
; Quotient in AL, remainder in AH
DIV CX ; Double word in DX and AX / word
; in CX, and Quotient in AX,
; remainder in DX

2) Processor Control Instructions

These instructions are used to control the processor action by
setting/resetting the flag values.

STC:
It sets the carry flag to 1.

CLC:
It clears the carry flag to 0.

CMC:
It complements the carry flag.

STD:
It sets the direction flag to 1.
If it is set, string bytes are accessed from higher memory address to lower
memory address.

CLD:
It clears the direction flag to 0.
If it is reset, the string bytes are accessed from lower memory address to higher
memory address.

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6. Explain memory segmentation in 8086 and list its advantages. (any two)
Ans:
Memory Segmentation:

 In 8086 available memory space is 1MByte.

 This memory is divided into different logical segments and each segment has its
own base address and size of 64 KB.
 It can be addressed by one of the segment registers.
 There are four segments.

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Advantages of Segmentation:

 The size of address bus of 8086 is 20 and is able to address 1 Mbytes ( ) of physical
memory.
 The compete 1 Mbytes memory can be divided into 16 segments, each of 64
Kbytes size.
 It allows memory addressing capability to be 1 MB.
 It gives separate space for Data, Code, Stack and Additional Data segment as
Extra segment size.
 The addresses of the segment may be assigned as 0000H to F000H
respectively.
 The offset values are from 00000H to FFFFFH
Segmentation is used to increase the execution speed of computer system so that processor
can able to fetch and execute the data from memory easily and fast.

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7. With the neat sketches demonstrate the use of re-entrant and recursive
procedure.
Ans:
Reentrant Procedure:
A reentrant procedure is one in which a single copy of the program code can be shared by
multiple users during the same period of time. Re-entrance has two key aspects: The
program code cannot modify itself and the local data for each user must be stored
separately.

Recursive procedures:
An active procedure that is invoked from within itself or from within another
active procedure is a recursive procedure. Such an invocation is
called recursion. A procedure that is invoked recursively must have the
RECURSIVE attribute specified in the PROCEDURE statement.

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8. What is pipelining ? How it improves the processing speed ?

Ans:
 In 8086, pipelining is the technique of overlapping instruction fetch and execution
mechanism.
 To speed up program execution, the BIU fetches as many as six instruction bytes
ahead of time from memory. The size of instruction prefetching queue in 8086 is 6
bytes.
 While executing one instruction other instruction can be fetched. Thus it avoids the
waiting time for execution unit to receive other instruction.
 BIU stores the fetched instructions in a 6 level deep FIFO . The BIU can be fetching
instructions bytes while the EU is decoding an instruction or executing an instruction
which does not require use of the buses.
 When the EU is ready for its next instruction, it simply reads the instruction from
the queue in the BIU.
 This is much faster than sending out an address to the system memory and waiting
for memory to send back the next instruction byte or bytes.
 This improves overall speed of the processor

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9. Describe reentrant and recursive procedure with schematic diagram.

Ans:
In some situation it may happen that Procedure 1is called from main program Procrdure2 is called
from procedure1And procrdure1 is again called from procdure2. In this situation program
execution flow reenters in the procedure1. These types of procedures are called re enterant
procedures. The RET instruction at the end of procrdure1 returns to procedure2. The RET
instruction at the end of procedure2 will return the execution to procedure1.Procedure1 will
again executed from where it had stopped at the time of calling procrdure2 and the RET
instruction at the end of this will return the program execution to main program.
The flow of program execution for re-entrant procedure is as shown in FIG.

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[Link] the function of –––– BHE and Ao pins of 8086.

Ans:
BHE: BHE stands for Bus High Enable. It is available at pin 34 and used to indicate the transfer
of data using data bus D8-D15. This signal is low during the first clock cycle, thereafter it is
active.
A0: A0 is analogous to BHE for the lower byte of the data bus, pinsD0-D7. A0 bit is Low during
T1 state when a byte is to be transferred on the lower portion of the bus in memory or I/O
operations.
BHE A0 Word / Byte access

0 0 Whole word from even address

0 1 Upper byte from / to odd address

1 0 Lower byte from / to even address

1 1 None

[Link] single stepping or tracing is implemented in 8086 ?

Ans:
By setting the Trap Flag (TF) the 8086 goes to single-step mode. In this mode,
after the implementation of every instruction s 8086 generates an internal
interrupt and by writing some interrupt service routine we can show the content of desired
registers and memory locations. So it is useful for debugging the program.

OR
If the trap flag is set, the 8086 will automatically do a type-1 interrupt after each instruction
executes. When the 8086 does a type-1 interrupt, it pushes the flag register on the stack.

OR
The instructions to set the trap flag are:
PUSHF ; Push flags on stack
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MOV BP,SP ; Copy SP to BP for use as index

OR WORD PTR[BP+0],0100H ; Set TF flag
POPF ; Restore flag Register

[Link] any four instructions from the Bit manipulation instructions of 8086 &
List assembly language programming tools.
Ans:
Bit Manipulation Instructions
These instructions are used to perform operations where data bits are involved,
i.e. operations like logical, shift, etc.
Following is the list of instructions under this group − Instructions to perform
logical operation
 NOT − Used to invert each bit of a byte or word.

 AND − Used for adding each bit in a byte/word with the corresponding bit in another
byte/word.
 OR − Used to multiply each bit in a byte/word with the corresponding bit in another
byte/word.
XOR − Used to perform Exclusive-OR operation over each bit in a byte/word with the
corresponding bit in another byte/word.
Assembly language programming tools:
1. Editors
2. Assembler
3. Linker
4. Debugger.

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[Link] the use of REP in string related instructions.

Ans:
 This is an instruction prefix which can be used in string instructions.
 It causes the instruction to be repeated CX number of times.
 After each execution, the SI and DI registers are incremented/decremented based on the
DF (Direction Flag) in the flag register and CX is decremented i.e. DF = 1; SI, DI
decrements.
E.g. MOV CX, 0023H

CLD
REP MOVSB
The above section of a program will cause the following string operation
ES: [DI] ← DS: [SI] SI ← SI + I
DI ← DI + I CX ← CX – 1
to be executed 23H times (as CX = 23H) in auto incrementing mode (as DF is cleared).
REPZ/REPE (Repeat while zero/Repeat while equal)

 It is a conditional repeat instruction prefix.

 It behaves the same as a REP instruction provided the Zero Flag is set (i.e. ZF = 1).
 It is used with CMPS instruction.

REPNZ/REPNE (Repeat while not zero/Repeat while not equal)

 It is a conditional repeat instruction prefix.

 It behaves the same as a REP instruction provided the Zero Flag is reset (i.e. ZF = 0).
 It is used with SCAS instruction.

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[Link] the function of READY & INTR pin of 8086 & State the use of and CMC
instructions of 8086.
Ans:
Ready:
It is used as acknowledgement from slower I/O device or memory.
It is Active high signal, when high; it indicates that the peripheral device is ready to transfer
data.
INTR
This is a level triggered interrupt request input, checked during last clock cycle of each
instruction to determine the availability of request. If any interrupt request is occurred, the
processor enters the interrupt acknowledge cycle.
CMC – This instruction is used to Complement Carry Flag.

[Link] is role of XCHG instruction in assembly language program ? Give

example.
Ans:
Role of XCHG:

This instruction exchanges the contents of a register with the contents of another register or
memory location.

Example:
XCHG AX, BX ; Exchange the word in AX with word in BX.

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[Link] Machine language instruction format for Register-to-Register

transfer.
Ans:

[Link] logical and effective address. Describe physical address generation

process in 8086. If DS = 345A H and SI = 13DC H. Calculate physical address.
Ans:
A logical address is the address at which an item (memory cell, storage element) appears to
reside from the perspective of an executing application program. A logical address may be
different from the physical address due to the operation of an address translator or mapping
function.
Effective Address or Offset Address: The offset for a memory operand is called the
operand's effective address or EA. It is an unassigned 16 bit number that expresses the
operand's distance in bytes from the beginning of the segment in which it resides. In 8086
we have base registers and index registers.
Generation of 20 bit physical address in 8086:-
1. Segment registers carry 16 bit data, which is also known as base address.
2. BIU appends four 0 bits to LSB of the base address. This address becomes 20-bit address.
3. Any base/pointer or index register carries 16 bit offset.
4. Offset address is added into 20-bit base address which finally forms 20 bit physical address
of memory location

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DS=345AH and SI=13DCH

Physical adress = DS*10H + SI
= 345AH * 10H + 13DCH
= 345A0+13DC
= 3597CH

[Link] the use of assembler directives :

(i) DW (ii) EQU (iii) ASSUME (iv) OFFSET (v) SEGMENT (vi) EVEN
Ans:
DW (DEFINE WORD)
The DW directive is used to tell the assembler to define a variable of type word or to reserve
storage locations of type word in memory. The statement MULTIPLIER DW 437AH, for
example, declares a variable of type word named MULTIPLIER, and initialized with the value
437AH when the program is loaded into memory to be run.

EQU (EQUATE)

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EQU is used to give a name to some value or symbol. Each time the assembler finds the given
name in the program, it replaces the name with the value or symbol you equated with that
name.
Example
Data SEGMENT Num1 EQU 50H
Num2 EQU 66H
Data ENDS
Numeric value 50H and 66H are assigned to Num1 and Num2.
ASSUME
ASSUME tells the assembler what names have been chosen for Code, Data Extra and Stack
segments. Informs the assembler that the register CS is to be initialized with the address allotted
by the loader to the label CODE and DS is similarly initialized with the address of label DATA.

OFFSET
OFFSET is an operator, which tells the assembler to determine the offset or displacement of a
named data item (variable), a procedure from the start of the segment, which contains it.
Example MOV BX;
OFFSET PRICES;
It will determine the offset of the variable PRICES from the start of the segment in which
PRICES is defined and will load this value into BX.
SEGMENT
The SEGMENT directive is used to indicate the start of a logical segment. Preceding the
SEGMENT directive is the name you want to give the segment.
For example, the statement CODE SEGMENT indicates to the assembler the start of a logical
segment called CODE. The SEGMENT and ENDS directive are used to “bracket” a logical
segment containing code of data

EVEN (ALIGN ON EVEN MEMORY ADDRESS)

As an assembler assembles a section of data declaration or instruction statements, it uses a
location counter to keep track of how many bytes it is from the start of a segment at any time.
The EVEN directive tells the assembler to increment the location counter to the next even
address, if it is not already at an even address. A NOP instruction will be inserted in the location
incremented over.

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[Link] any four string instructions of 8086 assembly language.

Ans:
1] REP:
REP is a prefix which is written before one of the string instructions. It will cause During
length counter CX to be decremented and the string instruction to be repeated until CX
becomes 0.
Two more prefix.
REPE/REPZ: Repeat if Equal /Repeat if Zero.
It will cause string instructions to be repeated as long as the compared bytes or words Are equal
and CX≠0.
REPNE/REPNZ: Repeat if not equal/Repeat if not zero.
It repeats the strings instructions as long as compared bytes or words are not equal
And CX≠0.
Example: REP MOVSB

2] MOVS/ MOVSB/ MOVSW - Move String byte or word.

Syntax:
MOVS destination, source MOVSB destination,
source MOVSW destination, source Operation:
ES:[DI]< ------------------- DS:[SI]
It copies a byte or word a location in data segment to a location in extra segment. The offset of
source is pointed by SI and offset of destination is pointed by [Link] register contain counter and
direction flag (DE) will be set or reset to auto increment or auto decrement pointers after one
move.

Example
LEA SI, Source LEA DI, destination
CLD
MOV CX, 04H REP MOVSB
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3] CMPS /CMPSB/CMPSW: Compare string byte or Words.

Syntax:
CMPS destination, source
CMPSB destination, source CMPSW destination,
source
Operation: Flags affected < ------ DS:[SI]- ES:[DI]
It compares a byte or word in one string with a byte or word in another string. SI Holds the offset
of source and DI holds offset of destination strings. CS contains counter and DF=0 or 1 to auto
increment or auto decrement pointer after comparing one byte/word.

Example
LEA SI, Source LEA DI, destination
CLD
MOV CX, 100 REPE CMPSB

4] SCAS/SCASB/SCASW: Scan a string byte or word.

Syntax:
SCAS/SCASB/SCASW
Operation: Flags affected < ------ AL/AX-ES: [DI]
It compares a byte or word in AL/AX with a byte /word pointed by ES: DI. The string to be
scanned must be in the extra segment and pointed by DI. CX contains counter and DF may be 0
or 1.
When the match is found in the string execution stops and ZF=1 otherwise ZF=0.

Example
LEA DI, destination MOV Al, 0DH
MOV CX, 80H CLD

REPNE SCASB
5] LODS/LODSB/LODSW:

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Load String byte into AL or Load String word into AX. Syntax:

LODS/LODSB/LODSW
Operation: AL/AX < ------ DS: [SI]
IT copies a byte or word from string pointed by SI in data segment into AL or [Link]
may contain the counter and DF may be either 0 or 1

Example
LEA SI, destination CLD
LODSB

6] STOS/STOSB/STOSW (Store Byte or Word in AL/AX)

Syntax STOS/STOSB/STOSW Operation: ES:[DI] <
------------------------------- AL/AX
It copies a byte or word from AL or AX to a memory location pointed by DI in extra
segment CX may contain the counter and DF may either set or reset.

[Link] assembly language for each of the following :

(i) Rotate register BL right 4 times.
(ii) Multiply AL by 04 H
(iii) Signed division of AX by BL.
(iv) Move 2000 H in BX register.
(v) Increment the content of AX by 1.
(vi) Compare AX with BX.
(vii) Rotate the contents of Dx to write 2 times without carry.

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(viii) Multiply contents of Ax by 06H.

(ix) Load 4000 H in SP register.
(x) Copy the contents of Bx register to CS.
(xi) Signed division of BL and AL.
(xii) Rotate Ax register to right through carry 3 times.
Ans:
(i) MOV CL, 04H RCL AX, CL1
(ii) MOV BL,04h MUL BL
(iii) IDIV BL
(iv) MOV BX,2000h
(v) INC AX
(vi) CMP AX,BX
(vii) MOV CL,02H
ROR DX,CL

(viii) MOV BX,06h

MUL BX
(ix) MOV SP,4000H
(x) The contents if CS register cannot be modified directly , Hence no instructions are
used However examiner can give marks if question is attempted.
(xi) IDIV BL
(xii) MOV CL,03H
RCR AX,CL

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[Link] architectural block diagram of 8086 and describe its register

organization.
Ans:

Register Organization of 8086

1. AX (Accumulator) – Used to store the result for arithmetic / logical operations
2. BX – Base – used to hold the offset address or data
3. CX – acts as a counter for repeating or looping instructions.
4. DX – holds the high 16 bits of the product in multiply (also handles divide
operations)
5. CS – Code Segment – holds base address for all executable instructions in a program
6. SS - Base address of the stack
7. DS – Data Segment – default base address for variables
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8. ES – Extra Segment – additional base address for memory variables in extra segment.
9. BP – Base Pointer – contains an assumed offset from the SS register.
10. SP – Stack Pointer – Contains the offset of the top of the stack.
11. SI – Source Index – Used in string movement instructions. The source string is pointed
to by the SI register.
12. DI – Destination Index – acts as the destination for string movement instructions
13. IP – Instruction Pointer – contains the offset of the next instruction to be executed.
14. Flag Register – individual bit positions within register show status of CPU or results
of arithmetic operations.

[Link] in detail the program development steps in assembly

language programming.
Ans:
Program Development steps
1. Defining the problem
The first step in writing program is to think very carefully about the problem that you
want the program to solve.
2. Algorithm
The formula or sequence of operations or task need to perform by your program can be
specified as a step in general English is called algorithm.
3. Flowchart
The flowchart is a graphically representation of the program operation or task.
4. Initialization checklist
Initialization task is to make the checklist of entire variables, constants, all the registers,
flags and programmable ports.
5. Choosing instructions
We should choose those instructions that make program smaller in size and more
importantly efficient in execution.
6. Converting algorithms to assembly language program
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Every step in the algorithm is converted into program statement using correct and
efficient instructions or group of instructions.

[Link] the use of any three Branching instructions.

Ans:
BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS
Branch instruction transfers the flow of execution of the program to a new
address specified in the instruction directly or indirectly. When this type
of instruction is executed, the CS and IP registers get loaded with new values
of CS and IP corresponding to the location to be transferred. Unconditional
Branch Instructions :
1. CALL : Unconditional Call
The CALL instruction is used to transfer execution to a subprogram or
procedure by storing return address on stack There are two types of calls- NEAR
(Inter-segment) and FAR(Intra-segment call). Near call refers to a procedure call
which is in the same code segment as the call instruction and far call refers to a
procedure call which is in different code segment from that of the call
instruction.
Syntax: CALL procedure_name
2. RET: Return from the Procedure.
At the end of the procedure, the RET instruction must be executed. When it is
executed, the previously stored content of IP and CS along with Flags are
retrieved into the CS, IP and Flag registers from the stack and execution of the
main program continues further.
Syntax :RET

3. JMP: Unconditional Jump

This instruction unconditionally transfers the control of execution to the specified
address using an 8-bit or 16-bit displacement. No Flags are affected by this
instruction.
Syntax : JMP Label

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4. IRET: Return from ISR

When it is executed, the values of IP, CS and Flags are retrieved from the stack
to continue the execution of the main program.
Syntax: IRET

Conditional Branch Instructions

When this instruction is executed, execution control is transferred to the address
specified relatively in the instruction

1. JZ/JE Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if ZF=1.
2. JNZ/JNE Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if ZF=0
3. JS Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if SF=1.
4. JNS Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if SF=0.
5. JO Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if OF=1.
6. JNO Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if OF=0.
7. JNP Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if PF=0.
8. JP Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if PF=1.
9. JB Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if CF=1.
10. JNB Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if CF=0.
11. JCXZ Label
Transfer execution control to address ‘Label’, if CX=0
Conditional LOOP Instructions.
12. LOOP Label :
Decrease CX, jump to label if CX not zero.

13. LOOPE label

Decrease CX, jump to label if CX not zero and

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Equal (ZF = 1).

14. LOOPZ label

Decrease CX, jump to label if CX not zero and ZF= 1.

15. LOOPNE label

Decrease CX, jump to label if CX not zero and Not Equal (ZF = 0).

16. LOOPNZ label

Decrease CX, jump to label if CX not zero and ZF=0

[Link] any six addressing modes of 8086 with suitable diagram.

Ans:
Different addressing modes of 8086 :

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1. Immediate: In this addressing mode, immediate data is a part of instruction,

and appears in the form of successive byte or bytes.
ex. MOV AX, 0050H

2. Direct: In the direct addressing mode, a 16 bit address (offset) is directly

specified in the instruction as a part of it.
ex. MOV AX ,[1 0 0 0 H]

3. Register: In register addressing mode, the data is stored in a register and it is

referred using the particular register. All the registers except IP may be used in
this mode.
ex. 1)MOV AX,BX

4. Register Indirect: In this addressing mode, the address of the memory

location which contains data or operand is determined in an indirect way using
offset registers. The offset address of data is in either BX or SI or DI register. The
default segment register is either DS or ES.

e.g. MOV AX, BX 

5. Indexed: In this addressing mode offset of the operand is stored in one of the
index register. DS and ES are the default segments for index registers SI and DI
respectively

e.g. MOV AX, SI 

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6. Register Relative: In this addressing mode the data is available at an effective

address formed by adding an 8-bit or 16-bit displacement with the content of any
one of the registers BX, BP, SI and DI in the default either DS or ES segment.

e.g. MOV AX, 50HBX 

7. Based Indexed: In this addressing mode the effective address of the data is
formed by adding the content of a base register (any one of BX or BP) to the
content of an index register (any one of SI or DI). The default segment register
may be ES or DS.

e.g MOV AX, BX  SI 

8. Relative Based Indexed: The effective address is formed by adding an 8-bit

or 16-bit displacement with the sum of contents of any one of the base register
(BX or BP) and any one of the index registers in a default segment.

e.g. MOV AX, 50HBX SI 

9 .Implied addressing mode:
No address is required because the address is implied in the instruction itself.
e.g NOP,STC,CLI,CLD,STD

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VIMP PROGRAMS

1. Write ALP for addition of two 8 bit numbers. Assume suitable data.
Ans:
.Model small
.Data
NUM DB 12H
.Code
START:
MOV AX, @DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV AL, NUM
MOV AH,13H
ADD AL,AH
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
ENDS

END

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2. Write on ALP to count the number of positive and negative numbers in

array.
Ans:
;Count Positive No. And Negative No.S In Given ;Array Of 16 Bit No.
;Assume array of 6 no.s
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA
START: MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV DX,0000H
MOV CX,COUNT
MOV SI, OFFSET ARRAY
NEXT: MOV AX,[SI]
ROR AX,01H
JC NEGATIVE
INC DL
JMP COUNT_IT
NEGATIVE: INC DH
COUNT_IT: INC SI
INC SI
LOOP NEXT
MOV NEG_COUNT,DL
MOV POS_COUNT,DH
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS

DATA SEGMENT
ARRAY DW F423H,6523H,B658H,7612H, 2300H,1559H
COUNT DW 06H
POS_COUNT DB ?
NEG_COUNT DB ?
DATA ENDS
END START

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3. Write ALP to find the sum of series. Assume series of 10 numbers.

Ans:
; Assume TEN , 8 bit HEX numbers
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA
START: MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
LEA SI,DATABLOCK
MOV CL,0AH
UP:MOV AL,[SI]
JNC DOWN
INC REULT_MSB
DOWN:INC SI

LOOP UP
CODE ENDS

DATA SEGMENT
DATABLOCK DB 45H,02H,88H,29H,05H,45H,78H,

95H,62H,30H
RESULT_LSB DB 0
RESULT_MSB DB 0
DATA ENDS

END

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4. Write an ALP to count ODD and EVEN numbers in array.

Ans:
;Count ODD and EVEN No.S In Given ;Array Of 16 Bit No.
;Assume array of 10 no.s

CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA
START: MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV DX,0000H
MOV CX,COUNT
MOV SI, OFFSET ARRAY1
NEXT: MOV AX,[SI]
ROR AX,01H
JC ODD_1
INC DL
JMP COUNT_IT
ODD_1 : INC DH
COUNT_IT: INC SI
INC SI
LOOP NEXT
MOV ODD_COUNT,DH
MOV EVENCNT,DL
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS

DATA SEGMENT
ARRAY1 DW F423H, 6523H, B658H, 7612H, 9875H,
2300H, 1559H, 1000H, 4357H, 2981H
COUNT DW 0AH
ODD_COUNT DB ?
EVENCNT DB ?
DATA ENDS
END START

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5. Write an ALP to perform block transfer operation of 10 numbers.

Ans:
;Assume block of TEN 16 bit no.s
;Data Block Transfer Using String Instruction CODE
SEGMENT
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA,ES:EXTRA MOV
AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX MOV AX,EXTRA
MOV ES,AX MOV CX,000AH
LEA SI,BLOCK1
LEA DI,ES:BLOCK2 CLD
REPNZ MOVSW MOV
AX,4C00H INT 21H
CODE ENDS DATA
SEGMENT
BLOCK1 DW 1001H,4003H,6005H,2307H,4569H, 6123H, 1865H,
2345H,4000H,8888H
DATA ENDS EXTRA SEGMENT
BLOCK2 DW ? EXTRA ENDS
END

6. Write an ALP using procedure to solve equation such as Z = (A + B) * (C + D)

Ans:
; Procedure For Addition
SUM PROC NEAR
ADD AL,BL
RET
SUM ENDP

DATA SEGMENT
NUM1 DB 10H
NUM2 DB 20H
NUM3 DB 30H
NUM4 DB 40H
RESULT DB?
DATA ENDS

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CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS: CODE,DS:DATA

START:MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
MOV AL,NUM1
MOV BL,NUM2
CALL SUM
MOV CL,AL
MOV AL, NUM3
MOV BL,NUM4
CALL SUM
MUL CL
MOV RESULT,AX
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END

7. Write an ALP using macro to perform multiplication of two 8 bit unsigned

numbers.
Ans:
; Macro For Multiplication

PRODUCT MACRO FIRST,SECOND

MOV AL,FIRST
MOV BL,SECOND
MUL BL
PRODUCT ENDM

DATA SEGMENT
NO1 DB 05H
NO2 DB 04H
MULTIPLE DW ?
DATA ENDS

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CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS: CODE,DS:DATA
START:MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
PRODUCT NO1,NO2
MOV MULTIPLE, AX
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END

8. Write an ALP to add two 16-bit numbers.

Ans:
DATA SEGMENT
NUMBER1 DW 6753H
NUMBER2 DW 5856H
SUM DW 0
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA
START: MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AX, NUMBER1
MOV BX, NUMBER2
ADD AX, BX
MOV SUM, AX
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H

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CODE ENDS
END START

9. Write an ALP to find length of string.

Ans:
Data Segment
STRG DB 'GOOD MORNING$'
LEN DB ?
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START:
ASSUME CS: CODE, DS : DATA
MOV DX, DATA
MOV DS,DX
LEA SI, STRG
MOV CL,00H
MOV AL,'$'
NEXT: CMP AL,[SI]
JZ EXIT
ADD CL,01H
INC SI
JMP
NEXT EXIT: MOV LEN,CL
MOV AH,4CH

INT 21H
CODE ENDS
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[Link] an assembly language program to solve p = x2 + y2 using macro. (x

and y are 8-bit numbers)
Ans:
.MODEL SMALL

PROG MACRO a,b

MOV al,a

MUL al

MOV bl,al

MOV al,b

MUL al

ADD al,bl

ENDM

.DATA

x DB 02H

y DB 03H

p DB DUP()

.CODE

START:

MOV ax,data

MOV ds,ax

PROG x, y
MOV p,al

MOV ah,4Ch

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Int 21H

END

[Link] an ALP to count no. of 0’s in 16 bit number.

Ans:
DATA SEGMENT
N DB 1237H
Z DB 0
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME DS:DATA, CS:CODE
START:
MOV DX,DATA
MOV DS,DX
MOV AX, N
MOV CL,08
NEXT: ROL AX,01
JC ONE
INC Z
ONE: LOOP NEXT
HLT
CODE ENDS
END START

[Link] an ALP to find largest number in array of elements 10 H, 24 H, 02 H,

05 H, 17 H.
Ans:
DATA SEGMENT
ARRAY DB 10H,24H,02H,05H,17H
LARGEST DB 00H
DATA ENDS
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CODE SEGMENT
START:
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA
MOV DX,DATA
MOV DS,DX
MOV CX,04H
MOV SI ,OFFSET
ARRAY MOV AL,[SI]
UP: INC SI
CMP AL,[SI]
JNC NEXT
MOV AL,[SI]
NEXT: DEC CX
JNZ UP
MOV LARGEST,AL
MOV AX,4C00H
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START

[Link] an ALP for addition of series of 8-bit number using procedure.

Ans:
DATA SEGMENT
NUM1 DB 10H,20H,30H,40H,50H
RESULT DB 0H
CARRY DB 0H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA
START: MOV DX,DATA
MOV DS, DX
MOV CL,05H
MOV SI, OFFSET NUM1
UP: CALL SUM
INC SI
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LOOP UP
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H

SUM PROC; Procedure to add two 8 bit numbers

MOV AL,[SI]
ADD RESULT, AL
JNC NEXT
INC CARRY
NEXT: RET
SUM ENDP
CODE ENDS
END START

[Link] an ALP to reverse a string. Also draw flowchart for same.

Ans:
Program:
DATA SEGMENT
STRB DB 'GOOD MORNING$'
REV DB 0FH DUP(?)
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START:ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA
MOV DX,DATA
MOV DS,DX
LEA SI,STRB
MOV CL,0FH
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 V2V EdTech LLP | MIC (CO/IT/AIML) (22415) | Super 25 Q&A

LEA DI,REV
ADD DI,0FH
UP:MOV AL,[SI]
MOV [DI],AL
INC SI
DEC DI
LOOP UP
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START

Flowchart:

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 V2V EdTech LLP | MIC (CO/IT/AIML) (22415) | Super 25 Q&A

[Link] an ALP to arrange numbers in array in descending order.

Ans:
DATA SEGMENT
ARRAY DB 15H,05H,08H,78H,56H
DATA ENDS
CODE SEGMENT
START:ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA
MOV DX,DATA
MOV DS,DX
MOV BL,05H

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 V2V EdTech LLP | MIC (CO/IT/AIML) (22415) | Super 25 Q&A

STEP1: MOV SI,OFFSET ARRAY

MOV CL,04H
STEP: MOV AL,[SI]
CMP AL,[SI+1]
JNC DOWN

XCHG AL,[SI+1]
XCHG AL,[SI]

DOWN:ADD SI,1
LOOP STEP
DEC BL
JNZ STEP1
MOV AH,4CH
INT 21H
CODE ENDS
END START

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