ACKNOWLEDGMEN
T
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to
my physics teacher Priyanka mam for this
vital support, guidance and encouragement
without which this project would not have
come forth from my side! I wish to extend my
heartiest thanks.
INTRODUCTION
Sir Issac newton gave many laws of nature.
In his First law of motion, he described the
inherent property of matters, qualitatively.
In his second law, he wrote “A force action on
a body
gives it an accelaration which is in the
direction of
force and has a magnitude given by mass.”
So, it describes force quantitatively also.
In his third law, he describes how force are
exerted.
Therefore, we can say he discovered “Force”.
CONTENTS
1. What is force ?
2. Who discovered Gravitational law ?
3. Calculations used by Newton.
4. Calculating the constant.
5. Gravity- A Special case.
6. Effect of Gravity and its uses.
WHAT IS FORCE ?
The force is an external effort(cause) in the
form of a push or pull which either changes or
tends to change the state of rest or the
uniform motion of a body along a straight line.
They are classified into two categories:-
(i) Contact Force.-
Frictional force, normal reaction,tensile
force etc.
(ii) Non-Contact Force.-
electric, magnetic, gravitational force
WHO DISCOVERED
GRAVITATIONAL
LAW?
# Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
# Perhaps the greatest genius of all time
# Invented the reflecting telescope
# Invented calculus
# Connected gravity and planetary forces
Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica
DISCOVERY OF
GRAVITATIONAL
FORCE
# In 1665, Issac Newton performed brilliant
theoretical and experimental tasks in
mechanics
and optics.
# In this year, he focused his attention on the
motion of the moon about the earth
# While doing so, he had a question that what
is theforce that makes moon to revolve.
# He had data that moon revolves round the
earth in 27.3 days.
# Its distance from earth is R=3.85 x 10^5
km.
# The acceleration of moon is , therefore,
α=ω^2R
α=[2π/T] 2 x R
= 4π^2 x (3.85 x 10^5 km)/(27.3 days)^2
Velocity=displacement/time
0.0027 m/s^2
Displacement and time were converted into SI
units.
He had a belief that earth is making the moon
to revolve.
APPLE FALLING
INCIDENT
# Newton was sitting under an apple tree
when an apple fell down from the tree on the
earth.
# This sparked the idea that the earth
attracts all bodies toward sits centre.
# He declared that the laws of nature are
same for earthly and celestial bodies.
CALCULATIONS
USED BY NEWTON
# The acceleration of a body falling near the
earth’s surface is about 9.8 m/s^2 and
moon’s acceleration is 0.0027m/s^2. Thus,
Aapple
______________
Amoon
= 9.8 m/s^2
_______________ = 3600 …….(1)
0.0027 m/s^2
Distance of the moon from the earth
_________________________________________
Distance of the apple from the earth
= dmoon 3.58 x 10^5 km
____________ = __________________________________ = 60
…….(2)
dapple 6400 km
By comparing (1) and (2)
Aapple dmoon
___________ = [ _________ ]^2
Amoon dapple
Newton guessed that,
Acceleration a ∝ 1/r^2 ……(1)
He had,
F ∝ M , (Newton’s second law) ……(2)
Therefore F ∝ M/r^2. ( From 1) …….
(3)
By Newton’s Third Law of motion,
F∝M
Combining (3) and (4),
F ∝ Mm/r^2
GMm
F = __________
r^2
Where,
# F = Force of attraction between the two
particles.
# M = mass of first particle.
# m = mass of second particle.
# r = distance between the centers of the
first and second particle.
# G = Universal gravitational constant. =
6.67 x 10^-11 Nm^2/kg
Dimensional formula of F is [MLT^-2]
S.I. Unit = N (Newton)
C.G.S. Unit = dyne
CHARACTERISTICS
OF GRAVITATIONAL
FORCE
# Always acts as “Force of Attraction”.
# Form an action-reaction pair.
# Central Forces.
# Independent of the presence of other
bodies and properties of the intervening
medium.
# Weakest Force.
DEFINATION
The force of attraction between any two
material particles is directly proportional to
the product of the masses of the particles and
inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them. It acts along the line
joining the two particles
i.e,
Mm
F ∝ ________
r^2
CALCULATING THE
GRAVITIONAL
CONSTANT
# First measurement was done by
Cavendish in1798,about 71 years after the
law was formulated.
# The Gravitational constant G is a small
quantity and its measurement needs very
sensitive arrangement.
# Value of G was given through Cavendish
Experiment
CAVENDISH’S
EXPERIMENT
In 1798 Sir Henry Cavendish suspended a rod
with two small masses (red) from a thin wire.
Two larger mass(silver) attract the small
masses and cause the wire to twist slightly,
since each force of attraction produces a
torque in the same direction. By varying the
masses and measuring the separations and
the amount of twist, Cavendish was the first
to calculate G.
G = 6.67 x 10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2
ASSUMPTIONS
# Earth was treated as a single particle
placed at its centre.
# Newton spent several years to prove
that a spherically symmetric body can be
replaced by a point particle as its centre.
# In this process he discovered the
methods of Calculus.
# He did it by use of Calculus.
# It was then, applicable for the bodies if
their entire mass were concentrated at
their centre of mass.
# Hence, it is applicable to all, whatever
the size may be.
EVIDENCE IN
SUPPORT OF THE
LAW
# It is a Universal Law. It explains motion
of heavenly bodies.
# The predictions of eclipses comes true.
# Tides in oceans because of attraction
between moon and ocean water.
# The predictions about orbits and time
periods of artificial satellites found to be
correct
GRAVITY- A
SPECIAL CASE
Gravity is the force by which earth attracts a
body towards its centre.
GMem
Fe = ____________
Re^2
Where,
# Fe = forces of attraction between Earth and
particle of mass m.
# Me = mass of Earth.
# m = mass of particle.
# Re = distance between the centers of the
Earth and particle.
# G = Universal gravitational constant =
6.67 x 10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2
GRAVITY ON EARTH
# Follows Newton's Law of Universal
Gravitation by Newton’s second law , F =
mg
# Compare with F = mg so, g = GM/r^2
# g depends inversely on the square of
the distance.
# depends on the mass of the planet.
# Nominally, g= 9.8 m/s^2 or 32.2 ft/s^2
# At the equator , g= 9.78 m/s^2
# At the North pole, g= 9.83 m/s^2
# g on the Moon is 1/6 of g on Earth.
USES OF GRAVITY
# Provides necessary centripetal force to
moon to revolve.
# Provides force to Satellites to revolve
round the earth.
# To make the bodies fall from height.
# Formation of Tides in the ocean.
