Pakistan Journal of Criminology

Vol. 16, No. 02, April—June 2024 (929-942)

Online Gambling Addiction: A Study among College Students of Kerala
State, India

Pranav Prakash1, Surbhi Girdhar2 & Antony Jose3

Abstract
Online Gambling may increase rates of disordered gambling due to its high
degree of accessibility, immersive interface and simply spending money for these
activities. The problem of college students developing an addiction to internet
gambling has received increased attention recently in India. The availability of
online gambling sites and the pervasive use of mobile devices puts a lot of college
students at risk of developing a gambling addiction. Teenagers engage in both
regulated and non-regulated forms of gambling. Different forms of non-regulated
gambling activities include skill-based games, dice, sports betting, and card games
amongst peers. Online gambling has opened the doors for entrepreneurs to be
involved in fraud, theft, extortion, and money laundering in the gambling sites. This
study through a questionnaire survey investigates the exponential growth of online
gambling. The objective of the study is to bring out the demographic variables’
influence on online gambling addiction among college Students.

Keywords: Gambling addiction, College Students, Gaming Law, Risk factors,

Online Gambling
Introduction
The problem of college students developing an addiction to internet
gambling has received increased attention recently in India. The availability of
online gambling sites and the pervasive use of mobile devices puts a lot of college
students at risk of developing a gambling addiction. Addiction to internet gambling
can have serious side effects, such as social isolation, financial hardships, and
scholastic challenges. Gambling is the act of placing a wager or stalking something
of worth on the result of a game or an unknown event while being aware of the
danger and hoping to make money. The outcome could be decided by accident or
chance, or it could have an unexpected outcome due to the bettor's incorrect
calculation. Gambling has a character because of the time between making a
gamble and knowing the outcome. Examples of gambling start from lotteries,

1
Research Scholar, Department of Criminology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Coimbatore - 641114, India. pranavprakash750@[Link], ORC ID: 0009-0008-5217-683X
2
Assistant Professor, Shri Vaishnav Institute of Forensic Sciences, Shri Vaishnav Vidhyapeeth
Vishwavidhayala, Indore – 453111, India, Email ID: surbhigirdhar@[Link],
3
Assistant Professor, PG Department of English, Naipunnya Institute of Management and Information
Technology, Thrissur- 680308, India. frantony@[Link], ORC ID: 0000-0003-0345-3710
930 Pranav Prakash, Surbhi Girdhar & Antony Jose
instant lotteries, bingo, betting on billiards or pool, card games, private sports
betting /sports lotteries, casino games, video lottery terminals, internet gambling,
dice etc. Online gambling can be defined as being involved in betting on casinos or
sports over the internet. It is also known as Internet Gambling or e-gambling.
Usually, credit cards are used to place the bet, and wins or losses are enjoyed
thereby (Kumar, 2020).
Contrary to popular belief, research and clinical work shows that money is
not only the reason teenagers gamble (Aris et al., 2019; Auer & Griffiths, 2023;
Cooper, 2023; Derevensky & Gilbeau, 2015; Emond & Griffiths, 2020; Kang et al.,
2019; Kim et al., 2017; Ricijas et al., 2016; Wu, 2023). Money is used as a means
to pursue gambling activities. Mostly the adolescents play the game for fun, and
excitement for making money. Those who are involved in gambling activities and
experience gambling problems say that they play it to escape and to forget about
their problems. Gambling activities lead to addiction when it is played
continuously. There are games which are played with luck and skill-based. Games
of luck are games in which the results depend, either partially or totally, on luck.
Practice does not increase a person's chance of winning, and a player's knowledge
or skill has little or no control over the result. The nature of luck-based games is
such that all events are unique and independent. Examples include bingo, roulette,
the lottery and the slot machines. Games of skills are games in which a certain level
of knowledge is required, the player can at least in part, control the result of a
certain game. Practice can make a person a better player. For example, sports are
considered games of skill (soccer, golf, billiards etc.) As well as other games such
as chess, some board games and card games.
Teenagers engage in both regulated and non-regulated forms of gambling.
Provincial lotteries are offered, and organized and are under the direct supervision
of the state or country. While there are regional and national differences, it is
generally prohibited to let minors participate in any of these types of activities.
Other forms of non-regulated gambling activities include skill-based games, dice,
sports betting and card games amongst peers. The most popular form of gambling
among high school students was card games, followed by instant lotteries, skill-
based activities, sports betting and bingo. Girls tend to gamble less than boys, but in
proportion, boys are more likely to be involved in it. Boys prefer cards, sports
betting and skill-based activities, whereas girls are more interested in instant
lotteries, cards and bingo. Online gambling allows unlimited access to any
gambling platform and this can cause very much problems. Due to its ease of
concealment, internet gambling addiction is more likely to develop. Since it doesn't
interfere with their ability to work or participate in social activities, online gamblers
might not even be aware that they have a problem. Friends and family members
 Pakistan Journal of Criminology 931
may not even be aware that their loved one gambles and therefore can't help them.
There are a lot of risk factors in the case of online gambling because of the
widespread opportunities in cyberspace. Participation in online gambling continues
to increase in tandem with its deregulation, prolific advertising, the widespread
uptake of computer and mobile technologies, and increased availability of high-
speed internet access (Gainsbury et al., 2013; Hing et al., 2017; Wood & Williams,
2009).
The appropriate mechanisms must be adopted in the case of online
gambling organisations. As a result of this scenario, good governance will help to
limit the effect of crimes which is happening because of online gambling
organisations and their wider society (Banks, 2012). Online gaming has gained very
much popularity and acceptance and in the case of the virtual world, online
gambling has touched its highest level. Internet access is nowadays easy and it
makes online gaming easier this can cause addiction and may lead to online abuse.
The impact of addiction and different types of online gaming disorders among
youth in Kerala has been analysed. The whole study has concluded that online
gaming has its pros and cons in the case of our real world (Aswathy et al., 2019).
The Research has been carried out in the case of the approach to conduct an
assessment among young adults in the case of online gambling and the transition
starts from social casino games to online gambling and it has been carried out by
making the young adults into focus groups. The demographic details, frequency of
gambling their understanding of online gambling and the incentives which attended
them towards it. The transitions can have negative impacts on society (Kim et al.,
2017).
The anonymity in the case of bitcoin transactions has played a part in case
of the criminals engaging in unlawful activities. Darknet is defined as a small part
of the deep web, which is unable to be approached using standard web browsers.
Illegal online gambling operations are being carried out without any tracing. The
Routine activity theory (Cohen & Felson, 1979), is being taken for a better
understanding of Illegal online gambling activity and they could explain the
incident of crime. Anonymous gambling causes many problems such as illegal
operators, adolescent gambling, fraud or money laundering. Effective
implementations want to be done in case of the Digital Forensics Updating. From
the information from 53 sites on the surface web and dark web, the analysis was
conducted. Illegal online gambling trends and patterns help understand future
operations and activities (Choi et al., 2020).
The accessibility of the internet and social media has significantly
contributed towards the growth of Online gambling platforms. The monetary
features are being used mostly in the case of gambling and stimulate gambling
932 Pranav Prakash, Surbhi Girdhar & Antony Jose
activities and the interaction between gamblers and gamers is also increased. The
including of both gambling and gaming for comparison in understanding these
communities and their differences. The role of Virtual gambling communities in
gaming behaviour, the role of Virtual gaming communities in monetary gaming
behaviour and the major qualitative differences between virtual gambling and
gaming communities have been analysed. Both qualitative and quantitative and
mixed method studies are included in the whole data. Increasing awareness is
essential for all people in society to reduce excessive behaviour and money
consumption (Sirola et al., 2021). The vast growth in technology and feasibility of
the internet has enhanced the Online gambling industry a lot and many of them
argue in the case of its Regulation and Prohibition. The problem of no proper
Central legislation in the case of Online gambling is also a major problem. Even the
Law Commission Report states that it is very problematic to ban all the activities
because of the nature of the technology and its reach among the common society.
Many legal aspects can be implemented in case of the online gambling and this will
make the extensive use of this industry for illegal activities more complicated
(Anand, 2018).
The highly profitable nature of Internet gambling has proliferated the
participation of people in it. The compulsive gaming nature has emerged in youth
populations and cybercrimes are being happened widely. Regulations are to be
made in case of the internet gambling and a complete banning is impossible it will
be ineffective and benefits will be yielded by the government through proper
Regulations. Proper implementation of laws will even contribute to the economy of
the government (Fidelie, 2009). Online gambling includes a wide range of activities
and the operative nature of the gambling company is for substantial profit.
Problems and benefits of online gambling will create an impact in the case of
gamblers. Regulations in case of the online gambling can be done with suitable
employees, provision of identification, fair practices, respondent gaming and anti-
money laundering. Various countries have different legislations in the case of
online gambling. The debates regarding case of regulation and prohibition of online
gambling are continuing. COVID-19 has created a huge impact even in case of the
gambling, and among high-risk online gamblers it has created many psychological
Issues. There is a highly problematic nature which affects the gambling status,
mental health, financial difficulties and risky substance use among online gamblers.
The prevention of harm and mitigation efforts from the side of decision-makers will
only enhance gambling harm prevention in COVID-19 time (Price et al., 2023).
The study has been focussing on the case of behavioural addictions, and
treatment considerations and also focusses on the future directions. The
enhancement and diagnosis in case of the identification of behavioural addictions is
 Pakistan Journal of Criminology 933
very important and may reduce the public health burden of this kind of condition.
Gambling disorders which lead to behavioural addiction are very impactful among
problematic gamblers (Yau & Potenza, 2015). Internet gambling has created
problems among the youth in case of Risk-involved gambling and gambling
activities with and without money. The students who have gambled on the Internet
have more Risk-taking attitudes than the non-gamblers. More attention is needed to
those who have the characteristics to be involved in internet gambling. As with any
other addiction prevention strategies, there must be some initiatives for Internet
gambling activities mostly in the case of the young age groups (Mcbride &
Derevensky, 2012).
Online gambling has opened the doors for entrepreneurs to be involved in
fraud, theft, extortion and money laundering in the gambling sites. This study
through a questionnaire survey investigates the exponential growth of online
gambling. The objective of the study is to bring out the demographic variables’
influence on online gambling addiction among college Students.

Laws and Regulations in the Context

As Gambling has been one of the most pleasurable pastime games in India,
most gambling games require you to risk money to get the desired results. But
nowadays, Indian people are more than just immersed in technology and its high-
tech devices. They play online casinos in India at a cheaper price in comparison to a
physical Casino setup. Many Indians have become dependent on gambling games
due to the country's escalating pandemic conditions. They have started to look
forward to gambling prize money to fulfil their social as well as financial needs.
Such practices have led to an increase in money laundering and black money
sources in India. Betting and gambling can be found in part II of the state list. They
have been mentioned in detail in the seventeenth schedule of the Indian
Constitution. In other words, this simply means that the state government can
exercise full control over betting and gambling practices in their state. They can
also formulate their state-specific laws. A good example of this is the choice given
to most states for the adoption of the (“The Goa, Daman and Diu Public Gambling
Act, 1976,” n.d.)
Every state in India has different laws on gambling. So, the acts which are
considered as an offence in one state may not be a problem in another state.
Afterwards, central legislation named, the Public Gaming Act, of 1867 came. Some
states like Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab have adopted the legislation
while others have legislation of their own. In the legislation, there is no mention of
online gambling. Sikkim and Nagaland are the first states to include provisions
related to online gambling. If the state legislations are being considered in the case
934 Pranav Prakash, Surbhi Girdhar & Antony Jose
of online gambling, only the states of Orissa and Assam have included the game of
skills in the case of the dimensions of gambling laws. No other states have done this
so far. However, the game of poker is permitted to be played in the offline and
online mode under the state legislation of West Bengal, Nagaland and Sikkim with
prior approval in the form of a licence from the state authority. In the state of Goa,
the government operates premises, also known as Casinos, which are open for
gambling. Well, the act prohibits any kind of gambling activities but the absence of
provision related to online gambling is a loophole in the act. However, the cases are
decided based on whether the act is a game of skill or a game of chance. All cyber
activities or Online gambling in India are regulated under the IT Act, of 2000. The
act prohibits online gambling activities and prescribes a punishment for persons
indulging in such activities would be fined Indian rupees 100,000 or would receive
imprisonment of up to 5 years (Kumar, 2020).
Kerala allows many types of gambling and it is one of few states that is a
little more lenient when it comes to legal betting. All though quite a few forms of
gambling are outlawed there are several ways to take part in legal gambling in
Kerala. While games of skill, betting on horse racing and the lottery are legal in the
state. You still cannot legally wager at gambling houses within the state of Kerala.
Other forms of sports betting are also outlawed. Recently the high court heard a
plea requesting that the state outlaw online betting, especially in terms of online
rummy. Just like the rest of the country, the betting laws of Kerala are regulated by
the Public Gambling Act of 1867. This act allows individual states to decide on
most of their gambling regulations. In the case of Kerala, the state is regulated by
the Kerala Paper Lotteries (Regulation) Act, 1998
In February 2021 the Kerala High Court directed the state government to
decide on the legality of online gambling and betting within the state (“Online
Gambling and Betting: Kerala High Court Tells State Govt to Decide on Law,”
2021). Within a few days, the court overturned the ban on Online Rummy (India’s
Kerala High Court Overturns Ban On Online Rummy, 2021). Not all the news
about Kerala’s legal betting is bleak. There is at least one bright star. Kerala is one
of the thirteen states that currently runs a legal state lottery. Kerala’s lottery is
regulated by the Kerala Paper Lotteries (Regulation) Rules of 1998. It was the first
state in India to set up its lottery. This was back in 1967 and was started by the late
Shri. P. K. Kunju Sahib. The idea was to raise extra funds to help the less fortunate
in the area. Although private lotteries were outlawed in the state, since then it has
been possible to buy legal lottery tickets in Kerala.
Under the Public Gambling Act of 1867, punters within Kerala cannot
place bets on outcome-based events. So, for example, Kerala cricket betting is not
allowed anywhere in the state. The only sports betting in Thiruvananthapuram that
 Pakistan Journal of Criminology 935
is allowed is horse racing. Horse racing is consistently excluded from the Public
Gambling Act of 1867. The reason for this is that a while back this type of betting
was ruled a game of skill. If you are keen to place your bets on other sports, you
might want to take your business online. For the moment you can still bet on sports
like cricket if you wager at sportsbooks based offshore. Card games like Rummy
and Poker are viewed as games of skill and for this reason, players can feel free to
play both card games in Kerala. It does get a little more complicated when money is
involved. So, you might have a hard time finding a legal gambling house within the
state where you can wager real money on your favourite card games. Until the
regulations officially change, you are best off playing your favourite games of skill
online.
Following a plea in the Kerala High Court that sought to ban online
gambling apps such as online rummy, the High Court has directed the state
government to take a decision. This might mean that soon, online gambling may
come to be included within the purview of the Kerala Gaming Act, of 1960. The
Kerala Gaming Act prohibits gambling and betting in the state, and the formal
inclusion of online gambling in the Act will put a stop to the growth of the industry
in Kerala. Up until now, online gambling existed outside the radius of formal laws,
making it a convenient loophole for many online gaming apps and betting websites
to placate. And as a result, the industry has seen a great rise in the number of users
in 2020. The pandemic and the lockdown made things easier for real-money
gaming apps, which became a great comfort for people stuck at home, with little
else to do.

Materials and Methods

Utilizing the Purposive Sampling Method, a questionnaire survey study
was carried out among college students in the Malappuram District of Kerala, India,
gathering 100 samples. This data is processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20
software. the purpose was to analyse the presence of Online Gambling and the level
of Online Gambling addiction concerning the demographic variables among college
Students. According to the statistics gathered, 40% of all respondents were female
and 60% of all respondents were male, between the age category 18-24. In this,
52% of respondents were Undergraduates, 33% were postgraduates, and 15% were
doing other courses.

Results and Discussions

Regarding the awareness among the students of the items on online
gaming, among these just 4% of respondents are aware of the Online Gaming Act
1960, which the basic Act in the case of Online Gaming in the state, and
936 Pranav Prakash, Surbhi Girdhar & Antony Jose
interestingly. 34% of respondents are aware of the financial fraud in Online
Gambling Games and 40% of the respondents know the victims of Online
Gambling Games. All (100%) the respondents are aware of the betting in the online
games and 17% of the respondents have involved in the betting. Chart -1 below
shows the gender-wise distribution of the data concerning involvement in sports
betting:

Chart 1- Sports Betting Concerning Gender

Of those involved in sports betting, 82.35% are male students and only 17.65% are
female students. 90% of the respondents play the games through their mobile
phones and the rest play through laptops and other gadgets. 82% of the respondents
enter the gambling apps through links shared on social media platforms. There are a
lot of online gambling games which involve the usage of money for betting
 Pakistan Journal of Criminology 937
activities 65% of the respondents play Dream 11, 28% of respondents play MPL,
4% play other games such as Poker, Roulette, Casino games, and 3% play Rummy
Circle. However, when data is distributed across the ages as Chart-2 below shows
other games are very much preferred game for students aged between 22-24. Games
related to Cricket like Dream 11 and MPL are preferred games across all age
groups, and Rummy Circle is not at all preferred by age groups 20-22, basically
they are Postgraduate students.

Chart 2- Preferred Gambling Game concerning age

The interesting factor on time spent gaming is that 61% of the respondents
spend 3-4 hours a day for online games, and 21% of them more than 4 hours. 70%
of the respondents use cash bonuses for playing further. Cash bonuses attract
students. When analysing the data processed on cash bonuses with respect to
938 Pranav Prakash, Surbhi Girdhar & Antony Jose
playing hours, those who get cash bonuses play 4 or more hours when compared to
those who don’t have cash bonuses as shown in chart 3 below:

Chart 3 – Playing Hours concerning Cash Bonus

About the affective and psychological area, 65% of them have sometimes, and 26%
of them frequently experience stress while playing. 44% of them sometimes, 11%
of them frequently get angry, and 38% never get angry when someone stops them.
77% of them are frequent and 14% of them are sometimes stressed about losing
money while playing.
 Pakistan Journal of Criminology 939

Chart 4 – Stress concerning Age

Chart 4 explains the stress experienced while playing concerning the age category.
As the chart shows, students aged between 20-24 are stressed at different levels
while playing Online Gambling Games. A significant percentage (66.67%) of the
students between the age group 18-20 never experienced stress while playing. It
may be because they are beginners in the game and they approach the game lightly.
In the last age group (24 & above), 33.33% of students reported that they are never
stressed. It may be because they may be experienced through the years.

Conclusion
College students in Kerla are prone to be involved in Online Gambling
Games. This may be due to different reasons. First of all, although the State law
940 Pranav Prakash, Surbhi Girdhar & Antony Jose
restricts gambling, it does not ban them. Another reason is as data analysis shows,
90% of the respondents play the games through their mobile phones and phones are
readily available among college students and all of them are very active on social
media. Being able to easily access gaming at any time of day, from any location,
and using any device with internet connectivity makes online gambling more
preferred among college students. As the data reveals 82% of the respondents enter
the gambling apps through links shared on social media platforms. So, the chances
of being involved in the games are greater. Indeed, awareness of Online Gaming
laws and regulations, financial fraud involved in the games, and the possibility of
victimhood are very low. Thus, effective measures should be taken to make the
students aware of the real situations they are in. Following are some of the
recommendations:
 Strong cyber law implementation and consistent updating are needed to
prevent victimhood.
 Encourage parents and mentors to monitor the use of digital gadgets among
their students.
 Awareness sessions for students on online Gaming laws and regulations,
financial fraudulence and the possibility of victimhood can be
implemented.

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