DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL,
MECHATRONICES ANDMANUFACTURING
ENGINEERING (NEW CAMPUS) UNIVERSITY OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
LAHORE-PAKISTAN
Submitted To:
Dr. Zaid Anwar
Submitted By:
Name: Muhammad Salman
Reg. No: 2021-ME-364
Assignment
Question No: 1
a)
A closed combustion chamber is designed so that it maintains a constant
pressure of 300 kPa during a combustion process. The combustion chamber has an
initial volume of 0.5 m3 and contains a stoichiometric mixture of octane (C8H18)
as and air at 25°C. The mixture is now ignited, and the product gases are observed
to be at 1000 K at the end of the combustion process. Assuming complete
combustion, and treating both the reactants and the products as ideal gases,
determine the heat transfer from the combustion chamber during this process.
Solution:
The theoretical combustion equation of C8H18 with stoichiometric amount of air is,
C{8}*H{15} + alpha{11}(O{2} + 3.76N{2}) -> 8C*O{2}+ 9H{2}*O+ 3.76alpha{H}*N{2}
Here, alpha {2lambda} is the stoichiometric coefficient and is calculated from
O {2} balance.
Alpha {w} = 8 + 4.5 = 12.5
C {8}*H {18} + 12.5(O {2} + 3.76N {2}) -> 8C*O {2} + 9 H {2}*O + 47N {2}
➢ Apply the energy balance equation.
Ein -Eout = Delta E
-Qout = ∑ Np (hf + h - h -PV) P - sum NR (hf+h –h -P V)R
o
For constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process
Delta*U + WP= Delta*H
Consider the first law relation,
-Q out = sum NP (hf + h1000K - h298K) P - sum NR h f, R
Hence, the reactants are at the standard reference of 25°C. Both the reactants and
products behave as ideal gas.
-Q out = ∑ NP (h f + h - h) - ∑ NP (h {f} + h-h)
Substance ho (KJ/Kmol) h298K(KJ/Kmol) h1000K(KJ/Kmol)
C8H18 -208450 --
O2 0 8682 31389
N2 0 8669 30129
H2 O -241820 9904 35882
CO2 -393520 9364 42769
-Qout=(8)(-393520+42769-9364)+(9)(-241820+35882-990+47(0+30129-8669)-
(1)(-208,450)-0-0
-Qout =-3606428kJ Q out =3606428kJ (per kmol of C8H18)
For the total mole numbers initially present in the combustion
N {1} = (R*V {1})/(R*T {1}) = ((300kPa) (0.5m3)) / ((8.314) (298K))
=0.06054 kmol
N {1} = 0.06054/ (1 + (2.5 * 4.76)) = 1.001 * 10-3
Qout = (1.001*10-3 km ol C g H 18) (3606428kJ/km ol C 3 H 1s)
Qout =3610kJ
Hence, the heat transfer from the combustion chamber is 3610 kJ.
b)
A piston–cylinder device contains products of combustion from the combustion of a
hydrocarbon fuel with air. The combustion process results in a mixture that has the
composition on a volume basis as follows: 4.89 percent carbon dioxide, 6.50 percent
water vapor, 12.20 percent oxygen, and 76.41 percent nitrogen. This mixture is
initially at 1800 K and 1 MPa and expands in an adiabatic, reversible process to 200
kPa. Determine the work done on the piston by the gas, in kJ/kg of mixture. Treat
the water vapor as an ideal gas.
Solution:
The molar mars of the mixture:
M= YCO2 MCO2 + YH2O MH2O + YO2 MO2 +YN2 MN2
M = (0.481) (44) + (0.065) (18) + (0.122) (32) + (0.7641) (28)
Mm = 28.63KJ/Kmol
Mass fractions:
mf CO2 = 0.0489* 44 / 28.63 =0.07516
mf H2 O = 0.65* 18 / 28.63 = 0.0.403g
mf O2 = 0.122 * 32 / (28.63) = 0 .1363
mf N2 = 0.7641* 28 / 28.63 =0.7476
The entropic at initial states!
At T=1800k;
P CO2 = 0.0489×1000 = 48.9 k Pa ……S CO2= 7.0148 kJ/kg k
P H2 O =0.065*1000=65 k Pa……....S H2 O=14*5 g KJ/Kg k
P O2 = 0.122 ×1000 = 122 k Pa ……….S O2=8.257 kJ/kg k
P N2 = 0.7641×1000 = 7641 k Pa………S N2= 8.2133 kJ/kg k
Since, for an isentropic process:
Delta S = 0
Solving for the final temp:
T2 = 1253k
From table:
At,
T1= 1800 K, U CO2 = -7478 KJ/kg
U H2 O = -1077 KJ/kg
U O2 = 1147 KJ/kg
U N2 = 1214 KJ/kg
At,
T1= 1253 K, U CO2 = -8102 KJ/kg
U H2 O = -11955 KJ/kg
U O2 = 662.8 KJ/kg
U N2 = 696.5 KJ/kg
Now applying an energy balance to the system!
Qin – Wout= 4m
Wout =- 4m
Wout = [0.07516 ((-8102)-(-4478)] 0.0408 [(-11855)-(-10723)) -0.136 3[662.8-
1147]-0.747[696.5 - 1214]
Wout = 547.8 kJ / kg
Question No: 2
Air enters a nozzle at a pressure 4 MPa and 425 Celsius, it leaves at 0.7 MPa. The
exit area is 5000 mm2 . The expansion through the nozzle is adiabatic. Determine.
a) The mass flow rate through the nozzle
b) The throat area
c) The Mach number at the exit
Solution:
a) Mass flow rate
M = P1A1V1 = P2A2V2
We know V2 >>>V1 in nozzle,
V2 = square root (2) (1005) (698-424.20)
V2 = 741.84 m/s
Now,
M = 5.749 * 5000*10^-6 * 741.84
M = 21.32 kg/s
b) The throat area
We know that,
Mach = actual velocity/ sonic velocity = v/c
C = square root YRT
C = 529.5 m/s
Now,
M = P2A2V2 = PoAoVo
Ao = 1888.94 mm^2
c) Mach no at exit
Mach = v/c = 741.84 / 529.5
Mach = 1.401
